Ancient Greek language tutorial. How I learned Greek. Personal experience. Download the video lessons published on this page and regularly receive new lessons to your e-mail

We will begin our acquaintance with the Greek language by studying the letters of the alphabet.

Greek vowels [ι, e, a, o, u] are pronounced the same as Russian ones [i, e, a, o, u].
The letter Γ γ is pronounced aspirated, reminiscent of the Ukrainian "g", as well as the Russian "g" in the word "aga". In the future, we will denote this sound as [r], but please do not forget about aspiration.
Before the vowels ε, ι, η, υ, as well as before the letter combinations αι, ει, οι, ευ, γ, it is pronounced close to Russian [й]. The result is sounds similar to the Russian "yu", "ya", "yo". For example, για [I] - for, γιος [yos], or [ёs] - son.
The sounds denoted by the letters Δ δ and Θ θ do not have an exact match in Russian. The first sound is pronounced close to the English th [p] in the word this. The second is practically equivalent English sound[θ] in thank you.
Η η, Ι ι, Υ υ are pronounced like the Russian “and”, and after vowels like “th”.
O o, Ω ω are always pronounced like the Russian "o" under stress.

Useful words and expressions:

Communication. Greetings.
When meeting, Cypriots usually communicate as follows:
Γειά σού! (Γειά σας!) Τι κάνεις; (Τι κάνετε;)

Καλά. Εσύ; Καλά. Εσείς;

And to the question "How are you?" a detailed answer is usually not expected. These words are more of a formality than a question.
Acquaintances usually kiss twice on the cheeks when they meet, especially if they haven't seen each other for a long time. At the first meeting, it is customary to shake hands. This rule applies to both men and women. Keep in mind, international etiquette suggests that a woman extends her hand first to greet.

Other greetings:
- Καλημέρα - Good morning!
- Καλησπέρα - Good evening! (during the day usually Γειά σου)
- Καλώς ορίσατε - Welcome!
- Καλώς σας βρήκαμε - Glad to see you!
- Καλώς ήρθατε - Welcome!

Acquaintance. Performance.
My name is… με λένε... [me lene]
Meet… Να σας συστήσω... [in sas sistyso]
My wife is η γυναίκα μου [and yineka mu]
My husband - ο άντρας μου [o andraz mu]
My sister is η αδελφή μου [and azelfi mu]
My brother - ο αδελφός μου [o azelfoz mu]
I came from…- Ηρθα από... [irsa apo…]
... Moscow - ...τη Μόσχα [ty mosha]
I am Russian - Είμαι Ρώσος [ime rosos]
I am Russian - Είμαι Ρωσίδα [ime roshiza]
I am 21 years old - Είμαι 21χρονών [ime ikosi enos chronon]

Greek. Lesson 2: Questions (Ερωτήσεις)

Interrogative sentences in Greek are formed by increasing intonation. Please note that according to the rules of Greek punctuation, a semicolon is used instead of a question mark:

Που πηγαίνετε; Where are you going?

Where is it? Πού είναι; [pu ine]

Questions and answers:

Where? Where? Πού [pu]

within μέσα [mesa]

opposite απέναντι [apenandi]

When? Πότε; [sweat]

today σήμερα [simera]

tomorrow αύριο [avrio]

yesterday χτές [khtes]

now τώρα [tora]

then Μετά [meta]

soon σύντομα [sindoma]

then τότε [tote]

always πάντα [panda]

never ποτέ [pote]

often συχνά [sihna]

why? Γιατί; [yati]

because Γιατί [yati]

as Πως; [pos]

so έτσι [etsy]

good καλά [kala]

bad άσχημα [ashima]

loudly δυνατά [zinata]

slowly, quietly σιγά [whitefish]

quickly γρήγορα [grigora]

early νωρίς [noris]

late αργά [arga]

Greek. Lesson 3: Article. Numbers. Time notation

Article

The article helps us identify what kind of word it is. In Greek (as in Russian), nouns can be masculine, feminine, or neuter. Article male- ο, feminine - η, middle - το. For example, ο φοιτητής (student), η αδερφή (sister), το μπαλκόνι (balcony).

Count up to 20

numbers	writing	pronunciation
1	ένας, μια-μια, ενα	enas, miya-mya, ena
2	δυο, δυο	zio
3	τρεις,τρια	tris, tria
4	τεσσερις, τεσσερα	tesseris, tessera
5	πεντε	pende
6	εξτ	exsi
7	εφτα (επτα)	efta (epta)
8	οχτω (οκτω)	ohto (octo)
9	εννεα εννια	Ennea, Enya
10	δεκα	convict
11	εντεκα	Enzek
12	δωδεκα	zozeka
13	δεκατρεις, δεκατρια	zekatris, zekatriya
14	δεκατεσσερις, δεκατεσσερα	zekatesseris, zekatessera
15	δεκαπεντε	zecapende
16	δεκαεξτ (δεκαξτ)	zekaeksi
17	δεκαεφτα	zekaefta
18	δεκαοχτω	zekaohto
19	δεκαεννια	zekaenya
20	εικοστ	ikosi

Note that the numbers "three" and "four" will change depending on the noun behind them. If it is a masculine or feminine noun (for example, treίV άντρες - three men), then we use treίV. If the noun is neuter (for example, trίa βιβλία three books), then trίa should be used.

Time notation

Let's repeat the numbers we already know:

Ένα, δύο, τρία, τέσσερα, πέντε, έξι, εφτά, οκτώ, εννία, δέκα, ένδεκα, δώδεκα.

Στις 2 (η ‘ωρα) μετά το μεσημέρι - at two (hours) in the afternoon

Greek. Lesson 4: Rules for reading. Indefinite article

Reading Rules

stress

All Greek words, except monosyllabic ones, are always stressed! Sometimes, the meaning of the word depends on the stress. For example, the words "bank" and "table" sound the same and differ only in stress. Τράπεζα - Τραπέζα.

If the stress falls on a combination or digraph, then it is placed over the second letter: εύκολα is pronounced like [‘eucola]).

Articles

Today we continue a rather complicated topic - the article in Greek. Firstly, in our native language, Russian, there are no articles. Secondly, in Greek, the article not only stands before the word, but also changes along with it. Along with the ending, the article indicates the gender, number and case of the noun.

Articles are divided into definite and indefinite. The indefinite article is used when the subject is unknown and not defined “A dog ran down the street” - it is not known which dog is being discussed (one of the dogs) - therefore, we will use the indefinite article. The definite article is used when talking about an already defined subject. And, we will continue our story: "The dog stopped right in front of the door of our house." - We already know something about this dog, and it is he who is now in front of our door, which means, from the point of view of Greek grammar, the definite article should be used.

Indefinite article

The indefinite article does not have a plural. There are four cases in Greek: nominative, genitive, accusative and vocative (note that the article is not used in the vocative case). Let me remind you that the nominative case answers the question who ?, what ?; genitive - whom ?, what ?; accusative - whom?, what? Below is the change of articles by gender, number and case:

Indefinite article:

Appeal

Κύριε! - Mister!

Κυρία! - Madam!

Κυρίες και κύριοι! - Ladies and Gentlemen!

Αγαπητοί φίλοι! - Dear friends!

Νεαρέ! - Young man!

Δεσποινίς! - Young woman!

Αγόρι! - Boy!

Κορίτσι! - Girl!

And a few more useful phrases expressing agreement or denial.

Καλά - Good

Εντάξει - Okay

Είμαι σύμφωνος - I agree

Ευχαρίστως - With pleasure

Σωστά - Right

Βέβαια - Of course

Έχετε δίκαιο - You are right

Όχι - No

Δε συμφωνώ - I do not agree (-on)

Δε μπορώ - I can't

Δε μπορούμε - We cannot

Ευχαριστώ, δεν το θέλω - Thank you, I don't want to

Δεν είναι σωστό - This is wrong

Διαφωνώ - I object

Greek. Lesson 5: How the article changes

In terms of complexity, the grammar of the Greek language can be compared with Russian. You and I often hear that the Russian language is so difficult! It is difficult for foreigners to understand why some words in our country change like this, while others are completely different. There are rules, but there are exceptions to all rules. Written "sun", and pronounced "sun". "But why?" - ask the tortured students. "I don't know," we dismiss.

Now we are in a similar situation. Look at the rules below. And do not try to understand why so many difficulties have been invented, why everything is exactly like this .... Just learn it by heart.

The definite article changes in cases and numbers. Here is the summary table:

As regards the letter (ν) in accusative articles, the following rule applies:

The letter (ν) is placed if the word following the article begins with a vowel, or with a consonant that can be pronounced instantly (κ, π, τ, γκ, π, ντ, τζ, τσ) or with a consonant denoting a double sound (ξ ψ):

The letter (ν) is not put if the word following the article begins with a consonant that can be pronounced continuously (β, γ, δ ζ, θ, λ, ν, ρ, σ, φ, χ) , τη γραμματεία, ένα βράδυ, ένα σταφύλι.

I want - Θέλω (selo)

I have - Έχω (echo)

Please... Παρακαλώ... (paracalo)

Give... δώστε... (dost)

Wait... περιμένετε... (parimenete)

Show... δείξτε... (dikste)

Close (switch off)... κλείστε... (kliste)

Open (turn on)... ανοίξτε... (anixte)

Call... φωνάξτε... (fonakste)

Call (invite) καλέστε... (kaleste)

Repeat... επαναλάβετε... (epanalavete)

Call... τηλεφωνήστε... (tilephoniste)

Allow me... Επιτρέψτε μου... (epitrepste mu)

Exit... να βγω... to vgo

Pass... να περάσω... on peraso

Greek. Lesson 6: How verbs are conjugated

Let's start with an important verb - the verb "to have". In Russian we say “I have”, but in Greek we use one instead of three words: έχω

verb έχω (to have)

The basic form of verbs ends with the letter ω. Regular verbs fall into two broad categories: those in which the stress falls on the penultimate syllable, as in έχω ['echo] "I have" and θέλω [village] "I want", and those in which the stress falls on the last syllable, as in αγαπώ [agapo] "I love".

έχω [‘echo] I have

έχεις [‘ehis] you have

έχει [‘ehi] sheonono has

έχουμε [‘ehume] we have

έχετε [‘ehhete] you have

έχουν [‘ehun] they have

Note that you do not need to use pronouns. Not “I have”, but simply “I have”, “I have”. This is the nature of the Greek language. The ending of the verb indicates who is being spoken about. If ω, then "I have", if ουν, then "they have". Get used to it.

Language proficiency

Are you talking / are you saying…? Μιλάτε...

In Russian ρωσικά

Greek ελληνικά

I don't speak Greek. Δε μιλώ ελληνικά.

Do you understand me? Με καταλαβαίνετε;

I do not understand you Δε σας καταλαβαίνω

I understand a little, but I can't speak. Καταλαβαίνω λίγο, αλλά δεν μπορώ να μιλήσω

What language do you know? Τι γλώσσα μιλάτε;

I know Μιλάω

English αγγλικά

German γερμανικά

French γαλλικά

You speak well. Μιλάτε καλά

I don't have practice. Μου λείπει η πρακτική

I want to learn how to speak Greek. Θέλω να μάθω να μιλάω ελληνικά.

Repeat one more time. Πέστε το άλλη φορά.

A little slower. Λίγο πιο αργά.

What does this word mean? Τι σημαίνει αυτή η λέξη;

Greek. Lesson 7: Conjugation of the verb "to be"

Today we are learning to use the forms of the verb είμαι correctly. It can be used as a semantic verb meaning "to be" and a linking verb meaning "to be".

Verb conjugations:

I - (εγω) είμαι

You are (εσύ) είσαι

He - (αυτός) είναι

She (αυτή) είναι

We are (εμείς) είμαστε

You - (εσείς) είστε

They (m.r.) (αυτοί) είναι

Oni (female) (αυτές) είναι

Use:

Past tense:

This verb has only one form of the past tense - the imperfect, which is used when in Russian we say "was", "was", "was", "were".

Compare present and past tenses
The present	Past
Είμαι Είσαι Είναι Είμαστε Είσαστε/είστε Είναι	ήμουν ήσουν ήταν ήμαστε ήσαστε ήταν

Useful words

QUALITIES

1. Good - bad καλός - κακός

2. Beautiful - ugly όμορφος - άσχημος

3. Old - young γέρος - νέος

4. Old - new

παλιός – καινούργιος, νέος

5. Rich - poor πλούσιος - φτωχός

6. Familiar - unfamiliar

γνωστός - άγνωστος

7. Cheerful - boring

εύθυμος – ανιαρός, σκυθρωπός

8. Smart is stupid

έξυπνος – κουτός, ανόητος

9. Strong - weak δυνατός - αδύνατος

10. Big - small μεγάλος - μικρός

Greek. Lesson 8: Pronoun forms and verb conjugation

Today we will continue talking about pronouns. It is said that the most common word in almost any language is the word "I". But this is not the case for Greek. Greeks (and Cypriots, of course, too) practically do not use personal pronouns. They don't say "I see" "you see", just "I see" (βλέπω), "you see" (βλέπεις).

(εγώ) με me (εμείς) μας us

(εσύ) σεyou (εσείς) σας you

(αυτός) τον His (αυτοί) τους them

(αυτή) την Her (αυτές) τις their

Την ξέρω καλά. I know her well.

Σας παρακαλώ. I ask you.

Τον βλέπω. I see him.

Verbs

In Greek, as in Russian, verbs change according to persons, tenses, voices and moods. Verbs can be divided into two large groups:

Note: Pronouns are in brackets because they are often omitted in colloquial speech.

Useful words

1) Long - short μακρύς - κοντός (σύντομος)

2) Wide - narrow πλατύς, φαρδύς - στενός

3) High - low ψηλός - χαμηλός -κοντός

4) Deep - shallow βαθύς - ρηχός

5) Expensive - cheap ακριβός - φτηνός

6) Fast - slow γρήγορος - αργός

7) Light - heavy ελαφρύς - βαρύς

8) Soft - hard μαλακός - σκληρός

9) Thick - thin χοντρός - λεπτός

10) Clean - dirty καθαρός - βρώμικος, λερωμένος

Greek. Lesson 9: Conjugation of verbs in the present tense

Let's repeat the conjugation of the verb γράφω (to write).

γράφω [grapho] I write

γράφεις [graph] you write

γράφει [graph] ononaono writes

γράφουμε [graphume] we write

γράφετε [graphet] you write

γράφουν [graphun] they write

In the previous lesson, we considered the category of verbs that have an accent on the penultimate syllable and are conjugated, like the verb γράφω. In this lesson we will look at the second category verbs, which have the stress on the last syllable and which are conjugated as the verb αγαπώ "I love".

Remember that in Greek the present tense describes actions that take place in this moment, and repetitive actions, for example, “now I drink coffee” (continued), “every morning I drink coffee” (simple). Both of these actions in Greek express the present tense, i.e. πίνω καφέ τώρα, πίνω καφέ κάθε πρωί.

Verb αγαπώ (I love)

Unit number

αγαπώ [ayapo] I love

αγαπάς [ayapas] you love

αγαπά [ayapa] he she loves it

Plural

αγαπούμε [ayapume] we love

αγαπάτε [ayapate] you love

αγαπόυν [ayapun] they love

The verb ζητώ "I ask, I seek" is conjugated like the verb αγαπώ

Verb μπορώ (I can)

A number of verbs ending in ώ like αγαπώ have other endings when conjugated. One example is the verb μπορώ (boro) "I can".

Unit number

μπορώ [borough] I can

μπορείς [boris] you can

μπορεί [bori] ononaono can

Plural

μπορούμε [borume] we can

μπορείτε [fight] you can

μπορούν [harrow] they can

Παρακαλώ [paracalo] "I ask" is another verb conjugated as μπορώ. It can be used as an equivalent of "please" or "pleased to serve" in response to "thank you".

Greek. Lesson 10: Verbs of the second conjugation. Exceptions to the rules

Verbs of the second conjugation are divided into two subgroups, and are conjugated depending on which subgroup they belong to:

The way of changing the faces of the verbs of the second conjugation must be memorized along with the meaning of the verb itself. In Modern Greek dictionaries, after the verbs of the second conjugation of the first subgroup, the letter alpha (α) is usually in brackets, and after the verbs of the second subgroup, the letter epsilon (ε).

If there are two verbs in your sentence, then most likely they are connected by the particle να.

Please note that (unlike the Russian language) their forms are the same.

Θέλω να διαβάζω καλά βιβλία.

Ξέρω να γράφω ελληνικά.

I can write in Greek.

Ξέρουμε να γράφουμε.

We can write.

Ξέρουν να γράφουν.

They know how to write.

Verbs 1 conjugation

λέω - speak, τρώω - eat, eat, ακούω - listen, κλαίω - cry, πάω - go are conjugated as follows:

Λέω λέμε

Λες λέτε

Λέει λένε

In the last two lessons, we looked at the rules for conjugation of Greek verbs. Today you can add to your dictionary 20 new verbs.

Γράφω - to write

Συνεχίζω - continue

Δουλεύω - work

Επιστρέφω - to return

Αρχίζω - to begin

Τελειώνω - finish

Μένω - to live

Ακούω - hear, hear

Βλέπω - to see

Μιλώ - to speak

Περιμένω - to wait

Αγαπώ - to love

Απαντώ - to answer

Βοηθώ - to help

Δείχνω - to show

Εκτιμώ - appreciate, respect

Ελπίζω - to hope

Do not forget that the conjugation of a verb directly depends on its stress.

Greek. Lesson 11: How to determine the gender of a noun

You already know that Greek nouns can be masculine, feminine, or neuter. Although the gender of a noun can be determined by its ending, the article remains a more reliable means of determining gender, since many nouns do not follow the basic rules below.

You can guess the gender of a noun by its ending (the exception is a small number of words).

masculine endings

The most common masculine endings are –ος, -ης, -ας.

For example, ο δρόμος [o ‘dromos] - road, street, path; ο άντρας [o'antras] - a man; ο μαθητής [o masi‘tis] – student.

Feminine endings

Most often found: -η, -α.

For example, η νίκη [i‘niki] is a victory, η ζάχαρη [and ‘zachary]’ is sugar, η γυναίκα [i’in‘neka] is a woman, η ώρα [and ‘ora] is an hour.

Endings of the neuter gender The most common endings of the neuter gender are: - ο, -ι.

For example, το βουνό [that vu‘no] is a mountain, το ψωμί [that pso‘mi] is bread.

Greek. Lesson 12: Noun Declensions

The declension of nouns in Greek depends on what gender they are (recall that in Greek, as in Russian, there are three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter).

The type of declension of a noun to a large extent depends on the ending and stress.

When talking about masculine nouns ending in -ης, they most often cite as an example the declension of nouns ο φοιτητής (student) and ο εργάτης (worker).

Let's see how they bend:

ο φοιτητής (like all nouns in -ης ending in the last syllable) declines as follows:

Singular

Nominative case ο φοιτητής

Genitive του φοιτητή

Accusative το(ν) φοιτητή

Vocative - φοιτητή

Plural

Nominative case οι φοιτητές

Genitive των φοιτητών

Accusative τους φοιτητές

Vocative - φοιτητές

ο εργάτης - worker (and nouns with stress on the penultimate syllable)

Singular

Nominative case ο εργάτης

Genitive του εργάτη

Accusative τον εργάτη

Vocative - εργάτη

Plural

Nominative case οι εργάτες

Genitive των εργατών

Accusative τους εργάτες

Vocative - εργάτες

Please note that the endings in both cases are exactly the same.

Only in the conjugation of nouns with stress on the penultimate syllable in the genitive plural does the stress still fall on the last syllable.

And that's it! It's not difficult, is it?

New words and expressions:

Greek. Lesson 13: Genitive

The genitive case is used primarily to express possession, belonging.

Η γυναίκα – της γυναίκας

Το δέντρο – του δέντρου

το παιδί – του παιδιού

Genitive case of masculine singular nouns

Form formation method genitive depends on the end of the word. That is why in the last lesson we considered in detail the declension of masculine nouns. I recommend memorizing the forms of the nouns given in the last lesson. You can use them as an example.

USEFUL WORDS

What is the weather today! Τί καιρός!

What a beautiful day! Τί όμορφη ημέρα! ti omorphi imera

What terrible weather! Τί απαίσιος καιρός! ti apecios caros

How cold/hot it is today! Κάνει τόσο κρύο /τόση ζέστη σήμερα! kani toso cryo/toshi zesti simara

Today... Έχει... e'hi

sunny ήλιο orio

cloudy συννεφιά synefya

Greek. Lesson 14: Possessive Pronouns

It's a shame there's so little space left today! Next week I will try to devote more time and effort to the Greek lesson. Today I got carried away with an article about memory. By the way, check it out. There is something to think about.

Last week I explained to you the formation of the genitive case of nouns. And I planned to continue. But the topic is serious, and I decided to devote enough space to it next week. And today we will talk about possessive pronouns (Let's take a break from noun conjugation!).

my / my / my μου [mu]

our/our/our μας [wt]

yours / yours / yours σου [su]

your/your/your σας [sas]

his του [tu] her της [yew]

their τους [tus] (for masculine gender) τις [yew] (for feminine r.)

Note that in Greek, possessive pronouns come after the word they define (which in this case always used with the article):

my name is onomo mu

your name is onomo su

his name is onomo tu

her friend o philos tis

our aunt and fia mas

your aunt and fia sas

their house then sleep tus

Useful words and expressions

Talking on the phone

Hello, this is Maria. Εμπρός. Είμαι η Μαρία... embros ime and Maria

I would like to speak to...

Speak louder/slower, please. Μιλάτε πιο δυνατά / πιο αργά, παρακαλώ, milate pio dinata / pio arga paracalo

Repeat, please. Μπορείτε να το επαναλάβετε; borite nα to epanalavete

You have dialed the wrong number. Έχετε λάθος νούμερο. ehete lasos numero

Wait a minute. Μισό λεπτό, miso lepto

Wait please. Περιμένετε, παρακαλώ. parimenete paracalo

I'll call back. θα έρθω σε επαφή. sa erso se epafi

Greek. Lesson 15: How nouns change

Noun declension is perhaps one of the most extensive topics in Greek grammar. It’s even difficult for me to select material for you. And one is needed, and another. And as a result, so much new information is obtained that it is extremely difficult to digest it. Let's go in order.

The declension of a noun depends on its gender. Once we have decided on the gender (male, female or neuter), we need to think about the end. After all, it depends on him exactly how we will incline. And thirdly, you need to remember the exceptions to the rules. Suddenly, the word belongs to the list of exception words and conjugates according to its own rules. In the end, you come to the conclusion that you just need to memorize the words. And then, with practice, the use of words comes to automatism. And you no longer need to think about what form to use.

I will try to bring today maximum amount examples. And if the rules are hard to learn, please learn whole phrases. It's practical. And useful.

Note that there are only four cases in Greek. Those. not everything coincides with the usual Russian grammar. For example, to convey the meaning of the dative case (to whom?, what?), the initial letter of the preposition σε is added to the article of the noun in the accusative case, for example, "Ο πατέρας λέει στο γιο του: Σίμερα δεν διαβάζεις καλά" - Father says you are reading."

In the twelfth lesson, we considered the declension of masculine nouns ending in -ης. Today, let's remember how nouns with the endings ας and oς change.

Masculine nouns ending in -ας

Masculine nouns ending in -oς

Pay attention to the following features:

1) If the stress falls on the last syllable, then it remains in all cases on the last syllable;

2) If the stress falls on the penultimate syllable, then it remains in all cases on the penultimate syllable;

3) If the stress falls on the third syllable from the end, then it goes to the penultimate syllable in the genitive singular and plural and in the accusative plural.

Brother - ο αδελφός
Singular	Plural
I. p. ο αδελφός R. p. του αδελφού V. p. τον αδελφό Sound n. - αδελφέ	οι αδελφοί των αδελφών τους αδελφούς - αδελφοί
Builder - ο οικοδόμος
Singular	Plural
I. p. ο οικοδόμος R. p. του οικοδόμου V. p. τον οικοδόμο Sound n.- οικοδόμε	οι οικοδόμοι των οικοδόμων τους οικοδόμους - οικοδόμοι
Man - ο άνθρωπος
Singular	Plural
I. p. ο άνθρωπος R. p. του ανθρώπου V. p. τον άνθρωπο Sound n.- άνθρωπε	οι άνθρωποι των ανθρώπων τους ανθρώπους - άνθρωποι

Got it? Now about cases. I have already mentioned that there are four cases in Greek. When a sentence has a subject (who? what?), then this noun is always in the nominative case. Any other noun you see in the same sentence will be in the genitive or accusative. Less often in the vocative.
Here the vocative case presents some difficulty for us. Indeed, in Russian we do not memorize separately the form of addressing a person. When I was preparing the material for this lesson, I learned something new. For myself and maybe for you. Of course, there are philologists in our office, and my colleagues told me that the Old Russian language also had a vocative case. Remember Pushkin in "Golden Fish" - "What do you need, old man?". Here is the vocative case for you (compare the Greek “fillet”, “kumbare”).

Greek. Lesson 16: Feminine Nouns

Most feminine nouns in Greek end in -η and -α, e.g. εφημερίδα (newspaper) and many others.

Such nouns are declined as follows:
1) If the stress falls on the last syllable, then it does not change in all cases (η καρδιά - heart, η περιοχή - district, η προσευχή - prayer, η χαρά - joy):
Nominative:
η καρδιά - οι καρδιές
Genitive:
της καρδιάς - των καρδιών
Accusative:
τη(ν) καρδιά - τις καρδιές
vocative case:
Καρδιά - καρδιές

2) If the stress does not fall on the last syllable (η χώρα - country, η λέσχη - club, η αγάπη - love, η θάλασσα - sea, η ημέρα - day, η γλώσσα - language), then in the genitive plural, the stress shifts to last syllable:
Nominative:
η χώρα - οι χώρες
Genitive:
της χώρας - των χωρών (pay attention to the stress!)
Accusative:
την χώρα - τις χώρες
vocative case:
Χώρα - χώρες

Exceptions are some nouns ending in -α (such as η μητέρα - mother, η δασκάλα - teacher), which, despite not having an accent on the last syllable, do not change it in all cases:
It should also be noted that if a word ends in -ση, -ξη or -ψη (for example, η τάξη - order, η επιχείρηση - enterprise, η λάμψη - brilliance), then in the singular it will decline in the same way as words, ending in -η, and in the plural will have the following endings:
Nominative:
η λάμψη - οι λάμψεις (!)
Genitive:
της λάμψης - των λάμψεων (!)
Accusative:
τη(ν) λάμψη - τις λάμψεις (!)
vocative case:
Λάμψη - λάμψεις (!)

The plural of Greek feminine nouns is formed by adding the ending -ες:

H γυναίκ-α
H ώρ-α
H δραχμ-ή
Hαδερφ-ή

οι γυναίκ-ες
οι ώρ-ες
οι δραχμ-ές
οι αδερφ-ές

When you address someone in Greek, you have to use the noun in the vocative case. Look at the vocative case of feminine nouns.
Vocative singular:
- Γειά σου, Φωτεινή! - Hello, Fotini (female name; Russian analogue - Sveta)!
Vocative plural:
- Κυρίες και κύριοι! - Ladies and Gentlemen!

Greek. Lesson 17: Noun Cases

In this lesson, we finish the topic of noun declension. It remains for us to deal with neuter nouns, which for the most part end in -ο, -ι, -α.

See how they change depending on the case.

Let's go back to the topic of plural nouns. Now we can compare the plural formation of masculine, feminine and neuter nouns.

Noun cases (plural)

The plural is formed as follows.

Feminine nouns end in -ες:
Η γυναίκ-α Η ώρ-α Η δραχμ-ή Η αδερφ-ή	οι γυναίκ-ες οι ώρ-ες οι δραχμ-ές οι αδερφ-ές
Neutral nouns end in -α:
Το παιδ-ί Το κρασ-ί Το δέντρ-ο Το βουν-ό	τα παδι-ά τα κρασι-ά τα δέντρ-α τα βουν-ά
Masculine nouns ending in -ης and -ας end in -ες, and those that end in --ος - ending οι.
Ο μαθητής Ο επιβάτης Ο ναύτης Ο άνδρας Ο πατέρας Ο άνθρωπος Ο ουρανός Ο δρόμος	οι μαθητές οι επιβάτες οι ναύτες οι άνδρες οι πατέρες οι άνθρωποι οι ουρανοί οι δρόμοι

Feminine and neuter nouns

Changes occur only with the definite article.

Masculine nouns

Note that the stress has been shifted from the first (from the end) to the second syllable. There are rules governing the transfer of stress, but we will not go into details now. Suffice it to say that this rarely happens in words of less than three syllables.

Useful words and expressions

Sights of Cyprus

Cyprus Museum [cypriako musio] Κυπριακό Μουσείο

Municipal theater [dimotyko teatro] Δημοττικό Θέατρο

Kykkos Monastery [monasteries tou kiku] Μοναστήρι του Κύκκου

Mahera Monastery [Monasteries tou Mahera] Μοναστήρι του Μαχαιρά

Church of St. Lazarus in Larnaca

Castle - fortress in Limassol

Municipal park with a zoo in Limassol

Δημόσιο πάρκο με ζωολογικό κήπο στη Λεμεσό

Castle in Kolossi [frurio tou kolosiou]

Rock "Petra tou Romiou" [Petra tou Romiou] Πέτρα του Ρωμιού

"Baths of Aphrodite" [ta lutra thousand aphrodites] Τα Λουτρά της Αφροδίτης

Greek. Lesson 18: Prepositions

Prepositions are function words, for example "in, to, for." In Greek, nouns after prepositions are usually in the accusative case. We will consider the prepositions σε, από, με, μαζί, χωρίς, και, παρά, μετά, πριν, για, μέχρι.

Σε - in, on
Indicates position:
Είστε στο καφενείο; Are you in a cafe? (often loses the ending -ε before the article, for example, στον κήπο, στην Αθήνα, στο δρόμο);
denotes movement towards something: Πηγαίνουμε στο θέατρο. We are going to the theatre.
In addition, this preposition is also used when reporting time and in this sense means "in". More often it loses the final letter and joins the article, for example, σε τις - στις or σε ένα - σ'ένα. For example, Έφτασα στις δύο. I arrived at two. Θα σε δω στις έξι. See you at six.

Από - from
denotes movement from somewhere: Ήρθα από την Κέρκυρα. - I came from Corfu.
This preposition is usually followed by a noun in the accusative case, for example, “from home” από το σπίτι.

Με - from, to
Ήμουν με την Αλίκη. I was with Alice. Πήγαμε με το λεωφορείο. We traveled by bus.

Μαζί με - with
Ήμαστε μαζί. We were together.
Ήμουν μαζί με την Αλίκη. I was with Alice.

Χωρίς - without
Είμαι χωρίς παπούτσια. I am without shoes.

Παρά - without
This preposition is used when telling time and means "without". Είναι δέκα παρά πέντε. It's now five to ten.
It can also mean "in spite of, in spite of." For example, Δε σε ευχαρίστησε παρά τη βοήθεια σου. He didn't thank you despite your help. Πέθανε παρά τις προσπάθειες των γιατρων. He died despite the doctor's efforts.

Μετά - after
is used in this sense if it is followed by a noun and a definite article. For example,
Μετά το θέατρο πήγαμε σε μια δισκοθήκη. After the theater we went to the disco.
Το καλοκαίρι είναι μετά την άνοιξη. Summer comes after spring.

Πριν - before
Θα φύγουμε πριν το μεσημέρη. We'll leave before noon.

Για - on
Ήρθε για δυο μέρες. He came for two days.
This preposition is usually followed by a word in the accusative case, for example, για σένα.

Μέχρι - until, until then
Σε περίμενα μέχρι της δέκα. I waited for you until ten.
Θα σε πάρω μέχρι το σπίτι σου. I will take you to your house.

Και - and
In addition to the meaning of "and", this word is used in the communication of time, meaning "after".

Greek. Lesson 19: Adjectives: Masculine Forms

We already know that Greek nouns can be masculine, feminine or neuter. And it is on the gender of the noun that its declension, the form of the article, depends.
Today we are talking about adjectives. And the form of the adjective also depends on the noun that the adjective defines. As, however, in Russian. "Red Ball", "Red Car", "Red Apple"...
Below is a list of the most common adjectives that will come in handy in almost any situation. Learn them.

1. Good - bad
καλός – κακός

2. Beautiful - ugly
όμορφος – άσχημος

3. Old - young
γέρος – νέος

4. Old - new
παλιός – καινούργιος, νέος

5. Rich - poor
πλούσιος - φτωχός

6. Familiar - unfamiliar
γνωστός – άγνωστος

7. Cheerful - boring
εύθυμος – ανιαρός

8. Smart is stupid
έξυπνος – κουτός, ανόητος

9. Strong - weak
δυνατός - αδύνατος

10. Big - small
μεγάλος – μικρός

We have given only the masculine form. Naturally, you will need all three forms of adjectives. In the next lesson, we will learn how to form the feminine and neuter form and agree on the adjective with the noun.

Greek. Lesson 20: Adjectives must change!

Last week we got acquainted with the form of masculine adjectives. And how to form a feminine form? It's easy if you know the basic rule.

Adjectives ending in -ος

Masculine adjectives ending in -ος correspond to feminine adjectives ending in -η or -α and neuter adjectives ending in -ο. For example, καλός (good) - καλή - καλό, ωραίος (beautiful) - ωραία - ωραίο

If there is a consonant before the end of the masculine adjective in -ος in the nominative case, then in the feminine such an adjective ends in -η, for example, γέρος (old) - γέρη.

If there is a vowel before the end of the masculine adjective in -ος in the nominative case, then in the feminine such an adjective ends in -α, for example, νέος (new) - νέα.

Adjectives that have the same endings as nouns are inflected according to the rules for declension of nouns. The only difference is that in adjectives, the stress always remains on the same syllable.

Good man
(Singular)

I. p. ο καλός άνθρωπος
R. p. του καλόυ ανθρώπου
V. p. τον καλό άνθρωπο
Sv.p.- καλέ άνθρωπε

Good people
(Plural)

I. p. οι καλοί άνθρωποι
R. p. των καλών ανθρώπων
V. p. τους καλούς ανθρώπους
Soundp - καλοί άνθρωποι

Let's learn 23 more adjectives. Most of them end in -ος, so you shouldn't have any problems with the formation of feminine and neuter. Try, for the sake of practice, to form the feminine and neuter forms from the masculine adjectives below.

1) Long - short
μακρύς – κοντός (σύντομος)

2) Wide - narrow
πλατύς, φαρδύς – στενός

3) High - low
ψηλός – χαμηλός -κοντός

4) Light - dark
βαθύς – ρηχός

5) Expensive - cheap
ακριβός – φτηνός

6) Fast - slow
γρήγορος – αργός

7) Light - heavy
ελαφρύς – βαρύς

8) Soft - hard
μαλακός – σκληρός

9) Thick - thin
χοντρός – λεπτός

10) Clean - dirty
καθαρός – βρώμικος, λερωμένος

Greek. Lesson 21: Building Greek Phrases

As promised, today we will begin to understand the construction of Greek phrases. The most important thing to learn is that the Greek language cannot be approached with our (Russian) standards. Let's start with the fact that the pronoun as a subject is almost never used. For example, "I write" in Greek is simply γράφω. The ending is already and indicates to us that it is in the first person. If you wanted to say "he writes", you would use a different form: γράφει. But you don't need to use a pronoun.

Now let's talk about pronouns in the indirect case. Την ξέρω καλά. - I know her well. Look, in Greek we said "I know her well." So it is necessary. Here are two more examples:

Σας παρακαλώ. I ask you.

Τον βλέπω. I see him.

We will continue to talk about sentences in the next lesson.

I often talk with our readers on a variety of topics. But, since my photo is usually seen on the page with lessons, they almost always recognize not the abstract head of the company, but the moderator. And then all the conversations come down to the topic of the lessons. Almost every second person I talk to regularly or irregularly, but looks through this page. And many ask to publish Greek phrases not in Greek, but in Russian letters. I am against such a mockery of the language. But I understand perfectly well those who missed our first lessons and cannot read. Or those who have no time to understand the intricacies of the rules of reading, but need to speak right now: today, tomorrow. And talk to the Cypriots. At least on the fingers.

I thought long and hard about which is more important. And I came to the conclusion that, along with explanations and grammatical and lexical comments, it is still necessary to publish simple colloquial phrases written in Russian letters. From next week we will start publishing a small Russian-Greek phrasebook. And to fit more, we will omit the phrases in Greek writing. You will see the Russian phrase and how it sounds in Greek. So, of course, it's easier. But I have a request to you: do not stop reading grammar comments. After all, our ultimate goal is not a mechanical, mindless repetition of phrases, but the ability to speak Greek. Don't forget about it!

Greek. Lesson 22: Learning how to build sentences

When we talk about the belonging of one object to another, we are forced to use the genitive case form. And at the same time, do not forget that in the Greek language, not only nouns, but also articles change according to cases.

For example, we want to say that the newspaper belongs to Elena:
η εφημερίδα της Ελένης - Elena's newspaper

Now let's make a little suggestion. In order for a phrase to become a sentence, you need to add a verb. Please note that in Russian the linking verb is rarely used. But in English and Greek, this verb is indispensable. Compare: Ειναι η εφημερίδα της Ελένης - This is Elena's newspaper. In the Russian sentence, we will not say “this is Elena's newspaper”. And in Greek, this is how a simple sentence is built. Get used to it.

Well, what if we want to say: “these are Elena's newspapers”? Then you need to change the noun, putting it in the plural. Don't forget that the article will also change!
Ειναι οι εφημερίδες της Ελένης - These are Elena's newspapers.

What if it's about a man? For example, "brother's wife".
Let's remember how masculine nouns ending in -ος change

Remembered? So we say: η γινεκα του αδελφού.

Here are some more examples:
το γράμμα της μητέρας - mother's letter
η στάση του λεωφορείου - bus stop

Now write down in your dictionary (I hope you have a special notebook for new words?) a few more phrases. In my opinion very useful.

Useful words

This year - fatos - Φέτος
Next year - epomeno chrono tone - Τον επόμενο χρόνο
Last year - that mberasmeno chrono - Toν περασμένο χρόνο
What is today's date? Are you imerominia ehume shimera? – Τι ημερομηνία έχουμε σήμερα;
What is today's date? – Poses tou minos ehume simera? – Πόσες του μηνός έχουμε σήμερα;
A day later - mata mya mayor - Μετά μια μέρα
On Friday - you are Mbaraskevi - Την Παρασκευή
On Saturday - that Savato - Το Σάββατο
Last Tuesday - you mberasmeni triti - Την περασμένη Τρίτη
Next Thursday - tyn ali epomeni pumpty - Την άλλη επόμενη Πέμπτη
On the next Saturday - that epomeno savato - Το επόμενο Σάββατο
What day? - Am I drinking the mayor? - Για ποια μέρα;
Friday - I'm you Mbaraskevi - Για την Παρασκευή
Since what time? - Apo pote? – Από πότε;
From Tuesday - apo you ndriti - Από την Τρίτη

Greek. Lesson 23: Answering the question: “Where are you from?”

Let's see how the question can be answered: Από πού είσαι (είστε); - Where are you from? It is pronounced "apopu ise (iste). Remember how the verb "to be" is conjugated? είσαι is singular, είστε – plural.
I'm from Russia. - Είμαι από την Ρωσία. [ime αpo tin rosiya]. An article must be used before a noun. The word "Russia" in the Greek language is feminine. In the nominative case it would be η Ρωσία, but in our case we use a different form of the article. Let's look at a few more examples: Είμαι από την Λευκορωσία. - I am from Belarus. Είμαι από την Ουκρανία. – I am from Ukraine. Είμαι από την Αγγλία. - I am from England.
What if the country is middle class? Like Kazakhstan, for example? Then we will say: Είμαι από το Καζαχστάν. – I am from Kazakhstan.
Now for some useful words. Many of them can be used today. Feel free to speak Greek!

Useful words

Weather - kerosene - καιρός
Temperature - thermocrasia - θερμοκρασία
Degree - wattmos - βαθμός
Heat - zesty, capsa - ζέστη, κάψα
Cold - cryo - κρύο
Sun - ilios - ήλιος
Sunrise - Anatoli zisi tou iliou - ανατολή δύση του ήλιου
Star of a star - aster / o (pl. -a) - άστρ / ο (-α)
Moon, month - fe(n) gari, salini - φεγγάρι, σελήνη
Air – aeras –– αέρας
Wind - aeras, anemos - αέρας, άνεμος
Fog - omihli - ομίχλη
Rain - vrohi - βροχή
Snow - hyoni - χιόνι
Today... the weather is o keros simera ine - Ο καιρός σήμερα είναι ...
good - kalos - καλός
bad - aschimos (cacos) - άσχημος (κακός)
Today - Simera Kani - Σήμερα κάνει ...
Hot - zesty - ζέστη
Cold - cryo - κρύο
It's raining - vrehi - βρέχει
Today + 25 heat - simera ehi 25 (koshi pende) - Σήμερα έχει 25 βαθμούς
Today + 25 heat - wattmus pano apo to misen - πάνο από το μηδέν
Tomorrow will be ... - avrio sa hume - αύριο θά'χουμε ...
Good weather - kalo kero (kalokeria) - καλό καιρό (καλοκαιρία)
Bad weather - aschimo kero (kakokeria) - άσχημο καιρό (κακοκερία)
All day yesterday... – htes oli tin imera... – χτες όλη την ημέρα ...
- it was raining - evrehe - έβρεχε
– it was hot – ekane zesty – έκανε ζέστη

Greek. Lesson 24: Suggestions

Let's take a look at this sentence: We come here every year.
Ερχόμαστε εδώ κάθε χρόνο. [erchomaste ezo kase chrono] Ερχόμαστε means "we are coming". After all, you remember that you don’t need to use a pronoun? The word εδώ means "here", "here" and will not change: this is an adverb. κάθε χρόνο - every year. Pay attention to the form of the noun. In the nominative case it will be χρόνος. But in this case, the noun is not the subject. So, we use it in the required form. Using this scheme, you can make dozens of useful phrases. For example, "I am here every evening (κάθε βράδι)", "We work every day (κάθε μέρα)" and so on. The main thing is to use the verb correctly.

Useful words

I/We are here for the first time. - Είναι η πρώτη μου /μας επίσκεψη. - [ine and proti mu / mas episkepsi]
I like it here - Μου αρέσει... εδώ. – [mu oresi... ezo]
I like to travel. - Μου αρέσι να ταξιδεύω - [mu oresi in taxizevo]
This is... – Είναι... – ine
- beautiful - όμορφο - [omorpho]
- boring - βαρετό - [wareto]
- interesting - ενδιαφέρον - [endyaferon]
- romantic - ρομαντικό - [romandico]
- terrible - φοβερό - [fovero]
- bad - άσχημο - [ashhimo]
I like it. - Μου αρέσει - [mu aresi]
I do not like it. - Δεν μου αρέσει - [den mu areshi]

Greek. Lesson 25: Examples

We continue to learn from examples. And, as I promised, today we will consider more complex proposals.

1. Χθες μιλούσα στο φίλο μου. - I was talking to my friend yesterday.

In this case, we use the past tense form. And do not forget that the word "my" is always placed after the noun.

2.Τον ρώτησα να μου τηλεφωνήσει σήμερα γιατί θα πάμε στην Αγγλία σύντομα και πρέπει να κάνα – I asked him to call me today because we are going to England and we need to make a plan.

The word σχέδια means both a plan, a schedule, and a scheme of actions. It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that we put the pronouns τον and μου before the verb. He asked me to call - that's how we speak Greek. The particle να is needed in order to connect two verbs: ρώτησα and τηλεφωνήσει. Without a particle, you cannot use two verbs in one sentence. θα πάμε is the form of the future tense. Remember? We substitute θα for the present tense of a verb of any group and get the simple future tense. Look, in the phrase πρέπει να κάνουμε the second verb is conjugated. We need to make a plan. - Πρέπει να κάνουμε σχέδια. You need to make a plan. - Πρέπει να κάνετε σχέδια. They need to make a plan. - Πρέπει να κάνουν σχέδια.

Greek. Lesson 26: Suggestions

(continued) Considering the sentence that we are analyzing today, you need to pay attention to the agreement of the members of the sentence and the use of tenses in Greek.
- Την περασμένη εβδομάδα η γυναίκα μου και εγώ οδηγούσαμε από την Πάφο στη Λεμεσό για ένα ραντεβού όταν είδαμε πολλά κρεμμύδια στον δρόμο. Είχαν πέσει από ένα φορτηγό που σταμάτησε στην άκρη του δρόμου.

Last week my wife and I drove from Paphos to Limassol for a meeting and saw a lot of bulbs scattered along the highway. They fell out of a truck that had stopped on the side of the road.

Την περασμένη εβδομάδα η - last week. If we want to say "last Tuesday", then we use the same word περασμένη: Την περασμένη Τρίτη [tim berazmeni trity]. Do you know the word "next"? Επόμενη. So, "next Thursday" will be Την άλλη επόμενη Πέμπτη [tyn ali epomeni pumpty].

In Greek (as well as in English, by the way) you need to say "my wife and I" instead of the Russian construction "my wife and I." And "I" is usually put in last place. An article is required before city names. After all, these words change according to the general rules of declension of nouns. Most cities are feminine: από την Πάφο στη Λεμεσό - from Paphos to Limassol.

πολλά κρεμμύδια - look, the adjective must be consistent with the noun. In this case, they are neuter and are in the plural.

Στην άκρη του δρόμου - on the edge (on the side) of the road. Στην and not στη because the noun begins with a vowel. Don't forget that the word "road" must also change. On the edge of what? - roads.

Greek. Lesson 27: Communication. Greetings.

When meeting, Cypriots usually communicate as follows:
Γειά σού! [I su] Τι κάνεις; [Ti canis]
Γειά σας! [I sas] Τι κάνετε; [Chi kanete]
Hello! (Hello!) How are you? (How are you doing?)
Καλά. [kala] Εσύ; [esi]
Καλά. [kala] Εσείς; [esis]
Good. And you? (Good and you?)
And to the question "How are you?" a detailed answer is usually not expected.
Acquaintances usually kiss twice on the cheeks when they meet, especially if they haven't seen each other for a long time.
The expression "Γειά σου" is also used as a farewell.
Note that in Greek, a semicolon (;) is used instead of a question mark (?).

We continue to analyze the use of correct grammatical forms.
If there are two verbs in the sentence, then the particle ‘να’ usually stands between us. For example, "I want to write books" - θέλω να γράφω τα βιβλία. But, note that both verbs change. "We want to write books" - θέλουμε να γράφουμε τα βιβλία.

Examples:
May I come in...
Επιτρέψτε μου να βγω... (epitrepste mu in vgo)
Allow me to pass...
Επιτρέψτε μου να περάσω.. (epitrepste mu in peraso)
I understand a little, but I can't speak. Καταλαβαίνω λίγο, αλλά δεν μπορώ να μιλήσω (catalaveno ligo alla zen boro on miliso)
I want to learn how to speak Greek. Θέλω να μάθω να μιλάω ελληνικά. (selo to maso to milao ellenica)

Greek. Lesson 28: Questions

Repetition

Interrogative sentences in Greek are formed by increasing intonation. Please note that according to the rules of Greek punctuation, a semicolon is used instead of a question mark: Που πηγαίνετε; Where are you going?
Where is it? Πού είναι; [pu ine]
Where are you going (going)? Πού πηγαίνετε; [pu pienete]
in Greece/to Greece στην Ελλάδα [stin Hellas]
to Cyprus στην Κυπρο [stin cypro]
from Russia από την Ρωσία [apotin rosiya]

Questions and answers:

Where? Where? Πού [pu]
here (here) εδώ (ως εδώ) [ezo] (os ezo’)
there (there) εκεί (ως εκεί) [eki] (os eki)
next to the bank κοντά στην τράπεζα [konda stin meal]
left/right στα αριστερά/δεξιά [sta aristera/daksya]
within μέσα [mesa]
opposite απέναντι [apenandi]
at the hotel (to the hotel)

When? Πότε; [sweat]
today σήμερα [simera]
tomorrow αύριο [avrio]
yesterday χτές [khtes]
now τώρα [tora]
then Μετά [meta]
soon σύντομα [sindoma]
then τότε [tote]
always πάντα [panda]
never ποτέ [pote]
often συχνά [sihna]
sometimes μερικές φορές [merikes fores]
after lunch μετά to μεσημεριανό [meta to mesimeriano]
at seven o'clock στις εφτά [stis efta]
ten minutes ago πριν από δέκα λεπτά
daily καθημερινά [kacimarina]
every week κάθε εβδομάδα [kase evdomaz]
within two hours για δύο ώρες [ya zio ores]
in 20 minutes σε είκοσι λεπτά [se ikosi lepta]

why? Γιατί; [yati]
because Γιατί [yati]

as Πως; [pos]
so έτσι [etsy]
good καλά [kala]
bad άσχημα [ashima]
loudly δυνατά [zinata]
quiet σιγά [whitefish]
quickly γρήγορα [grigora]
slowly αργά [arga]

Continuation

Today you will learn how to correctly explain the road and how to find out where the place you need is.
Είναι... This is...
ευθεία straight
στα αριστερά to the left
στα δεξιά to the right
από την άλλη μεριά του δρόμου
on the other side of the street
στη γωνία at the corner
στη γωνία λίγο πιο κάτω around the corner
απέναντι .../πίσω .. opposite/behind...
δίπλα στο /στη /μετά next to / after
Πάρτε... Walk along...
Περάστε... Pass (cross)...
την πλατεία area
Στρίψτε αριστερά ... Turn left...
μετά τα πρώτα φώτα after the first traffic light
By car
Είναι... από εδώ. It's to... from here.
Πάρτε το δρόμο για ... Take the road to...
Είστε σε λάθος δρόμο. You are on the wrong road.
Πρέπει να πάτε πίσω στο ... You will have to return to...
It is far? Πόσο απέχει;
Είναι... This is...
Κοντά /όχι πολύ μακριά/ close/not very far/
far away
δέκα λεπτά με το αυτοκίνητο 10 minutes by car

Greek. Lesson 29: Continuing the topic "Questions"

Repetition

Continuing the theme "Questions".

We answer the question "when?"
then τότε [tote]
always πάντα [panda]
never ποτέ [pote]
often συχνά [sihna]
sometimes μερικές φορές [merikes fores]
after lunch μετά to μεσημεριανό [meta to mesimeriano]
at seven o'clock στις εφτά [stis efta]
ten minutes ago πριν από δέκα λεπτά
daily καθημερινά [kacimarina]
every week κάθε εβδομάδα [kase evdomaz]
within two hours για δύο ώρες [ya zio ores]
in 20 minutes σε είκοσι λεπτά [se ikosi lepta]

why? Γιατί; [yati]
because Γιατί [yati]

as Πως; [pos]
so έτσι [etsy]
good καλά [kala]
bad άσχημα [ashima]
loudly δυνατά [zinata]
quiet σιγά [whitefish]
quickly γρήγορα [grigora]
slowly αργά [arga]

What is it?
We have to ask such a question often enough.Τι είναι; = What is this?
Είναι is a form of the verb "to be". If we translated literally, it would turn out "what is there?" If we add the word "this" (Αυτό), then we get the translation of our question: Τι είναι αυτό;
We answer: Είναι ρολόι. = This is a clock.
And if the word "this" is put in the first place in the sentence, the meaning will change a little.
Αυτό, τι είναι; = And what is this? = And this is a clock.
By the way, do you know that if a word starts with a vowel, then the word και will turn into κι? For example, Κι εγώ ευχαριστώ. = And I thank you.
Finally, here are a few examples:
Αυτό είναι κλειδί. = This is the key
Αυτό είναι κλειδί και (κι) εκείνο είναι ρολόι. = This is the key, but this is the clock.
Τι είναι; - Είναι βάζο. = What is this? - This is a vase

Continuation

Today we are learning words related to the topic "city".
αεροδρόμιο - aerodrome - airport
αστυνομικό τμήμα - astinomiko tmima - police station
διαδρομή λεωφορείων - diazromi leophorion - bus route
εκκλησία - eklisia - church
θέατρο - teatro - theater
πάρκο - parko - park
στάση λεωφορείων - stasi leophorion - bus stop
ταχυδρομείο - tachidromyo - mail

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Impressions Εντυπώσειο
This is... Είναι... ine
delightfully καταπληκτικό cataplictico
beautifully όμορφο omorpho
interesting ενδιαφέρον endyaferon
I like it. Μου αρέσει, muaresi
I do not like. Δεν μου αρέσει, den mu areshi

Greek. Lesson 30: Negative sentences

Repetition

Last week we asked the question "what is it?" and learned to answer "this ..". And today we will build negative sentences.
Είναι βιβλίο. - This is a book.
Δεν είναι βιβλίο. - It's not a book.
Δεν είναι μολύβι, είναι κλειδί. It's not a pencil, it's a key.
Δεν είναι ρολόι, είναι κουτί. This is not a watch, this is a box.
Εκείνο είναι τραπέζι, δεν είναι ερμάρι. This is a table, this is not a closet.
Αυτό δεν είναι περιοδικό, είναι βιβλίο. This is not a magazine, this is a book.
Understandably?

Continuation

This week we're talking about entertainment. Pay attention to the phrase θα ήθελα - I would like to. This is the form of the verb θέλω - to want. When using θα ήθελα, you are speaking in the subjunctive mood. By the way, in the phrasebook, the word “entertainment” is translated as Έξοδος – exit. Well, "go out to the people"?

Entertainment - Έξοδος
What are your plans for...? Ποια είναι τα σχέδια σου (σας) για ...; Pya ine ta skhezya su (sas) ya
...today σήμερα simera
... evening απόψε apopse
... tomorrow αύριο avrio
Are you free tonight? Είστε ελεύθερος /-η απόψε; iste zlefseros/-i apopse
Where would you like to (would you like) to go? Πού θα ήθελες (θα θέλατε) να πάμε; pu sa iseles (sa selate] na pame
I would like to go to... θα ήθελα να πάω ... сα isela na πаο
I would like to see... θα ήθελα να δώ ... sa isela na zo
You like...? Σου αρέσει...; su areshi

Greek. Lesson 31: Question and negative. Time designation.

Repetition

Question and denial. Time designation.

To say "no" we use the word όχι. Cypriots sometimes say "oh" - this is a truncated version, equivalent to our "not", which in colloquial speech replaces the usual word "no". Look carefully at the Cypriot saying "oh". He nods his head. It just nods upwards. We make a similar gesture, asking "what?". And in Cyprus, such a gesture means "no." Sometimes your interlocutor does without words. Get it right.
To turn a declarative sentence into an interrogative one, simply raise your voice at the end of the sentence. Don't forget that instead of the traditional question mark, there will be a semicolon at the end of the sentence.
Examples of interrogative and negative sentences:
What is it? Τι είναι αυτό;
This is a pencil. Είναι μολύβι
Is this a magazine? - Είναι περιοδικό εκείνο;
No. This is not a magazine, this is a book. - Όχι, δεν είναι. Δεν είναι περιοδικό, είναι βιβλίο.
The words αυτό and εκείνο can be at the beginning, at the end or in the middle of a sentence. Unlike English, where word order is clearly defined, Greek (like Russian!) allows you to freely rearrange words in a sentence.

And now let's repeat the numbers that we already know, and learn how to say what time it is.
Ένα, δύο, τρία, τέσσερα, πέντε, έξι, εφτά, οκτώ, εννιά, δέκα, ένδεκα, δώδεκα.
Είναι πέντε τώρα. - It's five o'clock.
In addition, to indicate time, you will need the preposition σε (σ’) and one of the forms of the feminine article = στις.
Στις 6 (η ώρα) το πρωί - at 6 (o'clock) in the morning
Στις 2 (η ώρα) μετά το μεσημέρι - at two (hours) in the afternoon
Στις 7 (η ώρα) το βράδυ - at 7 (hours) in the evening

Continuation

Talking on the phone

Hello, this is... – Εμπρός. Είμαι ο/η ... – embros. ime o/i
I would like to speak to... – θα ήθελα να μίλησα με τον /την... – sa isela na miliso me ton/tin
Speak... – Μιλάτε... – milate
louder - πιο δυνατά - pyo dinata
slow down, please - πιο αργά, παρακαλώ - pyo arga paracalo
Repeat, please. – Μπορείτε να then επαναλάβετε; – borite na that epanalavete
Sorry, he/she is not here. - Λυπάμαι, αλλά δεν είναι εδώ. – lipame ala den ine eso
You have dialed the wrong number. - Έχετε λάθος νούμερο. – ehete lasos numero
Wait a minute. - Μισό λεπτό. – miso lepto
Wait please. - Περιμένετε, παρακαλώ. – parimenete paracalo
When will he/she be? – Πότε θα επιστρέψει; – pote sa epistrapsi
Could you tell him/her that I called? – Μπορείτε να του /της πείτε ότι πήρα τηλέφωνο; – borite na tu/yew – pite oti pira tilefono
My name is... - Λέγομαι... - legome
Ask him/her to call me. – Μπορείτε να τον /την ζητήσετε να με πάρει τηλέφωνο; -
borite no tone/tin zitisete na me pari tilefono
Can I leave a note? - Μπορώ να αφήσω ένα μήνυμα, παρακαλώ; – boro na afiso ena minima parakalo

Greek. Lesson 32: Rules for reading letter combinations and an invitation

Repetition
Rules for reading letter combinations
The combination αυ is pronounced as [av] before vowels and voiced consonants (αυγό), and as [af] before voiceless consonants (αυτοκίνητο).
The combination ευ is pronounced as [ev] before vowels and voiced consonants (ευγένεια), and as [eff] before voiceless consonants (ευτυχία).
The combination τσ conveys the Russian [ts] (τσάϊ).
The combination τζ conveys the Russian [dz] (τζάκι).
The combination μπ at the beginning of a word is pronounced like Russian [b] (μπύρα), in the middle of a word - like Russian [mb] (εμπρός).
The combination ντ at the beginning of a word is pronounced like Russian [d] (ντάμα), in the middle of a word - like Russian [nd] (άντρας).

Continuation

Invitation

Won't you dine (Won't you dine) with us at...?
θέλεις (θέλετε) να έρθεις (έρθετε) για βράδυνα στις ...; [se'lis (selete) na ersis (zrsete) ya vradina stis]
I would like to invite you (you) to dinner.
θα ήθελα να σε (σας) καλέσω για μεσημεριανό. [sa isela na se (sas) caleso ya mesimaryano]
Maybe we can have a drink tonight?
Μπορείς να έρθεις (μπορείτε να έρθετε) για ένα ποτό απόψε;
(Boris na ersis (borite na erset) ya ena poto apopse]
We're having a party. Can you join?
Κάνουμε ένα πάρτι. Μπορείς να έρθεις; [kanume ena parti. Boris on Ersis]
May I join you?
Να έρθουμε μαζί σας; [on ersume mazi sas]
Would you like (want) to join?
θέλεις να έρθεις (θέλετε να έρθετε) μαζί μας; [selis on ersis (selete on ersete) ointment mas]

Greek. Lesson 33: Articles and Stores

Repetition

Article

The article helps us identify what kind of word it is. In Greek (as in Russian), nouns can be masculine, feminine, or neuter. Along with the ending, the article indicates the gender, number and case of the noun.
Articles are divided into definite and indefinite. The indefinite article is used when the subject is unknown and not defined "A dog ran down the street" - it is not known which dog is being discussed (one of the dogs) - therefore, we will use the indefinite article. The definite article is used when talking about an already defined subject. And, we will continue our story: "The dog stopped right in front of the door of our house." - We already know something about this dog, and it is he who is now in front of our door, which means, from the point of view of Greek grammar, the definite article should be used.

Indefinite article(singular)
Masculine - ένας, feminine - μία, neuter - ένα
For example, ένας φοιτητής (student), μία αδερφή (sister), ένα μπαλκόνι (balcony).

Definite article(singular)
The article is masculine - ο, feminine - η, middle - το.
For example, ο φοιτητής, η αδερφή, το μπαλκόνι.

Continuation

Shops

Where...? - Πού είναι...; [pu ine]
Where is the nearest...? Πού είναι το κοντινότερο ...; [pu ine to condinotero]
Where is the good...? Πού υπάρχει ένα καλό...; [pu iparhi ena kalo]
It is far from here? Είναι μακριά από εδώ; [ine makria apo ezo]
How to get there? Πώς να πάω εκεί; [pos na pao eki]
antique shop
bakery to αρτοποιείο [to orthopio]
bank η τράπεζα [and meal]
barbershop to κουρείο [to curio]
bookstore τо βιβλιοπωλείο [to vivliopolio]
butcher shop τо κρεοπωλείο [to creopolio]
clothing store
pharmacy
flower shop τо ανθοπωλείο [to ansopolio]
jewelry store το κοσμηματοπωλείο [to kosmimatopolio]
kiosk το περίπτερο [to pariptero]
market η αγορά [and agora]

Greek. Lesson 34: Demonstratives and Services

Repetition

Demonstrative pronouns

The gender of a noun can also be determined by its ending. You already know that Greek nouns can be masculine, feminine, or neuter.

Masculine Endings The most common masculine endings are –ος, -ης, -ας. For example, ο δρόμος [o ‘dromos] - road, street, path; ο άντρας [o'andras] - a man; ο μαθητής [o masi‘tis] – student.

Feminine endings Most common: -η, -α. For example, η νίκη [i‘niki] is a victory, η ζάχαρη [and ‘zachary]’ is sugar, η γυναίκα [i’in‘neka] is a woman, η ώρα [and ‘ora] is an hour.

Endings of the neuter gender The most common endings of the neuter gender are: - ο, -ι. For example, το βουνό [that vu‘no] is a mountain, το ψωμί [that pso‘mi] is bread.

But the article (see last lesson) is a more reliable means of determining gender, since several nouns do not follow the above basic rules.

Continuation

Services Υπηρεσίες

clinic – η κλινική – [and clinics]
dentist - o οδοντίατρος - [o odondiyatros]
doctor - o γιατρός - [o yatros]
dry cleaning - το καθαριστήριο - [that kaforistirio]
hospital - that νοσοκομείο - [that nosocomio]
library - η βιβλιοθήκη - [and vivliociki]
optics - o οπτικός - [o opticos]
police station - then αστυνομικό τμήμα - [to astinomiko tmima]
mail - το ταχυδρομείο - [that takhizromio]
travel agency

Greek. Lesson 35: Noun Endings and Service

Repetition

Noun endings

The genitive case is used primarily to express possession, belonging.
For example, το αυτοκίνητο του Γιώργου is George's car.
It is very easy to explain the formation of the genitive case, so in today's lesson everything will be clear the first time. So…
Genitive case of feminine nouns singular
A noun is simply added - ς at the end of a word
Η γυναίκα – της γυναίκας
η εφημερίδα της Ελένης - Elena's newspaper
το γράμμα της μητέρας - mother's letter
Genitive case of neuter singular nouns
The ending is -ου. So if a word ends in -ο, we just add -υ.
Το δέντρο – του δέντρου
If the word ends in -ι, like το παιδί, we add -ου.
το παιδί – του παιδιού
η στάση του λεωφορείου - bus stop

Continuation

Service Εξυπηρέτηση

Can you help me? – Μπορείτε να με βοηθήσετε; - [borite na me voisisete]
I'm looking for... - Ψάχνω για... - [psahno ya]
I'm just watching. - Απλώς κοιτάω - [aplos kitao]
Now it's my turn. - Είναι η σειρά μου - [ine to siramu]
You have...? – Έχετε καθόλου ...; - [ehete kafolu]
I would like to buy... – θα ήθελα να αγοράσω... –
Could you show me...? – Μπορείτε να μου δείξετε ...; – [borite on mu ziksete]
How much does this/that cost? – Πόσο κάνει αυτό /εκείνο; - [poso kani αftό / ekino]
Nothing more, thank you. - Τίποτε άλλο. Ευχαριστώ. - [tipote alo efharisto]

Greek. Lesson 36: Let's talk about verbs and Choice

Repetition

Let's talk about verbs

Today we are starting to study one of the most difficult sections of Greek grammar - the section "verbs". First, we will study the conjugation of verbs in the present tense - this is not difficult. A little cramming, daily repetition of what has been covered and in a month you will know the conjugation of the most commonly used verbs. I only select these for you. A little later, we will begin to study the times. Let's start with an important verb - the verb "to have". In Russian we say “I have”, but in Greek we use one instead of three words: έχω.
verb έχω (to have)
The basic form of verbs ends with the letter ω. Regular verbs fall into two broad categories: those in which the stress falls on the penultimate syllable, as in έχω ['echo] "I have" and θέλω [village] "I want", and those in which the stress falls on the last syllable, as in αγαπώ [agapo] "I love".
The verb έχω is typical of the first category. In the present tense and active voice, it is conjugated like this:
έχω - [‘echo] - I have
έχεις - [‘ehis] - you have
έχει - [‘ehi] - sheonono has
έχουμε - [‘ekhume] - we have
έχετε - [‘ehhete] - you have
έχουν - [‘ehun] - they have
Note that you do not need to use pronouns. Not "I have", but simply "I have", "I have". This is the nature of the Greek language. The ending of the verb indicates who is being spoken about. If ω, then "I have", if ουν, then "they have".

Continuation

Choice of Προτίμηση

I want something... – θέλω κάτι... – selo kati
It must be ... - Πρέπει να είναι ... - pre'pi on ine
large/small – μεγάλο/μικρό – megalo/micro
cheap / expensive - φτηνό / ακριβό - ftino / akrivo
light/heavy – ελαφρύ /βαρύ – elafri/vari
dark/light
oval/round/square – οβάλ/στρογγυλό /τετράγωνο – oval/strongilo/tetragono
I wouldn't want anything too expensive

Greek. Lesson 37: The Verb “to Be” and Choice

Repetition
In the last lesson we talked about the verb "to have", today we are learning to use the forms of the verb είμαι correctly. It can be used as a semantic verb meaning "to be" and a linking verb meaning "to be".
Ο φίλος μου είναι Έλληνας - My friend is Greek.
Verb conjugations:
I - (εγω) είμαι
You are (εσύ) είσαι
He - (αυτός) είναι
She (αυτή) είναι
We are (εμείς) είμαστε
You - (εσείς) είστε
They (m.r.) (αυτοί) είναι
Oni (female) (αυτές) είναι

Use:
Είμαι απο τη Ρωσία. - I'm from Russia.
Είμαστε απο την Κύπρο. We are from Cyprus.
This verb has only one form of the past tense - the imperfect, which is used when in Russian we say "was", "was", "was", "were".
Compare the present and past tenses.
Είμαι ήμουν
Είσαι ήσουν
Είναι ήταν
Είμαστε ήμαστε
Είσαστε/είστε ήσαστε
Είναι ήταν

New words and expressions (feel free to use them more often!)

I want - Θέλω (selo)
I have - Έχω (echo)
I don't understand you - Δε σας καταλαβαίνω (de sas catalaveno)
I don't speak Greek - Δε μιλώ ελληνικά (de milo elinika)
I am learning Greek - Μαθαίνω ελληνικά (maseno elinika)
Please... – Παρακαλώ... (paracalo)
Give... – δώστε... (dost)
Wait... – περιμένετε... (parimenete)
Show... – δείξτε... (dikste)
Close (switch off)... – κλείστε... (kliste)
Open (turn on)... - ανοίξτε... (anixte)
Call... - φωνάξτε... (fonakste)
Call (invite) - καλέστε... (kaleste)
Repeat... – επαναλάβετε... (epanalavete)
Call... – τηλεφωνήστε... (tilephoniste)
Allow me .. - Επιτρέψτε μου ... (epitrepstemu)
To come in.. -. να μπω (on bo)
Exit... – να βγω... (on vgo)
Pass... – να περάσω... (in peraso)

Continuation

Choosing Προτίμηση (beginning in the last lesson)

What (Which) ... Do you want? – Τί... θα θέλατε; χρώμα /σχήμα colors/shapes
ποιότητα /ποσότητα of quality/quantity
What type do you want? – Τί είδος θα θέλατε;
What amount do you have? – Περίπου σε τι τιμή σκεφτόσαστε;
Do you have anything...? – Έχετε κάτι...; ehete kati
more - μεγαλύτερο megalitero
best quality - καλύτερης ποιότητας kalitheris piotitas
cheaper - φτηνότερο fsinotero
less - μικρότερο microtero
Will you show me this/that...? – Μπορείτε να μου δείξετε εκείνο/αυτό...; borite no mu dixete ekino/afto
these / those - αυτά / εκείνα aphta / ekin
what is in the window - αυτό στη βιτρίνα
others - μερικά άλλα of the Merik ala

Greek. Lesson 38: Pronouns

It is said that the most common word in almost any language is the word "I". But this is not the case for Greek. Greeks (and Cypriots, of course, too) practically do not use personal pronouns. They don't say "I see" "you see", just "I see" (βλέπω), "you see" (βλέπεις).
You can guess who you are talking about by the form of the verb and the meaning of the sentence.

I did write the forms of personal pronouns for you. In parentheses, what corresponds to our I, you. He she…. And next to it is written what is more useful to you - forms of the accusative case. You will have to use these pronouns quite often.

Monosyllabic personal pronouns have the following accusative forms:

(εγώ) - με - Me (εμείς) - μας - us
(εσύ) - σε - You (εσείς) - σας - you
(αυτός) - τον - His (αυτοί) - τους - their
(αυτή) - την - Her (αυτές) - τις - their

Monosyllabic personal pronouns in a sentence are placed directly before the verb, for example:
Την ξέρω καλά. “I know her well.
Σας παρακαλώ - I beg you.
Τον βλέπω. - I see him.

Greek. Lesson 39: Verbs of the first conjugation

In Greek, as in Russian, verbs change according to persons, tenses, voices and moods. Verbs can be divided into two large groups:

1) Verbs of I conjugation. They have an accent on the penultimate syllable: μαθαίνω, διαβάζω

2) Verbs of II conjugation. They have an accent on the last syllable: αγαπώ, μπορώ

Verbs of the first conjugation change according to persons in the present tense as follows:
1 person
(Εγώ) γράφω - I write (Εμείς) γράφουμε - we write
2 person
(Εσύ) γράφεις - you write (Εσείς) γράφετε - you write
3 person
(Αυτός/αυτή) γράφει - he/she writes (Αυτοί/αυτές) γράφουν - they write
Note: Pronouns are in parentheses because they are omitted in colloquial speech.

Greek. Lesson 40: Verbs of the second conjugation

In the last lesson, we learned the conjugation of the verb γράφω (to write). Let's repeat.
γράφω - [grapho] - I write
γράφεις - [graphics] - you write
γράφει - [graphics] - ononaono writes
γράφουμε - [graphume] - we write
γράφετε - [graphete] - you write
γράφουν - [graphun] - they write

In the previous lesson, we considered the category of verbs that have an accent on the penultimate syllable and are conjugated like the verb γράφω. In this lesson we will look at the second category verbs, which have the stress on the last syllable and which are conjugated as the verb αγαπώ "I love".
Remember that in Greek the present tense describes both actions that are happening at the moment and actions that are repeated, for example, "now I drink coffee" (continued), "every morning I drink coffee" (simple). Both of these actions in Greek express the present tense, i.e. πίνω καφέ τώρα, πίνω καφέ κάθε πρωί.

Verb αγαπώ (I love)

Unit number
αγαπώ - [ayapo] - I love
αγαπάς - [ayapas] - you love
αγαπά - [ayapa] - he she loves it

Plural
αγαπούμε - [ayapume] - we love
αγαπάτε - [ayapate] - you love
αγαπόυν - [ayapun] - they love
The verb ζητώ "I ask, I seek" is conjugated like the verb αγαπώ

Verb μπορώ (I can)

A number of verbs ending in ώ like αγαπώ have other endings when conjugated. One example is the verb μπορώ (boro) "I can".
Unit number
μπορώ - [boro] - I can
μπορείς - [Boris] - you can
μπορεί - [bori] - ononaono can

Plural
μπορούμε - [borume] - we can
μπορείτε - [fight] - you can
μπορούν - [borun] - they can

παρακαλώ - [parakalo] - "I ask" - another verb conjugated as μπορώ. It can be used as an equivalent of "please" or "pleased to serve" in response to "thank you".
Unfortunately no easy way to distinguish which of the verbs of this category, ending in ώ, is conjugated as αγαπώ, and which - as μπορώ. Gradually you will memorize them.

Greek. Lesson 41: Verb conjugation (continued)

In the last two lessons, we looked at the rules for conjugation of Greek verbs. Today you can add 20 new verbs to your vocabulary.
Καταλαβαίνω - to understand
Διαβάζω - read
Γράφω - to write
Συνεχίζω - continue
Δουλεύω - work
Επιστρέφω - to return
Αρχίζω - to begin
Τελειώνω - finish
Μένω - to live
Ακούω - hear, hear
Βλέπω - to see
Μιλώ - to speak
Περιμένω - to wait
Αγαπώ - to love
Απαντώ - to answer
Βοηθώ - to help
Γνωρίζω - to know, to get acquainted
Δείχνω - to show
Εκτιμώ - appreciate, respect
Ελπίζω - to hope
Do not forget that the conjugation of a verb directly depends on its stress. Remember the rules that we went through in the previous lessons.

If there are two verbs in your sentence, then most likely they are connected by the particle να. Please note that (unlike the Russian language) their forms are the same.
Θέλω να διαβάζω καλά βιβλία. - I want to read good books.
Ξέρω να γράφω ελληνικά. - I can write in Greek.

If the person or number changes, then the change occurs in both verbs:
Θέλεις να διαβάζεις. - You want to read.
Θέλει να διαβάζει.- He wants to read.
Ξέρουμε να γράφουμε. - We can write.
Ξέρουν να γράφουν. - They know how to write.

Verbs of the first conjugation
λέω - speak, τρώω - eat, eat, ακούω - listen, κλαίω - cry, πάω - go are conjugated as follows:
Λέω – λέμε
Λες – λέτε
Λέει – λένε

Greek. Lesson 42: Verb conjugation

(end) We have finished studying the rules of conjugation of verbs in the present tense. Verbs of the first conjugation are conjugated like this: γράφω, γράφεις, γράφει, γράφουμε, γράφετε, γράφουν Several verbs of the first conjugation (λέω, τρώω, ακούω, κλαίω, πάω) are conjugated differently: Λέω, λες, λέει, λέμε, λέτε, λένε.

Verbs of the second conjugation are divided into two subgroups.
The verb, αγαπώ, for example, belongs to the first subgroup: Αγαπώ, αγαπάς, αγαπά (αγαπάει), αγαπάμε, αγαπάτε, αγαπάν (αγαπάνε). Verbs of the second subgroup are conjugated as follows: μπορώ, μπορείς, μπορεί, μπορούμε, μπορείτε, μπορούν
To consolidate the topic, I propose to learn a few new words and expressions:
You say (you say)...

Μιλάτε (μιλάς)... - [milate] - [milas]

I'm not saying ... - (Δε) μιλάω .. - [ze milao]
... in Russian - ρωσικά - [rosika]
... in Greek - ελλινικά - [elinika]
I speak a little - Μιλάω λίγο - [milao ligo]
I only say... – Μιλάω μόνω... – [milao mono]
... in Russian - ρωσικά - [rosika]
... in English - αγγλίκα - [English]

Where do you live? - Πού μένετε - [pu menete]
I live... - Μένω... - [meno]
... in Moscow - στη Μόσχα - [sti mosha]
... in Kyiv - στό Κίεβο - [one hundred Kiev]
... in Nicosia - στη Λευκωσία - [sty levkosia]

LESSON-1: After the first lesson, you will learn how to say hello in Greek (say "Hello!", "Good morning!", "Good afternoon!", "Good evening!"); learn to speak Greek "coffee" and "tea"; be able to say "Please"; learn to ask for something in Greek. After the first Greek lesson for beginners, you will know 8 new words.

LESSON-2: In this lesson you will learn to speak Greek "Menu", "Account", "and"; learn how to ask the waiter to bring you something; learn to say "Goodbye"; You can say "Thank you" in Greek.
After two lessons vocabulary will be 14 words.

LESSON-3: In this lesson you will learn how to ask someone "Would you like?", learn how to say Greek "We would like", learn new words "Lemon", "Sugar", "Milk", how to say “Tea with lemon”, “Coffee without milk”, etc., learn the conjunction “or”. Your vocabulary is 21 words.

LESSON-4: After the 4th lesson you will learn how to say in Greek “I am going to …”, “I am flying to …”; learn to speak Greek "Moscow", "Athens", "Crete"; learn how to say "Reis" in Greek; you can ask the interlocutor “Where are you going?”, “Where are you flying?”. By the end of the lesson you will know 29 new words.

LESSON-5: In this lesson you will learn how to say "Place" in Greek (on a plane, train, etc.); learn to say "Window seat", "Aisle seat"; learn how to apologize in Greek. After five Greek lessons for beginners, you will already know 33 new words.

LESSON-6: In this lesson we will study the phrases "This (this, this) is" and "This (this, this) is not"; then you will learn how in Greek it will be “Two”; learn how to say "Beer" and "Bottle" in Greek. After this lesson, you will already know 42 new words.

LESSON-7: In this lesson you will learn how to say “Ticket” in Greek; be able to say "I want to buy" and "We want to buy"; learn how to ask in Greek "How much is it?". After seven Greek lessons for beginners, you will already know 46 new words.

LESSON-8: In this lesson you will learn how to say “Water”, “Wine”, “Glass”, “Juice” in Greek; be able to say "You want to buy"; learn how to say “Yes” and “No” in Greek; you can ask a question with the word "Which". Your vocabulary after this lesson is 54 words.

LESSON-9: After the 9th lesson you will learn how to say "My", "Your" in Greek. Learn to ask a question with the word "Where". Learn phrases with the words "Baggage", "Here", "I can get it." After nine Greek lessons for beginners, you will already know 60 words.

LESSON-10: In this lesson you will learn how to say “Taxi stand”, “Bus stop” in Greek. You can ask for a one-way or round-trip ticket. After the lesson, you will already know 65 new words.

LESSON-11: In this lesson you will learn how to say in Greek "I know", "We know", "I don't know", "We don't know". You can ask the interlocutor "Don't you know?". After the lesson, you will already know 70 new words.

LESSON-12: After completing the lesson, you can ask your interlocutor how to get / get to the city center, you can find out where the pharmacy, tavern, hotel is located. You can ask to show you where these objects are located. You will already know 78 words.

LESSON-13: The topic of this lesson is "In the tavern". In this lesson, you will learn how to name popular dishes in Greek, you can ask if a certain dish is available. After 13 Greek lessons for beginners, you will already know 87 new words.

LESSON-14: In this lesson we will learn phrases related to checking into a hotel. You will be able to book a single/double room in Greek for one or two days. After this lesson, you will already know 94 new words.

LESSON-15: In this lesson we will continue the study of phrases related to the hotel. You will learn how to say "Breakfast in the room" in Greek. You can say that the TV, telephone, Wi-Fi do not work in the room. You will know how to ask for a Wi-Fi password. You can find out at what checkout time the departure from the hotel. After the 15th Greek lesson for beginners, you will already know 102 new words.

DOWNLOAD THE VIDEO LESSONS PUBLISHED ON THIS PAGE AND REGULARLY RECEIVE NEW LESSONS ON YOUR E-MAIL

To do this, click the "Get Free Lessons" button:

——————————————
The topics of the lessons are perfect for preparing for a trip to Greece (Theme of all lessons: "Greek for tourists and travelers").

The number of people who speak Greek today is relatively small, but modest statistics do not at all reflect the significance of the language that has shaped Western philosophy, science and literature for many centuries, which has been continuously communicated for more than four millennia.

When choosing a learning resource, it is important not to get confused by the definitions of "Greek" and "Modern Greek". They are equivalent for those whose goal is live communication and acquaintance with contemporary sources information. For those who want to read historical works in the original language, it is better to focus on sites where a more complex version is offered for study - ancient Greek.

Free Modern Greek tutorial for beginners. A suitable solution for those who do not have the opportunity to learn from a native speaker and are afraid to master an artificial language. The dialogues and texts included in the project were created by native speakers of Greek, and if you repeat them often, imitating the source as much as possible, then the information will enter the consciousness as ready-made formulas for communication. The list contains 25 voiced lessons. The course starts with topics about the alphabet, sounds, reading rules, articles. Then there is a transition to classes in grammar and syntax, the audio files of which are relevant for diverse life situations: family, appearance, work, health, travel, holidays. After each lesson, assignments and exercises are offered.

An initial course in phonetics and reading rules. The author of the technique is M.L. Rytova, according to her textbook they study Greek in Russian-speaking universities. Information is provided in text format. To understand how to pronounce sounds, the nuances of articulation are described, the rhythm of words, the rules for reading letter combinations, stress, and intonation are explained. It tells about punctuation marks and hyphenation features. Rytova's entire textbook can be downloaded in PDF; in addition to phonetics, it includes the main course for two years of study, as well as grammar tables and a dictionary.

A block of video lessons for beginners, aimed at tourists. The working language is Russian. Lessons are 10 minutes long on average. The annotation for each lesson indicates how many new words the user will master after completing it. Having passed, the student will know more than a hundred of them. The peculiarity of the approach is the emphasis on vocabulary, not grammar, and the absence of homework.

If this method of teaching seems effective to the user, then the possibility of further receiving new lessons by e-mail is provided. Devoting classes up to two hours a day, according to the assurances of the authors of the project, you can speak Greek in a month.

The author's project of a teacher living in Greece for over 20 years. In addition to the paid training option, the resource has a set of free lessons on modern language for newbies. At first, it does not offer complex grammar rules - it starts with teaching writing and reading skills, followed by the construction of dialogues. A more serious transition to declensions, conjugations, etc. carried out when the student has already mastered the spoken language a little. Lessons are accompanied by voice acting, there are exercises with solutions.

Free lessons with Larisa Khlebnikova. A teacher who has lived in Greece for many years offers a selection of 23 videos, each dedicated to a different topic. Plots lasting 3-7 minutes are designed to talk about the alphabet, all parts of speech, the structure of sentences. The topics “numbers” and “family” are highlighted in separate videos. The author's monologues are accompanied by the display of tables, symbols and other explanatory information.

Podcasts in audio format with PDF transcript, downloadable. The material is built in the form of lessons, with the successive passage of which the level of the language becomes more difficult. The focus of the first classes - acquaintance, family, shopping. Topics from the philosophical and global category complete the list of 81 lessons: superstitions, poor-quality food, climate change. The material is submitted in English, which should be taken into account by Russian-speaking users.

An English-language resource dedicated to modern Greek phonetics and phonology. Relevant for those who are already familiar with the Greek alphabet and the pronunciation of all letters separately. The site looks at how the letters are combined and how they are pronounced in conjunction. The perception of textual information is enhanced by the option of voicing examples. The material contains many tables and links to related articles, sections of word formation.

An offer to learn Greek in 7 lessons. Of course, no language can be learned in such a short time, but the creators of the course are convinced that in seven lessons according to their methodology, it is really possible to begin to navigate in Greek and try to establish minimal communication in it.

languages. The new selection contains free sites for those who are going to master Latin and ancient Greek with the help of ancient literature, news releases, video podcasts and communities on social networks.

Latin

For those who decide to learn Latin from scratch, we can recommend a series of these short lessons in English. Each episode lasts three to four minutes, and during this time it is possible to memorize a few phrases and grammar rules at a calm pace. There is nothing superfluous in the visualization of this podcast: only simple slides illustrating the words of the teacher. Now 160 lessons of this course have already been posted on YouTube in open access, but for additional materials you can also go to the home page of its creators.

For students foreign language it is often advised to read newspapers in that language or listen to the radio. Thanks to the Finnish broadcaster YLE, this opportunity has also been given to those who decide to learn Latin. Once a week, this site publishes a short overview of world news. Since 1989, the authors of the program have been developing new Latin vocabulary to cover current events - in some areas, we still left the ancient Romans far behind. This news compilation can be read and listened to - however, in the latter case, Latin acquires a slight Finnish accent.

If you want to learn Latin and spend a lot of time on Vkontakte, be sure to subscribe to this group. Firstly, several proven manuals, tutorials and dictionaries are posted here for free download. Secondly, community members post a lot of pictures - for those who better remember new words with illustrations attached to them. And thirdly, not only Latin demotivators sometimes come across here (it’s better to go for them after all here), but also real masterpieces - for example, Latin Asterix and Obelix comic. And, finally, in a special thread here you can even discuss tattoos.

It is possible that someone, like Onegin, learns Latin only in order to “put vale at the end of the letter”, while someone seeks to read ancient literature in the original. This site contains many works of classics ancient rome- from the historian Tacitus and the scientist-encyclopedist Varro to the architect Vitruvius. All texts are posted here with translation into English - although it is not possible to see the translation of each specific word separately, but the translation of the whole paragraph is visible.

ancient greek

This channel is well suited for those who decide to learn the ancient Greek language using materials in Russian. Philologist Pyotr Makhlin's grammar course currently includes 29 short lessons - from explaining the ancient Greek alphabet to classifying verb forms. The only thing you will have to get used to while watching them is that the board does not always exactly fall into the sharpness of the camera lens, which, however, almost does not interfere with following the oral explanations of the teacher. If you adapt to this option - do not miss a series of interesting videos about history of European languages the same author.

To keep up with the promoters Latin, the Spanish philologist Juan Coderx began to produce weekly news in ancient Greek. In a sense, he had a little easier - he can directly borrow vocabulary for describing current events from the modern Greek language. But the difficulties arose elsewhere: only recently the ancient Greek font began to be adequately displayed in Chrome, and the creator of the site finally managed to load the text of the news as text, and not as images.

If we compare this public with similar language communities, the difference is immediately noticeable: a lot of links to useful, serious resources - and no funny pictures. An attempt at a scientific reconstruction of the pronunciation of the ancient Greek language using the example of Aesop's fables or a tutorial on calligraphy - you will find a lot of similar materials here, not to mention textbooks and translated literature. By the way, if you still want to add funny pictures with ancient Greek captions to your feed, go to

PRONUNCIATION

Elementary phonetics course according to Rytova's textbook http://www.topcyprus.net/greek/phonetics/phonetics-of-the-greek-language.html
Description of phonetics http://www.omniglot.com/writing/greek.htm
Details and features of Greek pronunciation with detailed tables and examples that can be listened to online (page on English language): http://www.foundalis.com/lan/grphdetl.htm

GRAMMAR

6. View all forms of any word, find the initial form of the verb: http://www.neurolingo.gr/el/online_tools/lexiscope.htm

7. Portal Lexigram: dictionary of declension and conjugation of words http://www.lexigram.gr/lex/newg/#Hist0

8. Verbs and their forms, translation into English. language http://moderngreekverbs.com/contents.html

9. Conjugator - verb conjugator (all forms, 579 verbs) http://www.logosconjugator.org/list-of-verb/EL/

TEXTBOOKS

9. Textbooks and others study guides in Pdf format, registration is required on the site, then you can download books for free (100 points are allocated, one book costs about 20-30 points, points can be replenished in the future): http://www.twirpx.com/search/

For beginners (level A1 and A2): Ελληνικά τώρα 1+1. It has audio.

Level A1 and A2 - Επικοινωνήστε ελληνικά 1 - Communicate in Greek, audio and workbook with grammar exercises separately. This is a fun textbook with funny cartoons and great tasks for developing conversational speech. He has part 2 - for levels B1-B2
For levels C1-C2 - Καλεϊδοσκόπιο Γ1, Γ2 (here you can only download samples http://www.hcc.edu.gr/el/news/1-latest-news/291-kalei..

For levels A1-B2 (released before the advent of classification by levels): Ελληνική γλώσσα Γ. Μπαμπινιώτη and Νέα Ελληνικά γα ξένους, it has all the audio
Self-taught in Russian: A.B.Borisova Greek without a tutor (levels A1-B2)
Textbook Ελληνική γλώσσα Γ. Μπαμπινιώτη - there are the best tables for grammar and syntax (although it is completely in Greek).

PODCASTS

10. Excellent audio podcasts with Pdf transcript and download option. The language level gradually becomes more difficult: http://www.hau.gr/?i=learning.en.podcasts-in-greek

RADIO ONLINE

AUDIOBOOKS

DICTIONARIES AND PHRASEBOOKS

16. Explanatory dictionaries online http://www.greek-language.gr/greekLang/modern_greek/tools/lexica/index.html

17. Russian-Greek dictionary http://new_greek_russian.academic.ru

18. Greek-English dictionary online with voice acting http://www.dictionarist.com/greek

VIDEO LESSONS

19. Greek on the BBC - video lessons http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/greek/guide/

YOUTUBE CHANNELS

20. Video lessons Greek from scratch. You need to listen and repeat ready-made phrases in Greek. Topic: everyday communication, cafe, restaurant https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=irvJ-ZWp5YA

21. Greek from the project Speak Asap- Greek in 7 lessons. Vocabulary, grammar at level A1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hm65v4IPsl8

22. Greek-for-you video project https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x5WtE8WrpLY

23. Easy Greek channel - from level A2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gtmBaIKw5P4

24. Audiobooks in Greek: http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLvev7gYFGSavD8P6xqa4Ip2HiUh3P7r5K

25. Channel with Greek learning videos for Greek elementary school students https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnUUoWRBIEcCkST59d4JPmg

FILMS

BOOKS

30. open library includes copyright-free works of classical literature as well as contemporary works hosted by the authors themselves. All books on the Open Literature List are distributed freely and legally. http://www.openbook.gr/2011/10/anoikth-bibliothhkh.html

31. E-books for free http://www.ebooks4greeks.gr/δωρεανελληνικα-ηλεκτρονικαβιβλια-free-ebooks

32. Interactive textbooks for Greek high school by grades and subjects - suitable for learners of Greek as a foreign language at levels B1-B2.

EXAMS AND TESTS

37. Portal of the Greek Language Center, which conducts, inter alia, examinations for the CERTIFICATION OF GREEK LANGUAGE. Here you can:

Determine your level of Greek language proficiency
- Find centers for exams for the Certificate of Proficiency in Greek (required for studying and working in Greece)
- Download materials to prepare for exams for the Certificate

DIFFERENT SITES

38. A site with a variety of information about the Greek language, many links to resources:

Ancient Greek language tutorial. How I learned Greek. Personal experience. Download the video lessons published on this page and regularly receive new lessons to your e-mail

Greek. Lesson 2: Questions (Ερωτήσεις)

Questions and answers:

Greek. Lesson 3: Article. Numbers. Time notation

Greek. Lesson 4: Rules for reading. Indefinite article

Greek. Lesson 5: How the article changes

Greek. Lesson 6: How verbs are conjugated

Greek. Lesson 7: Conjugation of the verb "to be"

Greek. Lesson 8: Pronoun forms and verb conjugation

Greek. Lesson 9: Conjugation of verbs in the present tense

Greek. Lesson 10: Verbs of the second conjugation. Exceptions to the rules

Greek. Lesson 11: How to determine the gender of a noun

Greek. Lesson 12: Noun Declensions

Greek. Lesson 13: Genitive

Greek. Lesson 14: Possessive Pronouns

Greek. Lesson 15: How nouns change

Greek. Lesson 16: Feminine Nouns

Greek. Lesson 17: Noun Cases

Greek. Lesson 18: Prepositions

Greek. Lesson 19: Adjectives: Masculine Forms

Greek. Lesson 20: Adjectives must change!

Greek. Lesson 21: Building Greek Phrases

Greek. Lesson 22: Learning how to build sentences

Greek. Lesson 23: Answering the question: “Where are you from?”

Greek. Lesson 24: Suggestions

Greek. Lesson 25: Examples

Greek. Lesson 26: Suggestions

Greek. Lesson 27: Communication. Greetings.

Greek. Lesson 28: Questions

Greek. Lesson 29: Continuing the topic "Questions"

Greek. Lesson 30: Negative sentences

Greek. Lesson 31: Question and negative. Time designation.

Greek. Lesson 32: Rules for reading letter combinations and an invitation

Greek. Lesson 33: Articles and Stores

Greek. Lesson 34: Demonstratives and Services

Greek. Lesson 35: Noun Endings and Service

Greek. Lesson 36: Let's talk about verbs and Choice

Greek. Lesson 37: The Verb “to Be” and Choice

Greek. Lesson 38: Pronouns

Greek. Lesson 39: Verbs of the first conjugation

Greek. Lesson 40: Verbs of the second conjugation

Greek. Lesson 41: Verb conjugation (continued)

Greek. Lesson 42: Verb conjugation

LESSON-2: In this lesson you will learn to speak Greek "Menu", "Account", "and"; learn how to ask the waiter to bring you something; learn to say "Goodbye"; You can say "Thank you" in Greek. After two lessons vocabulary will be 14 words.

LESSON-3: In this lesson you will learn how to ask someone "Would you like?", learn how to say Greek "We would like", learn new words "Lemon", "Sugar", "Milk", how to say “Tea with lemon”, “Coffee without milk”, etc., learn the conjunction “or”. Your vocabulary is 21 words.

LESSON-5: In this lesson you will learn how to say "Place" in Greek (on a plane, train, etc.); learn to say "Window seat", "Aisle seat"; learn how to apologize in Greek. After five Greek lessons for beginners, you will already know 33 new words.

LESSON-6: In this lesson we will study the phrases "This (this, this) is" and "This (this, this) is not"; then you will learn how in Greek it will be “Two”; learn how to say "Beer" and "Bottle" in Greek. After this lesson, you will already know 42 new words.

LESSON-7: In this lesson you will learn how to say “Ticket” in Greek; be able to say "I want to buy" and "We want to buy"; learn how to ask in Greek "How much is it?". After seven Greek lessons for beginners, you will already know 46 new words.

LESSON-8: In this lesson you will learn how to say “Water”, “Wine”, “Glass”, “Juice” in Greek; be able to say "You want to buy"; learn how to say “Yes” and “No” in Greek; you can ask a question with the word "Which". Your vocabulary after this lesson is 54 words.

LESSON-9: After the 9th lesson you will learn how to say "My", "Your" in Greek. Learn to ask a question with the word "Where". Learn phrases with the words "Baggage", "Here", "I can get it." After nine Greek lessons for beginners, you will already know 60 words.

LESSON-10: In this lesson you will learn how to say “Taxi stand”, “Bus stop” in Greek. You can ask for a one-way or round-trip ticket. After the lesson, you will already know 65 new words.

LESSON-11: In this lesson you will learn how to say in Greek "I know", "We know", "I don't know", "We don't know". You can ask the interlocutor "Don't you know?". After the lesson, you will already know 70 new words.

LESSON-12: After completing the lesson, you can ask your interlocutor how to get / get to the city center, you can find out where the pharmacy, tavern, hotel is located. You can ask to show you where these objects are located. You will already know 78 words.

LESSON-13: The topic of this lesson is "In the tavern". In this lesson, you will learn how to name popular dishes in Greek, you can ask if a certain dish is available. After 13 Greek lessons for beginners, you will already know 87 new words.

LESSON-14: In this lesson we will learn phrases related to checking into a hotel. You will be able to book a single/double room in Greek for one or two days. After this lesson, you will already know 94 new words.

DOWNLOAD THE VIDEO LESSONS PUBLISHED ON THIS PAGE AND REGULARLY RECEIVE NEW LESSONS ON YOUR E-MAIL

Latin

ancient greek

PRONUNCIATION

GRAMMAR

TEXTBOOKS

PODCASTS

RADIO ONLINE

AUDIOBOOKS

DICTIONARIES AND PHRASEBOOKS

VIDEO LESSONS

YOUTUBE CHANNELS

FILMS

BOOKS

EXAMS AND TESTS

DIFFERENT SITES

LESSON-2: In this lesson you will learn to speak Greek "Menu", "Account", "and"; learn how to ask the waiter to bring you something; learn to say "Goodbye"; You can say "Thank you" in Greek.
After two lessons vocabulary will be 14 words.