Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich short biography. Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin: biography. Participation in internal party struggle
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin is one of the most famous world personalities. His real name is Dzhugashvili. Joseph Stalin was born on December 21, 1879 in Georgia, in the city of Gori. Stalin's family was small and not very rich.
He received his first education at the theological school of his native city. He continued his education at an Orthodox seminary in the city of Tbilisi. After that he entered revolutionary movement under the influence of the Marxists of Transcarpathia. The circle in which Stalin stayed was illegal. In it they studied the works of Marx and Engels, Plekhanov and Lenin.
In 1898 he joined the CPSU party, after which he actively campaigned for Tbilisi workers on the railways. Because of this activity, in 1899 he was expelled from the seminary. He carried out his further revolutionary activities covertly, illegally propagating the studied works.
His activities did not go unnoticed, and he began to be published in such newspapers as "Struggle", "Struggle of the Proletariat", "Gudok", "Baku Worker". For all his short revolutionary period before that, he was repeatedly arrested and even exiled.
After the autocracy and the revolutionary overthrow, he went to Petrograd, began his work in the newspaper Pravda and in the Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b). The Civil War revealed Stalin's potential, and he received a number of assignments, including participation in the defense of Petrograd, a member of the Southern and Western Fronts, and was a member of the Council of the Workers' Party of the Villagers.
Joseph Stalin's multiple achievements helped him become General Secretary. Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, who was then in power, spoke with apprehension about what the future holds with such a powerful power of Stalin. In one of his letters, information was found that Lenin considers Stalin very outstanding person party, one of its best representatives, but he also doubted Stalin's ability to resist the pressure of power, the taste of which he felt.
After Lenin's death, Joseph Stalin took on the mission of developing a foreign and domestic policy USSR. In addition, he actively fought against those who opposed Leninism and its spread, and also tried to strengthen the party, defeated the ideological core of Trotskyism and opportunism.
During the Great Patriotic War Joseph Stalin was at the helm of the processes and led the defense of the USSR and the further activities of the KPS party. But in addition to all other virtues, Stalin also had a number of mistakes that destroyed his regime from the inside. First of all, it is worth noting such a phenomenon as the cult of Stalin, total control of all spheres, up to the personal life, of citizens of the USSR, severe censorship in the media, the power of only one party.
Joseph Stalin died on March 5, 1953 in his official residence. Two days before, Stalin was found lying in the dining room, and the next day, on March 2, the doctors who arrived diagnosed paralysis on the right side of the body, which in the following days led to the death of a famous figure and such an odious, indefinite historical figure. Joseph Stalin was buried in the Lenin Mausoleum, which later became known as the Lenin-Stalin Mausoleum.
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Stalin ( real name- Dzhugashvili) Iosif Vissarionovich, one of the leading figures of the Communist Party, Soviet state, the international communist and workers' movement, a prominent theorist and propagandist of Marxism-Leninism. Born in the family of a handicraft shoemaker. In 1894 he graduated from the Gori Theological School and entered the Tbilisi Orthodox Seminary. Under the influence of Russian Marxists who lived in Transcaucasia, he joined the revolutionary movement; in an illegal circle he studied the works of K. Marx, F. Engels, V. I. Lenin, G. V. Plekhanov. Since 1898 a member of the CPSU. Being in a social democratic group "Mesame-dashi", led the propaganda of Marxist ideas among the workers of the Tbilisi railway workshops. In 1899 he was expelled from the seminary for revolutionary activity, went underground, and became a professional revolutionary. He was a member of the Tbilisi, Caucasian Union and Baku committees of the RSDLP, participated in the publication of newspapers "Brdzola" ("Struggle"), "Proletariatis Brdzola" ("Struggle of the proletariat"), "Baku Proletarian", "Beep", "Baku Worker", was an active participant in the Revolution of 1905-07. in the Caucasus. Since the creation of the RSDLP, he supported Lenin's ideas of strengthening the revolutionary Marxist party, defended the Bolshevik strategy and tactics of the class struggle of the proletariat, was a staunch supporter of Bolshevism, and exposed the opportunist line of the Mensheviks and anarchists in the revolution. Delegate of the 1st Conference of the RSDLP in Tammerfors (1905), the 4th (1906) and 5th (1907) Congresses of the RSDLP.
During the period of underground revolutionary activity, he was repeatedly arrested and exiled. In January 1912, at a meeting of the Central Committee elected by the 6th (Prague) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP, he was co-opted to the Central Committee in absentia and introduced to Russian Bureau of the Central Committee. In 1912-13, while working in St. Petersburg, he actively collaborated in newspapers "Star" and "Truth". Participant Krakow (1912) meeting of the Central Committee of the RSDLP with party workers. At this time, Stalin wrote the work "Marxism and the National Question", in which he highlighted the Leninist principles for resolving the national question, criticized the opportunist program of "cultural-national autonomy". Job received a positive assessment V. I. Lenin (see Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 24, p. 223). In February 1913, Stalin was again arrested and exiled to the Turukhansk region.
After the overthrow of the autocracy, Stalin returned to Petrograd on March 12 (25), 1917, was introduced to the Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b) and to the editorial board of Pravda, took an active part in expanding the work of the party in the new conditions. Stalin supported the Leninist course of developing the bourgeois-democratic revolution into a socialist one. On the 7th (April) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP (b) elected member of the Central Committee(since that time he was elected a member of the Central Committee of the party at all congresses up to and including the 19th). At the 6th Congress of the RSDLP (b), on behalf of the Central Committee, he delivered a political report of the Central Committee and a report on the political situation.
As a member of the Central Committee, Stalin actively participated in the preparation and conduct of the Great October Socialist Revolution: he was a member of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee, the Military Revolutionary Center - the party body for leading the armed uprising, in the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee. At the 2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets on October 26 (November 8), 1917, he was elected to the first Soviet government as People's Commissar for Nationalities(1917-22); simultaneously in 1919-22 headed People's Commissariat of State Control, reorganized in 1920 into the People's Commissariat Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate(RCT).
During the period of the Civil War and foreign military intervention of 1918-20, Stalin carried out a number of responsible assignments of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) and the Soviet government: he was a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic, one of the organizers defense of Petrograd, a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Southern, Western, Southwestern Fronts, a representative of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee in the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense. Stalin showed himself to be a major military-political worker of the party. By decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of November 27, 1919, he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner.
After the end of the Civil War, Stalin actively participated in the party's struggle for the restoration of the national economy, for the implementation of the New Economic Policy (NEP), for strengthening the alliance between the working class and the peasantry. During the discussion about trade unions, imposed on the party Trotsky, defended the Leninist platform on the role of trade unions in socialist construction. On the 10th Congress of the RCP (b)(1921) made a presentation "The Immediate Tasks of the Party in national question» . In April 1922, at the Plenum of the Central Committee, Stalin was elected General Secretary of the Central Committee Party and held this post for over 30 years, but since 1934 he was formally Secretary of the Central Committee.
As one of the leading workers in the field of nation-state construction, Stalin took part in the creation of the USSR. However, initially in solving this new and complex problem, he made a mistake by putting forward autonomy project(the entry of all republics into the RSFSR on the rights of autonomy). Lenin criticized this project and substantiated the plan to create a single union state in the form of a voluntary union of republics with equal rights. Taking into account the criticism, Stalin fully supported Lenin's idea and, on behalf of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), spoke at 1st All-Union Congress of Soviets(December 1922) with a report on education USSR.
On the 12th Party Congress(1923) Stalin delivered an organizational report on the work of the Central Committee and a report "National Moments in Party and State Building".
V. I. Lenin, who perfectly knew the cadres of the party, had a huge influence on their education, sought the placement of cadres in the interests of the general party cause, taking into account their individual qualities. AT "Letter to the Congress" Lenin gave a description of a number of members of the Central Committee, including Stalin. Considering Stalin one of the outstanding figures of the party, Lenin at the same time wrote on December 25, 1922: “Comrade. Stalin, having become General Secretary, concentrated immense power in his hands, and I am not sure whether he will always be able to use this power carefully enough” (ibid., vol. 45, p. 345). In addition to his letter, on January 4, 1923, Lenin wrote:
“Stalin is too rude, and this shortcoming, which is quite tolerable in the environment and in communications between us communists, becomes intolerable in the position of general secretary. Therefore, I suggest that the comrades consider a way to move Stalin from this place and appoint another person to this place, who in all other respects differs from Comrade. Stalin with only one advantage, namely, more tolerant, more loyal, more polite and more attentive to comrades, less capriciousness, etc.” (ibid., p. 346).
By decision of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), all delegations were familiarized with Lenin's letter 13th Congress of the RCP (b), which took place in May 1924. Given the difficult situation in the country, the severity of the struggle against Trotskyism, it was considered expedient to leave Stalin in the post of General Secretary of the Central Committee, so that he would take into account criticism from Lenin and draw the necessary conclusions from it.
After Lenin's death, Stalin actively participated in the development and implementation of the policy of the CPSU, plans for economic and cultural construction, measures to strengthen the country's defense capability and conduct the foreign policy of the party and the Soviet state. Together with other leading party leaders, Stalin waged an uncompromising struggle against the opponents of Leninism, played an outstanding role in the ideological and political defeat of Trotskyism and right-wing opportunism, in defending Lenin's teaching on the possibility of the victory of socialism in the USSR, and in strengthening the unity of the party. Stalin's works were of great importance in the propaganda of Lenin's ideological heritage. "On the Foundations of Leninism" (1924), "Trotskyism or Leninism?" (1924), "To Questions of Leninism" (1926), "Once More About the Social-Democratic Deviation in Our Party" (1926), "On the right deviation in the CPSU (b)" (1929), "On the issues of agrarian policy in the USSR"(1929) and others.
Under the leadership of the Communist Party, the Soviet people carried out the Leninist plan for building socialism and carried out revolutionary transformations of gigantic complexity and world-historical significance. Stalin, together with other leading figures of the Party and the Soviet state, made a personal contribution to the solution of these problems. The key task in building socialism was the socialist industrialization, which ensured the economic independence of the country, the technical reconstruction of all sectors of the national economy, the defense capability of the Soviet state. The most complex and difficult task of the revolutionary transformations was the reorganization of agriculture on socialist lines. When conducting collectivization of agriculture errors and omissions were made. Stalin also bears responsibility for these mistakes. However, thanks to decisive measures taken by the party with the participation of Stalin, the mistakes were corrected. Of great importance for the victory of socialism in the USSR was the implementation cultural revolution.
In the context of the impending military danger and in the years Great Patriotic War 1941-45 Stalin took a leading part in the multilateral activities of the party to strengthen the defense of the USSR and organize the defeat Nazi Germany and militaristic Japan. However, on the eve of the war, Stalin made a certain miscalculation in assessing the timing of a possible attack. Nazi Germany on the USSR. May 6, 1941 he was appointed Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR(from 1946 - Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR), June 30, 1941 - Chairman of the State Defense Committee ( GKO), July 19 - People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR, August 8 - Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the USSR.
As head of the Soviet state, he took part in Tehran (1943), Crimean(1945) and Potsdam (1945) conferences the leaders of the three powers - the USSR, the USA and Great Britain. AT post-war period Stalin continued to work as General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Party and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. During these years, the party Soviet government did a tremendous amount of work to mobilize the Soviet people to fight for recovery and further development National economy, carried out a foreign policy course aimed at strengthening the international positions of the USSR, the world socialist system, at uniting and developing the international working and communist movement, at supporting the liberation struggle of the peoples of colonial and dependent countries, at ensuring peace and security of peoples throughout the world.
In the activities of Stalin, along with positive aspects theoretical and political mistakes took place, some traits of his character were negatively affected. If in the first years of work without Lenin he considered critical remarks addressed to him, then later he began to deviate from the Leninist principles of collective leadership and the norms of party life, to overestimate his own merits in the successes of the party and people. Gradually took shape Stalin's personality cult which entailed gross violations of socialist legality, caused serious harm to the activities of the party, the cause of communist construction.
20th Congress of the CPSU(1956) condemned the personality cult as a phenomenon alien to the spirit of Marxism-Leninism, the nature of the socialist social order. In the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU of June 30, 1956 "On overcoming the cult of personality and its consequences" the party gave an objective, comprehensive assessment of Stalin's activities, a detailed criticism of the cult of personality. The cult of personality did not and could not change the socialist essence of the Soviet system, the Marxist-Leninist character of the CPSU and its Leninist course, did not stop the natural course of development of Soviet society. The Party worked out and implemented a system of measures that ensured the restoration and further development of the Leninist norms of Party life and the principles of Party leadership.
Stalin was a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks in 1919-52, the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU in 1952-53, a member of the Executive Committee of the Comintern in 1925-43, a member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee from 1917, the Central Executive Committee of the USSR from 1922, a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 1st-3rd convocations . He was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor (1939), Hero of the Soviet Union (1945), Marshal of the Soviet Union (1943), higher military rank- Generalissimo of the Soviet Union (1945). He was awarded 3 Orders of Lenin, 2 Orders of Victory, 3 Orders of the Red Banner, the Order of Suvorov, 1st degree, and medals. After his death in March 1953, he was buried in the Lenin-Stalin Mausoleum. In 1961, by decision of the XXII Congress of the CPSU, he was reburied on Red Square.
Works: Soch., vol. 1-13, M., 1949-51; Questions of Leninism, and ed., M., 1952: On the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union, 5th ed., M., 1950; Marxism and questions of linguistics, [M.], 1950; Economic problems of socialism in the USSR, M., 1952. Lit.: XX Congress of the CPSU. Stenographic report, vol. 1-2, M., 1956; Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU "On overcoming the cult of personality and its consequences." June 30, 1956, in the book: CPSU in resolutions and decisions of congresses. Conferences and plenums of the Central Committee, 8th ed., vol. 7, M., 1971; History of the CPSU, vol. 1-5, M., 1964-70: History of the CPSU, 4th ed., M., 1975.
Events during the reign of Stalin:
- 1925 - the adoption of a course towards industrialization at the XIV Congress of the CPSU (b).
- 1928 - the first "five-year plan".
- 1930 - beginning of collectivization
- 1936 - adoption of the new constitution of the USSR.
- 1939 –1940 - Soviet-Finnish war
- 1941 –1945 - The Great Patriotic War
- 1949 - Creation of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA).
- 1949 - successful testing of the first Soviet atomic bomb, which was created by I.V. Kurchatov under the direction of L.P. Beria.
- 1952 - renaming of the CPSU (b) in the CPSU
The personality and activities of Stalin in modern society are still loudly discussed - some consider him a great ruler who led the country to victory in the Great Patriotic War. Others are accused of genocide of the people, terror and violence against people. Some blindly deify him, others just as blindly hate him.
Who was he in reality - a dictator or the greatest political figure and what constitutes the so-called "Stalin phenomenon". It is unlikely that we will ever be able to find objective answers to all these questions.
Subway stations, streets and entire cities were named after him, books were written about him, his portraits were depicted on stamps and posters, and so on. However, collectivization and repressions are also associated with his name, as a result of which thousands of Soviet citizens died.
Facts from the biography
Stalin was born on December 21, 1879 into a poor family in the city of Gori (Eastern Georgia), where his house-museum is currently located.
When a son appeared in the family of a shoemaker and a peasant woman, nothing foreshadowed that in more than four decades, Russia would find in him one of the most cruel and outstanding rulers, who would be destined to turn the tide of world history.
He was the third, but the only surviving child in the family - his older brother and sister died in infancy. Soso, as the mother of the future ruler of the USSR called, was born not a completely healthy child. He had a congenital limb defect - fused two toes on his left foot.
As a child, Stalin suffered a severe hand injury; his left limb did not fully extend at the elbow and outwardly seemed shorter. Because of this, he was declared unsuitable for military service in 1916.
In his native city, he studied at the theological school, then at the Tiflis Theological Seminary. Stalin did not succeed in graduating from the seminary, as he was expelled from educational institution right before exams for absenteeism.
The pre-revolutionary years in Stalin's biography passed in active struggle. The path to power of Joseph Vissarionovich was full of repeated exile and imprisonment, from where he always managed to escape. In 1912, he finally decided to change his surname Dzhugashvili to the pseudonym Stalin.
In 1917, for special merits, Lenin appointed Stalin People's Commissar for Nationalities in the Council of People's Commissars. The next stage in the career of the future ruler of the USSR is connected with the Civil War, in which the revolutionary showed all his professionalism and leadership qualities.
At the end of the war, when Lenin was already mortally ill, Stalin completely ruled the country, while destroying all opponents and contenders for the post of chairman of the government of the Soviet Union in his path.
In 1930, all power was concentrated in the hands of Stalin, in connection with which huge upheavals and perestroika began in the USSR. Then the cult of Stalin began.
© photo: Sputnik / Ivan Shagin
Joseph Stalin
The development of the economy proceeded according to Stalin's plan, with the rise of heavy industry. At the same time, collective farms were formed, dispossession took place. As a result of this policy, mass terror, up to 20 million people died in the country.
During the Great Patriotic War, Stalin's biography combined the positions of Chairman of the Defense Committee, Supreme Commander, People's Commissar of Defense. In the post-war years, he brutally suppressed the nationalist movement, the Soviet ideology was gaining ground.
From the personal life of Joseph Stalin, it is known that for the first time he married in 1906 Ekaterina Svanidze, who gave birth to his first child, Yakov. In a year family life Stalin's wife died of typhus. After that, the stern revolutionary devoted himself entirely to serving the country, and only 14 years later he again decided to marry Nadezhda Alliluyeva, who was 23 years younger than him.
The second wife of Joseph Vissarionovich gave birth to the wife of the son Vasily and took over the upbringing of the first-born Stalin, who until that moment had lived with his maternal grandmother. In 1925, a daughter, Svetlana, was born in the Stalin family.
In 1932, Stalin's children were orphaned, and he became a widower for the second time. His wife Nadezhda committed suicide amid a conflict with her husband. After that, Stalin never married again.
Stalin died on March 5, 1953. According to the official version, as a result of a cerebral hemorrhage, but there is a theory that the leader was poisoned. Stalin's body was mummified and placed in a mausoleum near Lenin. In 1961, the body of the leader was reburied near the Kremlin wall.
Contemporaries about Stalin
Charles de Gaulle French statesman: "Stalin had tremendous authority, and not only in Russia. He knew how to 'tame' his enemies, not to panic when losing and not to enjoy victories. And he has more victories than defeats." "Stalin's Russia is not the former Russia that perished along with the monarchy. But the Stalinist state without successors worthy of Stalin is doomed ...".
Winston Churchill Prime Minister of Great Britain: "It was a great happiness for Russia that in the years of the most difficult trials the country was headed by the genius and unshakable commander Stalin. He was the most outstanding personality, impressing our changeable and cruel time of that period in which his whole life passed. Stalin was the greatest, unparalleled dictator in the world, who took Russia with a plow and left it with atomic weapons. Well, history, the people do not forget such people."
© photo: Sputnik /
Franklin Roosevelt - 32nd President of the United States: "This man knows how to act. He always has a goal in front of his eyes. It is a pleasure to work with him. He sets out an issue that you want to discuss and does not deviate anywhere."
Herbert Wells, English writer: “I have never met a more sincere, decent and honest person. There is nothing dark and sinister in him, and it is precisely these qualities that should explain his enormous power in Russia. I thought before, before meeting him, maybe they thought badly of him because people were afraid of him. But I found that, on the contrary, no one is afraid of him and everyone believes in him. Stalin is a Georgian completely devoid of cunning and deceit."
Alexander Kerensky - Russian politician: "Stalin raised Russia from the ashes. Made great power. Defeated Hitler. Saved Russia and humanity."
Henry Kissinger - former US Secretary of State: "Like no other leader of a democratic country, Stalin was ready at any moment to engage in a scrupulous study of the balance of power. And precisely because of his conviction that he is the bearer of historical truth, which his ideology serves as a reflection of, he firmly and resolutely defended Soviet national interests, without burdening himself with the burden of hypocritical, as he considered, morality or personal attachments.
The American magazine Time twice honored Stalin with the title of "man of the year" in 1939 and 1943.
In 1906-1907 he planned and organized bank robberies in Transcaucasia.
Stalin loved to watch movies, especially American westerns. He had a private cinema in his house. He hated sex scenes in movies - it infuriated him.
He liked to sing Russian folk songs during feasts.
Fluent in Georgian, Russian, ancient Greek languages, and also knew the Church Slavonic language well from the seminary. According to some researchers, he knew English and German languages, the notes he left in the books were in Hungarian and French. He understood Armenian and Ossetian languages. Trotsky, on the other hand, claimed in an interview that "Stalin does not know foreign languages nor foreign life."
Stalin was a heavy smoker and suffered from atherosclerosis.
At the Victory Parade of 1945, the wounded mine-detecting dog Dzhulbars, on the orders of Stalin, was carried around Red Square on his overcoat.
In his Kremlin apartment, the library contained, according to witnesses, several tens of thousands of volumes, but in 1941 this library was evacuated, and it is not known how many books were returned from it, since the library in the Kremlin was not restored. Subsequently, his books were in the dachas, and an outbuilding was built under the library in the Middle. Stalin collected 20,000 volumes for this library.
He hated atheistic literature, called it "anti-religious waste paper."
See photos of Gori, Stalin's hometown, in Sputnik Georgia photo feed >>
The material was prepared on the basis of open sources.
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin short biography for children
- Brief introduction
- Rise to power
- Cult of personality
- Stalin's purges in the party
- Deportations
- Collectivization
- Industrialization
- Death of Stalin
- Personal life
- Even shorter about Stalin
Addendum to the article:
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Brief introduction
Iosif Vissarionovich to the military events of the state
. Stage of the First World War, for Joseph began the entry of the empire into hostilities. The future leader of the people was drafted into the ranks Russian army. However, his left hand was damaged and Joseph was removed from service. He had to go to Achinsk, just 100 km from the Trans-Siberian Railway for a medical examination, and he was allowed to stay there after being expelled from the army. 
. 1917 as the beginning of an era Soviet power
. In the run-up to the political upheaval, Stalin became an important figure in the overthrow of imperial rule. He then took a stand in favor of supporting Alexander Kerensky and the provisional government. Stalin was elected to the Bolshevik Central Committee. In the fall of 1917, the Bolshevik Central Committee voted in favor of the uprising. On November 7, an uprising called the Great October Revolution. On November 8, the Bolshevik movement organized assault on the Winter Palace.
. Civil War 1917-1919. After political transformations, society began a civil war. Stalin challenged Trotsky. There is an opinion that the future head of state was the initiator of the elimination of part of the counter-revolutionaries and officers of the Soviet troops who had transferred from the service of imperial Russia. In May 1919, in order to stop the mass desertion of Western front, violators were publicly executed by Stalin.
. 1919-1921, in the context of the military dispute with Poland. Victory in the revolution, became the reason for the cessation of its existence Russian Empire. Appeared Soviet Union(USSR). At this time, the conflict began, which was called the Soviet-Polish war. Stalin was unfazed in his determination to take control of a city in Poland - Lvov (now Lvov in Ukraine). This was contrary to the general strategy set by Lenin and Trotsky, which focused on capturing Warsaw and further north. The Poles defeated the army of the USSR. Stalin was accused and returned to the capital. At the Ninth Party Conference in 1920, Trotsky openly criticized Stalin's behavior.
Stalin's rise to power
Stalin's personality cult
Stalin's purges in the party
Deportations
- They deeply influenced the ethnic map of the USSR.
- It is estimated that between 1941 and 1949 almost 3.3 million people were deported to Siberia and the Central Asian republics.
- According to some estimates, up to 43% of the population "expelled" died from disease and malnutrition.
Collectivization
Industrialization
Stalin's policy in World War II
In August 1939, an unsuccessful attempt was made to negotiate anti-Hitler pacts with other major European powers. After that, Joseph Vissarionovich decided to conclude a non-aggression pact with the German leadership. 
On September 1, 1939, the German invasion of Poland became the beginning Second World War. Stalin took measures to strengthen the Soviet military, modified and increased the effectiveness of propaganda in Soviet army. On June 22, 1941, Adolf Hitler violated the non-aggression pact.
While the Germans pressed on, Stalin was confident in the possibility of an Allied victory over Germany. The Soviets repulsed the important German strategic southern campaign and, although there were 2.5 million Soviet casualties in this effort, this allowed the Soviets to go on the offensive in much of the remaining Eastern Front.
April 30 leader Nazi Germany and his newly-made wife took their own lives, after which the Soviet troops found their remains, which were burned in Hitler's directive. German troops gave up after a few weeks. Stalin was nominated for Nobel Prize peace in 1945 and 1948.
Death of Stalin
Personal life
- Marriages and families. The first wife of I. V. Stalin was Ekaterina Svanidze in 1906. From this union a son was born, Jacob. Yakov served in the Red Army during the war years. The Germans took him prisoner. They put forward a demand to exchange him for Field Marshal Paulus, who surrendered after Stalingrad, but Stalin refused this offer, saying that they had in their hands not only his son, but millions of sons of the Soviet Union.
- And he said that either the Germans would let everyone go, or his son would stay with them.
- Subsequently, Jacob is said to have wanted to commit suicide, but survived. Yakov had a son, Evgeny, who recently defended his grandfather's legacy in Russian courts. Eugene is married to a Georgian woman and has two sons and seven grandchildren.
- With his second wife, whose name was Nadezhda Alliluyeva, Stalin had children Vasily and Svetlana. Nadezhda died in 1932, officially from an illness.
- But there were rumors that she committed suicide after a quarrel with her husband. It was also said that Stalin himself killed Nadezhda. Vasily rose to the ranks of the Soviet Air Force. Officially dies of alcoholism in 1962.
- No matter what, it's still in question.
- He distinguished himself during World War II as a capable airman. Svetlana fled to the USA in 1967, where she later married William Wesley Peters. Her daughter Olga lives in Portland, Oregon.
Even shorter about Stalin
Stalin's personality briefly
Stalin, in short, is a person who, in terms of scale and assessment of activity, is comparable only to another ruler of Russia - Peter I. They are very similar in tough methods of action to achieve goals, in complex tasks that they had to solve, and in participation in the most difficult wars . And the assessment of these politicians has always been extremely controversial: from worship to hatred.
Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili, who later, during the years of his participation in revolutionary activities, chose the pseudonym "Stalin", was born in 1879 in the small Georgian village of Gori.
Speaking about Stalin, it is necessary to briefly mention his father. A shoemaker by profession, he drank heavily and often beat his wife and son. These beatings led to the fact that little Joseph disliked his father and became hardened. Having severely endured smallpox in childhood (he almost died from it), Stalin forever left marks from it on his face. For them, he received the nickname "Pockmarked". Another injury is associated with childhood - the left hand was damaged, which did not recover over time. Stalin, being a vain man, could hardly endure his physical imperfection, never undressed in public and therefore did not tolerate doctors.
The main character traits were also formed in childhood in Georgia: secrecy and vindictiveness. Himself short and physically weak, Stalin, in short, could not stand tall, stately and strong people. They aroused in him rejection and suspicion.
He began his studies at a religious school, but the study was given with great difficulty because of Stalin's poor knowledge of the Russian language. Subsequent training in the seminary had an even worse effect on Joseph. Here he learned to be intolerant of other people's opinions, became cunning, very rude and resourceful. Another distinguishing feature of Stalin is the absolute lack of humor. As he grew older, he could play a joke on someone, but he had not tolerated any fun in relation to himself since the time of training.
The seminary began revolutionary activity future father of the nation. For her, he was expelled from the senior class. After that, Stalin devoted himself entirely to Marxism. Since 1902, he was repeatedly arrested and escaped from exile several times.
In 1903 he joined the Bolshevik Party. Stalin becomes the most zealous follower of Lenin, thanks to whom he is noticed in the leadership of the party. Beginning in 1912, he became a prominent figure among the Bolsheviks.
During the revolution, he was one of the members of the leading center of the uprising. During the years of intervention and the Civil War, Stalin, as a skilled organizer, was sent to the most restless points. He is engaged in repelling Kolchak's offensive in Siberia, protecting St. Petersburg from Yudenich's troops. His active work, charisma, and ability to lead make Stalin one of Lenin's close assistants.
With Lenin's illness in 1922, the struggle for power in the top leadership of the Bolsheviks intensified. Vladimir Ilyich himself was categorically against the fact that Stalin could be his successor. Per last years joint work, Lenin began to understand his character well - intolerance, rudeness, vindictiveness.
After the death of Lenin, Joseph Stalin took over the leadership of the country and immediately launched an attack on his former allies. He was not going to tolerate any opposition next to him.
Stalin began collectivization and industrialization in the country. During his reign, a total totalitarian regime was established. Were held mass repression. The year 1937 was especially terrible. Spending in foreign policy course towards rapprochement with Germany, Stalin, in short, did not believe that her leadership would decide in the near future to go to war with the USSR. Repeatedly informed about the exact date of the invasion of the German army, he considered this information disinformation.
At the same time, leading giant country almost 30 years, he was able to turn it into one of the strongest world powers.
He died on March 5, 1953 at a government dacha. According to the official version - from a brain hemorrhage. Until now, there are versions that Stalin's death is the result of a conspiracy in his inner circle.
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Brief biography of Joseph Stalin
Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin (Dzhugashvili) - Soviet revolutionary and politician, head of the government of the USSR and General Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of the Soviet Union. He was born in December 1878 in the Georgian city of Gori into a rather poor family. He studied at the Gori Theological School, and then at the Orthodox Seminary in Tbilisi. Being a Bolshevik, Stalin participated in many political events, for which he was imprisoned and exiled more than once. So, for example, since 1908 he was in exile in Solvychegodsk, since 1913 - in the village of Kureika. Also, like Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, he worked in the newspaper Pravda and took part in solving Bolshevik issues. During February Revolution he was one of the leaders of the Central Committee, and after the October Revolution he was People's Commissar in the Council of People's Commissars.
Since Lenin saw him as an assistant, during civil war, Stalin was put in charge of economic affairs in the south of the country. By nature, Joseph was considered an adherent of terror, while remaining an excellent military organizer. In the early 1920s, he was elected General Secretary of the Central Committee. When Lenin retired from political affairs, all power was transferred to the Politburo, which then included Joseph Vissarionovich, along with Trotsky, Zinoviev, Bukharin.
The cult of Stalin began during the years of strengthening his power and the beginning of the policy of collectivization and industrialization. At the same time, dispossession of kulaks took place in the country, and it was decided to switch to collective farms. This policy of mass terror led to the death of about 20 million people in the country. During the Great Patriotic War, Stalin combined several positions. He was Chairman of the Defense Committee, People's Commissar of Defense and Supreme Commander. After the war, any nationalist movements were brutally suppressed, and the Soviet ideology gained momentum.
Joseph Stalin was married twice. First on Ekaterina Svanidze, then on Nadezhda Alliluyeva. The politician had three children: two sons, Jacob and Vasily, and a daughter, Svetlana, who emigrated from the country. Stalin had several specially designated places for recreation, the so-called dachas. On March 5, 1953, at one of these dachas in the Kuntsevsky district, he died as a result of paralysis and subsequent cerebral hemorrhage.
