How many years did the pharaoh rule? The amazing history of Ancient Egypt: all the most interesting about the country of the pharaohs. Giant genital monuments of King Sesostris

The life of rulers always seems to be something mysterious and fascinating, but what if we are talking about people whose death has passed thousands of years? We cannot say exactly how the pharaoh lived in Ancient Egypt, but some “indirect evidence” helps us draw conclusions about the life of the people for whose burial the majestic pyramids were built.

The role of the pharaoh in ancient Egypt

The pharaoh was treated not just as the ruler of a certain region. For his subjects, he was not a king, but a real messenger of the gods, containing their great power and wisdom. According to the ancient Egyptians, it was the pharaoh:

Regulated the change of day and night.
He made the waters of the Nile flow.
Gave rich harvests.
Provided divine assistance during military campaigns.
Protected from epidemics and other car.

In such a situation, you can live in clover and not even think about strengthening your own power, because the entire population literally idolizes the ruler.

But the situation changed dramatically when the turn of troubles came:

Failure in military affairs.
Slave riot.
A terrible epidemic that "decimated" a quarter of the population.
A lean year and, as a result, famine.

All this was also "written off" to the pharaohs. Like, our ruler has lost divine protection and now nothing good can happen. In order not to fall into disgrace, one had to really take care of the well-being of one's own state.

How was discipline maintained in the pharaoh's army?

War has always been considered one of the solutions to the problem. Thanks to a successful raid on the neighbors, it was possible to:

Capture thousands of slaves. In the future, they ended up in slave markets and, until the end of their days, served in the homes of wealthy Egyptians or worked on the construction of monumental buildings.
Attach some territory to your kingdom. There is never enough power.
For decades, receive taxes and indemnities from the conquered territories. You need to win only once, but payments from new subjects will come regularly.
Spread your religion among nearby tribes. It is especially pleasant that the pharaoh himself acts as one of the divine beings, in the case of Ancient Egypt.

To achieve all these goals, the pharaohs maintained numerous armies, the backbone of which was the local population. In addition, mercenaries and blacks served in the army.

During the period of feudal fragmentation, it was difficult to talk about any kind of discipline. But after the unification, apparently, its level has increased somewhat.

It is assumed that efficiency and complete subordination was due to:

Constant military training.
The introduction of a reward system for success in "military affairs".
Severe penalties for wrongdoing.

It is worth noting that we are talking about the "Bronze Age", so that all weapons and armor were made from this material. In any case, the Egyptian army. Opponents were not always equipped with even these "novelties" of weapons.

How did Tutankhamen die?

Death of most rulers ancient egypt does not attract much public interest. With one exception, his name is Tutankhamen. And before moving on to his death, it is worth saying a few words about the life of the king:

At the age of 10 he ascended the throne.
Ruled for 9 years.
Restored the cult of the old gods.
Cope with the contradictions of the two religions.
He did not take a direct part in military campaigns, which did not prevent the army, led by close associates, from winning victories.

But the pharaoh died at the age of 19, under unclear circumstances. On the body of the ruler were found:

Rib fractures.
Multiple chest injuries.
Head injury.
Fractures of the upper limbs.

The most common version is death while hunting. The young pharaoh fell out of the chariot and fell under the wheels, which led to multiple injuries.

Neurologists are of the opinion that epilepsy may have contributed to the death, which could have arisen due to frequent incest. For many centuries, the pharaohs preferred to marry only their sisters, so as not to "dilute" the divine blood.

How were pharaohs buried?

Preparations for the funeral began during the life of the ruler:

A monumental necropolis - a pyramid - was erected.
Immediately after death, the body of the pharaoh was embalmed.
Extracted internal organs to avoid decay processes.
The body was treated with special balms and solutions.
The corpse was wrapped in bandages in order to slow down the process of decomposition and cut off the access of air to the flesh.
On a ceremonial boat, the body of the pharaoh was delivered to the foot of the pyramid.
Only the priests and their close associates entered the sanctuary.
After all the ceremonies, the tomb was sealed.

The funeral ceremony itself has come down to us in an incomplete form and by and large consists of a set of rituals and spells, which, according to the priests, were supposed to lead the lord to the afterlife.

Like all pagans, the ancient Egyptians left things next to the ashes of the pharaoh that should have been useful to him "in the next world." It is these relics that have attracted "treasure hunters" for thousands of years.

The Life of an Egyptian Ruler

By and large, the pharaohs lived as messengers of the gods on earth:

Only a limited number of people were allowed to communicate with them.
The children of the priests served the kings.
The rulers were treated as a direct extension of the divine will.
The pharaoh had the right to get whatever he wanted within his domain.
The power of the king was absolute, it was not limited by any set of rules or laws.
Like peasants, pharaohs could suffer from infectious diseases. Although they got the best, in those days, medical service, but it was a medical aid sample of 2-3 millennium BC.
They were the central figures of the religious cult.

But in fact, the picture was not as rosy as it might seem at first glance. The king had to adhere to the rituals that had been formed throughout the existence of the dynasty. Participation in religious rites was one of the obligatory moments, because the gods themselves decided so.

The fashion for mummies and pyramids has already passed, but still many people are interested in how the pharaoh lived in Ancient Egypt and whether the Egyptians could independently build one of the wonders of the world. Archeology gives us answers to only part of the questions, something remains at the mercy of the imagination.

Video about the reign of Tutankhamun

This video will cover all Interesting Facts about the life of the pharaohs in ancient Egypt:

The name "Pharaoh" became the definition of the bearer of the supreme state power only in the era of the New Kingdom. Before this era, the ancient Egyptian transcription "per-oa" (distorted ancient Greek ("φαραώ") literally meant "Great House". However, long before the new times of Ahmes I, Thutmose and Amenhotep III, the Egyptian rulers had a comprehensive power that allowed them to wage wars of conquest , to keep in obedience to the army of slaves, to build cyclopean monuments and grandiose tombs.This made quite a strong impression on others.Many residents of the Nile Delta and ambassadors of other states believed that pharaoh in ancient Egypt one of the incarnations of the ancient Egyptian gods materialized into flesh.

The meaning of the pharaoh in ancient Egypt

The ancient Egyptian pharaohs, if not considered the earthly incarnation of God, were considered as intermediaries between the divine spirit and earthly matter. There was no doubt about the infallibility of the pharaoh, for any condemnation of the will of the Egyptian rulers, the disobedient was waiting for two punishments - slavery or death. At the same time, the attributes of the pharaoh's merits were very diverse and extensive. Any attribute of the clothes of the Egyptian king, in addition to a purely unitary function, also had a semantic one.
The role is not purely managerial or military, but to a certain extent sacred. It was thanks to its proximity to religious cults that the Nile flood was ensured - a guarantor of soil fertility in high yields. The priests brought the will of the Egyptian ruler to the masses of the common people, using magical rites. Moreover, the importance of the pharaoh in Ancient Egypt was emphasized by every little thing, by any household action. Neither a commoner nor a high dignitary could sit down at the table without mentioning the name of the pharaoh, of which he had several. At the same time, it was forbidden to pronounce the true name of the ruler (Ramses, Akhenaten,). The most common, commonplace was the definition - "life-health - strength."
Only a few Egyptians managed to see the earthly incarnation of the Almighty with their own eyes. Even close nobles approached the pharaoh, crawling on their knees and bowing their heads. The deceased pharaoh was to be reunited with his divine community and his heavenly life, as well as earthly life, should be spent in luxury. The pharaoh in the afterlife must have everything necessary that surrounded him in the earthly vale. This explains the richness and diversity of burial utensils.

The first pharaohs of ancient Egypt

Despite the fact that the first ruler of Ancient Egypt is officially recognized as Ni-Neith, (Hor-ni-Neith), whose years of reign have not yet been determined, in reality this is the first ruler of Egypt of the dynastic period. The history of the Egyptian state is much older, and before Ni-Nate, mythical lords (Ptah, Ra, Osiris) and pharaohs of the predynastic period (“Elephant”, Pen-abu (“Bull”) and “Scorpio” I) ruled. Who they are and whether they are real persons modern Egyptology cannot answer. The real first pharaohs of Ancient Egypt - (Hat-Khor (Khor-khat), Ka, (Khor-ka, Khor-sehen), Narmer (Nar)) are little known and there is practically no material evidence of them.
You can talk about the greatness of the pharaohs from the era of the reign of Djoser - the first pharaoh of the III dynasty ancient kingdom and the builder of the first step pyramid.

Names of the pharaohs of ancient Egypt

Like all the rites of Ancient Egypt, the clothes of the supreme rulers and the names of the Egyptian pharaohs had a touch of sacredness. The names used in modern literature are rather nicknames (if not “nicknames”) of the pharaohs of Ancient Egypt. A personal name, written in one hieroglyph, the future ruler received at birth. When he was appointed heir to the throne of the Upper and Lower Kingdoms, a clarification was necessarily made in front of his personal name - “son of Ra”. If a woman came to the throne, then the definition “daughter of Ra” served as a prefix. The first "pharaoh" to be honored with such a title was Queen Merneit ("To be loved"). According to the information that has come down to us, she was the wife of either the pharaoh Jet (Uenefes) or Djer (Khor Khvat).
When a pharaoh came to the throne, he was given a throne name. It was these names that were displayed in the cartouches, thanks to which Jean-Francois Champollion was able to decipher the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs.
In addition to these two names, the pharaoh could be called the Golden name, the name after Nebti and the Horus name (the name of Horus).

We know from school textbooks that the rulers of ancient Egypt were called pharaohs. Egyptologist Galina Karaulova explains where the word "pharaoh" came from and why it was never an official royal title

Thutmose III. Granodiorite sculpture. 1504-1452 B.C. e. Google Cultural Institute

The term "pharaoh" was never really an official royal title in ancient Egypt, although it certainly had a direct bearing on the highest power. The Greek word φαραώ, thanks to which we all now call the rulers of ancient Egypt pharaohs, comes from the ancient Egyptian pr-aA (the accepted reading is “per-a”), which literally translates as “great house”. Initially, the term pr-aА was used only in the context of court life: when it was about palace buildings, court positions or work, for example imy-r pr-aA (“guard in the palace”), smr pr-aA (“court”). However, over time - far from immediately - the word began to be used as a polite euphemism for referring to the king like “Your Majesty”, because the royal name or official titles were sacred, so pronouncing them in vain would be indecent and even, one might say, blasphemous .

The first mention of the appeal to the king as pr-aA is found in the documents of the XII dynasty, but finally this appeal came into use only in the New Kingdom, during the reign of the XVIII-XIX (in the second half of the II millennium BC) dynasties. Much later, in the Hellenistic period, that is, in the last few centuries before the beginning of our era, pr-aA becomes the everyday name of any king as such - and not only the Egyptian one: the term is also used in relation to foreign rulers. In this era, the word fell into Greek language and then it became for the whole European civilization the traditional designation for an Egyptian king.

What was the official title of the ancient Egyptian king?

The full royal titulary in ancient Egypt consisted of five different titles-names, of which the closest to our term "king" would be nsw-bity (the accepted reading is "bear-bity"). The spelling of this word includes images of reeds and bees. According to most researchers, these are sacred symbols of Upper and Lower Egypt, respectively. Literally, nsw-bity can be translated as “the one from the reed and the bee,” in other words, “the ruler of both Upper and Lower Egypt”: the fact is that at the beginning of its history, Egypt was divided into two warring kingdoms - Upper Egyptian and Lower Egyptian, and only from the moment of their unification into one state did that strong and prosperous Egypt arise, as we know it and as the Egyptians themselves knew it, therefore the theme of this dualism runs like a red thread through almost all the symbols of royal power. This power for the ancient Egyptians was not least a pledge (if not a monument) of unity, which gave them a stable and prosperous life.

“Nesu-biti” was a throne title or, as it is also called, “solar”, because in most cases the name of the king following this title included a mention of the god Ra. Other royal titles emphasized different aspects of the sacralization of the ruler.

The most ancient of the long chain of titles was the so-called Chorus name: according to it, the king was identified with the god Horus - the falcon god, the warrior god, who in mythology defeated the forces of evil in the person of the antagonist god Set. An epithet was also added to the very name of Horus, which, as it were, explained what a particle of Horus was in this king, what qualities the king wanted to emphasize in himself. During the first dynasties, when the most urgent task of the king was to keep Upper and Lower Egypt under one rule, these names were emphatically aggressive, masculine, for example Hor-fighter or various references to animals - a snake, a crocodile, a scorpion. Later, when stability came to Egypt, the Chorus names became calmer and more peaceful, for example Hor-Perenmaat - “Achieving Maat” (that is, truth, harmony).

Following it was the name of the Two Mistresses (the title "nebti", nbty from the word nbt - "mistress, mistress"), which also reminds us of the function of the king-unifier and legitimizes the unified power of the king over Upper and Lower Egypt. Here, "Both Lady" refers to the goddesses Nekhbet and Wadjet - the patrons of Upper and Lower Egypt, respectively. These titles took the following forms: "Brother of Both Ladies", "He Who Inherits Both Ladies" and even "Kissed by Both Ladies".

The third official title was the so-called golden name, or the name of the Golden Horus: the writing of the title most often began with the image of Horus sitting on the hieroglyph of gold. Gold in the mentality of the ancient Egyptians was a sacred substance: according to legend, the flesh of the gods consisted of it, it was also a symbol of the sun, therefore, at the moments of the strengthening of the solar cult, the solar element also began to occur in the “golden” title. These titles could sound like “Golden in its name”, “Golden Horus, abundant in its years, like the god Atum”, “Beautiful gold” or even, for example, “The sun in gold”.

Finally, the personal name of the king, given to him at birth, was indicated in the title in last place, usually preceded by the epithet "Son of Ra" - this symbolized the birth of the king from a sacred marriage.

In general, this chain of four (not counting the personal name) titles-names, starting from the Middle Kingdom, when it finally took shape, and until later times, constituted a kind of programmatic political manifesto for each king. From the titles one can often understand what qualities the ruler extolled in himself, what aspects of his policy he considered dominant and what events of his reign he was proud of. Some Egyptian kings even changed their title names several times to mark the beginning of a new stage in their reign. So, for example, the founder of the XI dynasty, Mentuhotep II, changed the Horovo name "He whose white crown (that is, the crown of Upper Egypt) is divine" to the name "Unifier of both lands." He did this after he had reunited Egypt, which had been divided in Time of Troubles(in the First Intermediate Period), and thereby began the era of the Middle Kingdom.

Pharaoh- the modern name of the kings of ancient Egypt.

The usual name of the Egyptian kings was the expression "belonging to the Reed and the Bee", that is, Upper and Lower Egypt, or simply "ruler of both lands."

Despotic monarchies in Egypt originated in the second half of the 4th millennium BC. e. There were eras of the Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom and the New Kingdom. Since the time of the Middle Kingdom established full title Egyptian kings, consisting of five names:

Chorus name.

Nebti-name (was associated with the patron goddesses of Egypt, Nekhbet and Wajit).

Golden name (gold in Egyptian culture was associated with eternity).

Throne name (accepted when entering the throne).

Personal name (given at birth, preceded by the title "son of Ra" in the inscriptions).

Some of the names of the Egyptian gods and Egyptian pharaohs can be very useful for those who are involved in esotericism or the occult. These names can carry a program of increased intuition, which can help to read information from subtle planes. Moreover, this information may contain hidden or lost data about the magic of past civilizations, and even about the technologies of past civilizations. Therefore, if you are interested in such things and, suppose, take one of the strong pseudonyms chosen from the names of the Egyptian gods or pharaohs, then it is quite possible that special program, which, like a radar antenna (dish), will receive signals from the past, from ancient civilizations. Thanks to this, you will be able to obtain information that modern world not yet known or little known. T which alias name is a chance to get in touch with the knowledge of the ancients.

Below you can see a list of the names of the Egyptian pharaohs.

Names of Egyptian pharaohs

Names of Egyptian pharaohs starting with the letter A:

Adjib

Adikalamani

Actisanes

Alara

Amanislo

Amaniteca

Amanitore

Amasis II

Amenmes

Amenhotep

Amirtaeus II

analmai

Anlamani

Apopi I

Aprius

Ariamani

Arikankarer

Arkamani I, II

Arces

Artaxerxes I, II, III

Aspelta

Atlaners

Achoris

Names of Egyptian pharaohs starting with the letter B:

Bardia

Baskakeren

Biheris

Bochoris

Names of Egyptian pharaohs starting with the letter B:

Veneg

Names of Egyptian pharaohs starting with the letter G:

Gaumata

Gorciotef

Names of Egyptian pharaohs starting with the letter D:

Darius I, II, III

Jedefra

Djedkara II Shema

Djedkara Isesi

Jer

Djoser

Doudimos I

Names of Egyptian pharaohs starting with the letter I:

Imichet

Iniotef II

Iri-Khor

Itiesh

Names of Egyptian pharaohs starting with the letter K:

Kakaura Ibi I

Cambyses II

Kamos

Karkamani

chestnut

Xerxes I, II

Names of Egyptian pharaohs starting with the letter M:

Maat

Melenaken

Menes

Menkara

Menkauchor

Mentuhotep I, II, III, IV

Menkheperra

Merenra I, II

merenhor

Meribre

Merikara

Merneith

Mernofera Aib

Names of Egyptian pharaohs starting with the letter N:

Nakrinsan

Narmer

Nasakhma

Nastasen

Natakamani

Nebereau I

Nebefaura

Nebkara Heti

Nectaneb I, II

Neferefre

Neferite I, II

Neferkare I - VII

Neferkasokar

Neferkaura

Neferkauhor

Neferkahor

Neferhotep I

Necho I, II

Nikara I

Ninecher

Nitocris

Nyuserra

Niheb

Nubnefer

Names of Egyptian pharaohs starting with the letter O:

Osorkon I, II, III

Names of Egyptian pharaohs starting with the letter P:

Pami

Pe Hor

Pelha

Pentini

Peribsen

Petubastis I

Piancalara

Piankhi

Pinedjem I

Pipi I, II

Psammetichus I

Psammut

Psusennes I, II

Ptah

Ptolemy I - XV

Names of Egyptian pharaohs starting with the letter R:

Ramesses II - VIII

Raneb

Egyptian pharaoh names beginning with C:

Sabrakamani

Sakhmakh

Sanakht

Sahura

Sebekhotep I-VII

seka

Secudian

semenra

Semenkhkara

Semerkhet

Senebkai

Sened

Seneferka

Setnakht

Sekhemkara

Sekhemkhet

Siamon

Siaspica

Smendes

Sneferu

Sogdian

Names of Egyptian pharaohs starting with the letter T:

Taa II Sekenenra

Takelot I, II, III

Talakamani

Tamftis

Tanutamon

towsert

Taharka

tajos

aunts

Tefnacht I

Tutankhamen

Thutmose

Names of Egyptian pharaohs starting with the letter U:

Waji

Wajkara

Ugaf

Unegbu

Unis

Userkara

Userkaf

Usermont

Names of Egyptian pharaohs starting with the letter X:

Khaba

hababash

Khasekhemui

Hat Hor

Khafra

Heju Hor

Hanger

Cheops

Herihor

Kheti I, II, III

hian

Horemheb

Huni

Names of Egyptian pharaohs starting with the letter Sh:

Shabaka

Shabataka

Shepseskar

Shepseskaf

sherakarer

Sheshenq I-III

Names of Egyptian pharaohs starting with the letter E:

Names of Egyptian pharaohs starting with the letter I:

Yakubher

Ahmose I

Ahmose-Nefertari

Ahmose-Sitkamos

mythical rulers

Ptah

Osiris

Oleg and Valentina Svetovid

Our email address: [email protected]

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Name selection according to astrology, incarnation tasks, numerology, zodiac sign, types of people, psychology, energy

Name selection by astrology (examples of the weakness of this name selection technique)

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Name selection by numerology (examples of the weakness of this name selection technique)

Name selection according to the zodiac sign

Name selection by type of people

Psychology name selection

Name selection by energy

What you need to know when choosing a name

What to do to choose the perfect name

If you like the name

Why you don't like the name and what to do if you don't like the name (three ways)

Two options for choosing a new successful name

Corrective name for the child

Corrective name for an adult

Adaptation to a new name

Pharaoh (Pharaoh) is the idol of youth, a new phenomenon in modern Russian rap culture. He is a representative of the so-called "cloud-rap", which is characterized by slow beats, smooth reading and philosophical, often depressing lyrics (although disputes about Pharaoh's belonging to cloud-rap do not stop to this day).

At the age of 19, Pharaoh, whose real name is Gleb Golubin, became the leader and ideological inspirer of the Dead Dynasty formation, the leitmotif of which was a defiant mixture of nihilism and rudeness. The main theme of his tracks is drugs, girls and sex.

Childhood and family of Gleb Golubin (rapper Pharaoh)

Gleb Gennadyevich Golubin was born and raised in Moscow, in the Izmailovo district, in the family of a sports functionary. His father, Gennady Golubin, was the general director of the Dynamo football club, and later became the head of a company specializing in sports marketing.

Rapper Pharaoh as a child

Naturally, the parents predicted a sports career for their son. From the age of six, the boy was professionally involved in football. At a young age, Gleb managed to play for Lokomotiv, CSKA and Dynamo. Until the age of thirteen, his life consisted mainly of daily training and schooling. But in adolescence, the realization came that the second Pele would not work out of him, and his father was not happy with sports achievements son.

Football has been replaced by music. At the age of 8, Gleb became interested in the work of the German group Rammstein, for which he even enrolled in courses German language. Another teen idol was the American rapper Snoop Dogg. The musical sympathies of the future musician did not find support among classmates (then other performers were in vogue), but this did not bother Gleb.

At the age of 16, the young man left for America for six months. There he finally decided on his musical tastes and opened up new horizons for creativity.

Rapper career Pharaoh

In 2013, Gleb returned to Moscow and entered the Faculty of Journalism of Moscow State University. At the same time, he recorded his first track Cadillac and began to perform as part of the Grindhouse group under the pseudonym Pharaoh.

But the video clip for the track "BLACK SIEMENS" brought real fame to the novice musician. In it, Gleb raps against the backdrop of a white Lincoln, which Dmitry Dyuzhev drove in the cult TV series Brigada. The song constantly repeats the sounds of "skr-skr", which later became his signature "trick".

PHARAOH - «BLACK SIEMENS»

Tired of the constant questions from fans about what this mysterious "skr-skr" means, Pharaoh eventually explained that this was the sound that Bruce Lee made during training. Another version said that "skrt" is an imitation of the sound of car tires.

Pharaoh's next video "Champagne Squirt" has nearly 10 million views on YouTube. After the premiere of the video, the phrase "Champagne squirt in the face" spread across social networks, and the Pharaoh became a truly cult character among the youth audience.

Since 2014, Pharaoh has been collaborating with rappers Fortnox Pockets, Toyota RAW4, Acid Drop King, Jeembo and Southgarden as part of the Dead Dynasty project.

Pharaoh - 5 Minutes Ago

Due to the mysterious image that Pharaoh cultivates on social media, fantastic rumors constantly spread about his life. In 2015, information appeared that the rapper died of a drug overdose. After that, Pharaoh released a new album Phosphor (“Phosphorus”), the video for the composition from which “Let's stay at home” again gained a huge number of views on the Web.

In February 2017, he traditionally posted on the Web a new track "Unplugged (Interlude)", which was out of the rapper's general work - it was recorded with a guitar. Fans of Pharaoh suggested that this is a composition from the upcoming acoustic album, which Pharaoh has mentioned more than once before.

Pharaoh's personal life

Pharaoh does not lack girlfriends. One of his ex girls- the current soloist of the group "Silver" Katya Kishchuk.

At the beginning of 2017, Gleb began dating the scandalous model, the daughter of the famous tennis player Evgeny Kafelnikov, Alesya.

For the first time they appeared in public in one of the capital's cinemas, openly demonstrating their feelings for each other. The model has repeatedly stated that she became a fan of his work long before they met in person. However, in May of the same year, Alesya Kafelnikova wrote on social networks that she was taking a break in relations with the Pharaoh. Information appeared in the media that the father of the model insisted on breaking up, who did not like the halo of "notoriety" around her chosen one.

pharaoh now

In August 2018, Pharaoh presented to the audience a new album "Phuneral" (play on words: pharaoh + funeral, funeral). It is noteworthy that Sergey Shnurov and his Ruble project took part in the recording of the tracks "Flashcoffin" and "Solaris".

Pharaoh-Smart