Consulate and the formation of the Napoleonic Empire. Teacher's world - International educational Internet portal Working with a document. Excerpts from the text of the Tilsit peace treaty

The end of the XVIII - the beginning of the XIX century - the most important period in the history of France. The ruling factions replaced each other with swift force and speed. From the Jacobin dictatorship, France passes to the board of the executive body - the Directory, as a result of the coup of 18 Brumaire, power falls into the hands of 3 consuls, one of whom was Napoleon Bonaparte. Where the political, economic and foreign policy vectors of France's development will be directed in the future, you will learn by studying this lesson.

Consulate and the formation of the Napoleonic Empire

background

From 1789, revolutionary changes took place in France. In 1794, after the overthrow of the Jacobin dictatorship, a shaky Directory regime was established.

His features:
.financial crisis, inflation, skyrocketing prices;
.lack of compromise between various political forces in France, fierce political struggle and conspiracies;
The French were largely tired of the internal instability that followed the revolution and desired strong power;
.France achieved the main successes during this period in the military field: the growing popularity of the military against the backdrop of an inability to cope with the internal problems of the Directory.

Political circles were increasingly thinking about eliminating the unpopular Directory and establishing a tougher political regime that, with the support of the army, could bring order to the country.

Developments

November 1799 - Coup of 18 Brumaire (about the coup). The popular general Napoleon Bonaparte overthrows the government, disperses the Legislative Assembly; a government of three consuls is established - Bonaparte and former members of the Directory who prepared the coup: Abbé Sieyes and Roger Ducos.

December 1799 - adoption of the constitution, according to which Napoleon became the first consul with full power, pushing the allies into the background (Constitution of 1799).

1800 - creation of the Bank of France (still exists), stabilization of the financial situation in the country.

1801 - Concordat (agreement) between France and the Catholic Church, normalization of relations damaged by the revolution.

1802 - Napoleon declared himself consul for life.

1804 - the adoption of the Civil Code, which influenced the system of civil law throughout the world ().

Conclusion

In May 1804, Napoleon was crowned Emperor Napoleon I in the presence of the Pope. This ended the 12-year history of the First French Republic. A new era began in the history of France - the First Empire.

Parallels

The French themselves of the era of the Revolution and Napoleon liked to compare themselves with the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire. The overthrow of the Bourbons was likened to the expulsion of the royal Tarquinian dynasty in Ancient Rome. The struggle of political groups, accompanied by terror, resembled a period. Bonaparte was compared with Julius Caesar and Octavian Augustus: the Bonapartist regime stopped internal strife, reconciled various social and political strata, increased the economic stability and military power of France.

In this lesson, we will talk about the consulate and the creation of the Napoleonic empire in France. Last year, in the 7th grade general history course, the issue of the French Revolution of 1789 was considered. Recall that the King of France, Louis XVI, was executed in 1793, and in the summer of that year, Jacobin dictatorship(the political regime in revolutionary France that existed from June 1793 to July 1794). After the collapse of the Jacobin dictatorship, a new body came to power in France, which was called Directory(executive authority of the French Republic under the Constitution of the French Republic, adopted by the National Convention in 1795). The era of the Directory in France, which falls on 1795-1799, was not a very successful time. It was a time when an economic crisis was raging in France. By 1799, the Directory in France had become unpopular. What was needed was a person or an authority that would enjoy popular support. People wanted to see a strong ruler.

A young general became such a ruler (Fig. 1). Beginning in 1796, he waged active wars in Italy. He also effectively forced Switzerland to join France. At the same time, the French conquest of the Netherlands. Numerous victories of Napoleon, his warlike image caused delight among a considerable part of French society. Napoleon's finest hour was to be his Egyptian campaign(Fig. 2). If this campaign had been successful, then the British, France's main opponents, would have had serious problems, because France's capture of Egypt opened the way for the French army to India, and India was the most important source of raw materials and resources. But Napoleon's Egyptian campaign ended in failure. In August 1798 in the battle of Aboukir the British practically destroyed the French fleet (Fig. 3). Attempts to gain a foothold in the eastern Mediterranean were unsuccessful. However, Napoleon managed to rehabilitate himself. In 1798 and 1799 he undertook two campaigns, in Italy and Switzerland. The enemy of Napoleon and his subordinates in these campaigns was Russia, General Russian army at that time was (Fig. 4). Despite the merits of Suvorov, this campaign for Russia was unsuccessful. Napoleon introduced himself to the French as the winner of the Russians and Suvorov himself, whose merits were known and honored throughout Europe after Russian-Turkish war. Thus, by 1799 Napoleon's authority in France was enormous.

Rice. 1. Napoleon Bonaparte ()

Rice. 2. Napoleon's Egyptian campaign ()

Rice. 3. Aboukir naval battle ()

Rice. 4. Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov ()

Members of the Directory decided to use this authority for their own purposes. They underestimated Napoleon and decided to use him as a puppet in their hands. In October 1799, Napoleon returned to Paris in triumph. Public opinion connected the victories of recent years with him. But just a few days after his return, Napoleon carried out a coup d'état. He went down in history as the coup of 18 Brumaire.(Fig. 5). The coup has happened November 9, 1799. The disclosure of the Jacobin conspiracy was announced. The Council of Five Hundred was expelled from the meeting room at the Palais Saint-Cloud. It was announced that all power in the country passes into the hands of three persons, who began to be called in the Roman manner consuls. These consuls are:

Sieyes, who actually brought Napoleon to power,

Roger Ducos.

This era, which began in 1799 with the coup of 18 Brumaire and ended in 1804, is called consular era.

Rice. 5. Coup 18 Brumaire ()

The main task that had to be solved in France in the era of the consulate was the task of social unification of the country. In France, there were many supporters of various ideas, currents, theories and doctrines. There were monarchists, republicans, supporters of strong military power.

The new Constitution, adopted by the consuls in 1799, proclaimed inviolable the right to property. As a result, those who previously feared for their lives and their wealth were drawn into the country. All emigrants who had previously fled the country were allowed to re-settle in France. An exception was made only for monarchists. Napoleon did not need such rivals.

Napoleon did a lot to normalize the financial situation in the country. This was primarily of interest to entrepreneurs. But ordinary citizens were also interested in the fact that the monetary unit of France was stable. In 1800, Napoleon created Bank of France which exists to this day. IN 1803 was put into circulation silver franc(Fig. 6) - convertible (freely exchangeable for other monetary units) currency.

Rice. 6. Silver franc ()

Napoleon managed to solve the problem in his relationship with the Pope. France was and remained a Catholic country with a predominantly Catholic population. Relations with Italy and the pope were unstable. Rome negatively perceived the French Republic and the expulsion of nobles from the country. In 1801, Napoleon and the Pope signed concordat(an agreement between the Pope as the head of the Catholic Church and any state). In 1804, the Pope even came to Paris to conduct the coronation ceremony of Napoleon. However, the services of the pope were not required, Napoleon laid the crown on himself, but the very presence of the pope at this ceremony was very important for Napoleon. Napoleon, however, believed that he had the right to dispose of church property. The Pope had a completely opposite opinion on this matter.

In 1802, Napoleon received the expected respite. Permanent revolutionary wars exhausted the country. A break was needed in order to gather strength and prepare for new military campaigns. Between France and England in 1802 was concluded Peace of Amiens. This was done in order to strengthen the French position in Italy. Immediately after the signing of the peace treaty, such Italian territories as Piedmont and the island of Elba were annexed to France.

In 1802, the British did not take Napoleon very seriously. They believed that the general would not be able to cope with the economic situation in the country. But they miscalculated. Already in May 1803, Napoleon created a large military camp on the English Channel coast, known as (Fig. 7). In this camp, troops are gathering for the coming invasion of Great Britain.

Rice. 7. Boulogne camp ()

The problem remained the crossing of these numerous troops across the English Channel (the strait separating England and France, Fig. 8). After the defeat of the French fleet at the battle of Aboukir, England controlled all movements on the seas, especially off its coasts. France did not have a serious fleet at that time. He could not compete with England in numbers and maneuverability. English cartoonists, ridiculing Napoleon's army, depicted the crossing of French troops across the English Channel in landing basins.

Rice. 8. The English Channel separating England and France ()

In March 1804 Napoleon introduced in France Civil Code(Fig. 9). This document was prepared by a special commission chaired by Napoleon himself. It enshrines such important provisions as freedom of private property, freedom of enterprise and family law. According to the Civil Code was fixed new type family relations. woman before early XIX century in Europe was not considered as a subject of law. It was believed that she should be completely subordinate to her husband or father. The Napoleonic Civil Code gave women in Europe the right to divorce for the first time. However, this right for women did not last very long. In 1816 it was taken away and restored only in 1884. The Civil Code failed to equalize the rights of women with men. Women did not have the right to vote.

Rice. 9. Napoleonic Civil Code ()

Napoleon himself understood the significance of his Civil Code. He wrote that his military victories might mean nothing, Waterloo alone crossed them all out, and what will live for centuries is the Civil Code. Following the model of the Civil Code, a Commercial Code appeared in France a few years later, and a little later, the Criminal Code.

In 1802, Napoleon secured an extension of his powers as consul. He received lifetime powers, but even this was not enough for the general. On May 18, 1804, he was declared by the French emperor under the name NapoleonI. In December, the ceremony of his coronation took place in Paris (Fig. 10). As noted above, Napoleon himself placed the crown on his head. Thus, France, which for 12 years was a republic, returned to the monarchy again.. The period of the first republic in France ended. The period of the first empire began.

Rice. 10. Napoleon's coronation ()

Bibliography

Jomini. Political and military life Napoleon. A book covering Napoleon's military campaigns up to 1812
Manfred A.Z. Napoleon Bonaparte. - M.: Thought, 1989.
Noskov V.V., Andreevskaya T.P. General history. 8th grade. - M., 2013.
Tarle E.V. "Napoleon". - 1994.
Chandler D. Napoleon's military campaigns. - M., 1997.
Yudovskaya A.Ya. General history. History of the New Age, 1800-1900, Grade 8. - M., 2012.

Veter-stranstvii.ru ().
Jurkom74.ru ().
Treeland.ru ().
be5.biz().

Homework

Describe the first military campaigns of Napoleon. Which of them were successful and which were not?
When did the coup of 18 Brumaire take place and what regime was established as a result?
What was the reason for the negative relationship between Napoleon and the Catholic Church (the Pope)?
When was the Civil Code created? In what did Napoleon see its significance for French society?

Event: the capture by the people of the royal fortress of Bastille

king louis sixteenth

Outcome: start of the French Revolution

Event:"Night of Miracles" Meeting of the first in the history of France, the people's Constituent Assembly.

What political forces were in power: king louis sixteenth

Outcome: declared equality of all citizens before the law. The privileges of the clergy and nobles were abolished. The church tithe, which all citizens had previously paid to the church, was abolished. Later, the nobility was abolished in general and the first ever democratic "Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen" was adopted.

Event: march of the people to Versailles. The king was forcibly taken out of the Palace of Versailles and settled in Paris.

What political forces were in power: formally - the king, but in fact - the revolutionaries

Outcome: The absolute monarchy was replaced by a constitutional one. Now it was not the people who did what the king wanted, but the king carried out the will of the Constituent Assembly

Event: Deposition of King Louis by the Paris Commune

What political forces were in power: The Paris Commune of insurgents-revolutionaries. Basically, these are guardsmen, soldiers and ordinary citizens.

Outcome: Prussia, protecting the king, started a war with France. The king is imprisoned.

Event: France proclaimed a republic

What political forces were in power: French National Convention (Girondins).

Outcome: The monarchy in the country has been abolished altogether

Event: execution of Louis XVI in Paris

What political forces were in power: National Convention (Girondins)

Outcome: France is at war with several European powers defending the monarchy: Prussia, England, Spain.

Event: Jacobin uprising

What political forces were in power: Girondins and Montagnards

Outcome: a split among the revolutionaries, the coming to power of the Jacobins and Montagnards. The beginning of the brutal revolutionary terror of the population. The Girondins were executed. All material goods were taken away from citizens in the interests of the revolution and war.

Event: execution of Queen Marie Antoinette, wife of Louis XVI

What political forces were in power: Jacobin National Convention and the Paris Commune

Outcome: destroyed another "enemy of the revolution"

Event: Thermidorian revolution. A split among the leadership of the revolutionaries. The Commune, with arms in hand, took the side of Robespierre against other Jacobins.

What political forces were in power: The Paris Commune and the National Convention.

Outcome: Robespierre was defeated and executed along with his supporters. The Paris Commune has fallen. The revolution weakened, and the Jacobins themselves began to be persecuted.

Event: Coup of 18 Brumaire

What political forces were in power: Directory

Outcome: End of the French Revolution. The victory of the military monarchy in the person of Napoleon Bonaparte, who proclaimed the power of the Provisional Government in the person of three consuls, one of whom was himself. Later, he will take power single-handedly into his own hands.

General history. History of the New Age. Grade 8 Burin Sergey Nikolaevich

§ 5. Napoleonic Empire

Establishment of an empire

During the period of the Consulate in France, industry and trade began to develop faster, and agriculture also strengthened. Of course, it was far from the level of the economy of England (the industrial revolution began there in the second half of the 18th century). The number of manufactories grew, primarily the military industry, metallurgy, and a number of branches of light industry (especially the production of fabrics, dishes, and paper) developed. Gradually, machines began to take root, but rather primitive ones.

The international position of the French Republic also became stronger. On the European continent, France no longer had any real rivals (except Russia), and Napoleon Bonaparte intended to deal with England soon by landing troops there. True, the British locked the Franco-Spanish fleet in the harbor of the city of Cadiz (in the south-west of the Iberian Peninsula) and did not allow it to go to sea. But Bonaparte was sure that he would be able to overcome this obstacle too.

On May 18, 1804, Bonaparte was declared emperor under the name of Napoleon I, and in December he was solemnly crowned by the Pope. During the ceremony, when Pius VII was supposed to lay the crown on the head of Napoleon, he suddenly snatched it from the hands of the Pope and put it on himself. This also showed the essence of his character - always and in everything to be the first, not to obey anyone's power.

Consecration of Emperor Napoleon and coronation of Empress Josephine… Fragment of a painting. Artist J. David

This event did not mean that 15 years later France returned to the pre-revolutionary monarchy. The Napoleonic empire was a new type of empire, based both on the army and on its citizens. It is no coincidence that in the first years of the reign of Napoleon I, the Republic formally continued to exist. On the one hand, after the new emperor came to power, both freedom of speech and the press and free elections were abolished, and the role of legislative assemblies was significantly reduced, and previously independent judges were also under control. On the other hand, the Napoleonic Empire guaranteed the observance of the important gains of the French Revolution: the secular nature of the state was maintained, the principle of equality of citizens before the law was maintained in the absence of privileged classes, and the inviolability of property acquired during the turbulent years of the revolution and civil war was ensured.

Imperial eagle - a symbol of the empire of Napoleon I

The years of Napoleon's military triumphs

In early August 1805, the opponents of France formed another coalition (the third). It included Great Britain, Russia, Austria and the Kingdom of Naples. Napoleon I decided to deal a powerful blow to the coalition, but this required large forces. Therefore, the huge camp in Boulogne, created to capture England, was hastily liquidated, and the troops rapidly moved east. On October 20, at the Battle of Ulm on the Danube, the French forced the Austrian army to capitulate.

Horatio Nelson. Artist W. Beachy

True, at the same time France suffered a crushing defeat. On October 21, the Franco-Spanish fleet finally managed to get out of the harbor of Cadiz. But at Cape Trafalgar, near Gibraltar, he was almost completely destroyed by the British squadron. In this battle, the famous Admiral Horatio Nelson, commander of the British fleet, was killed by a sniper shot.

On December 2, 1805, Napoleon I defeated the combined Russian-Austrian troops near Austerlitz (Slova?kov in the modern Czech Republic). The price of this victory was special: almost on the battlefield were Alexander I and Austrian emperor Franz II, and Austerlitz became, as it were, their personal duel with Napoleon. Austria, having practically lost its army, itself asked for peace. As a result, France was able to expand its sphere of influence in numerous Italian and German states.

Battle of Austerlitz. Engraving by I. Rugendas

French troops were at the very borders of Prussia. In July 1806, Napoleon I of 16 South German states created the Confederation of the Rhine, declaring himself its protector (i.e. patron). The frightened Prussian king decided to join the opponents of Napoleon. In September 1806, the fourth anti-French coalition was formed: Great Britain, Russia, Prussia and Sweden. True to his tactics, Napoleon decided to defeat the enemies one by one. On October 14, his troops with two crushing blows, at Auerst? dt and Jena, practically destroyed the entire Prussian army. And two weeks later, French troops entered Berlin.

November 21, 1806 in Berlin, Napoleon I signed a decree on the continental blockade. He forbade all countries subject to him to trade and in general to conduct any business with England. Having lost the fleet in the battle of Trafalgar, Napoleon could no longer conquer England by force. So he decided to strangle its economy with a blockade. But the British fleet at that time was the strongest in the world, so that England did not suffer too much from the blockade. But the fact that the British, in response, announced a blockade of the ports of France and its allies, largely disrupted the trade relations of the French.

French infantryman

Winter campaign 1806–1807 for Napoleon I was difficult. The bloody battle with the Russian army at Preisisch Eila in Prussia on February 8, 1807 was marked by huge losses on both sides. After such an ambiguous victory, Napoleon was unable to pursue the retreating Russians from the battlefield and was soon forced to retreat himself. The bravest French marshal Michel Ney, looking at tens of thousands of dead and wounded, exclaimed: “What a massacre, and without any benefit!” Napoleon won the battle with the Russians in June 1807 at Friedland thanks to the skillful actions of artillery.

Russian hussar

Russia, which was then at war with Iran and Turkey, found itself in a difficult position. It was difficult to count on the help of the allies, and the Prussian army no longer existed. And Alexander I decided to go for reconciliation with Napoleon I.

France and Russia: rapprochement and separation

On June 25, 1807, the famous “date” between Napoleon I and Alexander I took place. Only Ne?man separated the Russian and French troops, but none of the emperors wanted to go to “foreign” territory. Therefore, a beautifully decorated raft was placed in the middle of the river, and emperors were brought to it from different banks for two weeks in boats. Finally, on July 8, an agreement on peace and union was concluded in Tilsit (modern Sovetsk in the Kaliningrad region). Alexander I promised to recognize all the conquests of France, join the continental blockade and even declare war on England. Russia did not receive any special benefits.

Napoleon on the Borodino Heights. Artist V. V. Vereshchagin

The rapprochement between France and Russia was only visible. The main contradictions between them persisted. They were based on the fact that France's claims to European and world domination did not meet the interests of Russia. In the autumn of 1808, Alexander I and Napoleon I met again, this time in Erfurt (Prussia). Napoleon tried to draw Russia into the war against Austria, but the Russian tsar politely refused. After this meeting, the Franco-Russian conflict began to grow. The relationship got worse and worse. In August 1811, Napoleon bluntly told the Russian ambassador in Paris: “I don’t know if I will beat you, but we will fight!”

On June 24 (June 12), 1812, French troops crossed the Neman and invaded Russia. Despite the fierce resistance of the Russian armies and heavy losses, the French advanced towards Moscow. 120 kilometers west of it, near the village of Borodino?, on September 7 (August 26) a general battle took place. Both sides suffered huge losses. After the battle at the military council, the Russian commander-in-chief Mikhail Ivanovich Kutuzov decided to retreat and leave Moscow without a fight. Meanwhile, Russia was expanding people's war against the enemy.

The French, having occupied the ancient capital of Russia, stayed in it for just over a month - from September 14 (2) to October 18 (6). All roads to Moscow were blocked by the Russian army remaining near the city. Having lost the opportunity to receive food, the French left Moscow and moved back to the west. The Russian army pursued them on their heels. By the end of December, only the miserable remnants of a huge Napoleonic army reached the Neman. The emperor himself had already departed for France.

What contradictions led to the war between France and Russia? Why did Napoleon I and Alexander I fail to conclude a long-term mutually beneficial peace?

Europe vs Napoleonic Empire

Having crossed the Russian-Prussian border, Russian troops soon occupied Berlin and moved on. The defeat of Napoleon I in Russia inspired his opponents. The myth of the invincibility of the French army was dispelled. By the spring of 1813, another coalition against France took shape. It included Russia, Great Britain, Prussia, Austria, Sweden, Spain and Portugal. The British came to the aid of the Spaniards, who had courageously resisted the French occupation since 1808. By the end of 1813, the Anglo-Spanish armies were already fighting in southern France.

"Battle of the Nations". Engraving by K. Rahl

On the other front, in Saxony, Napoleon I, who managed to gather reinforcements in France, fiercely resisted the forces of the coalition. But on October 16-19, his troops were defeated in a three-day battle near Leipzig. This battle is called the "Battle of the Nations", since in it the armies of Napoleon were opposed by the combined troops of Russia, Prussia, Sweden and Austria. Almost half a million people converged on the battlefield - 190 thousand for Napoleon and 300 thousand for the coalition. The remnants of the Napoleonic army withdrew beyond the Rhine. The allies offered Napoleon to make peace and renounce all the conquests of France after 1792. But the emperor indignantly refused. He was sure that he would be able to raise a new army and defeat opponents.

Angry with the daring refusal of Napoleon I, Great Britain, Russia, Austria and Prussia on March 1, 1814 concluded an agreement on further actions - the Chaumont Treaty. These four powers undertook to put up 150 thousand people against Napoleon and to achieve the restoration of the old borders in Europe. The Treaty of Chaumont was an attempt to create a new system of alliances in international relations. It was supposed to be based on the unification of forces not for the purpose of preparing and waging war, but for the purpose of fighting it, in the name of maintaining stability and peace. For some time, the Chaumont Treaty (and other conventions) performed this function. Only in 1822 Britain, the initiator of the signing of the treaty, actually terminated it.

The gigantic Allied army continued to push the Napoleonic troops. On the morning of March 31, 1814, the victorious regiments entered Paris, which surrendered without a fight. Napoleon I signed the abdication and was exiled to the small island of Elba, near Corsica. Louis XVI's brother Louis XVIII (1755–1824) was proclaimed King of France. Under him, the returning emigrant nobles launched an attack on the conquests of the revolution and the Napoleonic reforms. This increased the sympathy of the French for the disgraced emperor.

Europe during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1799–1815)

In the Treaty of Tilsit between France and Russia, it was said that Alexander I and Napoleon I “undertake to be at one with each other in any war that Russia or France would have to start or wage against any European power, whether it be a war on land or at sea, or on land and at sea." Having carefully studied the map, answer: what did this article of the treaty mean in practice? Which of the two countries ended up in a more dependent position on the other?

The end of the Napoleonic era in Europe. waterloo

On March 1, 1815, Napoleon Bonaparte, with a small detachment of soldiers, landed on the southern coast of France and almost everywhere was enthusiastically greeted by the population and the army, who, during the 300 days of the reign of Louis XVIII, had time to become disillusioned with him and realized that the country was waiting for a return to the old, pre-revolutionary order .

The king left the capital of France, and Napoleon, having entered it, wanted to strengthen the foundations of his power and therefore announced reforms, in particular, restored freedom of speech and the press, held new parliamentary elections, made the necessary changes to the Constitution of the hastily restored empire, and also invited in the government of people known for their merits: Lazar Carnot, Benjamet? on Constant? on, Joseph? Fa Fouche? etc. However, at the popular vote on the issue of changing the Constitution, Napoleon failed: he was supported by about one-fifth of the French.

Napoleon's policy, pursued by him from March to June 1815, did not receive approval from either the people or the upper strata of society: aristocrats, officials, financiers and industrialists did not want the resumption of endless wars and were afraid of the return of military dictatorship, preferring the king, whose power will be limited by the constitution, as well as beneficial relations (primarily trade) with all countries and their colonies.

Despite the fact that Napoleon promised to observe all peace treaties, concluded after his renunciation of power, and not to start new wars, by the decision of the Congress of European Monarchs, he was declared "an enemy and troublemaker in the world."

The war has resumed. Napoleon launched a swift attack in Belgium. Having achieved some success, on June 18, 1815, the French army met in the battle near the village of Waterloo with a coalition army under the command of the English Duke of Wellington. Despite their courage and courage, the French were unable to rout the enemy troops, and by the evening of the day the battles began to retreat from the battlefield. The corps of General Emmanuel Grusha?, sent by Napoleon before the battle in pursuit of the Prussians, did not hit the battlefield at all. An important role in this battle, which turned out to be the last for Napoleon the commander, was played by chance: during the retreat of the French, suddenly, in the very place where they were waiting for reinforcements, the Prussian corps of Field Marshal Gebhard Blucher appeared. The French retreat turned into a rout.

Duke of Wellington at the Battle of Waterloo

Thus, the return of Napoleon to power lasted only 100 days. Returning to Paris, Napoleon abdicated a second time, this time in favor of his son. The new government forced Napoleon to leave France. Soon he voluntarily surrendered to the British and was sent into exile on the island of St. Helena in the Atlantic Ocean, where, under the strict supervision of the British authorities, he spent last years of his life and died in May 1821.

On the French throne again turned out to be Louis XVIII. Now he tried to manage the state, taking into account all the changes and innovations that the revolution and the Napoleonic era brought.

Summing up

Endless wars depleted the material and human resources of the Napoleonic empire, which led to the defeat of France. At the same time, the transformations of the revolutionary and Napoleonic eras not only survived in France, but also spread to a number of other European countries.

1804 May 18 Napoleon Bonaparte is declared Emperor Napoleon I. "I hate the English as much as you do, and I will be Your Majesty's assistant in everything you do against them."

(The first words spoken by Alexander I to Napoleon I at their meeting in Tilsit on June 25, 1807)

1. Why was the monarchy restored in France after the revolution? How did the power of Napoleon I differ from the power of the Bourbons?

2. What allowed Napoleon to defeat the combined forces of European states for many years? Was it only military reasons?

3. What did the great commander and statesman Napoleon I not take into account during the invasion of Russia? Why Grand Army been defeated?

4. Why only in 1813-1815. did the troops of European states manage to turn the tide of the war with Napoleon? What events led to a change in the balance of power?

one*. The act declaring the consul Napoleon Bonaparte emperor Napoleon I, in particular, stated: “The administration of the Republic is entrusted to the emperor, who takes the title of emperor of the French ... The imperial dignity is inherited in a descending direct line to the blood and legitimate offspring of Napoleon Bonaparte in the male line.”

Explain why the document proclaiming the creation of the empire contained the word "republic". Why did Napoleon need the formal preservation of the republic?

2. Here is the data on the number of Frenchmen drafted into the Napoleonic troops in 1800–1813. (in thousand people):

1810 - 110

1811 - 120

1812 - 120

1813 - 1140

Analyze this data taking into account the events in these years and explain the changes in the volume of replenishment of the army. Pay special attention to 1813.

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Chapter 1 The French Revolution of the 18th Century and the Napoleonic Era "1789 marks the turning point new history because the people of that time desired to overthrow the principle of divine right and introduce into history the power of negation and rebellion, formed in the struggle of ideas for

From the book General History. History of the New Age. 8th grade author Burin Sergey Nikolaevich

§ 5. Napoleonic Empire Establishment of the Empire During the period of the Consulate in France, industry and trade began to develop faster, and agriculture also strengthened. Of course, to the level of the economy of England (there, in the second half of the 18th century, an industrial

24. Foreign policy of Napoleon in the period of the consulate and the empire.

All internal politics went on against the backdrop of incessant wars.

The nature of the wars: Lenin - were imperialist. But Napoleon acted in the interests of France. He allowed the regions to develop, if this did not contradict the interests of France.

Why N.B. beat your opponents?:

Personal qualities

The French army was head and shoulders above the others.

Method of formation: the system of universal military service, 8 years later in the reserve.

Composition - mercenaries + peasants and marshals from the people, they achieved what they deserved.

He oversaw the idea that France was trying to prevent the restoration of the Bourbons.

There were no corporal punishments, there were soldiers' courts, in the army there was love for Napoleon (little corporal).

France had 4 main enemies - Russia, England, Austria, Prussia.

As early as 1792, France defeated Prussia at Valmy. In 1798, the Egyptian campaign was organized, which ended with the battle of the pyramids and Abukir and the defeat of France. 1800 - battle with Austria (victory). This victory cemented Napoleon's position. Austria recognized the existence of the subsidiary republics of France. In 1803 a truce was signed.

Tried to change course towards Russia. Napoleon offered Paul I an alliance against England for the liberation of Russian soldiers. A trip to India was planned. But Paul died and had to make peace with England, according to which he gave Malta, Egypt.

In 1803 hostilities resumed (Napoleon captured Hanover, which England did not like). He decided to strike at England and began to build a camp on the banks of the English Channel. At this time, Russia terminates diplomatic relations with France (1804).

In 1805 a third coalition was formed. Initially, Austria and Prussia did not join the coalition. Prussia had just signed a secret convention with Russia, and Austria joined in when Napoleon declared himself king of Italy. Sweden also joined the coalition. The Allies prepared poorly for war. The forces were dispersed. Napoleon surrounded the Austrian forces near Ulm, the French occupied Bavaria and invaded Austrian territory. In October, Napoleon began peace negotiations, but the Allies refused. 11/20/1805 - the battle of Austerlitz (the pinnacle of Napoleonic art). After that, Austria made peace with France (40 million contributions, the Venetian region, 1/6 of the population). In October 1805, the largest naval battle in the history of the Napoleonic wars took place at Trafalgar (the Franco-Spanish fleet against the English).

In the occupied states, Napoleon put his relatives on the thrones. He liquidated the Holy Roman Empire and created the Confederation of the Rhine under the protectorate of France. French troops entered Prussia. Two worlds collided: the bourgeois and the feud. 2 Battles (1806) Gehenna and Auerstedt.

There was a feeling that no one could defeat the French. Russia resisted: 1. Preisley-Eylau, heavy losses from 2 sides. 2. Friedland - the Russians were defeated.

Fourth Coalition. After the creation of the Confederation of the Rhine, Prussia moved closer to Russia. Sweden joined the coalition, and England gave subsidies. In November 1806 the Prussian army was defeated. Napoleon entered Berlin. 1807 - the battle of Preussisch-Eylau (before that, the battle at Pultusk). In June 1807 - the battle of Friedland.

1807 - Peace of Tilsit. During the peace discussion, Napoleon wanted to completely destroy Prussia.

In 1808, Napoleon began the conquest of Spain, but got stuck there for a long time. There was a national liberation movement. Napoleon's 500,000 army swept across Spain like a skating rink. At this time, Tyleran cheats on him. In order to secure the rear, he decided to meet with Alexander I. 1808 - Erfurt date. Confirm the peace of Tilsit. But A 1 jumped out of his hands. Napoleon blamed Talleyrand.

In 1809, Austria, fearing that the Balkans would be divided without her participation, began military operations against France. There is also a national movement. In June, the battle of Wagram (the defeat of Austria) took place.

N.B. there were no heirs. They start putting pressure on him to get married. (1. Sister A 1, but ours evaded. 2. Sister of the Austrian emperor - Marie-Louise. At the wedding, instead of Napoleon was his brother.).

KB starts to crackle. Russia does not fulfill its conditions.

1812 - campaign in Russia. He was offered a peace over which the territory of 1800, to clear all the occupants. Refused from the preferential world.

In 1813 a sixth coalition was formed. In the Battle of the Nations (at Leipzig), Napoleon was defeated. He was offered to retain power and restore France within the borders of 1792, but he refused. Talleyrand pushed Napoleon's abdication through the Senate. Paris was taken by the Allies and Napoleon was sent to Elba.

The Bourbons returned to France. We started behaving like before.

In 1815 he landed on the south coast of France (200 soldiers). People learned about it from the press.

100 days - 2nd period of reign. Waterloo. 1815. O-in the holy Elena - 5 years. Thyroid or arsenic.

1 The era of the Napoleonic wars.

Russia, Omsk region, Omsk
BOU "Average comprehensive school No. 109 with in-depth study of individual subjects"

History and social studies teacher

Chubarova P.F.

Lesson Objectives:

To acquaint students with the main events, with the economic and political changes that took place in France during the era of the Napoleonic wars, to give it general characteristics and find out what influence the era of the Napoleonic wars had on the development of Europe;

To develop students' ability to work with documents and a map, summarize material, analyze and draw conclusions

Intended forms and methods of work:

- teacher's story

Frontal survey

Working with a document

Working with the map

Lesson plan:

Organizing time. Lesson task message.
Repetition of previously learned material.
Learning new material:

1. France: From Republic to Napoleonic Empire

2. From the wars of the republic to the wars of the empire.

3. Domestic politics Emperor Napoleon

4. The collapse of the Napoleonic empire.

Consolidation of the studied material.
Homework.

Lesson equipment: Presentation "The era of the Napoleonic wars"

Table "Chronology of events in France in 1789 - 1794".

Document. Treaty of Tilsit.

Theses: changes in France (management, economy), legislation, impact on Europe

Illustrations: a portrait of a young Bonaparte, a portrait of Emperor Napoleon, "The Meeting of Two Emperors", the Battle of Waterloo.

Cards:"Italy with the island of Corsica", "The struggle of counter-revolutionary Europe against revolutionary France 1789-1794", "Europe in 1794-1799", "Europe in 1799-1815"

Basic terms:

II Repetition of previously studied material

Revolutions of the 18th century.

front poll.

The task:

In 1789, the Great War took place in France. French revolution. Using the table, remember and comment on the main events of 1789-1895.

Chronology of events in France in 1789-1795.

	Beginning of the French Revolution.
	Adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
	Proclamation of France as a constitutional monarchy
	Adoption of the French Constitution

	Revolt in Paris. The overthrow of the monarchy.
	France declared a republic.

	Revolt in Paris. Expulsion of the Girondins from the Convention
	Adoption of a new Constitution by the Convention.
	"Suspicious Law"
(9 Thermidor II)	Thermidorian revolution.
08/22/1795	Adoption of the French Constitution. Directory formation.

1) On July 14, a revolution broke out in France. The Constituent Assembly adopted the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen", it formed the basis of the constitution of 1791, according to which the king had executive power. Thus, a constitutional monarchy was established.

2) The monarchists were dissatisfied with the limitation of the power of the king, and the radicals (Jacobins, Cordeliers) demanded the overthrow of the monarchy.

In 1792, the power of the king was overthrown, the Convention adopted a decree establishing a republic.

3) But the economic crisis worsened in the country, there was a difficult situation at the front, France declared war first on Austria, and then on other European powers - and the Jacobins demanded the establishment of a dictatorship. In 1793, with the support of the Parisians and the National Guard, they seized power. A democratic constitution was adopted, but under the pretext of continuing the war, it was not put into effect. Thus, the Jacobin dictatorship was established.

A policy of terror has been established in the country. In 1793, the "Law on Suspicious" was adopted, the victims of this law were all those who doubted the correctness of the policy of the Jacobins, including the Jacobins themselves. As a result, the majority of the Convention opposed Robespierre, he was arrested. These events are known as the Thermidorian Revolution.

After the adoption of a new constitution in 1795, a new government was formed - the Directory.

III. Studying new material:

1) France: From Republic to Napoleonic Empire.

Teacher's explanation with conversation elements

The new government considered it necessary to stabilize the situation in the country, but it ruled primarily in the interests of the new owners. Therefore, the measures introduced by the Jacobins were canceled, namely:

Nationalization of foreign trade

Price maximum

Maximum salary

Free trade restored.

As a result, a sharp rise in prices with a shortage of food provoked armed protests of the population against the government. These performances were severely suppressed. But monarchists also opposed the government. In 1795, a dangerous revolt of the monarchists in Paris was put down by the young General Bonaparte.

Let's remember how a native of a poor Corsican family became the emperor of France, Napoleon Bonaparte.

Message about Napoleon Bonaparte

2) From the Wars of the Republic to the Wars of the Empire.

We divide the wars waged by France into defensive ones, when France defended the gains of the revolution, and aggressive ones.

Name the states with which revolutionary France fought.

What are the results of these wars?

As a result of defensive wars, France expelled the interventionists from its territory, and then went on the offensive.

Name the companies that were aggressive in nature.

1) Belgium, Holland, the Rhineland German states were occupied.

2) 1796-1798 - company in Northern Italy, Ionian Islands, Malta

3) 1798-1799 - Egyptian campaign. The goal is to destroy communications linking England with India. But, the French were defeated in the battle with the squadron of Admiral Nelson. Egypt is a possession of Turkey. At her request, the Russian squadron of Vice Admiral Ushakov entered the Mediterranean Sea and liberated the Ionian Islands.

4) 1799-1800 - a company in Italy. Russian-Austrian troops under the command of Suvorov liberated Northern Italy (Suvorov's crossing through the Alps). In 1800, Bonaparte returned the conquests in Italy, defeating the Austrians at Marengo.

5) 1805 - Napoleon had a plan to send troops to England. But it was not implemented due to the resumption of the war with Austria and Russia. Napoleon inflicted a decisive defeat on the Russian-Austrian army at Austerlitz. Wherein Austrian army was completely defeated, and Austria was forced to make peace.

In the same year, the British defeated the Franco-Spanish fleet at Cape Trafalgar.

6) 1806 - military operations in Prussia. The Prussian army is defeated at Jena.

7) 1807 - after the withdrawal of the allies from the war, Russia made peace with France.

8) 1808 - Napoleon's army occupied Spain, but the Spaniards did not accept the occupation.

As a result of campaigns around France, a chain of dependent states arose), which were ruled by the relatives of the emperor).

All military campaigns were successful for France. This was facilitated not only by the talent of Napoleon, but also by the new organization of the army (universal conscription, obtaining military ranks regardless of origin), the need to protect the gains of the revolution (peasants received land), income from successful wars.

3) Domestic policy of Emperor Napoleon

Teacher's story.

Changes in France:

Control:

First, the rule of the Directory led the country to economic collapse and military defeats (embezzlement, bankruptcy, uncontrolled loans, lack of budget).

Secondly, there was a threat of the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy, and this did not suit the majority of the population.

And, besides, Napoleon enjoyed great popularity, first due to military victories, and then as a statesman.

1799 - 1804 – consulate:

Preservation of the Republic

Limitation of Legislative Power

Destruction of local government

Amnesty for emigrants

Recognition of Catholicism as the state religion while maintaining freedom of religion

Restriction of freedom of the press, tightening of censorship

Fighting the opposition

Policy results:

Destruction of the principle of separation of powers

1804 Bonaparte proclaimed Emperor of the French Republic under the name of Napoleon I

1808 - France is declared an empire.

Economic policy:

Legal guarantees of private property

Entrepreneurship promotion

Giving state orders to the bourgeoisie

Carrying out financial reform:

Creation of the French Bank

o - introduction and strengthening of a new monetary unit - the franc

Support for education, training of specialists, including for the economy

Policy results:

Elimination of the state budget deficit

Way out of the crisis

Economic growth

The beginning of the industrial revolution.

The French Empire has been created, but the order is bourgeois.

Legislative activity:

"Napoleon Code"- a set of laws, consisting of civil, commercial and criminal codes.

Equality of all before the law

Abolition of serfdom

Inviolability of private property

Results:

Creation of a legislative base for the development of bourgeois orders

Formation of the rule of law

The influence of Napoleonic France on Europe:

1) abolition of feudal duties

2) cancellation of estates

3) adoption of laws protecting the rights of private owners

4) the introduction of constitutions in many countries

5) distribution of the Civil Code in Europe

4) The collapse of the Napoleonic empire.

Austria, Prussia were defeated.

Only Russia could conduct military operations on land.

Treaty of Tilsit.

Working with a document. Excerpts from the text of the Tilsit peace treaty.

Answer the question: “Could the

Treaty of Tilsit? truce

1) Russia recognized territorial changes in Europe

2) Russia's accession to the continental blockade of England

3) Russia withdrew troops and fleet from the Mediterranean

4) Prussia remained an independent state

5) The Duchy of Warsaw, dependent on France, was created from the Polish lands that were part of Prussia

Unfavorable for Russia:

1) the inability to trade with England (bread, flax, linen - manufactured goods), - French supplies did not compensate for the losses

2) Duchy of Warsaw - danger on the western borders

Patriotic War of 1812

Russian Company (Patriotic War of 1812)

Checking ahead homework

The collapse of the Napoleonic army

1813 - the liberation of Europe

anti-French coalition - Russia. England, Sweden, Prussia, Portugal, Spain

1813 "Battle of the Nations" near Leipzig - the defeat of the French

1814 Allies occupied Paris

Napoleon abdicated (exiled to the island of Elba off the coast of Italy)

6) the power of the Bourbons was restored (Louis 18)

7) restored pre-revolutionary order, discontent

III. Consolidation of the studied material.

How do you understand the words of Napoleon: “My true glory is not that I won forty battles: Waterloo will erase the memory of all these victories. But what cannot be forgotten, what will live forever is my Civil Code”?

Summing up the work. Evaluation of student performance.
Homework. Sincwine "Napoleon"