The main stages of social work abroad. The main trends in the history of social work abroad. Coronary artery disease

Scientists, historians of social work deeply study the most important trends in this area of ​​charity.

If you study the constructions in alphabetical order, then you need to start with the social and charitable deeds of the Austrian state. Domestic and foreign researchers note that the first schools of social work appeared in this country before the First World War. Until 1961 in Austria there were mostly private schools of social work.

Since 1962, the Ministry of Education has been creating an extensive system of public and private schools. For example, 350 students are admitted to both schools each year.

In 1984 alone, there were 650 students in Austria studying social work in depth and comprehensively. About 300 graduates annually graduate from the Academy of Social Work. into data educational establishments Persons from 18 to 20 years old are accepted.

Two-year courses of social work are being created, in which medical subjects, home economics with elements of child psychology, and the humanities are studied.

Regarding the development of the professional sphere of social charity in Belgium There are the following observations and conclusions. Foreign and domestic researchers note that in 1920-1921 the first schools of social work were established in Brussels and Antwerp. Today there are 23 schools of social workers. Moreover, 12 of them operate in the Flemish and 11 in the French-speaking regions.

It is impossible not to notice that in this state there are two Ministries of National Education. Taking into account the French and Flemish-speaking parts of the country.

There are courses with a three-year term of study. Every year, up to a thousand social workers are issued by such social institutions of charity. There are courses with a two-year term of study. The following subjects are studied in the learning process: philosophy, jurisprudence, economics, sociology, psychology, social medicine.

Important forms of training include lectures, seminars and practical exercises that last for seven months.

Foreign and domestic researchers pay attention to the development of social work in Great Britain. They write that in 1896 the first institution of social work in this country was established. In 1903, its own school of sociology was created, taking into account the political, historical, and moral experience of the English kingdom. In 1912, this institute was transformed into the Department of Social Sciences and Administration.

In 1970, the Central Council for Training and Education in Social Work was established.

The Society of Charitable Organizations is created.

Foreign and domestic scientists note that the licensing of courses in this specialization was carried out by professional associations in the field of social work in the 50s and 60s of the XX century.

From 1971 to 1982, annual student enrollment increased from 2,455 to 3,574. The peak of admission to this specialty falls on 1977, when 4039 people became students.

Most of the students are 25 years of age or older. 30% of students aged 35 and over. At the same time, one third of the total number of students are men. One-year and two-year postgraduate courses have been opened for students holding a bachelor's degree or a diploma in an acceptable field corresponding to the given work profile.

Disciplines are studied already at a higher intellectual level: social policy, sociology, psychology.

There are stable four-year social work training courses followed by many months of practice.

At the same time, there is a strict selection procedure for advanced training courses in the field of social work at universities, at the Polytechnic Institute.

Scientists write about the history of the development of this area of ​​charitable activity in Germany.

In 1893, the training of professionals in the field of social work began. Jeanette Schwerin, a remarkable woman-enthusiast, stands at the origins of this charitable activity.

The number of students at her charitable institute ranged from 100 to 1,000.

Today, 37,000 students study at social work colleges and 15,000 at universities.

The total enrollment for this profession is 9,000 people. Each year, colleges and universities graduate 7,000 and 8,000 respectively.

Moreover, students in these institutions to study the most important provisions of social work are accepted after 12 years of schooling.

Domestic and foreign scientists note with satisfaction that the total number of professionals in the field of social work has increased from 40,000 in 1950 to 182,000 in 1986. We are talking about a three-year training of social workers with the inclusion of practical activities or a year of practice.

It must be emphasized that universities, colleges associated with social work, are distinguished by a certain independence from the ruling political strata. In particular, there are three different types of study programs in social work and social pedagogy. Moreover, courses in these areas of charitable activities are clearly structured. The following disciplines are studied: history, sociology, social policy, psychology, pedagogy, economics, statistics, therapeutic methods, theory and practice of education, legislation, music, sports, art. At the same time, there are courses on studying foreign languages: English, Spanish, French.

Foreign and domestic scientists note that in Greece social work as a profession and a special independent discipline has existed since 1937. In 1970, the Ministry of National Education and Religion was created. 2680 people have a state license. Most of the social workers are women. The basic curriculum in social work schools is designed for 7 semesters. The main teaching methodology is connected with lectures, seminars, practical exercises, exams.

Domestic and foreign researchers note that in Denmark The beginning of professional social work should be attributed to 1937.

Until 1975, the Department of the Central Council of the Ministry of Public Education dealt with the problems of this sphere of charitable activity.

The annual enrollment in social work schools was 390. In the same time, average age students reached the age of 35. These were already established personalities, citizens, and not young people with elements of social infantilism. Since 1956, a three-year training program in the field of social work has been introduced. Moreover, the production practice lasts for six months. Scholars write about the creation of Graduate Courses in Social Work. They usually last from one to two weeks. The following disciplines are studied: legislation in the field of social security; civil and family law; management and planning; political economy; economy; sociology; psychology; social medicine; theory and methods of social work.

Domestic and foreign scientists write that in Israel elements of professional social work appeared in 1934. From 1948 to 1950, the Jewish Community was created under the Ministry of Social Security. The Tel Aviv municipality has established its own school with a two-year training for social workers. Industrial practice begins in the second year of study. From 20 to 40 students are admitted to this school annually. 35 - 40 hours a week are provided for the educational process and practical activities and 20 - 25 hours for preparation for these classes.

Educational programs are devoid of dogmatism, scholasticism. Differ in flexibility, dynamism, ability to feel time. Methods of work are associated with individual, group, community activities.

There are sophisticated programs to improve the skills of graduates in the field of social work.

Domestic and foreign scientists note that the beginning of professional social work in Spain should be attributed to 1932. The first school was established in Barcelona, ​​but in 1936, in an era of acute political events and conflicts, it was closed. In 1940, the school of social work resumed its activities.

The Women's Committee on Social Status is being created. In 1964 the Ministry of Education and Science was organized. Starting from the 1982/83 academic year, about 100 to 200 students of different ages (18, 25, 30 years old) studied in social work schools. It should be noted that there were 9 female representatives per male student.

The Barcelona School of Social Work recruited students from the age of 18. The Madrid School of Social Work accepted men and women between the ages of 25 and 30 for study. Students with considerable experience in practical social work were needed.

A national program was developed for all university schools of social work.

At the same time, each school made its own adjustments to the program, looking for its own unique approach. The program is designed for 3200 hours. The subjects in this program are divided, as it were, into four areas: basic sciences; social work; additional items; items of choice.

A three-year study at the University involves advanced training in the field of social work.

Domestic and foreign scientists write that in Iceland in 1982, the first graduation of social workers took place. Prior to this, this profession was mastered only abroad.

The problems of social work are within the competence of the Ministry of Education. By 1970, there were 100 people who received the status of a social worker.

Every year, 160 people enter the institutes in this field of activity. It should be emphasized that young men and women enter this system of charitable institutions after 13 years of schooling.

Educational process It is designed for 3 years with a mandatory 24-week practice.

The main disciplines are: sociology, psychology, pedagogy.

Domestic and foreign researchers write that in Italy The first school of social workers was opened in 1928. But only in 1956, the first specialized school of social workers was created at a high professional level. A centralized management of the education system was created.

Today there are more than 100 schools of social work. Moreover, almost 100% of specialists are women.

As a rule, 50-100 students study in one school. They enter these schools after 12 years of schooling.

In the 1988/89 academic year, the total number of students in social work reached 701.

To date, there has been clear progress in this area. There were 1,183 students in 11 schools alone in the five northern regions of Italy. There were 1302 students in 20 schools in Sicily. Educational programs include: lectures, consultations, industrial practice, seminars, examinations. Training in this specialty lasts 3 years.

The following subjects are studied: history, principles of social work; means and methods of social work; planning; social service policy; civil law; economics and social policy; social hygiene and medicine; sociology and methodology of social scientific research.

There is a graduate school in the specialty "Social work". It enrolls every year 20 best graduates. 12 people enter annual advanced training courses for social workers. Practice takes this case 50% of the total training time. Disciplines are related to developmental social psychology and psychopathology.

Scientists point out that in Ireland social work acquired its professional status only in 1934. In 1941, the one-year courses became two-year courses until 1970. In 1954, the University of Dublin was opened. In 1966 Kirk College was opened with the assistance of Trinity College. Coordination of the training of specialists in this profession is carried out by the Advisory Committee for the training of social work.

It should be noted that Trinity College trains social workers for two years. University College Dublin for three years. 380 students graduate annually. Moreover, persons not younger than 25 years old are accepted.

Scientists write that in the state Luxembourg social work as a profession was introduced by the Law in 1935. This area of ​​activity is supervised by the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Health. In 1986 there were already 137 practicing social workers. Most of the professionals were women. The training lasted 4 years. It took 2 years to become an assistant. To obtain the latter specialization, the study of social disciplines was required. In particular, social hygiene. Since 1969, advanced training courses for social workers have been opened. At the same time, the following disciplines are studied: medicine; social medicine; methods of social work.

Scientists, historians of the sphere of activity studied by us write that in Norway The first school of social work opened in 1920.

In 1949, the first college for this profession was opened. Today there are 4 colleges and a private religious school in Norway. The Ministry of Culture and Science, the Norwegian Council for Education and Training supervise the college and schools of social work.

260 students are admitted to 5 educational institutions in Norway every year. The total number of students is 700 people. Until 1966, the training period for this profession was 2 years. Today he has reached the age of 3 with compulsory practical activities. The main subjects are: psychology, sociology, political economy, social therapy, state and municipal administration, law, criminology, criminal law, psychiatry, social policy.

Each College has approximately 100-150 students. More than 4100 people have diplomas. Moreover, the majority of graduates are female.

Scientists and historians of the sphere of activity we are studying write that in Netherlands in 1896 the first school of social work opened.

Since 1963, courses for the training of social workers began to operate. Over time, these institutions merged into the Academy of Social Work.

Moreover, all academies are private. To date, 36 educational institutions train social workers. This includes 21 academies, 2 training centers with evening and correspondence courses; 4 youth training centers and 9 institutes.

300 people are engaged in academies. 600 in day and evening departments in centers and institutes.

Mainly school graduates enter these educational institutions. One of the important subjects is occupational therapy. Other disciplines are not named.

Foreign and domestic scientists pay attention and Portugal. The first school of social work was opened in Lisbon in 1935.

In 1937, 2 schools of social work were opened. In 1956, 3 private schools of social work were opened in the city of Porto.

To date, 1,150 people are studying social work in the country. Every year 330 people graduate in this profession. 90% of specialists are women. Students are admitted to these schools from the age of 18. The courses have been running for 4 years. The structure of training is as follows: in the first year of social work 22 hours are given, in the second year 27 hours, in the third year 22 hours, in the fourth year 18 hours.

In Portugal, there is a short course in the field of social work for obtaining special knowledge and skills. (The so-called intensive course).

If we talk about fundamental, basic education, which lasts 4 years, then in the first and second years the emphasis is on social sciences: sociology, economics, law, social history, sociological research, statistics. The following subjects are studied in the third and fourth years: social movement, economics, social planning, social policy, psychosociology.

AT Turkey, as domestic and foreign scientists write, in 1959 the Institute of Social Work was opened. In 1983, it was reorganized into the institute of "social work and child protection services".

In 1961, the Academy of Social Work was established in Ankara. It is overseen by the Ministry of Health and Welfare. 160 people are admitted to this institution annually. There are 979 professional workers in the country. Of these, 485 are women and 494 are males.

The program is divided into trimesters. The first year is associated with a simple review. In the second year of study, students are engaged in the theory and practice of group work. The third year is similar to the second, but includes a detailed set of disciplines: individual work; community work; politics and administrative work in social services.

Psychology, sociology, politics, legislation, management, economics, statistics, anthropology are studied. As additional subjects, English and Turkish, History of the Turkish Revolution. Introduced sports and applied arts.

AT Finland, as scientists and historians of this field of activity write, in 1942 a school of social sciences was opened in Helsinki, which began to train social workers. There are three levels of leadership in this process. These are the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs; the National Board of Social Security; district and local authorities. By 1988, the number of students exceeded 200 people. 90% of them are women. Enter these institutions after graduating from high school.

Annual admission to the institutes of social work is 232 - 239 people. There are two levels of training: working with clients within the community; training in the field of management, planning; pedagogical and research activities.

Micro and macro practice. The point is that each school has the right to its own curriculum. There are also in-depth, individual courses for writing a dissertation. Included in the scope of improvement are general and special subjects. For example, in the first year of schooling, subject to continuous self-education, subjects such as psychology, sociology, pedagogy, and management are included.

In the second and third years of study, the process of mastering professional social work begins in an experimental, empirical way. Working with groups and communities. Students are engaged in the organization and management of charitable activities, research work. Compulsory work experience reaches 400 hours.

Domestic and foreign scientists write that in France in 1907, a vocational school of social education was established, founded by the remarkable teacher Maria Gehern.

In 1913 a professional school of social service was opened. In 1917, a women's school of social work was opened in one of the factories in Paris. It must be emphasized that social activity is a special concern of all departments of ministries, as well as the People's Government, the Ministry of Education. At the same time, departments, semi-private services, and the private sector oversee 160 social work schools, most of which are privately funded. 11 schools have public and semi-public status. Approximately 100 - 200 students attend each school of social work. There are three-year courses for social service assistants, family counselors, special training experts. Two-year courses have been organized that train teachers of preschool social institutions, kindergarten staff with an emphasis on social work. Two-month course for women housekeepers. In 1932, courses were organized that received social status.

Domestic and foreign scientists write that 6,000 students are involved in social work courses. Moreover, only 5% of students are men. Those who, after graduation, have worked for at least 5 years in the field of social and charitable activities, enter the courses. Those who raised one or two children are also accepted. The minimum age of applicants is 25 years.

Industrial practice in this area of ​​training reaches 14 months.

The following subjects are studied at the advanced training courses of social work: social economics; social environment; relationship between people; health; hygiene; medical and social protection of the population. The central subject, undoubtedly, is the theory and practice of social service, numbering 1400 hours. Teaching methods are related to the study and analysis of texts; observation and knowledge of the social environment; research and analysis of situations; audio-visual means.

Here is the playing of socio-psychological roles, exercises in non-verbal communication. With related controls.

Compulsory subjects are psychology, economics, sociology, law, health care.

Scientists note that the first social work courses were created in Sweden in 1910.

In 1920 they were transformed into a special institute.

This institution trained municipal employees and other specialists in the field of social work. In 1921, the Institute of Politics, Sociology, Self-Government was opened in Stockholm. This area is supervised by a Committee responsible for developing a program of general, compulsory courses that give the right to receive a degree.

Scholars note that the Scandinavian Committee links the social work schools of the five Nordic countries.

In the 1920s, 30 students were enrolled in these institutes annually. At the end of the 1930s, their number increased to 100 people.

In the 80s up to 1200 students. Today there are already 3500 of them.

The annual intake is 1000 people.

In the 1988/89 school year, 41% of students were under 24 years of age. 40% of the students were between the ages of 23 and 34. 22% of the students were over 34 years old. Moreover, 81% of students were women.

The main subjects in these institutes are sociology, civil law; social work as a scientific discipline; psychology; jurisprudence; political economy; economics and methods of social work; statistics. All this is connected with a three-year course of study.

In this aspect, scientists note 3 stages of preparation: the main course; practical work during the first semester. Theoretical course in a group of students, numbering 5 - 6 people. This also includes an internship that lasts 5 months and postgraduate research activities. There are 2 programs for assistance, preventive work and exchange of trainees in England and Germany.

Scientists write that Switzerland there has been a school of social workers since the 1960s.

2 universities, 9 schools have been opened. They are supervised by the Swiss Council of Schools of Social Work. Schools are privately owned.

These institutions accept persons after 12 years of schooling. Preference is given to older people. Even after 35 years. Every year 20 new students are accepted. Since 1970, a course has been opened on family therapy, community work, social administration, specialized methods of treating the client. Moreover, each school has its own programs.

AT Yugoslavia According to scientists, from 1953 to 1960 the first higher schools of social work were opened. In 1957, the Institute for Social Policy was established. These institutions were founded by the parliaments of independent republics and their executive bodies. Until the 1980s, all programs were controlled by the higher education system. From 1938 to 1978 the number of students increased by 25 times. 4,000 students study social work. 700 people enter this specialty every year. Most social workers are women. You can take exams externally. There is a four-year program of study. In 1971, the University of Belgrade proposed the establishment of three and four year courses. At higher schools social work there are two-year courses. Four-year courses at universities. You can postpone the exam at your own discretion. Training program has three parts: general courses, special course, practice.

Conclusion

Thus, all of the above confirms the greatness, the spiritual moral pathos of social work and charity, which contribute to the rapprochement of peoples, the establishment of humanistic, democratic ideas, overcoming confrontation and antagonistic contradictions between social systems and individuals.

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Introduction................................................. ................................................. ..... 5

1. "Friendly Visitors" and Charitable Societies.................................. 6

2. Individual social work ............................................................... .............. ten

3. Group social work ............................................... ......................... sixteen

4. Community work.............................................. ............................................... 21

5. General structure in social work............................................................... ............ 24

6. Religion and charity (history of the issue in a foreign aspect) 29

7. Some Directions of the American Social Security System (Historical Aspect) 36

8. Social insurance and state assistance (some aspects) 55

9. Organization and management in social work............................................... 67

Planning................................................. ............................................. 70

Administration .................................................................................. ................ 72

Organizational activities of social workers at the macro and micro levels in the territorial community 74

Modern macrosocial practice (some trends).... 76

10. Administrative management in social security (On the role of leading, intellectual groups, "intellectual-moral block")................................................................ ................................................. ...................... 80

Area of ​​practical activity .............................................................. .... 80

Some models of classical scientific theories of "management": M. Weber and other scientists about bureaucratic (or managerial) technology................................................. ......................................... 81

Legitimacy and status of the goals of the organization in society ....................... 82

Garbage box model .............................................................. ......................... 83

System theories .................................................................. .................................... 84

Theories of managerial behavior .................................................................. ............ 85

Activities of the administration and social workers carried out at different levels 86

Personnel in the field of social work .............................................................. ............. 90

Main problems and trends in administration in social security 91

Reduction of resources in the 80s of the XX century in the USA, allocated from the state budget by the government for social needs................................................................... ................................................. ......................................... 92

A number of political strategies for the administrative apparatus .......... 92

Concerning "informatization of management".................................................. 93

"Participation in management" of various social groups and cultural strata 93

Development of organizations with matrix and parallel structures 94

Interest in alternative models is a backlash against the overbureaucratization of organizations 94

Ethical problems of management .................................................................. ............... 95

The study of the activities of managerial personnel in the social sphere ... 95

Trends and analysis in social work............................................................... 95

Equity in wages .................................................................. ......................... 96

Social Security Services (Forecasts) .......................................................... 96

Administrative management (external aspects) .............................................. 97

Organization (social agency) and external and internal environment 98

Theoretical foundations of the administrative management of social services (the most important component of social work).................................................................... ................................................. ..................................... 100

Figurative examples related to the management strategy 101

Social Work Governance and Outside Influence....................................... 103

Governance Policy and Outside Influence....................................................... 105

Administrator and the process of developing relations between organizations 106

The main problems in the field of social work .................................................... 106

New administrative strategies............................................................... 106

The case of the restructuring of social services .................................................... .. 107

The role of leaders in the field of communication and development of social services and other philanthropic institutions 109

Conclusions for the administration and leading representatives of social services 112

Administrative management: interpersonal aspects .............................. 114

Personnel: Satisfaction and Performance.............................. 114

Social work in the family (mental illness - abstract) 115

Leadership: Theory and Research (Important section of the "intellectual-moral block", professional technical and artistic elites)............................................ ................................................. ...... 115

Behavioral interpretation of the concept of "leadership" from the point of view of American and other researchers 116

Solving urgent social problems and interpersonal relations between the leader and subordinates 117

The specifics of social services .............................................................. .............. 117

Various probabilistic models of the relationship between leaders and employees of the agency 119

The theory of gender roles in the management of social agencies and other philanthropic institutions ................................................. ............................... 119

Participation in the management of employees of various professional orientations 120

Participation of employees in the management of the social charity system 121

Functions of the head and management of entire groups .............................. 122

Group evolution .................................................................. ......................................... 124

Conflict situations............................................................................ 126

Integration Methods for Conflict Resolution .................................. 130

11. Territorial aspect of social work and problems of intellectualization of leisure 132

Settlements and Territorial Centers............................................... 137

Settlements and social actions that meet the needs of the community 140

12. Some trends in lawmaking and social work .............................. 144

Using previous experience in human rights advocacy................................................... 149

13. Social work with the family............................................... ......................... 150

How domestic and foreign scientists answer the question: “What is a family” 151

Historical context (history of the issue related to social work in the family) 153

General Themes of Family Therapy .................................................................. ........... 156

The practice of social work with the family .............................................. 159

Family Therapy and current position................................... 164

Pension Systems for Developed Countries....................................................... 166

Family policy in a united Germany (liberal legal state of the Western European type) 167

Social work with the family in the Russian state.................................. 168

14. The health care system (health care in the US).................................................. 175

Fundamentals of legislation .................................................................. ................. 176

Fixed reimbursement rates............................................................... 180

The main trends and problems in the health care system in the United States in the 80s and 90s of the XX century 181

Health care in the USA, national minorities and medical care 183

Social work and problems of computerization of the healthcare system in the USA and other highly developed countries ................................................. ................................. 185

The social worker and his activities in the health care system 185

Social worker and problems of health protection and healthy lifestyle at the local level 186

Social worker and client in the healthcare system .......... 186

15. Social work with immigrants .............................................. .............. 188

Modern legislation. Quantitative restrictions and benefits 190

The role of social work in the field of immigration .................................................. 190

Mutual Aid Groups .................................................................. .................... 191

Character traits groups ................................................. .............. 192

Mutual Aid Groups and Refugees .............................................................. ... 192

Functions of self-help groups .............................................................. ............. 194

Professionals and self-help groups............................................................... 194

Social Work and Refugees .......................................................... ............ 195

Medical care and refugees .............................................................. ......... 196

General assistance or social work among the population .............................. 196

Social services .................................................................. ............................. 196

Grant Equalization and Volunteer Services............................................... 197

Types of refugee support services ............................................................. ...... 197

Refugee Health Program .............................................................. ..... 197

Volunteer Agencies and Number of Settled Refugees (Selected for 1984, taking into account the intensive influx of immigrants)............................................................... ................................................. ........... 198

Volunteer agencies and their various operational activities 199

Foreign researchers and Mutual Aid Associations organized by refugees 199

Problems of social work with refugees............................................... 199

Social and cultural adaptation of refugees............................................... 200

Problems of professionalization .................................................................. .......... 200

Working with immigrants. An important section of social activity (Historical aspect) 200

16. Children and social work............................................... ............................... 202

The definition of a child social status from a legal point of view 203

The financial situation of children. Problems of health, education 203

Children with special needs .............................................................. ........... 204

Children, Social Work and Welfare Services....................... 207

Child welfare is a bulwark of social work in democratically oriented countries 209

Living Wage Program and Social Security 210

Trends and problems in the field of social services for children....... 211

Social services and problems of commercialization and privatization 212

17. Social work and support for the elderly, elderly, disabled 213

The Administration for the Aged and the General Management of This Work 215

Volunteer structures .................................................................. .............. 215

Services of professionals for the elderly in the community ........ 216

Organizational aspect .............................................................. ................... 216

Theoretical views and trends in the field of social work with the elderly 217

Specialization, methodology, special approach to the elderly....................... 218

Trends and perspectives in social work with the elderly 218

Long-Term Care System............................................................... 219

Department of Human Services associated with long-term care and related programs .................................................................................. ................................................. ................................. 219

District municipal institutions............................................... 219

Home Care (Some Models) .......................................... .220

Psycho-Neurological Service Programs.................................................. 222

Financing issues for the elderly .............................................. 222

Long-term care for the disabled and the role of social workers in this matter 224

Social Work in Homes for the Disabled .......................................... 224

Long-term care at home............................................... 225

18. Social security systems in various countries .............................. 226

Social work and humanitarian services. The system of cultural institutions 226

General and personal social services throughout the industrialized world 226

The health care system of economically developed countries .............. 227

The health care system of the countries of the "third world" .............................. 230

Social work and psychotherapeutic services............................................... 231

Two directions based on the principles of general and selective approach in the field of social security 232

Alignment of income security programs in a number of Western countries 232

19. History of social work abroad. (Concrete materials on a number of states of different political orientation) 234

Conclusion................................................. ................................................. ..... 245

Literature................................................. ................................................. ...... 246

A.Z. Sverdlov

Lecture course

for social work

Part II

(Foreign experience)

Cover by S.A.Vladimirova

Original layout by M.E. Lisovskaya

Foreign experience of social work is diverse and many-sided. Almost all countries have social workers – some of them have received training at various levels in specialized educational institutions and therefore consider themselves professionals; others, without professional training, are engaged in social work on a voluntary basis or are employed in social institutions in auxiliary positions. At the heart of any social activity are the constituent elements that include the following four conceptual areas: ? The purpose and goals of the profession; ? Value system, ethics and philosophy of practical direction; ? The basis of knowledge of practical direction; ? Methods and means used in the work. When people write about social work abroad, they usually mean Western European countries, the USA and Canada. However, in certain forms, different or similar methods, with different returns and efficiency, social work is carried out in all countries. Russia is no exception. And although many foreign and Russian researchers note that social work in our country allegedly began only in the 90s of the XX century, this is absolutely wrong. First of all, it is necessary to keep in mind two aspects in social work, in the social protection of various strata and groups of the population. As a type of activity aimed at providing support and protection to people in difficult situations, social work has appeared since the emergence and development of human society. Of course, it had a different character in different periods, was carried out by different methods and in different forms, did not concern all segments of the population, and was assessed differently by society and its various institutions. As you know, helping the poor, the crippled, charity has always taken place. And of course, in Russia, in Russia, as evidenced by historical documents. However, only with late XIX- early 20th century social work is formed as a kind of professional activity. The official recognition of social work as a profession, specialty, the introduction of the position of a social worker in official state documents was carried out in different countries at different times. In the analysis of foreign experience of working with older people, two opposite trends are clearly traced: its overestimation or unwillingness to use it. In the first case, it is believed that all social problems have been solved in the West and it is only necessary to use the developed models of social work with this category of the population. In the second case, it is argued that Russia has its own way, difficulties, problems, traditions and specifics, that it is not worth studying and using foreign experience. For example, in the United States, there are ten tasks, the implementation of which ensures the social protection of the elderly: 1. Adequate income. 2. Good (if possible) mental and physical health. 3. Suitable housing. 4. Increasing assistance to those who need state (public) support. 5. Employability. 6. Life in retirement in health, honor and dignity. 7. Engaging in meaningful activities. 8. Providing effective community services. 9. Conducting research to support and improve health and, ultimately, a happy life. 10. Freedom, independence and individual initiatives in planning and managing one's personal life. At the federal level, dozens are being implemented, and at the state level, hundreds of social programs that solve social and gerontological problems. A law on family and medical leave has been passed, according to which working family members have certain work benefits if they need to care for elderly family members. A distinctive feature of the late 20th century in social work with the elderly in America is the intensive development of the "third sector". These are public organizations and associations that work with the elderly, or organize activities aimed at improving this work. Involving the elderly themselves in active work, uniting the public and social workers in solving social and gerontological problems is a strategic task of democratizing social work and developing the volunteer movement. Public organizations serve as a kind of experimental platform where models of various programs with the elderly are being worked out, which then, having proved their effectiveness, can become programs and projects of the state or the country as a whole. A study of US volunteer organizations involved in social work with the elderly made it possible to distinguish 5 groups among them. I group. Public organizations uniting various categories of the elderly Group II. Public organizations dealing with general problems of the elderly. III group. Public organizations dealing with special problems of the elderly. IV group. A public organization that brings together professionals working with the elderly. Group V. Public organizations involved in training personnel for social work with the elderly. In the United States, a developed legislative framework for social work with the elderly has been created both at the federal and state levels, and each state, due to the decentralization of social policy and funding, has the opportunity to exercise significant independence in lawmaking and the development of various programs. A large role in their implementation is given to the third sector, public organizations. Many of these programs have a pronounced pedagogical orientation and are solved by purely pedagogical methods. The forms and models for implementing these programs are diverse, but most of them are based on an intergenerational approach. Both in the West and in modern Russia (at least it strives for this) there are market mechanisms for managing the economy, the consequences of which for social life, social protection of the population are negative. However, in particular in the United States, they have learned, including by means of social work, to eliminate or reduce the negative results of these consequences. Therefore, specialists in the Russian social sphere need to know how socio-economic problems are solved in the West, what are the principles, mechanisms for their solution, how market relations themselves are used to solve social problems. It is known that in the West business is widely used in the social sphere, based on the platform of strict economic calculation in choosing the forms and methods of social work and determining its effectiveness. Only that which promises socio-economic benefits in the present or future is financed and supported. Social means the reduction of crime, unemployment, drug addiction, etc.; The historical roots of social work lie in the charitable activities of the church, in charity itself. However, at the beginning of the 20th century, the paths of development of social work in Russia and in the West diverged. In Soviet Russia, it became party-ideologized and super-centralized. Therefore, it is especially interesting to take into account the experience of Western professional social work in the 20th century, when it developed intensively and fruitfully and proved its effectiveness. In the Nordic countries, the bulk of social workers are employed by social welfare organizations run by local authorities. This also applies to some other European countries such as the UK. In addition to this, social workers are employed by other government agencies: healthcare organizations, most often general and specialized hospitals, as well as open public medical institutions (like polyclinics in Russia), comprehensive schools and other educational organizations, prisons and correctional institutions. In the field of medical services, the traditional places of social work are psychiatric hospitals. As far as open public mental health services are concerned, practice varies. In the UK, social workers have a very strong position in mental health clinics, while in Finland some mental health clinics have stopped hiring social workers and prefer psychiatric nurses instead. In the countries of Central Europe, the approach is quite common when social workers work in public organizations or organizations for the provision of social services at churches. Voluntary organizations employ social workers in the Nordic countries as well. Previously, there was a practice when social workers were hired by enterprises. This was common in the days when businesses provided social services to their employees. This practice can still be observed in individual enterprises. I know there are similar examples in Spain and the Netherlands. Private practice social workers are not as common in Europe as they are in the US. A significant number of social workers in private practice have emerged over the past few years. Private practice in the field of social work comes close to therapeutic practice. A prerequisite for such practice is that the social worker has received special training in the practiced field of therapy and has a license to conduct private practice. With regard to the structure of the organization of social security at the level of local authorities, there are two models of organization: ? organization around existing problems (or sectors) ? territorial organization. Organization around existing problems (or sectors) means that social work is organized in accordance with the problems that clients have: there are social workers for social work with children, social workers for targeted social assistance, social workers dealing with problems of alcoholism, the disabled, the elderly etc. This kind of specialization is usually only possible in cities where local authorities can employ several different social workers. In rural areas, social work has always had more general character , i.e. the same social worker deals with several types of issues. In some municipalities, while organizing work around existing problems, different levels of social workers have their own administrative departments. For example, social workers providing home care may have their own department, or childcare facilities that typically hire social educators may create their own administrative area. During the 1970s, many European countries began the process of reorganizing social security functions and even the entire system of municipal government towards a system organized along territorial lines. This means that a group of specialists from different areas of social work begins to work together to serve the population of a certain area. Particularly careful work on planning the organization of social services based on the territorial principle has been carried out in the UK. Many other countries followed suit. It was calculated that the optimal area is where 2000 inhabitants live. This allows social workers to get to know the people living in their territory and, in turn, people living in this territory get the opportunity to get to know and get to know the social workers serving them. In addition, this model allows you to strengthen preventive work, as it becomes possible to track problems at an early stage. Very often, medical services are also organized on a territorial basis. All this was one of the results of the World Health Organization's strategy, which emphasized community-based, intersectoral and healthy living approaches. In most countries, both employers and employees pay social security contributions. However, in countries such as Austria, Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands and France, the employees themselves pay the most part, in Italy, on the contrary, entrepreneurs, in Finland and Sweden, only employers pay contributions, and in Denmark, social protection is financed from the state budget. In the United States, there is virtually no system of mandatory contributions from employers and, as already mentioned, the main attention is paid to collective agreements. Based on ILO data, we can say that at the end of the 80s, the following were directed to social needs: in Sweden, 31% of the gross national product (GNP); in Belgium, Germany, Denmark, the Netherlands, France 20%; in the USA 10%; lower rates are observed in the countries of the so-called third world, as well as in Portugal and Japan. Payouts also differ. Britain, the Netherlands and some other countries in Northern Europe use the principle of equality of social benefits. In Belgium, Germany, France, the amount of payments is determined by contributions to insurance funds, while in the USA and Canada, payments are generally directed only to the poorest and are calculated based on their degree of need. In Western countries, two main principal systems of unemployment insurance can be distinguished: 1. state insurance, which is in the hands of various state bodies. This is the situation in most countries; 2. Trade unions are in charge of insurance, in which special unemployment insurance funds are created. This system is distributed mainly in the countries of northern Europe and some others, in particular, in Italy, in its agricultural sector. In the first case, control functions are assigned to the ministries of labour, employment, social affairs and their subdivisions in the field. So, for example, in Britain, control is carried out by the bodies of the Ministry of Social Protection, in Japan - by the system of the Ministry of Labor, in Germany - by sickness funds, which, in particular, are engaged in similar work for all types of insurance. The same practice was widespread in Belarus at the beginning of the 20th century. In the United States and Canada, tax authorities collect funds for insurance funds. In most countries, financial resources for the implementation of employment programs are formed from the payroll tax, but at the same time in Japan they are subsidized by a quarter from the state budget, in Italy and the United States contributions come mainly from employers, and in other European countries they are subject to taxation. both workers and employers. “Contributions of workers from total amount insurance premiums are: in Germany - 50%, in Canada - 42%, in Japan - 37.5%, in France - 36%, in the USA - less than 4% and in Italy - 0%. When unemployment benefits expire, a person is entitled to receive a special “social benefit” from public funds, which is very small: just above the income officially defined as the poverty line. The duration of receipt of social benefits, as a rule, is not limited. In the history of domestic social work, the most remarkable thing is that the revival of the professions "social work" and "social pedagogy" is by no means going out of nowhere. The formation and development of the latter was prepared by the long-term pre-revolutionary historical tradition of broad social activities in the field of assistance; as well as the experience of educational, mass cultural and educational work among the population in Soviet period . This, apparently, is the first feature of the formation of the domestic model of social work. The second feature is determined by the fact that, on the one hand, we have a largely unique historical experience in the field of social assistance, and on the other hand, this once powerful tradition of social assistance in pre-revolutionary Russia was irretrievably lost in the course of well-known events. As a result, a rather sad situation has developed: in the field of social assistance, we have an unprecedented historical experience, which is practically impossible to put into practice without a radical revision, adaptation to the conditions of modern reality. In other words, those unique developments that have been preserved in archival sources and have come down to us may well be reconstructed, but only formally - the historical context of their formation and development varies too much - and therefore the effectiveness of any blind copying in modern conditions is unlikely to be so just as effective as ever. That is why, unlike countries with a well-established historical tradition of social work, Russia is forced to create a modern national system of social work almost anew, although not from scratch. The third feature is organically connected with the second; since the burden of unresolved problems in the social sphere initially puts specialists in the field of social work before an intractable problem: they are forced to simultaneously establish an effective system of social protection, while simultaneously developing a scientific concept that is adequate to the requirements of the moment. In fact, the formation of social work as a professional field of activity goes simultaneously with the scientific and practical development of the main methodological, conceptual provisions that determine the essence of such complex phenomena as social work - social pedagogy. And, finally, the fourth feature is rooted in the close unity of such social concepts, processes and phenomena as “social work” and “social pedagogy”. Historically, social work in Russia is not only an activity to provide direct social assistance to those in need, but also work to create favorable conditions for the development and formation of a person in a social, psychological, economic, and legal context. Social work/pedagogy in Russia, being, without a doubt, independent areas of theory and practice, have many points of contact, and, as historical experience has shown, the sometimes practiced opposition of social work and social pedagogy does more harm than good.

Essence, principles and basic concepts of technology of social work.

Techno (Greek) mastery of the art of work Technology is a set of knowledge systems of methods, means of processing and converting materials. 1977 Nikola Stefano - Bulgarian scientist "social sciences and social technologies" Techn: Social technology is a way of managing, regulating, planning social processes Phil: social technologies - the final product of social projects necessary to ensure the processes of reproduction and improvement of activities Social technologies: a set of techniques, methods and influences are applied to achieve the set goals. Social technology is a social category that provides and characterizes a way to purposefully solve a social problem in the form of a defined set of procedures and operations and as a means of practical achievement of the goals. Social technologies - a system of knowledge about the optimal ways of transforming and regulating social relations in people's lives, as well as the practice of algorithmic application, the optimal methods of transformation and regulation of social relations and processes. Social work technology is one of the branches of social work focused on help, support, sow services for citizens who are in a difficult life situation. Social service is the provision of services by the state to people who find themselves in a difficult life situation. The place of social work in the system of social technologies 1. a specialized area of ​​knowledge about the methods and procedures for optimizing human life 2. a method of carrying out activities based on its rational division into procedures, operations, followed by their coordination and selection of optimal means, methods for their implementation 3. method of management social processes that provide a system of reproduction in certain parameters: quality, volume, integrity of activity 2. having developed creative thinking, the ability to analyze and evaluate conflict situations, correctly determine the ways and means of optimal solutions to social problems. 3. shaping the skills and abilities of specialists in organizational activities, methods of managerial influence, etc.

Types, forms and methods of social work technology

Types: Various types or types of social technologies are distinguished in the scientific literature. So, according to the degree of novelty, fundamentally new (innovative) and traditional (technologies of past experience) are distinguished. Various types of social technologies can also be distinguished depending on the nature of the object of technological impact. When it is determined by managerial and organizational aspects, then technologies for searching for a management strategy, personal management, social forecasting, etc. are singled out. In terms of scale, a number of researchers single out global and territorial social technologies. The first are connected with the solution of universal problems, with the trends of world development, with the social problems of the impact of nature and society on man. Regional social technologies have certain territorial limitations and reflect the dynamics of the processes of regional social life. It seems to us that it is advisable to search for a more optimal typology not in the direction of highlighting particular criteria, but along the path of strengthening the universality of the classification itself. In this regard, understanding social as social, it is legitimate to single out the following main types of social technologies: legal support for the functioning of society; political technologies of administrative-imperious regulation; economic functioning of society, property development; information support for the media, computer networks; spiritual and cultural development; ensuring the social functioning of society.

Forms of social work technology. The system of general technologies includes diagnostics, prevention, adaptation, rehabilitation, correction, social therapy, social expertise, forecasting, design, mediation, counseling, social security, social insurance, guardianship and guardianship.

The technology of social work as a type of professional activity is a set of methods of action aimed at restoring, maintaining or improving the social functioning of an object, as well as preventing negative social processes, with the possible repetition (replication) of this system of actions.

Methods of influence: - administrative - administrative - socio-economic - socio-pedagogical - socio-psychological - legal

Method - from Greek - a way to achieve a goal, solving a specific problem, acts as a set of approaches, techniques, operations of practical or theoretical development of reality. The method in social work performs a dual role, acting: 1. as a way of learning and applying knowledge developed in the sciences , having studied various aspects of human life and his social practice 2. as a certain specific action that contributes to a qualitative change in an existing object (subject)

I. organizational and administrative methods in social work The management system assumes - management - goals, means of influence, methods of function, principles Management structure - personnel, management techniques, organizational and legal side Management process - management bodies, the material part of management bodies , the achievement of science in management, the renewal of personnel, the improvement of the management system. Like any other activity, social management includes numerous means, forms and methods for achieving the set goal, which make up its toolkit. In management, 3 large groups can be distinguished: regulatory, administrative and disciplinary methods. 1. Regulatory methods are a strict type of influence. With their help, this or that system of organizations is created, determines the tasks, rights and responsibilities of management structures, certain rules are established, specific instructions for action, the framework for the behavior of managers and subordinates. This group includes: regulation, orientation, organizational methods, instruction, etc. Regulation is the development and application of regulations, job descriptions and other documents regulating the activities of team members. 2. Administrative (administrative) methods are used to correct the system and quickly clarify management tasks, to improve the organization and are aimed at solving specific problems. There are 2 forms of using these methods - written and documentary and oral. Impacts as directives are decrees, decrees in written documentary form, and orders, orders and instructions in both. The administrative impact of the methods is aimed primarily at eliminating the difficulties that arise, shortcomings in professional activities. They predetermine the scope of the proposed work, the distribution of responsibilities for its implementation, as well as the timing of execution and involve systematic monitoring and verification of performance. 3. Disciplinary methods. In social work, when one has to solve numerous problems, the real impact on people is unthinkable without the appropriate order and rules of discipline.

II. Psychological methods in social work. The main task that psychology sets itself is to help a person, make life more meaningful, meaningful, develop vitality, provide assistance and support to those in need, not only formally - organizationally, but also personally - consciously, proactively. For this, various scientific methods and their variants are used in psychology - observations, external, internal, free, standardized, included. - survey, oral, written, free, standardized - test, test - questionnaire, test - task, projective test - modeling - mathematical, logical, technical, cybernetic - experiment - natural, laboratory These methods and their variants are designed to collect and process primary information in order to identify facts and obtain by interpreting conclusions. Psychological approaches to the technology of social work - depth psychology (psychodynamic theory), psychoanalysis (Z. Freud), individual (Adler), analytical psychology (Bern) and other psychological defense. - behavioral (psychology of behavior) essence is to use the influence of the environment on human behavior. - cognitive psychology is the direction of interests, how the human consciousness is arranged, its system of knowledge, which are, as it were, an analogue of a computer. The main dominant, revealing the essence of cognitive psychology, is a jav scheme. - a humanistic direction, the basis is that the life and fate, the actions of a person depend on his internal state, and not the environment.

III. Pedagogical methods in social work. 1. The method of education is the ways of influencing the consciousness, will, and behavior of people in order to develop the given qualities in them. 2. The method of persuasion means to explain, using emotional and verbal influence, sometimes relying on internal ones or adding to exhortation, that is, combining a request with clarification and suggestion. 3. Method of motivation. The main thing here is to direct a person to activities in accordance with his interests and needs. 4. The method of encouragement is the stimulation of human activity, the encouragement reflects a positive assessment of the activity of the individual 5. The method of censure is a reaction to undesirable activity and behavior.

IV. Legal or legal methods They must be considered in the context of the legal foundations of management, since the content and boundaries of the application of administrative and economic methods are regulated by regulations that legally fix the concept of rights and obligations of the subjects of management, the ability to maneuver resources.

The leading place in the practice of social work is occupied by administrative and economic methods. The division of these methods is to a certain extent conditional, since a clear isolation of each of them is not always possible: they interact with each other and have many common features. At the same time, they are characterized by differences in the methods and motivational mechanism of influencing the objects of management.

Social problems: essence, sources and causes

1. Social problems - a manifestation of a break in social relations or the destruction of social norms of functioning as a result of exacerbation of existing contradictions that change human values, norms of behavior and lead to social deviations and reactions; this is a violation of a certain harmony subject-object, subject-subject Problems are objective, that is, related to the outside world; subjective, that is, related to the inner world. Social problems are complex cognitive tasks, the solution of which is of significant theoretical and practical interest. Global problems: 1. Arising in the system of relations "human-nature" (ecology, resources) 2. Arising in the system of relations culture) 3. intersocial (between communities, ethnic groups) Methodology for the manifestation of problems: 1. Genesis of occurrence and determination of problems (how, why the problem arose) 2. formation, constitution of the problem (how and in what forms the problem is expressed) 3. diagnosis and forecasting of the problem 4. typology of problems (type and types) 5. modifications and metamorphoses of problems (how they manifest themselves) 6. regulation of the resolution and repayment of problems Types of social problems and reasons for their classification trace problems: - between individuals (personal) - between social groups (group) - between classes and (class) - between social systems By the nature of relations: - political - economic - national - labor - confessional - family, etc. By the ability of the economic system through its institutions to identify and resolve problems: - institutionalized (judicial, legislative) - non-institutional By the time of existence of the problem: - long-term - short-term By the method of resolution: - peaceful - violent Factors and sources of problems. 1. Information 2. Structural factors associated with institutions by formal or informal relations 3. Value 4. Behavioral 5. Relationship factors 3. Racial hatred, religious hatred, envy

Technology for solving personal problems. Problems can be really solvable, potentially solvable, unsolvable. When solving any life problem, it is necessary to take into account the criteria for its solvability: 1. Information path, that is, the availability of the necessary information 2. Deterministic, that is, the formulation of reasons blocking the solution of the problem 3. Resource 4. Instrumental 5. Motivational 6. Economic Tasks and conditions for solving problems jav: - correctly formulated problems allow you to act in the necessary direction - ensuring the choice of optimal tools for social impact and the effectiveness of social work - solving internal and external contradictions Social contradictions are the interactions of parties or trends passing through several stages in their development. Contradictions go through several stages in their development. - the stage of existing differences - is characterized by the development of non-existent differences into existing ones - the stage of opposites - is characterized by the polarization of pantogonism in relation. The development of differences into mutually negated opposites - the conflict stage - develops into open confrontation Recommendations for working with clients experiencing problem situations: 1. problem states pass over time 2. listen carefully to the client 3. include others in the process of providing assistance 4. allow the client to express his feelings 5 Express hope and optimism in working with clients 6. Divide the situation into components 7. Provide the client with reliable information 8. Explain to the client the sequence of his actions 9. Encourage the client to refer to the experience of solving past problems 10. Consider using the method of behavioral contact.

Essence and content of social adaptation technology

Technology of social adaptation. Social adaptation - adaptive processes in the social worker and the method of their regulation Adaptation - adaptation, the term was first used in medicine in 1860 In a broad sense, adaptation is the interaction of a person with institutions (their subordination to a person) In a narrow sense: a person's adaptation to something (to politics, economics, ecology) The process of adaptation has two sides: 1. objective - does not depend on the will and consciousness of a person; a person in the course of his life acquires various social properties 2. subjective - the acquisition of social properties depending on his social status, psychological and physical health. The process of social adaptation is the process of mastering relatively stable conditions of the social environment, solving recurring typical problems by using the accepted method of social explanations and actions. Influences the process of adaptation (mechanism of social adaptation) 1. FROM THE OBJECT (client) - social position and activity - health (psychological and physical) - skills and work skills - desire and opportunities - communication skills If the object does not have these qualities, then he withdraws into himself . Loses status, becomes marginal 2. FROM THE SUBJECT (what works for the client) - social institutions (family, labor, student groups) - moral and psychological climate of society - ecology - social economy position in society - STRATIFICATION OF SOCIETY - military conflicts - unemployment, homelessness - migration of the population 3. FOR CHILDREN - lack of quality education (fee) - lack of quality healthcare - lack of quality leisure activities, sports Adaptation manifests itself:

SOCIAL ACTIVITY is the leading specific mechanism in the organization of human adaptation in the unity of its constituent parties: - communication - teaching - work - games All this allows for full inclusion in the social environment. The mechanism of adaptation in social activities includes: 1. the needs of the individual (the awareness of the needs that are the motives for making decisions and encourage action and social adaptation). Depending on the results achieved, the mechanism may be repeated, but at a different qualitative level Problems of the social worker: in case of failure, find a weak, insufficiently effective side of the mechanism, make a correction. Example: - introduce a person into a new team - for emigrants: introduce them into the life, traditions, customs of the area.

Social communication is a mechanism of social adaptation, aimed at expanding the range of assimilation of social activities, in contact with other individuals or social groups. Adaptation is influenced by gender, age, social status of the individual, etc. This is not only a type of activity and a need, but also the interaction of a social worker with a client, which needs to be expanded in the system of social practice. The most important mechanism in social practice is the self-awareness of the individual - the mechanism of adaptation of the individual himself. At the same time, the formulation and comprehension of one's social affiliation and decision-making. Self-consciousness of the individual should be understood as a single process of communication and self-consciousness, the social activity of the individual.

Formation and development of the theory of social work abroad Plan. Scientific stage of formation of social work. Thus, the customs and traditions of the ancient Greeks, religious beliefs, ideological constructions of the great ancient Greek philosophers created that theoretical basis on which and in connection with which the practice of philanthropy of social assistance to those in need developed. gives its meaning to the phenomenon of social assistance to those in need.

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Lecture 6. Formation and development of the theory of social work

abroad

Plan

1. Formation of the most ancient ideas about the process of assistance.

VI - XVIII centuries)

4. ХI Х century).

5. The scientific stage of the formation of social work

1. Formation of the most ancient ideas about the process of assistance.The concept of help and mutual assistance originates at the stage of tribal society, when the mechanisms of reciprocation (gift exchange) and redistribution (distribution of surplus products) are laid.

The separation of the process of assistance from many spheres of the life of society occurs for the first time in Ancient Greece. The concept of "philanthropy" is born (from Greek - love for people).

Understanding the process of supporting the needy is reflected in the works of famous thinkers and philosophers of antiquity. Here, first of all, Plato and Aristotle should be noted. So, Plato in his works "Laws" and "State", Aristotle in his work "Politics" consider charity in the context of public benefit, and not a separate private ministry. Plato noted that one should not take care of the poor who find themselves in a difficult situation, since poverty, in his opinion, does not consist in a decrease in property, but in an increase in insatiability. An illness may be an exception. To establish the ideal social order, Plato recommended turning to education. He believed that education could change society.

The concepts of friendliness, beneficence or philanthropy in ancient Greece are considered not only at the level of macroprocesses. The phenomenology of the process is also comprehended at the interpersonal level through such important ethical categories as justice, compassion, honor, friendship.

Aristotle was more restrained than Plato in assessing the possibilities of education. He assigned an important role to legislative coercion. Considering the motivation of an act from the standpoint of benefit, Aristotle pointed out that the activity of the state in distributing food and money to the needy only corrupts the people, and the desire to be merciful turns into evil for the demos (people). Ancient wisdom speaks about this: “Everything that is given free of charge can corrupt.” Aristotle argued that philanthropy is a natural property of man. Democritus (460-370 BC) argued that helping poor citizens should be not only a political task, but also a manifestation of mercy and compassion.

Thus, the customs and traditions of the ancient Greeks, religious beliefs, ideological constructions of the great ancient Greek philosophers created the theoretical basis on which (and in conjunction with which) the practice of philanthropy, social assistance to those in need, developed.

Ancient Roman philosophers (Juvenal, Seneca, Ciciro, etc.) also addressed the problem of helping those in need. They substantiated the need for charitable activity, its importance and significance for maintaining stability in the state and society. Juvenal - claimed that a person was born for compassion, Seneca - advocated a merciful attitude towards a slave (he wrote a letter to Emperor Nero "On Mercy"), Ciciro - considered mercy a distinctive feature of a person. He saw the meaning of serving the state in the "enrichment" of the poor and in the ransom of compatriots from captivity.

It should be noted that in the ideology of ancient philanthropy, not only an altruistic beginning can be traced, but also the first attempts to comprehend the negative consequences that disinterested help and support can bring.

2. Formulation of Christian ideas about help. The concept of philanthropy (love for people) is being replaced by the concept of “agape” (love of neighbor), which is based on the motives of participation in the fate of a person, in his needs and problems.

The ideology of the first Christian communities that arose in Palestine in the first half I in. gives its meaning to the phenomenon of social assistance to those in need. According to Christian ideology, not the requirement of laws and secular traditions, not the rational, but the spiritual principle should underlie charity. The first true and natural "philanthropist", according to Christian tradition, was Jesus Christ, who was sought after by the poor, the hungry, vagabonds, lepers, prostitutes, etc.

The early Christians gave the word "mercy" the meaning of forgiveness and active love. Love your neighbor as yourself is a fundamental principle of Christianity. Each Christian community was a trustee body. The people appointed by her visited the needy, the sick, all who needed help at home.

The church, supported by the state, becomes the main carrier of charity and charity in the period of the early (V-X I centuries) and classical (X I - X V centuries) of the Middle Ages.

Rethinking the processes of both interpersonal and group interaction, issues of help and support for those in need are reflected in the writings and commandments of the Apostles and Fathers of the Church. Intra-group assistance and mutual assistance transferred to society are regulated, canonized, and become an obligatory law of the life of a true Christian.

Thus, the apostle Paul defined charity as the norm of Christian life and singled out the truly needy and petitioners who do not want to work.

In the early stages of Christian support, an attempt is made to prioritize the objects of assistance. They included: ministers and pastors of the church; decrepit old people, helpless children;

other needy.

The theoretical understanding of the essence of help and support for those in need, social justice, compassion was reflected in the most important Christian dogma about mercy of that period. Here we should note the works of church thinkers: Basil of Caesarea (the Great), John Chrysostom, John of Damascus, Gregory the Theologian, Ephrem the Syrian, and others.

Basil the Great interpreted the essence of mercy as caring for the oppressed beyond their fault. Mercy is associated with "sickness", with compassion for one's neighbor, since a person cannot comprehend the destiny from above, and even more so his state, which is constantly changing or can change at the will of Providence. First of all, according to Basil the Great, those who need help and support are those who have fallen into extreme poverty from great wealth, who have gone from good bodily health to extreme exhaustion, who are stricken with illnesses. The concept of social equality is interpreted by him in the context of a separate fate and its changes.

Gregory the Theologian, concretizing the ideas of his school, gives them the character of practical instruction and service: "Be God for the unfortunate."He distinguishes between a "higher good" and a "lesser good". Gregory the Theologian lists the laws of the Prophets, Teachers, Shepherds, "various gifts of the Holy Spirit and the sacrament of the new salvation" among the highest blessings that benefit the soul. To lesser good deeds - help in food, clothing, medicines.

Chrysostom noted that almsgiving is the mother of love, which distinguishes Christianity. Mercy is a natural quality and property. In mercy, he sees the natural substance, but this does not mean that its presence freely reveals the Divine principle in a person. Only the teaching of mercy opens before a person the possibility of ascending to his essence and further - to the “sign of the Divine”. John Chrysostom believes that there should be no boundaries in an act of mercy: everyone who is in a difficult situation should be helped, even a pagan. The problem of social justice is considered by Chrysostom in the context of the ideas of salvation and the opposition of the real and unreal world, where the subjects of opposition are the rich and the poor, the haves and the have-nots, the healthy and the poor. Social unity and harmony are possible among these groups only if the “principle of usefulness”, the complementarity of existence, is observed. The principle of social utility of the existence of haves and have-nots is understood by John Chrysostom as an establishment of Divine wisdom, according to which representatives of various property groups should live according to the Divine plan, carrying out spiritual improvement in conditions of social inequality, constituted from above.

Chrysostom identifies two types of help: spiritual graces and bodily graces. To bodily favors, he refers to the food of the needy, helping those who lack clothes, visiting the sick, providing shelter to wanderers, and burying the dead in squalor. Spiritual graces - turn the sinner away from sinful deeds,to teach truth and goodness to those in need, to give good advice to one's neighbor.

In the second half VII centuries There is a division of the Christian Church into Western and Eastern. As a result, new approaches to the Christian ideology of supporting those in need are being laid. Their peculiarity: in fact, everyone should not be engaged in charity work, but only people invested with dignity. Laity can help those in need with their donations (a member of the community can give alms, and the bishop distributes it). With XII in. there is a conviction that the Pope is the owner of all church property.

The Church officially extolled poverty. Poverty and wealth were recognized by God. The poor, the beggar was seen as the savior of the rich. According to Christian authors VIII-I 10th century The Church must guide the hand of kings and protect all the weak and oppressed. Protection of the needy is interpreted as legal, financial and moral. Consequently, the philosophy of aid begins to be built not only from the position of charity, but also from the regulatory requirements of the state. Gradually, the Church comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to legalize the process of social assistance. So, in 1100, the Roman Church publishes a collection of canonical laws on the theory and practice of charity - Decretum.

The practice of social assistance was clearly manifested in the idea of ​​"natural law" in the writings of the famous theologian Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274). Christian theologians laid the foundation for three important ideas in the field of helping children: the idea of ​​foster homes for abandoned children, educational shelters for the sick and crippled; the idea of ​​universal education and training; idea of ​​individualized education.

Further development of the theory and practice of charity takes place under the leadership of the Roman Catholic Church, up to the Reformation.

3. Understanding the process of helping those in need during the period of the establishment of capitalist relations (X VI - XVIII centuries). On the understanding of the process of assistance was influenced by the socio-cultural, economic transformations that Europe experienced during this period, and above all the Renaissance, as well as the Reformation (associated with the split of the Catholic Church), the beginning of which was the performance in 1517 in Germany by M. Luther from 95- with theses against indulgences.

Protestantism transformed the content of the concepts of "mercy" and "charitable activity", arguing that a person is saved by faith in God, and not by showing mercy to the poor and needy.

Martin Luther severely criticized the established forms and principles of charity; criticized the church for wastefulness, the unsystematic nature of assistance. He did not deny alms as a form of support, when the needy dies of hunger, freezes from the cold, hides from crime. However, he saw in the uncontrolled distribution of alms the main factor in stimulating professional begging.

The Reformation deprived poverty of the mystical halo of righteousness. J. Calvin (1509-1564) argued that even before the creation of the world, every person is predestined by God either to salvation in paradise or to hell. Poverty is a sign of God's punishment. The poor man is doomed to incur only the displeasure of the Lord, for his life is marked by the curse of the Most High, and therefore the poor should be instructed in patience so that they can throw off the burden placed on them by God. The very desire to be poor is as sinful as the desire to be sick. Love for one's neighbor is, first of all, service to God. J. Calvin, distinguished by extreme religious intolerance, forbade begging and persecuted the poor.

Protestant leaders not only sharply opposed the Catholic idealization of begging as an object of "good deeds", but also against the monks and monasteries who patronized the poor. Many of them suggested turning the monasteries into hospitals, confiscating the property of the monasteries and directing it to the needs of the sick, the poor, to the creation of institutions for public charity.

Since the Reformation, two main approaches to the regulation of professional beggary begin to take shape: the localization of this phenomenon with the help of laws;the imposition of appropriate taxes and fees on civil society. Taxation as a system that regulates the relations of some segments of the population with others, rich with the poor, is becoming a significant element of social socio-economic ties.Objectively, the Reformation was a progressive step in the history of the development of the theory and practice of social assistance. Protestantism shifted the center of gravity from the external forms of the manifestation of mercy to the internal content. The main thing was not to give alms to the needy, but to save his soul, renew him morally, mobilize his inner vitals.

strength to overcome difficult life situations.

At the end of the XVII in. in Western European philosophyprogressive ideas of helping those in need are born, which later formed the basis of many provisions of the modern theory of social work. Positive on development public thought in this area, the development of the theory of "natural law", which replaced the dogmas of early medieval charity, had an effect. Here, first of all, it should be noted the works of D. Locke, in which he relied on the legal ideas of Christians, namely on the idea of ​​freedom and justice, as well as the ideas of J.A. Comenius on the human right to education.

K X V W in. with the development of capitalist relations, the Church is losing its position as the main subject of social assistance, although church charity is still significant. There is a need to develop a charity system supported by

and government regulated. Civil society takes on the responsibility of helping all those in need.

The change of church support to the state occurred as a result of the following reasons : bankruptcy of the system of disinterested distribution of alms, which led to the growth of professional begging; complication of the social organization of society; transition from subsistence to cash economy.

B X V W in. the ideas of a state approach to supporting those in need are being formulated. The thesis is affirmed that if society does not take care of the needy, then it dooms itself to self-destruction. Yes, the famous French political figure Montesquieu, believed that the state should provide its citizens with food, clothing and opportunities to lead a healthy lifestyle. During the Great french revolution for the first time, the ideas of state support are formalized.

Thus, to X I 10th century there were prerequisites for state assistance and mutual assistance to merge into a single socio-cultural process, with their own traditions, principles, values ​​and forms. By this period, certain approaches had developed in understanding and interpreting such social phenomena as poverty, begging, neglect, orphanhood, etc.

4. Formation of scientific approaches to charity ( XI X century). The prerequisite for the development of scientific approaches was the active development of legislative practice in X VI - XVII centuries, when laws were drawn up aimed at eliminating the professional

begging, laws of a preventive nature, warning this phenomenon; Legislative measures against prostitution are being taken in a number of European states.

The development of social thought in the field of social assistance and support was based on theories of natural law, which replaced

ideas of medieval Christian charity. The ideological basis of which was the concept of natural human rights and the original equality of all people.

B X I 10th century poverty, injustice, begging become the basic postulates of many social teachings, and therefore various theories of social assistance.

The greatest success in the development of the theory of social assistance was achieved by representatives of liberalism, whose main postulate was the responsibility and moral duty of the state to the individual, as well as the responsibility of the state for creating normal conditions for every citizen for a normal existence.

During this period, there is a discussion about the relationship between the role of public and private charity. The main theoretical problems of the study were:

determining the role of the state in helping those in need.

The idea is being developed that the state should be active in charity (Mole, Baron, Louis Blanc). Three main tasks of the state social support system are put forward - repressive measures in relation to professional begging; preventive measures against poverty; helping those in need;

the attitude of state institutions for protection and control with

private charity;

the problem of the right of the individual to help. Actively studied

the identity of the needy. AT scientific theory there appears not only a reasonable man, but also a needy man. The view of the person is expanding.

various problems of social pathology are studied:

prostitution, drunkenness, etc. (Studies by C. Lambrose, Farrero, and others); suicide (E. Durkheim, A. Schopenhaur)

at the end of the nineteenth century. the issue of professional

training of social workers.

the problem of social dependency is analyzed.

B X I 10th century attempts are made to group the needy. So, the French scientist Ossonville, exploring the problem of pauperism, identifies three main types of social problems, when state intervention is mandatory: illness, accidents, old age. He believed that these three factors objectively affect a person's life scenario, and, therefore, they must be taken into account when developing measures aimed at overcoming and preventing beggary and poverty. As such measures, he considered targeted programs and funding implemented through local self-government bodies.

The category of poverty extends to representatives of various social strata. An indicator that allows us to attribute a person to this category is the attitude to work. Based on this, the following classes of needy were distinguished: the sick, the chronically ill, orphans, widows, and so on.

During this period, researchers also studied existing models of financing government activities to provide assistance to those in need; categories of persons who were assisted; effectiveness of repressive measures against professional begging. The main financial means of financing programs against begging, according to the English researcher Faul, were taxes, community contributions, donations, subsidies from state and departmental revenues.

Researchers were interested in such social problems as begging and pauperism. For the purpose of their comprehensive analysis and research, obtaining objective ideas about these processes, sociological methods are being used. The first to use them was the English preacher C. Booth.

Increasing attention is also being paid to the scientific study of the personality of the needy. It begins to be considered in the context of social issues, inseparably from the forms of assistance. Issued scientific direction about social assistance, which has won its niche in the social sciences.

Author practical guide on issues of social assistance, E. Münstenberg (1863-1916) identifies a number of objective socio-biological factors that can be of decisive importance for the development of a person’s life scenario and contribute to the development of a difficult life situation: gender, age, marital status, state of health. The study of various combinations of these factors can help in determining the subjects and forms of assistance. However, E. Munstenberg believed that it was necessary to support only those who were not able to help themselves. Among the forms of assistance, he singled out temporary and permanent assistance; open and closed aid (outside charities or in institutions); help in kind; financial aid*.

At the end of XIX in. the question of whether professional training is necessary for a "social assistant" was discussed. Specific requirements for a social worker as a specialist are beginning to be determined. The consequence of these discussions was the opening of the first short courses for the training of social workers in England (1896) and the USA (1898). Financial assistance to the needy is no longer considered its main type. Activities related to self-help ideas, upbringing, education, and social insurance come to the fore. Not only operational approaches to providing assistance are being formed, but also issues of long-term assistance are being developed.

Thus, in the nineteenth century theoretical constructions arise, which formed the basis of social work as a science and profession.

5. Scientific stage of formation of social work. Scientific stage the formation of social work is associated with a change in social ties and relationships. The development of the paradigm of social assistance was influenced by: the destruction of a single community associated with general principles and the norms of existence; urbanization and industrialization; an increase in social ties and an expansion of relationships in which a person has become involved.

Theoretical understanding of the processes of helping and supporting those in need is being undertaken infirst twenty years of the twentieth century.

representatives of the feminist movement: Alice Solomon (Germany), Marikei Gaheri (France), Jane Adams (USA). This period (1900-1920) is associated with the ideology of design individual work with a client. The greatest results in this area are achieved by Mary Richmond, who first described the method of individual social work with the needy. Her approach was based on medical methods, the psychoanalysis of Z. Freud, the behavioral school. Of particular relevance to practical social work was her book A Friendly Visit to the Poor: A Guide for Those Working in Charitable Organizations.

At the beginning of the twentieth century. principles of individual work are formed:

Human social adaptation is influenced by social and economic factors;

A person's response to social phenomena is determined by personal resources;

Every person, regardless of status, has a sense of dignity;

To make a correct social diagnosis, it is necessary to identify and comprehensively study the problem;

The reason for the inability of a person to adapt to environment caused by social and economic factors;

Necessary condition successfully solving a client's problem by a social worker is goodwill and friendliness.

In 1917, another work by Richmond, "Social Diagnosis", was published, in which the author describes the theoretical and methodological aspects of individual social work; process of interaction between a social worker and a client. AT

Concepts from medicine "diagnosis", "treatment" are introduced into social work. Richmond develops methods to analyze the social and psychological problems of the client; summarizes approaches to individual intervention, which should include such steps as: obtaining information; diagnosis; forecasting the development of the situation; client treatment.

The theoretical developments of M. Richmond were of great importance not only for practice, but also for the development of the theory of social work.

In subsequent years (1920-1930) in social work, such phenomena as heredity, the physiological development of the individual, and the development-underdevelopment of the intellect are actualized and interpreted. Psychology and psychiatry become the explanatory base for situations in the client's life world. So, in the theoretical understanding of the processes of assistance and support, the development of the method of individual social work, actively used psychological knowledge: developmental psychology; psychodynamic theory; social behaviorism, which made it possible to study in more detail the personality of the client in social work, his social history; made it possible to analyze the internal processes of assistance and support. The client's social history and "treatment" have become dominant in the individual method of social work, social standards in the helping process.

M. Richmond clarifies and supplements the principles of individual social work and focuses on the principles of interaction between a social worker and a client: sympathize with the client; give preference to him encourage him; together with him to build clear plans to solve the problem. Richmond laid the foundationsdiagnostic school of social work.

In the same period, other approaches to the theoretical understanding of social work are developing. Thus, V. Robinson, developing a method of individual work, proposes to focus not on the client's situation, but on the values ​​and meanings of his individual experience, basing the process of assistance on them. When interacting with a social worker and a client, she suggests paying attention to the past experience of the client, his childhood experiences, inclinations, values.

Another approach to the development of the theory and practice of social work is presented in the direction calledfunctional school. Representatives this approach O. Rank, J. Taft. The basis of their theoretical constructions was not a social diagnosis, but the process of interaction between a social worker and a client. Based on the teachings of Freud, O. Rank believed that the crisis states that arise in the process of personality development are caused by birth traumas (obtained at birth). Therefore, he believed that the meeting of an individual with a social worker is inevitable, regardless of specific social conditions.

Representatives of the "functional school" gave an important place to the relationships that are established as a result of the interaction between the social worker and the client and which determine the process of assistance. According to representatives of this school, the most important in the interaction of a social worker and a client is the process as a form and means of changing the situation. The functional school was based on the principles of a synchronous approach "here and now", when in the process of interaction between a social worker and a client, the real experience of the client, his feelings and emotional experiences are actualized. Hence, the main task was seen in the fact that the help was recognized and accepted by the client. In this case, a different relationship is established between the social worker and the client: they become partners and bear equal responsibility for changing the situation.

In 1930-1950. there is a development of methods of individual work in diagnostic and functional schools, there are scientific discussions about priorities in methods of supporting those in need, approaches to group social work and social work in the community (community) are being formed.

The development of diagnostic approaches in this period was associated with the name of G. Hamilton, who significantly expanded the concept of diagnosis. It began to be perceived not as an installation for action in solving the client's problem, but as a way of understanding the client, his situation and problems. In the situation, they began to see not only diagnostic, but also evaluative problems.

The situational approach introduced two essential components to social work:

• Foresight. The development of foresight in the client allows him to free himself from unconscious conflict, and the client's awareness of his difficulties allows him to effectively solve his problem.

Psychological support. It should be aimed at gaining confidence in the client.

During this period, a controversy is taking shape between the diagnostic and functional schools about priorities in support methods.

In 1950-1970. attempts are being made to accumulate theories of social work, there is an increase in theories in the practice of individual work with a client, the range of theories of social work with a group, in a microsocial environment, is expanding. The development of social work theory is influenced by the debate between the diagnostic and functional schools of social work. Get further study on the problem of client-social worker interaction. The principles of this interaction are formulated in more detail: individualization; openness in expressing feelings; confidentiality; not directiveness in relationships, control over emotional development client.

The theoretical understanding and enrichment of the method of individual social work continues. Here we should note the merit of Helen Perlman, who combined the approaches of the diagnostic and functional schools and proposed a new model of individual work -problem solving method.Perlman – the process of assistance consists of two components: the actual process of assistance and the personal resources of the client. Theoretical understanding is received by such concepts as resources; problem; help process.

Later, in 1970-1990. tendencies to unify theories of social work are taking shape. Concepts are formed around the concepts of "social functioning". The terms and concepts associated with systems theory dominate.

The theory of social work takes shape and develops in the following directions:

Issues of individual, group social work (Kurt Lewin, Alvind Zander, etc.) and work in the community are being developed; theory of social administration and planning

The issues of connection between theory and practice are considered;

Get theoretical coverage of issues of training specialists;

Integrative approaches to the theory and practice of social work are emerging.;

The issues of management in social work are investigated (Marie Parker Follet).

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863.		ESSENCE AND CONTENT OF SOCIAL WORK WITH THE FAMILY	44.13KB
	Family problems in modern society. The essence and content of the social protection of the family. relations between husband and wife, parents and children, brothers and sisters and other relatives living together and running a common household, such a definition of the family is given by E. Relationships can be considered the key word in this definition, since the family is a system whose elements are family members interconnected by a certain kind of relationship : marital parent-child related, etc.

Social work abroad is an extremely sought-after profession, while in the post-Soviet states, social. workers, as a rule, find it difficult to find a job in their specialty. The wages of social specialists in these countries are also seriously different from those abroad. Nevertheless, in the twentieth century, imperial Russia had a developed model of social. work that quietly competed with foreign ones. In order to thoroughly understand the system of social work in Europe and the United States, it is necessary to consider the development of the profession from its very beginnings.

The stage of the emergence of social work as a profession is the 19th-20th century. Mostly then this profession was seen as helping the disabled, the poor or children. Today it includes a very large number of different industries, which are aimed primarily at improving people's lives.

After the Second World War, the number of schools for social. workers has increased. They opened in France, Germany and other European countries. In general, the peak of the development of this profession in Europe and the USA can be attributed to the sixties. It was then that most of the states in Western Europe and the world were undergoing significant reforms, and with them the structure of the social authorities changed. work and insurance. A large number of new organizations were created, not only state or commercial, while philanthropy flourished. Special organizations operated all over the world.

Mary Richmond as the founder of the profession

In every country in the world, higher education institutions train specialists in this profession, the first such school was opened even before the recognition of social work as a profession. It happened in the Netherlands in 1910. And not without reason, because a woman worked there who did just a colossal job for this industry - this is Mary Richmond. It all started with the fact that she was part of a voluntary organization to help the poor and other people in trouble. The stage of formation of social work in the United States began precisely with the campaign of this foundation "Friendly Visit to the Poor".

Mary Richmond is one of the founders of professional social work.

Within its framework, volunteers visited the homes of the most needy citizens, but not only to help financially. Richmond herself believed that poverty is far from being a financial situation, it is a person’s “lifestyle”.. That is why the charity program made it its goal not just to enrich these people, but to adapt them to life in society to the extent necessary. Later, the development of social work was reinforced by the work of Richmond, which included a practical guide for aspiring social workers.

Social work in Europe and the USA today

Since its inception, this profession in Europe has evolved to the level necessary for the average person. However, the main problem of social work today is that it should both support a person psychologically and be closely connected with state structures. For example, a center for women who have experienced domestic violence works very closely with the police, and nursing homes with doctors. Very often, the problems with which clients seek help are “on the verge” of morality and law. Therefore, the percentage of professional burnout among social workers is extremely high.

In Europe and America, a social worker is a prestigious and respected profession. It should be noted that social work is taught in Western European countries mainly at public expense. In addition, a large number of politicians and statesmen of the countries Western Europe have higher education in this area. it is also easier for foreigners in this industry.

The quality of social work is evaluated in terms of the ability not only to solve the problems of the population, but also to prevent them. Definitely the most interesting country in terms of this profession today is Germany, which has managed to form an accurate system, engaged in the necessary work with all segments of the population and with all ages.

To date, the activities of the social services in foreign countries is argued by several models, the basis for which was laid in Mary Richmond's book "Social Diagnosis".

Mary Richmond's book "Social Diagnosis"

Social work in the USA.

Social work in Scandinavian countries.

Social work in European countries.

1. The United States is considered the birthplace of social work, where the traditions of social assistance, as in all other countries, were laid down in the charitable and philanthropic activities of the church, individuals and public organizations as early as the 18th-19th centuries. However, gradually the very process of providing concrete assistance to those in need in its various forms was concentrated in the hands of a special category of workers - the so-called social workers who worked in orphanages, hospitals for the poor, distributed different kind allowances, etc. The emergence of social work as a professional activity is directly related to the appearance in 1899 books Mary Richmond"Friendly visit to the poor: a guide for those working in charitable organizations", where evidence-based methods of social work were laid down. Around the same time, the first schools for the training of professional social workers appeared.

The current system of social assistance to the population in this country is flexible and complex. There are government services that provide various types of assistance: the Department of Social Security, the Ministry of Agriculture, the Children's Bureau, the Child Protection Service. In addition, there is an extensive network of private services.

The American model is characterized by the predominance of a liberal orientation in social policy. However, it does not imply such an active influence of the state on the social sphere and corresponding participation in social protection. In addition, the priority place in the organization of social work is given here not to municipalities, but to charitable and non-profit (associative) organizations. All this makes it possible to define the American system of social protection as liberal-associative.

The American model of social work is characterized by a system of signs. Among the most important of them are:

- the presence of a strong liberal component in social policy;

- the predominant role of associations in the field of social assistance and support with funding from government agencies;

- the important role of insurance mechanisms of social protection;

– decentralization of the social work system.

In general, this system is completely decentralized and operates through various kinds of social programs, regulated either by federal or state legislation, or by joint governments. Individual programs are also adopted by local authorities, which makes it possible to take into account the needs for social assistance in each specific region. Today, all US social assistance programs are based on the conceptual and theoretical premises that freedom can only be expanded by increasing social responsibility.

Almost every school in the country has a school social worker. This area of ​​social work has become so widespread that it is now regarded as a separate specialty in social work that focuses on helping students to successfully adjust to school, on coordinating and influencing family and community actions to achieve this goal. . School social workers help students, their families, teachers and the school as a whole with problems such as absenteeism, social exclusion, aggressive behavior, indiscipline and the consequences of various physical, emotional and material problems.

With 1935 In the United States, the Social Security Act established two types of insurance - pensions and health insurance for persons aged 65 and over. This law also applies to workers and employees in the private sector. For railroad workers, federal civil servants, war veterans and military personnel, a special social insurance system has been established. At the same time, agricultural workers, employees of small enterprises, day laborers and some other categories of workers are not covered by state insurance.

Americans, while reforming the pension sector, continue to maintain the pay-as-you-go pension system as the main state pension program. It continues to provide the population of the country with the level of pension payments to which they are entitled by law. Calculations show that as early as 2013 in the United States, receipts to the state insurance pension fund may be lower than the required pension payments made through the pay-as-you-go pension system. Therefore, a course was set ahead of time for the parallel use of other pension schemes, designed primarily for the expansion of private pension insurance, which creates opportunities for a fairly significant increase in the total pension. The American private pension system consists of two main types: private pension systems (plans) at work and personal retirement accounts. In the second half of the 90s. 48% of workers aged 25 to 44 and 56% of those aged 45 to 64 were members of private pension plans. Such large-scale participation of the country's population in private pension insurance has made it possible to secure huge investments. Of the workplace pension plans, the most popular is the defined contribution system, which is usually financed by employers and employees in equal shares. At the same time, each participant of such a plan has his own personal account in the pension fund and the right to choose between various investment programs that are provided by management companies. The system of personal retirement accounts has also been widely developed in the United States. Annual fees are capped at $2,000. Funds from the account cannot be withdrawn until reaching the age of 59.5 years, and after reaching the age of 79.5 years, the account is closed without fail.

The difference between a private pension and a state pension is that it is paid to workers and employees after 10 years of continuous service in the same company, while the state pension is paid regardless of the place of work.

In addition to the general federal program, there are insurance programs at the state level in case of industrial injuries or occupational diseases. Compensation (for injuries at work; death, etc.) reaches up to 2/3 of wages, and basically it (compensation) is paid by private insurance companies.

The course towards the commercialization of the sphere of social services, the development of self-sufficiency is complemented in the field of employment by a strict restrictive policy in the labor market. It manifests itself in an extremely short period of payment of unemployment benefits (6 months), a relatively small amount of the benefit itself, differentiated by different states (in the richest city of San Francisco in the 90s, the monthly unemployment benefit was $ 375). In addition, about a quarter of American workers were not covered by unemployment insurance at all. In the event of the closure of the enterprise, they had to apply for support from state welfare agencies, designed to provide at least minimal social assistance.

With regard to assistance to the poor, it has become widespread since the 1960s and is aimed at providing a guaranteed income, supporting families with children, the elderly, the disabled, large or single-parent families (where the head of the family is a woman or unemployed), in need of food, housing and medical care. Government-guaranteed income in the United States meets the "poverty line". It is systematically adjusted for inflation and may be increased by state budgets. Food assistance is provided primarily through the provision of food stamps to those in need. They are received by individuals or families whose income does not exceed 125% of the income of the "poverty line". Vouchers are provided to them free of charge or at reduced prices. Other forms of food assistance are school breakfasts, assistance to mothers with children under 1 year old, etc.

In the United States, additional payments are also quite common (payment for vacations and sick leaves, additional unemployment benefits, subsidies for continuing education and legal services).

US government structures encourage private corporations to participate in solving the problem of unemployment. They, receiving tax and other benefits from the state for the employment of socially vulnerable groups of the population, expand the hiring of persons with limited ability to work, employ the long-term unemployed, introduce flexible work schedules, expand training and retraining programs for personnel, etc. However, such an incentive policy is far from always private companies compensates for the decline in the participation of the state itself in organizing and financing activities in the field of employment. Restrictive measures turn into an aggravation of some problems in the labor market. Thus, for quite a long time in the United States it has not been possible to significantly reduce the level of youth unemployment. Employment of certain categories of disabled people remains a serious problem. The vast majority of American visually impaired people - more than 70% of the able-bodied blind cannot count on government support in resolving the issue of their employment, remaining unemployed.

IN THE USA big number private agencies are involved in social work and the practice of paid social services is widespread. Moreover, the activities of many social institutions are based here on the principles of commercialization. 80% of American homes for the disabled are profitable for the concerns that own them. Depending on the amount of payment in private boarding houses for the disabled and the elderly, services of various levels are provided. Wealthy clients live in luxurious conditions with numerous staff, while low-income individuals receive a minimum of services, living with several tenants in one room.

Paid care is also provided in private family-type nursing homes. Such houses are intended for those who are not able to live independently and are deprived of the opportunity to live in a family. A family-type home for the elderly may be comfortable housing of a private person who has expressed a desire to serve an elderly person for a certain monetary reward. Persons working in family homes are usually paid from the personal funds of clients, from their pensions, benefits.

Thus, government studies in the early 1980s found that a third of nursing homes did not meet the required safety and quality standards. One reason for this is that many nursing homes are privately owned. Therefore, the state is forced to license and inspect their activities. Another problem is that older Americans (12% of the population) account for a third of all national health care spending. At the same time, more than 30 million citizens at a younger age do not have health insurance. Therefore, an attempt to further increase spending on the older generation (and they are really needed) can aggravate the conflict of generations, which cannot be allowed.

Special institutions for social assistance to children provide (for low-income families free of charge) the following services: organization of special vocational training groups for parents, provision of employment assistance; ensuring childcare of parents working in the daytime and in the evening; creation of services for unmarried mothers at city health centers; establishment and support of services for the protection of children subjected to violence; creation and inspection of orphanages, work with foster families, monitoring the adaptation of a child in a new family; development of social services to help children get an education, help parents with housekeeping, etc. In extreme situations, services take care of children, regardless of the level of family income. The task of children's social services also includes the adoption of orphans.

Social work with juvenile delinquents and adolescents at risk in the United States is built on the basis of a number of programs: basic police programs (they provide for the operation of police athletic clubs in order to involve minors in useful cases); basic programs of juvenile courts (they provide mainly for the rehabilitation of these persons); basic school programs. The latter are divided into two groups: programs for normal and special schools designed for "difficult" and convicted teenagers. Established in 1967, youth welfare bureaus act as intermediaries and supervise service organizations to meet the needs of minors.

One of the important problems of American society remains the problem of social protection of the country's racial and ethnic minorities. This includes those in the lower rungs of social life, primarily Black Americans, American Indians, Alaska Natives, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans. The practice of social work with ethnic groups in the United States is based, firstly, on the values ​​inherent in social work in general, secondly, on an understanding of ethnic realities, thirdly, on a professional approach, and fourthly, on practical experience. In other words, these concepts imply the need to adapt the general principles and methods of social work to the ethnic realities of the country.

In the 1990s - early 2000s. Attempts were made by the state authorities to reorient assistance programs for various categories of citizens from social payments to stimulating their labor activity. The federal law “On Personal Responsibility and Employment Opportunities”, which came into force in the late 1990s, became a means of realizing this goal. It obligated able-bodied recipients of social assistance to either work or undergo vocational retraining. In accordance with this law, the payment of various social benefits was limited in the United States to a five-year period. Given the tightening of requirements for recipients of benefits, the importance of tax incentives for the working poor may increase significantly. It is believed here that an increase in the amount of income that is not subject to taxation will contribute to the orientation of able-bodied citizens towards self-sufficiency.

To stimulate the activities of private institutions and social agencies, the federal government periodically provides targeted grants, implemented at the state level in the form of specific social programs. Government authorities retain the right to issue licenses to private social services and monitor the compliance of the level of their services with regulatory requirements.

A distinctive feature of the American model of social work is the predominant importance in its implementation of associative organizations that receive the support of state structures. In the last decade, a scheme has been effectively operating in the United States, according to which the state, represented by government bodies, develops and finances social programs, and associative (non-profit) organizations independently or jointly with municipalities implement them locally, controlling the fair distribution of state subsidies.

Today in the world only the United States of America has such an extensive network of association organizations, covering such a large number of people.

2. In the Scandinavian countries, the state model of organizing social protection prevails. As a rule, the concept of "social protection" in these countries is transformed into the concept "social welfare". This model includes a mandatory social policy, a state-regulated income level, as well as an egalitarian, universal nature of social benefits and payments. Despite the largely similar features of social policy, the Scandinavian countries differ somewhat in the nature and organizational forms of the implementation of social policy. In all Scandinavian countries, social policy is strongly linked to the concept of the "welfare state", which has recently undergone a significant transformation. However, before talking about transformations, it is necessary to turn to the very concept of social welfare. The concept of social welfare can be disclosed in two versions: in the broad sense of the word and in the narrow one.

In the narrow sense of the word, social welfare includes a guaranteed minimum income (material assistance) and social control over the welfare of children, as well as social control in relation to antisocial groups of the population, mainly alcoholics and drug addicts.

In the broad sense of the word, social welfare includes, in addition to the above, various kinds of social services that guarantee social security to citizens (with the exception of social insurance).

Local authorities are empowered to monitor the payment of social benefits, compliance with the minimum guaranteed income (material security), as well as the work of local social services.

The formation and development of the social welfare system is associated with the relevant legislative acts that were adopted in most Scandinavian countries in the 1970s and 80s.

Characteristically, the Social Welfare Laws in all Scandinavian countries are "framework" legislative acts. They do not fix the details of the organization of social services, the range of services and lists of services. By passing such laws, legislators believe that society is now developing at a faster pace than in previous periods, so legislation may lag behind the needs of the day. The Social Welfare Law is the fundamental law that everyone, without exception, must comply with. In addition, in the Scandinavian countries there are special by-laws that supplement the main law, especially in the part that concerns the rights and status of special groups of clients. The Basic Law obliges local authorities to:

1. Provide residents with social services.

2. Guarantee the receipt of a minimum monetary income for people living in the territory of the municipality.

3. Guarantee social benefits to residents.

4. Supervise the spending of the minimum income and social benefits, give advice on their proper use.

5. Inform residents about the system of social welfare and social security.

Local authorities are also responsible for the welfare of children and young people, the organization and maintenance of kindergartens, the maintenance and care of the mentally ill and disabled, and are also responsible for the lives of drug addiction clients. In addition to paying the minimum guaranteed benefit, local authorities are also required to pay social benefits to their clients, which include: childbirth allowance, maternity allowance, military dependency allowance, child maintenance allowance, disability allowance. Parents themselves can choose the form of allowance for a child under 3 years old: in the form of kindergarten services, in cash when keeping a child at home.

Norway (with a population of about 4 million) is often defined as a mixed economy welfare state based on significant income from gasoline production. Funding for the social and health sectors is 1/3 of the total state income, and every tenth worker is employed in the social or health sector.

The health insurance system is financed by taxes from employees, employers, regions and municipalities. This program includes benefits for: pensioners (after age 67), widows, children under 18, disabled, sick, medical and daily benefits during illness and after childbirth, weekly unemployment benefits (up to 80 weeks), for work injuries, mothers and single fathers.

Each municipality must have social offices that can be used. Social offices provide a wide range of services based on relevant legislation. Social protection by act 1964 provides for the provision of socio-economic assistance to those who are not entitled to any payments, to the national insurance scheme and who are not able to support their livelihood. Economic assistance can be provided in the form of an allowance, loan or subsidy, for example, for the travel of students on vacation. Information, advice and financial assistance are the main directions in the work on this act.

Municipalities control the consumption of alcohol through its distribution in shops, cafes and restaurants, and carry out basic preventive measures aimed at reducing the use of alcohol and drugs. Youth prevention work, support and subsidies for non-alcoholic youth clubs, discotheques and similar establishments can be concrete effective measures in this area. In addition, so-called "street work" is also carried out among young people who abuse alcohol and drugs.

The aim of basic preventive measures is to improve the living conditions of children. With regard to practical social work, this is done through social work, opening playgrounds, kindergartens, youth clubs or solving transport problems, rebuilding houses, etc. These basic preventive measures go beyond the work of social offices and are included in the overall planning processes of administrative systems in municipalities.

In families where children live in “unfavorable conditions” that negatively affect their health, preventive measures are as follows: family supervision, support and advice to the family, economic support, help in solving any school problems or providing places in a nursery or kindergarten to improve the situation in the family, so that parents have the opportunity to give their children the necessary education. But if parents cannot take care of their children, the child protection department takes responsibility for their protection, education and placement in foster families or orphanages. In most cases, these measures are temporary, so that if the situation changes for the better, the child can return to the family. There are different types of institutions that are used in such situations: mother and child homes, orphanages, youth homes, family homes, institutes for drug addicts, etc. Approximately 0.3% of all children are permanently under municipal supervision.

In social work in Norway There are three professional levels and education:

1) social worker (socionom) - work in urban social offices aimed at ensuring social security;

2) social pedagogue - professionally works with children in children's institutes;

3) a social worker who specializes in working with people with disabilities inside and outside social institutions.

AT Netherlands the first, very limited social law, which concerned the poor, was issued back in 1848. And from that time began the development of social work. However, it became especially intense after the Second World War, when the restoration of the country from the ruins began with the active financial participation of the United States. During this period, American influence was also very strong in the field of social work: the Americans developed methods and forms of providing social assistance and training. Schools of social workers have sprung up all over the country.

AT 1965. was created Ministry of Social Work, which increasingly acquired the status of a profession. With the financial support of the ministry, many institutions, agencies, and organizations appeared on the American model that dealt with various problems of people. Various ideas and projects constantly arose, but in general, all this activity was unsystematic. Then the parliament of the country raised the issue of coordinating the activities of all institutions this profile, and he himself took on the role of finance distributor and coordinator, which largely contributed to streamlining the sphere of social work, giving it the character of a system. At present, the country has an extensive network of social services of various profiles, including those aimed at solving childhood problems, both traditional, found in almost all countries, and those of an innovative nature.

For example, recently in the Netherlands, along with orphanages and shelters for children and adolescents with psychosocial problems, forms of social work have also appeared, such as placing a child in another family living in the same place or day care. The emergence of such forms of socio-pedagogical assistance was associated with the realization that the removal of adolescents from their home environment and familiar environment has many disadvantages.

The Day Care Program was created to work with adolescents aged 12 to 21, who are typically school dropouts with no jobs, minimal social support, and a desire to make a difference. This program is being implemented through a center for providing social assistance to youth, where teenagers who stay with their families work in groups (10 people in a group). During the implementation of the day care program, teaching is temporarily relegated to the background, and the emphasis is shifted to the provision of social assistance. The day care program is funded 100% by the state.

Of interest is such a training and production project as "The Hague Training Workshops". They started work in 1989. initiated by the municipality of The Hague, therefore, entirely within its competence and intended for young people who have been unemployed for a long time. The essence of the project is that young people from among the unemployed are trained in workshops and, after completing a four-five-month course, receive a certificate that guarantees them a job or the opportunity to continue their studies. During their studies, they remain unemployed and thus remain eligible for unemployment benefits. The aim of the project is to increase the motivation of young people and their activity in the labor market. This is done through an individualized approach and a differentiated selection of the educational trajectory for everyone.

The project uses a so-called framework approach designed for young people with different levels of learning and training delays. An example of a new type of social institution created on private initiative is a boarding house. "Zeizicht" to work with homeless youth. It was opened in 1990. and provides assistance when the normal network of social services fails. In a boarding house, homeless teenagers can find shelter for a relatively small fee, which they pay out of the funds received as an allowance (in the Netherlands, all young people over the age of 18 are entitled to an allowance). The conditions of staying in a boarding house are comparable to those of a hotel, but the main feature is that the work here is based on a customer-friendly basis.

AT Finland the first specialized laws on social protection, which dealt with the problems of child protection, alcoholism, vagrancy, and with which the state sought to prevent the development of undesirable trends in the social life of society, were issued in 1936. The professional training of social workers began in 1942 at the School of Social Sciences in Helsinki.

Social policy throughout all these years was developed and implemented by the state and communes. In the 1980s, the idea of ​​municipal social policy arose, and a number of discussions were held on this issue. According to research, among all types of social services, organized day care is developing the fastest in Finland, which is carried out by child care institutions, individual families, as well as through the organization of games and children's amateur activities by social workers. Home service groups have become widespread, providing household services at home to families with small children, the elderly, and working parents.

The state policy of Finland is aimed at equalizing the income of families with children and childless citizens through the redistribution of income. Additional payment for children, allowances for the upbringing of minors, allowances for the birth of a child and its maintenance are the most important part of the redistribution of income in favor of the family. Municipalities can additionally increase the living allowance, the soldier's allowance for the wives and children of military personnel.

Finnish social policy is seeking to change its strategy. Until recently, unemployment problems were solved with the help of income insurance and "active" employment measures. Support for the unemployed was provided in the form of training and rehabilitation using employment funds. If people did not work for a long time, they were simply forced to work, and people of pre-retirement age received unemployment benefits.

In 1990, Finland abandoned the forced labor policy.

In the summer of 1993, WHO held a workshop in Finland on the impact of economic change on health and social well-being. One of the main issues discussed was to prevent the growth of the level of social anxiety, pathological anxiety among the population in connection with the growth of unemployment. It was concluded that, if appropriate social policies were skillfully applied, rising unemployment would not necessarily lead to social instability. Three types of action were recommended: to continue with activities aimed at strengthening incomes in line with wages, to maintain the tactics of diversification or gradation by categories in the unemployed sector in the labor market, and to support actions aimed at mobilizing the unemployed themselves to actively search for work and new areas of employment. These measures can help to avoid social upheavals dangerous to stability.

3. British model social work can be characterized as liberal-traditional. The liberal component of social policy here remains decisive. However, at the same time, in the field of social protection in the UK, state influence traditionally remains. In social services for those in need in the UK, market mechanisms such as paid services and the activities of private social agencies are actively used. Differentiated payments are established for social services here, depending on the place of residence and the means available to the persons who need them. The cost of services in different counties of the country is not the same. To pay less to social services for services, their clients must submit income documents on time.

In England, the number of private social services and agencies serving the elderly and disabled is expanding. After closing in the 1990s 20th century a large number of specialized hospitals that provided inpatient care to such people, these functions were taken over by some private social services. The system of paid social services, the functioning of private agencies in the service sector take place in many countries of the world.

The maximum state pension today is just under £80 a week (about $150), which is less than the required living wage. Corporate professional pension schemes are not mandatory in the UK. Moreover, the rights of their participants during the first two years of insurance are practically not protected. In this regard, a significant part of the British, to ensure a decent standard of living in old age, invests in private insurance funds. The state, in turn, seeks to support this by issuing the necessary subsidies to some private insurance funds.

In England, men are entitled to a pension under the national insurance system upon reaching the age of 65, and women - 60 years of age, subject to payment of insurance premiums to the state National Insurance Fund for 35 years. For those with less work experience, the pension benefit is also reduced. The British can retire a little earlier or later than the established age. In this case, the size of the pension allowance decreases or increases accordingly. And most pensioners do just that. In the early 2000s The average retirement age in the UK was 62.6 for men and 63.4 for women.

Not every Englishwoman can count on receiving a woman's allowance. She is entitled to it only if the woman has worked for at least two years. Young mothers who have not yet had time to acquire such experience, at the turn of the 1990s - 2000s. remained outside the applicable norms, depriving them of the right to receive the appropriate allowance.

A distinctive feature of the British model of social work is the priority social role of municipalities while maintaining the significant influence of the state in social protection. As already noted, private agencies occupy an important place in the social service system in England. However, the main subject in the field of social work here are the municipalities.

Over the past three decades, municipal social institutions have been functioning under city and village councils - departments of individual services to the population, performing the bulk of social work in the field. Most of the British social workers work here.

Municipal social institutions in England provide services at home after a careful assessment of the needs of the client, who is assisted in housekeeping, cleaning of premises, purchasing products, washing clothes, delivering meals to the house. For the most infirm persons, hot meals are delivered by a special service called a "canteen". Innovative technologies are used in the practice of social services at home for the elderly and disabled. One of them is the self-service scheme developed and tested in the second half of the 90s. Hampshire County Department of Human Services. According to this scheme, the served person has the right to hire up to seven people - assistants: one, for example, can help a disabled person get dressed daily for an hour, another can help wash, a third can buy food and cook food, a fourth can regularly clean housing, etc.

A professional social worker involved in the UK in municipal social services most often acts as a manager organizing the provision of services from nurses, volunteers, etc. In addition, he evaluates the quality and volume of their provision. They develop individual customer service programs. They are reviewed several times during the year. Changes in the composition of services are carried out taking into account the condition and wishes of those served.

With 1987, across the UK, qualifications have become a prerequisite for employment as a social worker.

AT Germany, unlike the United States and a number of other European countries, social work and social pedagogy are, although closely related, but still independent areas of science and professional fields of activity. At the same time, it is quite difficult to draw a line between them today.

The 19th century is the century of the beginning of social work in Germany. The industrialization of the country contributed to the formation and development of social work, since the latter is associated with a sharp impoverishment of the families of workers, and, as a result, more people began to use social security. AT 1880 on the initiative German Charity Congress The German Benevolent Association for the Care of the Poor was founded. It was renamed the German Union of Public and Private Guardianship. First he was in Berlin, then in Frankfurt am Main. This is the central union that unites public, private, public institutions, as well as individuals involved in the implementation of social work in Germany.

After the unification of the GDR and the FRG (October 3, 1990), the number of its participants increased to 3,000. From the state side, representatives at the federal level, the level of federal states, free cities and districts were included. From public organizations, the union includes Charity Associations for Workers, the Catholic Caritas, the Parity Union, the German Red Cross, the Mercy Union of the Evangelical Church, etc. It also included social workers, managers, heads of boards and associations, well-known public figures. Educational institutions, research institutes, institutions of practical social work participate in the work of the Union.

According to the charter, approved by the meeting of the members of the Union on October 2, 1991, in Heilbronn, the main goal of the union is the embodiment of the ideas of social work. Its main tasks are: putting forward initiatives in the field of social policy, developing practical recommendations for the implementation of state, public and private social work; expert activity in the field of social law; creation of an information bank for specialists; advanced training of leading personnel and employees in the social sphere, support for sciences significant for social work; study of experience and evaluation of the development of social work in other countries, development of international cooperation and exchange of experience; publication of works and other publications on social issues.

The Union is headed by a chairman with four deputies. The experts are divided into commissions: 1) social assistance and social policy; 2) youth assistance, youth promotion, youth policy; 3) assistance to the family, the policy of promoting family relations; 4) health care, health policy; 5) assistance to the elderly; 6) assistance to people with disabilities since childhood; 7) assistance to disabled people who became disabled as a result of an accident; 8) social professions; 9) organization of social services; 10) planning in the field of social work.

The realization that social work needs its own personnel led to the opening of social schools. In 1905, the first Christian social women's school appeared. Over the next four years, 13 other social schools began to work, where girls from bourgeois families studied the profession of a trustee of a charitable institution. During the First World War, the baton of caring for the victims of the war in Germany passed from charitable independent organizations to the state. After the war, all social security was consolidated into a charitable department. In the early 1920s, independent charitable unions united into the Imperial Community of the main independent charitable unions. In the mid-1920s, state social security bodies arose in large German cities, which exist to this day. Structurally, social security was divided into a charitable department (the city department of social security) and the city health department and the youth department.

The first steps in developing a methodology for social work were taken in Germany based on the study of experience in the United States. We are talking about the patronage method used in the Weimar Republic in connection with the consequences of the war, unemployment, mass impoverishment of the population. The extended concept of this method included, first of all, the question of the causes of need. The method is based on the principles of respect for the human person; activity and conscious participation of clients in overcoming their difficulties; social worker's knowledge of his own strengths and weaknesses, the responsibility of individuals to society. AT 1926 Alice Salomon published in Germany a work on social work "Social Diagnosis", the ideas of which were drawn from the book of the same name by M. Richmond. With the advent of the Nazis to power in Germany, the democratic development of the country was suspended. Social work was reduced to strict control over the population and became one of the political tools of the Nazis.

Since the mid-1960s, a unified approach has been developed in the social sphere to work with client teams, depending on the type and degree of social defeat. The 1970s were years of rethinking social work in Germany. The scientists came to the conclusion that the use of classical methods of social work is insufficient, as well as the low use of therapeutic agents in cases where it was a question of coverage and solution of the problem as a whole. In Germany, they draw a line between social work and social pedagogy. The social worker concentrates on the social problems of clients, on ways and means that will help him solve the client's pressing issues. The social educator participates in Everyday life client, has a pedagogical influence on her.

In Germany, a specialist with a diploma in social work more often finds a job in charitable institutions paid from the budget of the communities, at the expense of the church, less often from public funds. The task of a social worker as a professional is to provide support to people in a socially distressed situation. The social policy of the state is embodied in practice in the activities of a social worker.

The development of social work in the 1960s and early 1970s gave impetus to the formation of large organizations for the provision of social services to the population. It was not until the mid-1990s that some decline in the growth of such institutions was observed.

A social worker in Germany can work as: an assistant social worker for the care of the elderly; social worker for the care of the elderly; psychotherapist for children and youth problems; certified teacher; rural household assistant, family counselor; educator; family life assistant; assistant in the upbringing of children; social worker for the disabled; orphanage teacher; organizer of leisure for children and youth; responsible worker with youth in the field; child and youth worker; rehabilitation consultant; social teacher; social worker for foreigners. In Germany, as in other countries, the profession of a social worker has a predominantly “female” face. She is underpaid, not prestigious enough.

The national system of social protection in the EU countries took shape gradually as the corresponding socio-economic and political prerequisites were formed. These processes were especially turbulent in the post-war period. Over the past 15 years, differences in the nature of EU systems and spending on the social protection of citizens have smoothed out. The southern countries increased these expenditures, while the northern ones (Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands) stabilized, reaching the optimal level. In EU budgets, social spending ranges from 20% in Portugal to 32% in the Netherlands. Payments in connection with unemployment are much more differentiated in European countries. In Denmark, Belgium, the Netherlands, unemployment benefits average from 70 to 80% of GNP per capita, and in Italy only 10%. In the latter country, in the event of dismissal, the employee receives other compensation payments and benefits. The lowest level of unemployment benefits in Italy, England and Greece. The reasons for the difference are the number of people receiving benefits; the ratio of benefits to purchasing power. In Greece and Portugal, no allowance is paid to those who are able to work but are not working.

There are also significant differences in sickness benefits. In Belgium, Germany, Greece, Luxembourg, the full salary is paid; in Denmark, Spain, the Netherlands and Portugal only three quarters of the salary, and in England one third. The largest spending on social protection in the Netherlands.

The EU is divided into groups according to the social protection system:

Germany, France, Belgium, Luxembourg are countries where insurance principles dominate, where the amounts of payments and benefits are related to individual insurance premiums, i.e. benefits from the insurance fund depend on the salary. The state undertakes to ensure that the income of a citizen does not fall below a certain guaranteed minimum.

England, Denmark - benefits are tailored to individual needs, and financed from tax funds. Social benefits are distributed evenly.

The Netherlands, Italy - a mixed social security system, but closer to the first.

Spain, Portugal, Greece - a social protection system is being formed, there is no guaranteed minimum income, social services are not available to everyone.

Among the EU there are differences in the payment of family benefits. Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain spend less than 1% of GNP. Germany and the Netherlands 2%. France, England, Luxembourg more than 2%. Most of the EU is concerned about the declining birth rate. In the past 10 years, countries have made changes to their family policies. In France, laws have been passed to support large families (a family with three children receives an allowance in the amount of a third of the average salary). Ireland increased benefits for a fifth child in 1989 and for a fourth child in 1991. In France, the amount of child benefit increases from the second child onwards. And only in Denmark it is decreasing. Many countries have increased maternity benefits. This was connected not so much with the low birth rate, but with the support of the social status of women, the increase in their role in society. Such a policy aims to create the best conditions for a combination of productive work, social career, and care for home and family. In this regard, maternity leave has been extended in many countries over the past five years. In many countries, for parents who would like to spend more time with their child, social benefits are very low, if not non-existent. Three countries – Germany, Belgium and Italy – have such benefits. In Germany it is only 22% of wages after the child reaches the age of 2, in Belgium it is 30-25% up to one year, and 34% within 9 months in Italy. In other countries, assistance may be provided under certain circumstances. So, in France, single mothers are paid 59% of the last salary for 3 years.

The problem of incomplete families in European countries is important. In Greece, not only a mother, but also a single father can receive benefits; in Spain and Portugal, only in some provinces, local authorities generally pay such benefits. In France, this amount is 50% (up to 3 years of age), and in other countries it is much less. Only in Denmark and the Netherlands does this amount exceed 60%.

Thus, in the 20th century, an extensive network of state and public organizations to help those in need developed in the countries of the USA and Europe.

Questions for self-control:

1. What characterizes the decentralization of the social protection system in the United States?

3. What is the influence of the state on the functioning of the social security system in England?

4. How does Germany deal with the problem of unemployment?

5. Conduct a comparative analysis of the main areas of social protection in European countries?