III Department of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery. His Imperial Majesty's Own Office and Provisional Committees His Imperial Majesty's Own Office

INTRODUCTION

1. The place and role of His Imperial Majesty’s Own Chancellery in the structure of government bodies Russian Empire

CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION

Each ruler, hereditary or elected, must have a staff of assistants who help him resolve personal affairs - work with documentation, convey to the sovereign various kinds of petitions worthy of his attention, and so on. Under the emperors of the 19th and early 20th centuries, such functions were performed by His Imperial Majesty’s Own Office, but it would be unfair to say that there were no such organizations before - back in Kievan Rus, during the reign of the palace-patrimonial system, similar functions were performed by courtiers, tiuns, and so on, and already in the 18th century, structures separate from the rest of the management system appeared, performing the role of the Imperial Chancellery. Under Peter I, this was the Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty; under Anna Ioannovna, these functions were transferred to the Cabinet of Ministers; under Peter II, the Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty was recreated, which existed until 1812, when the Cabinet replaced His Imperial Majesty's Own Office. The new structure includes both past, purely “clerical” functions (managing the emperor’s affairs, working with documentation and petitions), and new ones - preparing decrees for signature, monitoring the emperor’s land property, supervising the bureaucratic service of government bodies.

The main feature of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery is that it itself was not a state structure. The presence of the word “Own” in the name expressed the belonging of this structure to the personality of the emperor, but, nevertheless, it was it that had a significant influence on the work of other government bodies.

In this regard, the author has set himself the goal of clarifying the powers and role of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery in accordance with its status and structure. To achieve this goal, the author set himself the following tasks:

1) show the evolution of the development of the Imperial Chancellery;

2) consider the structure of His Imperial Majesty’s Own Office;

3) find out the place and role of each component part of His Imperial Majesty’s Own Office;

4) consider the powers of each division of the Imperial Chancellery;

In this regard, the question should be raised about what contributed to exactly this development of His Imperial Majesty’s Own Chancellery, what events preceded this and what it led to.

His Imperial Majesty's own Chancellery received its greatest development precisely during the reign of Nicholas I, with whose name a new round of development of absolutism in Russia is associated. As a tough and strong-willed man, the emperor also influenced the nature of the activities of the Imperial Chancellery.

The development of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery was expressed in the reorganization of this structure into departments, each of which was in charge of a certain area that was of interest to the sovereign in one way or another.

The first department became in the true sense the Imperial Chancellery, as it dealt with the documentation of the emperor and his personal affairs, accepted petitions addressed to the sovereign, and so on.

The second department was engaged in the codification of the legislation of the empire, as well as the consideration of legal practice in the country and the publication of adopted normative legal acts.

The most famous was the Third Section, which became the secret political police, subordinate to the emperor personally. It was from its appearance that Russia began to be characterized as a police state, all of whose inhabitants are under the supervision of the tireless eye of the Third Section.

The fourth department was engaged in charity work. It was with the help of this department that public schools for orphans, educational institutions for girls, and so on appeared. The main feature of this department is the fact that during the reorganization of His Imperial Majesty's Own Office in 1873, this structure was separated as a separate organization under the name His Imperial Majesty's Own Office for the Institutions of Empress Maria, having undergone minor changes, it still exists.

In the history of the Imperial Chancellery, there were two temporary departments: the Fifth on the structure of governance in the Caucasus and the Sixth on the peasant issue.

When writing this course work used as educational literature authors S.A. Vorontsova, I.A. Isaeva, V.K. Tsechoeva, Yu.P. Titova, also research by L.E. Shepeleva, A.E. Nolde, A.V. Sinelnikov, V.I. Zhukhraya, K.V. Stepanets, P.V. Vlasova.

1. The place and role of His Imperial Majesty’s Own Chancellery in the structure of government bodies of the Russian Empire

His Imperial Majesty's own chancellery received its name as an organization in 1812. However, even earlier, under one name or another, there were always institutions that were in charge of matters relating to the direct personal competence of the monarch, as well as other matters entrusted to such institutions for one reason or another.

Under Peter I, the sovereign's own office was called the Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty. This was facilitated by the emergence in 1704 of a special position for managing “office affairs” - conducting royal correspondence, managing the royal treasury and property. Under Peter II, the patrimonial office, which was in charge of the imperial patrimonial estates, was subordinate to the Cabinet. During the reign of Catherine II, these matters were primarily handled by the Cabinet. Under Paul I, matters that required the personal attention of the sovereign began to be concentrated in the Cabinet; documents deserving the attention of the tsar were received by it. Until the end of the 18th century. personal imperial chancelleries, operating in one organizational form or another, were usually called the “Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty”, except for the period 1731-1741, when this name was officially assigned to the institution better known as the “Cabinet of Ministers”. From the end of the 18th century. The name “Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty” was assigned to that structural part of the imperial chancellery, which carried out the functions of its own treasury and management of land holdings, industrial enterprises and other property belonging to the imperial family.

So, this office arose back in 1812 due to emergency circumstances related to the war and for a long time was headed by the famous A. A. Arakcheev and was even located in his house L. E. Shepelev. Titles, uniforms and orders of the Russian Empire. - M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2003. - p. 17. The office was in charge of cases that were subject to the highest consideration. But until the mid-20s of the 19th century. its role in government was small.

But His Imperial Majesty’s Own Office received its highest development during the reign of Nicholas I. This office was subordinate only to the emperor and acted on his behalf. It was at this time that the 6 departments created and the office as a whole acquired the functions of the highest and central governing body.

At the very beginning of Nicholas's reign (January 31, 1826), it was reorganized and initially divided into two sections. The first exercised general control over the organization of the civil service and its performance by officials (appointment of senior officials, establishment of conditions for their service, awards, etc.). The Second Department was entrusted with the codification of legislative acts of the Russian Empire. On July 3, 1826, the (more famous) Third Department was created, which became an administrative oversight body and the center of political investigation in the country. In 1828, the Fourth Department was organized to manage the charitable institutions of Empress Maria Feodorovna, widow of Paul I (the so-called Mariinsky Department). The temporary Fifth (1836-1866) and Sixth (1842-1845) departments were in charge of preparing a new regulation on state peasants and reforms of the administrative structure of the Caucasus. By 1882, a reorganization of the Imperial Chancellery was carried out, as a result of which the division into departments disappeared and the First Department remained as an office.

Thus, the creation of the imperial chancellery reflected the trend towards strengthening centralism in the system of state power. It became the body connecting the monarch with all government agencies, ensuring his active personal participation in the management of state affairs and overseeing all the main parts of the bureaucratic machine.

2. I department of the Imperial Chancellery

Initially, His Imperial Majesty's Own Office was in charge only of the emperor's personal affairs and his documentation, but later its role increased.

At the very beginning of Nicholas's reign (January 31, 1826), it was reorganized and initially divided into two sections. The First Department was entrusted with general management of the civil service organization.

At the beginning of its activity, the First Department consisted of only a few officials, and Nicholas I boasted that, “despite this, the flow of affairs is so fast that all cases come to an end every day” Shepelev L.E. Titles, uniforms and orders of the Russian Empire. - M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2003. - P.19.

In the field of organization civil service From the very beginning, the activities of the Own Office were aimed at solving three main tasks:

1. Clearing the ranks of officials from those who did not have the right to public service or ranks of this class;

2. Preparation of legal provisions establishing a clear legal procedure for admission to the civil service and its passage;

3. Development unified system uniforms for civil officials. It was believed that such clothing was as necessary as in the army. By visually distinguishing agents of state power from total mass population and, conversely, indicating the corporate community of officials of individual departments, such clothing emphasized the prestige of the civil service and had a great moral influence on its owners.

At the direction of Nicholas I, the First Department in 1827 organized inspections of the capital's officials, especially the lower ones, to determine their rights to occupy civil service positions. The emperor himself unexpectedly visited the Senate in 1828, clearly for control purposes. He instructed his own office to develop a new “Table of Ranks” - this time about the ranks (classes) of all civil service positions (in 1835, the “Schedule of Civil Service Positions by Classes from XIV to V inclusive” was published). At the same time, at the direction of the emperor, a reform of the uniform of civil officials was being prepared (implemented by law of February 27, 1834).

In 1836, the First Department was entrusted with “supervision over the services of all civil officials.” Nicholas I once noted that the list of officials provided to him included persons who had been brought to justice, but was silent about their jurisdiction. The sovereign wanted to check whether there were any illegally acquired estates, and abuses were also discovered in this. Therefore, the Sovereign, convinced of the need for special supervision over all civilian service personnel in the Empire. For this purpose, from 1846 to 1857, the management of the affairs of the civil service of the civil department was also introduced into the jurisdiction of this department, for which an inspector department of the civil department was formed within it.

In 1848, Nicholas I stated that “the goal has been achieved: order and accountability have replaced carelessness and abuse of various kinds.” Taneyev, head of the first department from 1831 to 1865, believed that it was possible to achieve some “simplification of the forms of office work, which previously required several months... sometimes it is accomplished in a few weeks, and this alone speeds up production for civilian personnel true good deed" Shepelev L.E. Titles, uniforms and orders of the Russian Empire. - M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2003. - p.23.

The Inspectorate Department found all cases related to both appointments to positions and promotions to ranks. Changes in the service of ranks of the VI class and above were formalized by “highest orders.” Later, Taneyev reported to Alexander II: “Clerical work on awarding ranks, for length of service determined by law, is the main activity of the Inspectorate Department, which is subject to considering the rights of each of those awarded by the superiors of the production to ranks annually up to 18 thousand” in the same place - p. 24 .

In 1858, the Inspectorate Department was abolished, and its responsibilities were transferred to the Department of Heraldry of the Senate, but in 1859 the “committee for the charity of honored civil ranks”, formed under Emperor Alexander I, in 1822, was added to the 1st department.

After the liquidation of other departments in 1882, the First Department again began to be called the Own Office and dealt mainly with issues of service to senior officials; To manage the civil service, there was an Inspectorate Department within the office (1894-1917). Since 1894, the office had a committee “On the service of officials of the civil department and on awards”, since 1898 - a Commission for the preliminary consideration of issues and proposals regarding the forms of uniform for officials of the civil department.

Since 1882, the department of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery has dealt with quite a variety of issues, such as the execution of orders and instructions received from the sovereign, production, known cases, The highest decrees, rescripts and other submissions to him received in the office for the Highest Name of papers on some of the highest government agencies, as well as reports from governors and announcements of resolutions on these submissions. The competence of the office also includes: consideration and submission to the Highest discretion of requests from charitable and generally beneficial institutions that are not directly under the jurisdiction of ministries or main departments; initial review and further referral as directed by the representative supreme power, issues relating to general, mainly formal, conditions of civil service, as well as issues related to award matters, etc.

In 1894, affairs related to the civil service, specifically the so-called inspector part, were again assigned to the department of His Imperial Majesty’s own chancellery. All such cases should be considered in the “Committee on the Service of Officials of the Civil Department and on Awards”, while paperwork on this part is entrusted to the inspectorate department of His Imperial Majesty’s Own Office. Thus, both appointment to positions and dismissal from positions must be sanctioned by the Supreme Order. In view, however, of the difficulties that arose, in the form of overly complex paperwork, the competence of the committee and the inspectorate department was again reduced in 1895 by separating from it the affairs of the service of officials of the highest classes. The chancellery and its bodies were abolished in April 1917 after the overthrow of the autocracy.

3. II Department of the Imperial Chancellery

The first reorganization of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery took place on January 31, 1826, when this body was divided into two parts. The task of the Second Branch of the Own Chancellery was to codify the laws of the Russian Empire. In connection with its formation, the Law Drafting Commission, which had existed since the end of the 18th century, was abolished. In addition, the second department censored legal literature published by private individuals, prepared opinions on legal issues for higher government institutions, and actively participated in lawmaking.

Nicholas I rightly considered the existence of complete and easy-to-use editions of legislative acts as a condition of law and order in the country. In April 1831, in rescripts addressed to Comrade Minister of Justice D.V. Dashkov and Minister of Finance E.F. Kankrin, the emperor wrote: “A complete collection of our domestic laws and a reliable publication of them in general... composition... finally, over the past four years , according to my special command, brought to completion. This collection covers one hundred and seventy-six past years. Its purpose, as it was before, is now: to satisfy the needs of the present time and at the same time lay a solid foundation for the future of this part of the structure... I ordered that the State Council and the Committee of Ministers be provided with it at the expense of the Treasury. The Holy Synod, all departments of the Governing Senate and all provincial government offices.” Further, it was prescribed “their proper storage and use in each place by Nolde A.E. MM. Speransky. Biography. - M.: Mosk. school watered research, 2004. -p. 174.

Thus, the compilation of the Code of Laws testifies to the conscious need to be guided by firm rules, and not by the personal discretion of the decisive authority and not by indications of decisions of different times, which often contradicted each other and allowed arbitrary interpretation.

To prepare the Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire, built on a chronological principle, all (including those no longer in force) legislative acts adopted from 1649 to December 1825 were collected. There were more than thirty thousand of them. They compiled a publication of 45 volumes. All volumes were printed in an incredibly short time - in just one year, which became possible only thanks to the creation of a special state printing house. Subsequently, weather volumes were printed (with separate numbering) for 1825 - 1881 (the so-called II collection). In total, the Complete Collection of Laws, together with appendices and indexes, contains 233 large volumes.

For practical work For state and other institutions, it was more convenient to publish the Code of Laws simultaneously with the Complete Collection, which contained only existing legislative acts, arranged in thematic sections - volumes. For example, the third volume contained the Code of Statutes on Civil Service. The publication began in 1832. From time to time, volumes of the Code of Laws were republished in additional form and with the exception of acts that had lost force.

In 1869, with the assistance of the II Department, the printing of the “Government Gazette” began, which was supposed to contain all acts emanating from the supreme power, the highest orders, government orders and other documents, as well as “those statements” that the departments “deem necessary with their sides."

In 1882 the second department was abolished; and the activity of issuing laws was again entrusted to the State Council, under which a codification department was formed for this purpose, which in turn was abolished in 1894, with its activities entrusted to the State Chancellery.

4. III department of the Imperial Chancellery, its special role and significance

Nicholas I began his reign with the suppression of the uprising on Senate Square on December 14, 1825, which left an imprint on his entire reign. The Decembrist uprising showed that the existing structure of law enforcement agencies does not have a positive impact on the effectiveness of their work. The creation of a number of secret societies, preparation and implementation of open action against the existing system.

These events clearly showed the Russian leadership the need to constantly monitor the processes occurring in society.

Despite the relatively calm suppression of the Decembrist uprising, Nicholas I, in the first hours of whose reign there was a rebellion, apparently decided that this was not the end, but only the beginning of the revolutionary movement in Russia.

Therefore, he became convinced of the need for an urgent reorganization of the political investigation system. The emperor saw ways to stabilize the situation in the country in strengthening state bodies, moreover, in personal control of the empire.

To prevent undesirable but possible events, like the Decembrist uprising, Nicholas I needed a new power structure, which soon became a new department of the Imperial Chancellery.

Nevertheless, the III Department was built in a relatively calm time: during the subsequent reign of Nicholas there was not a single major revolutionary uprising in Russia.

Perhaps this determined the nature of the activities of the III Department throughout its existence. Apparently, the structure of the department, its functional responsibilities, forms and methods of work satisfied the emperor, since it existed practically unchanged for 55 years (an absolute record for the Russian special services) Vorontsov S.A. Law enforcement agencies. Intelligence services. History and modernity. - textbook. -Rostov n/d.: Phoenix, 1998. - P. 92.

Back in January 1826, Benckendorff presented a note on the establishment of the higher police, proposing to name its head the Minister of Police and Inspector of the Corps of Gendarmes. This note was followed by others about the organization of the gendarme corps. However, Emperor Nicholas did not want to give the planned new institution the name of the Ministry of Police. Finally, an unprecedented name was invented for the new institution: Division III of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery, which, in essence, meant the desire of the sovereign to personally control the activities of the secret police. A new structure was established on July 3, 1826 as a result of another reorganization of the Imperial Chancellery.

At education III The departments included three components: a special office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, secret agents and the gendarmerie. Initially, the new organization was headed by A.H. Benckendorf, who put forward the ideas of a secret police even under Alexander I.

At the beginning of the activities of the Third Department, some shortcomings in the organization were noticeable. For example, the head of a department was appointed by decree of the emperor and at the same time the same person became the chief of staff of the gendarme corps by another decree of the emperor. Only in 1839 the post of chief of staff of the gendarme corps was combined with the post of manager of the III Division.

The central apparatus of the III department was small and initially consisted of 16 people, who were distributed over four expeditions. The first expedition was in charge of “subjects of the higher police and information about persons under police supervision,” that is, it dealt with political affairs, conducted inquiries into political affairs, monitored all sorts of revolutionary public organizations and compiled annual reports for the emperor on public opinion and the political life of the country.

The second expedition was in charge of schismatics, sectarians, counterfeiters, criminal murders, places of detention and peasant question. In particular, she was in charge of the Peter and Paul and Shlisselburg fortresses.

The third expedition monitored foreigners living in Russia, collected information about the political situation and various radical parties and organizations of foreign countries. The fourth expedition kept a record of all incidents, was in charge of personnel, awards, etc. The fifth expedition, created somewhat later than the first four (in 1842), dealt specifically with theatrical censorship.

By creating the Third Department, Nicholas I moved from the model of the existence of numerous independent special services to a powerful centralized body. The main difference between the new department and its predecessors was that, in addition to the central body, peripheral political investigation structures were created.

The executive body of the Third Department was a separate corps of gendarmes. In contrast, these central apparatus already existed, in different time, several thousand people. IN better times exceeded 5,000 non-commissioned officers and several hundred generals and staff officers. Russia was divided into gendarmerie districts, of which there were first five, then eight, and were headed by the highest gendarme ranks. The districts, in turn, broke up into Branches. Locally, local gendarmerie departments were in charge of political police affairs. The whole country was divided into several (first five, then eight) gendarmerie districts, headed by the highest gendarmerie ranks. The districts, in turn, were divided into departments. There were usually 2-3 provinces per department; Gendarmerie staff officers were appointed commanders. In general, if we translate all this into modern language, it was the secret political police.

Today the word "gendarme" is associated with the secret police. However, this was not always the case. In Russia, this word appeared at the end of the 18th century and was brought from France. Initially it was used in relation to individual army formations. However, by 1826 in Russia there were about 60 gendarmerie units performing police functions.

In his “higher police” project, Benckendorff hoped to rely on these formations so that “...information would flow from all the gendarmes scattered in all cities of Russia and in all units of the troops” Vorontsov S.A. Law enforcement agencies. Intelligence services. History and modernity. - textbook. -Rostov n/d.: Phoenix, 1998. - P. 93. This idea was supported by the emperor, who preferred to see a service formed from officers rather than from civilians.

The tasks that the emperor set for the Third Department were so broad and multifaceted that it was almost impossible to clearly regulate them. A legend has survived to this day that in response to Benckendorff’s question about his duties, Nicholas I handed him a handkerchief with the words: “Here are your instructions. Wipe away the tears of the offended.”

However, there were also very specific functions of the department:

Collection of all information and news on all cases generally assigned to the jurisdiction of the higher police;

Information about the number of different sects and schisms existing in the state;

News about the discovery of counterfeit banknotes, coins, stamps, documents;

Details of all people under the surveillance of the secret police;

Management of all places of confinement in which state criminals are located;

All regulations and orders regarding foreigners living in Russia, arriving or leaving the country;

Collection of reports on all incidents;

Collection of statistical data related to the activities of the secret police.

One of the main tasks of the Third Department was to study the mood in society. Knowledge of public opinion consisted of reports from gendarmes. At first, they collected information through personal communication with various categories of citizens. Later, officials, journalists and other people with information began to be involved in this work. The results of the activities of the Third Department were summed up annually in the form of reports.

The young nobles were of particular concern to the Third Section. Studying the situation among young people for some time was the main activity of this secret service, which feared the formation of new secret societies like the Decembrists.

But, as already noted, the III department was created in the absence of a revolutionary danger - ordinary workers did not have sufficient experience to achieve the goals set for them, and the leadership could not find such an enemy with whom to attract the attention of the emperor. As a result, the leadership of the III Department received extremely meager information about the persons of interest to them, which consisted of external observation and viewing of mail, which rarely yielded anything worthwhile. Also, the work of the department was negatively affected by rivalry with the Ministry of Internal Affairs, whose functions were similar. This struggle boiled down to the fact that both sides intimidated the emperor with fictitious conspiracies, accusing each other of oversight, mutual surveillance, disinformation, and so on.

But the merits of the Third Department include the fact that its leaders were not afraid to report to the emperor fairly sharp, objective information of a prognostic nature. So, in 1828, characterizing the situation in the Kingdom of Poland, where the governor, Grand Duke Constantine, was quite skeptical about the Gendarmes, did not allow them into the Polish provinces and ruled according to his own understanding, Benckendorff wrote to Nicholas I: “Power there continues to remain in the hands of the despicable subjects who rose to prominence through extortion and at the cost of the misfortune of the population. All government officials, starting with the employees of the office of the Governor General, sell justice at auction." Based on this report, the secret police concluded that such a policy of the authorities would certainly lead to a social explosion. And this explosion occurred in the form of the uprising of 1830 - 1831.

At the same time, it is a mistake to think that representatives of the Third Branch, who correctly predicted developments in the Kingdom of Poland, were encouraged. Their merits were not properly appreciated; moreover, they themselves had serious troubles in their careers, because their assessments, conclusions and forecasts were at odds with official information reflecting the process of prosperity of the state, the power of the army, and the growth of the well-being of citizens. In addition, the information from the Third Section could not be used properly, since this would inevitably affect the foundations of autocracy.

Nicholas I, through the Third Branch, wanted to establish his control over all spheres of life, but the vast majority of the population did not notice the presence of the Third Branch, since they were far from any social and political life. To a greater extent, the Third Section affected educated people who “had read something,” from whom a potential threat to the existing system could come (this was primarily due to the noble origin of the organizers of the December uprising). It is appropriate here to provide statistical data for November 1872. The head of the Moscow provincial gendarme department, General Slezkine, reports that in his district, 382 people are under secret surveillance. Including 118 nobles and commoners, of whom 64 were women, 100 students of the university and other higher educational institutions, and 8 former students, 79 students of the Petrine Academy and 29 of its former students, 12 candidates of rights, 6 sworn attorneys and 2 lawyers, 4 professors of higher educational institutions, 4 gymnasium teachers, 4 former students of secondary educational institutions, 2 high school students, 2 home teachers, one matron of a girls’ gymnasium and one owner of a private educational institution Sinelnikov A.V. Ciphers and revolutionaries of Russia. - M.: Yurait, 2006.-p.251.

The greatest success of the Third Department under Nicholas I is considered to be the opening of the Petrashevites circle. But if we look at this story more carefully (in particular, it is described in a rather caustic form by Herzen), it turns out that all the work of monitoring Petrashevsky’s secret organization was carried out by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the leadership of the Third Department learned about this from the lips of the emperor, who entrusted A.F. Orlov (manager of the III Department in the period from 1844 to 1856) to personally take up this matter. On April 23 (May 5), 1849, all 48 members of the secret society were arrested, but the result was not comforting - the “conspirators” were young people (there is evidence that there were even teenagers among them) who did not pose a serious threat to Russian statehood or the life of the emperor.

During the reign Alexandra II a new danger appears - radical terrorists and the position of the Third Branch in Russia began to change. There were several thousand active revolutionaries, which was a lot for Russia at that time, because most revolutionaries belonged precisely to the educated and semi-educated strata. These are, first of all, students involved in the movement revolutionary populism. In 1866, the Emperor appointed Count P.A. Shuvalov as manager of the Third Department, a man of the new generation capable of reforming his service.

He managed to organize control over public events, achieved centralization of the police, created a network of 31 observation posts, and certified the gendarmerie corps. But he made his main contribution to the organization of external surveillance (surveillance) and secret agents.

Shuvalov's arrival in the Third Department coincided with the holding judicial reform in Russia. This circumstance prompted the new chief to develop two instructions issued in 1866. The first instructions were intended more for the public, as they reflected the new realities that arose after judicial reform and called on employees to respect them.

The second instruction was classified as “top secret.” It was based on the organization of surveillance of the population, which was supposed to restrain free thought, the formation of opposition, and the suppression of the preconditions for protests against the existing government.

Alexander II met Shuvalov halfway and in 1867 legitimized the measures he proposed. The gendarmes were declared national police, acting in accordance with approved legislation. The main task of the Third Department was to monitor society. Police functions were taken away from the department. The gendarmerie corps was renamed the observation corps.

The narrowing of law enforcement functions reduced the effectiveness of the Third Division. This became obvious during the suppression of the activities of the secret organization “People's Retribution” in 1870. During the defeat of the organization, about 300 people were detained, suspected of belonging to or sympathizing with Narodnaya Volya. However, only 152 people were arrested, and no solid evidence was obtained against the rest. After studying the case materials, the prosecutor decided to prosecute only 79 people and only 34 people were convicted Vorontsov S.A. Law enforcement agencies. Intelligence services. History and modernity. - textbook. -Rostov n/d.: Phoenix, 1998. - P. 107.

To increase the effectiveness of control measures political crimes the emperor was forced to expand the powers of the gendarmes, but still the methods of work of the Third Department turned out to be ineffective in identifying, preventing and suppressing the activities of secret political organizations.

Fearing the growth of revolutionary sentiment, the government took the path of tightening measures aimed at suppressing and preventing the activities of secret societies. Thus, in accordance with the Law of July 4, 1874, the gendarmes and police were allowed not only to detain, but also to arrest the conspirators and their sympathizers.

Looking for effective methods to fight against political opponents, Alexander II formed a Special Meeting in July 1878, consisting of the Minister of Justice, the Assistant Minister of Internal Affairs and the head of the Third Department, General Nikolai Vladimirovich Mezentsov, who replaced Adjutant General A.L. in this post. Potapova. The new head of the Third Department came up with the idea of expanding the staff of secret agents, whom, in his opinion, needed to be introduced into revolutionary organizations. The agents were entrusted with the task of identifying the conspirators, revealing their plans and provoking actions that could cause public indignation and compromise the revolutionary movement. A special meeting supported the head of the Third Department.

Despite the measures taken by the state, it was not possible to stop the growth of the revolutionary movement. Then the struggle began in earnest, then it was already a matter of a conspiracy of ideas, dozens of death sentences were already being handed down, on the one hand, and on the other hand, the lives of the gendarmes and their agents ceased to be inviolable. A chain of terrorist attacks that began on January 24, 1878 with the assassination attempt Vera Zasulich against the St. Petersburg mayor F.F. Trepov, in May continued the murder of the adjutant of the head of the Kyiv provincial gendarmerie department G.E. Gaking. The next victim was the head of the Third Department N.V. Mezentsov, killed on August 4, 1878 in the center of the capital by Kravchinsky. The secret police showed complete helplessness in revealing their boss.

A.R. became the new head of the Third Department in October 1878. Drenteln. However, even with a significant expansion of the department’s powers in matters of arrest and deportation of revolutionaries, he failed to inflict serious damage on the terrorists. Attempts were made against Drenteln and Alexander II.

The Gendarmerie Department initiated a grandiose trial, the “Trial of the 193s,” according to which they tried the propagandists who went to the people and tried to tell the peasants about the advantages of socialism. There were various sentences, and, in general, the sentence was quite severe for some of the people, much higher than the punishment that was due according to the rules. And the emperor almost always commuted sentences in Russia. He had to be gracious, merciful, and so on. In this case, the emperor left the sentence as is, and those who were released (they had already served their sentences in pre-trial detention, or were acquitted, or did not find enough evidence) were expelled administratively - that is, without trial Zhukhrai V. AND. Terror. Geniuses and villains. - M.: AST - PRESS, 2003. - p.67.

At this time, the III Department did not hesitate to use provocations with the help of its employees - the owners of apartments that were specially rented only to students and course students. They provoked students into some conversations and reported the most suspicious ones to the Third Department. By this time, the professionalism of the department’s rank-and-file workers was growing, and agents began to successfully infiltrate the cells of revolutionary organizations.

In mid-1879, supporters of individual terror united in the People's Will organization, which in August of the same year pronounced a death sentence on the emperor. Of all the previously existing underground organizations, Narodnaya Volya was the most dangerous for the existing system in Russia. This danger lay in the professional selection of personnel, careful compliance with the requirements of secrecy, planning and preparation of their actions, as well as the presence of their own agent in the Third Department. He was Nikolai Kletochnikov, who had an incredible memory.

“Narodnaya Volya” supported its statement about imposing a death sentence on the Tsar with the explosion of the train in which, as the terrorists assumed, Alexander II was traveling, and the explosion in the Winter Palace.

The explosion in the Winter Palace finally convinced Alexander II of the inability of the secret police to existing form protect him from terrorists even in his own home. On August 6, 1880, the emperor signed a decree according to which the Third Department was abolished, its functions were transferred to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which, from this point on, was in charge of the entire administrative management of the empire, the political and criminal police and a number of other issues.

Thus ended the story of the Third Department of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery.

5. IV Department of the Imperial Chancellery

In 1828, the fourth department of the chancellery was formed to manage institutions - charitable and educational, under the patronage of Their Majesties.

Peter I laid the foundation for a system of public charity with his Decree of January 15, 1701, according to which he determined the staff of almshouses, as well as the salaries of the poor. A decree of 1724 ordered nuns to educate orphans of both sexes. A new page in state charity begins with the personal decree of Paul I of May 2, 1797, given to the Senate, according to which the management of institutions intended for the education of youth was entrusted to Empress Maria Feodorovna. For more than thirty years, the Empress fulfilled the duty of protector, patroness of children, the poor and those in need of help.

In connection with the death of his mother, Empress Maria Feodorovna, by decree on October 26, 1828, Emperor Nicholas I, “wishing that all educational and charitable institutions, brought to a high degree of prosperity, would continue to operate as before,” accepted them under his patronage and established the IV Department His Imperial Majesty's own chancellery Stepanets K.V. The reign of Nicholas I. - M.: Yurait, 1999. - p.176. In memory of the patroness, this Department received the name “Institution of Empress Maria.”

On December 14, 1828, the status of the Mariinsky Insignia of Immaculate Service was approved “to reward zealous service in charitable and educational institutions.” The establishment of this sign was the first recognition of the merits of women in public activities.

In accordance with the general policy in the field of education, which was class-based, provincial institutes for noble maidens were established. If at the beginning of the 19th century. Since similar institutes were established only in St. Petersburg and Moscow, then, starting from 1829, a women’s institute appeared in almost every major provincial city. In 1855, institutes in Odessa, Kyiv, Tiflis, Orenburg and Irkutsk will be named Nikolaev.

There were institutes that directly owed their establishment to Emperor Nicholas I - these were orphan institutes in St. Petersburg and Moscow. In 1834, orphan departments were opened at educational homes in St. Petersburg and Moscow, which three years later were transformed into orphan institutes, in which girls were brought up - orphans of civil and military service officers.

The authorities considered the activities of the mentioned institutions as state activities, although the state did not directly take responsibility for social policy. Soon after the formation of the IV Department, a procedure was established according to which the sovereign and his wife became patrons of the institutions of Empress Maria.

The internal structure of the Department of Empress Maria was quite complex and changed several times. In addition, the management of Empress Maria's institutions was carried out by the Guardian Councils, which were created by Catherine II at the Orphanages. In 1797, these councils, together with the Orphanages, became part of the IV Department of the Own Chancellery. The guardianship councils considered almost all issues related to the activities of the department: they approved regulations, charters and staff of individual institutions, societies and structural divisions, instructions to officials, learning programs, bills, estimates, etc. In 1873, one Guardian Council was formed, consisting of the St. Petersburg and Moscow presences. The number of honorary guardians included only representatives of the aristocracy and high officials. Honorary guardians performed their duties on a “voluntary basis”, in most cases without taking any real part in the management of the institutions entrusted to them. However, the Charter of the Board of Trustees of Empress Maria’s institutions, adopted in 1873, stated: “The Board of Trustees is the highest state institution...” Vlasov P.V. Abode of Mercy. - M.: Education, 1999. - p.122. This emphasized the national importance of the Department of Empress Maria itself.

In 1860, under the IV Department of His Imperial Majesty's Own Office, the Main Directorate of Institutions of the Empress Maria was organized, and in 1873, the IV Department was transformed into His Imperial Majesty's Own Office of the Empress Maria's Institutions, which was at the head of all charitable institutions.

Under this name, the IV Department still exists and manages educational and charitable institutions, the number of which has now increased to a very large figure. The main body under the authority of Empress Maria is still the Guardian Council as a legislative and financial institution; the administrative part is entrusted to the office, which is divided into six expeditions. The Council consists of two presences - St. Petersburg and Moscow, consisting of members called honorary guardians.

The office consists of: an educational committee, a construction committee, a legal adviser and a medical inspector, under whose control the “medical meeting” is located. Among the institutions of the department of Empress Maria are, in addition to the above, “control”, which is directly subordinate to the chief manager and verifies the correctness of the monetary and material management of this department, and the “office for the management of all orphanages.”

Thus, the IV department of His Imperial Majesty's Own became a structure of state charity, taking control of the protection of the poor, and the fact that this activity was allocated to a department of the Imperial Chancellery shows what importance mercy had in the eyes of the sovereign.

CONCLUSION

His Imperial Majesty's own office turned out to be an important link in the interaction of the autocrat with government agencies and the public. Despite the fact that the activities of the Imperial Chancellery were subordinate to the emperor personally, in many ways the heads of the departments had independence and had the opportunity to influence the opinion of the sovereign.

Despite the enormous importance of this organization on a scale government controlled His Imperial Majesty's own chancellery had a small central apparatus, and office work took place in it quite quickly. That is why Nicholas I, seeing how bureaucratized state bodies were, took especially important matters under his personal control through the Imperial Chancellery.

Thanks to His Imperial Majesty's Own Office, the country fought against bureaucracy and bribery, criminal elements were separated from power (but on the other hand, representatives of the unprivileged classes also lost their positions in the service), legislation was codified, and so on.

The importance of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery is difficult to assess, since its activities had both positive and negative aspects. On the one hand, the personal management of the country’s affairs by the emperor strengthened the centralism of power and autocracy, and, on the other hand, it made it possible to deal with the most important issues in the shortest possible time and take the necessary measures.

But over time, the reform of His Imperial Majesty’s Own did not keep up with the demands of the time, which was reflected in the failures of the Third Department. Over time, other branches were abolished, showing their unviability in governing the country.

But His Imperial Majesty's Own Office continued to exist until February revolution 1917 and the service in it was more honorable than significant, but still it never lost its influence on the emperor in resolving some issues.

To summarize, we can say that similar structures like His Imperial Majesty’s Own Office exist in all states. IN this moment in Russia, similar functions are performed by the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation.

On May 12, Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin appointed former head of the presidential administration Sergei Sobyanin as head of the government apparatus with the rank of deputy prime minister, and former deputy head of administration Igor Sechin as deputy prime minister responsible for industrial policy. Former Deputy Prime Minister and Chief of Staff of the Government Sergei Naryshkin became the new head of the new president's administration. This shows what a big role the office of the head of state plays, but one should not forget the experience of the past, and know that strengthening the office of the emperor gave only a temporary effect.

LIST OF SOURCES USED

1. Vlasov P.V. Abode of Mercy. - M.: Education, 1999. - 368 p.

2. Vorontsov S.A. Law enforcement agencies. Intelligence services. History and modernity. - textbook. -Rostov n/d.: Phoenix, 1998. -640 p.

3. Zhukhrai V.I. Terror. Geniuses and villains. - M.: AST - PRESS, 2003. - p.258

4. Isaev I.A. History of state and law of Russia: Tutorial. - M.: Yurist, 2005.

5. History of state and law of Russia: Textbook / V.M. Cleandrova, R.S. Mulukaev; Ed. Yu.P. Titova. - M.: TK Velby, 2004.

6. Nolde A.E. MM. Speransky. Biography. - M.: Mosk. school watered issled., 2004. -542 p.

7. Sinelnikov A.V. Ciphers and revolutionaries of Russia. - M.: Yurayt, 2006.- 486 p.

8. Stepanets K.V. The reign of Nicholas I. - M.: Yurait, 1999. - p.302

9. Reader on the history of state and law of Russia: Textbook / Comp. Yu.P. Titov. - M.: TK Velby, 2004.

10. Shepelev L.E. Titles, uniforms and orders of the Russian Empire. - M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2003. - p.258

11. Shobodoeva A.V. History of the domestic state and law: Educational and methodological complex. - Irkutsk: BGUEP, 2003.

12. Tsechoev V.K. History of the Russian state and law: Textbook. - M.: MarT, 2003.

Imperial Cabinet

Office of Alexander I

Office of Nicholas I and Alexander II

The own chancellery received a new development during the reign of Nicholas I, when it was entrusted with special tasks, for which six departments of the chancellery were gradually formed, which had an independent position and were equal in importance to ministries. In 1826, the former Own Chancellery received the name first department Own E.I.V. office; in the same year, the second and third departments of the Own Chancellery were established, in 1828 - the fourth, in 1836 - the fifth and in 1842 - the sixth (the last two departments were temporary).

The four branches of the Proprietary Chancellery existed until the early 1880s, when all branches except the first were transferred to the relevant ministries.

First department

Second department

Third department

Fourth department

The sixth department was established temporarily in 1842. He was engaged in arranging a peaceful life in the Transcaucasian region.

Office of Alexander III and Nicholas II

The first department in 1882 again received the name Own E.I.V. office, which served as the personal office of the emperor. Her responsibility included:

execution of orders and instructions received from the sovereign,
production in some cases of the highest decrees, rescripts, orders, letters;
presentation to the sovereign of papers received by the chancellery in the highest name on some of the highest state institutions, as well as reports from the heads of the provinces;
announcement (in certain cases) of the monarch's will according to the indicated ideas;
consideration of reports on unfulfilled highest decrees and commands;
consideration and submission, at the discretion of the emperor, of requests from charitable institutions that were not under the direct jurisdiction of ministries or main departments (primarily those under the patronage of the highest persons);
initial consideration and further direction of issues relating to general, mainly formal conditions of civil service, as well as awards;
other issues related to internal work Own office.

In 1892, a committee was established at the Own Chancellery to consider nominations for awards (since 1894 - a committee on the service of civil department officials and on awards). Proceedings on cases submitted to this committee were entrusted to the inspection department of the Own Chancellery, restored in 1894.

E.I.V.’s own office in late XIX century was under the command of the Secretary of State who managed it. This position was held by K.K. Rennenkampf (1889-96) and A.S. Taneyev (from 1896).

Sources

// Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

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An excerpt characterizing His Imperial Majesty's Own Office

“Hurray aa aa!” a drawn-out scream echoed along our line and, overtaking Prince Bagration and each other, our people ran down the mountain in a discordant, but cheerful and animated crowd after the upset French.

The attack of the 6th Jaeger ensured the retreat of the right flank. In the center, the action of the forgotten battery of Tushin, who managed to light Shengraben, stopped the movement of the French. The French put out the fire, carried by the wind, and gave time to retreat. The retreat of the center through the ravine was hasty and noisy; however, the troops, retreating, did not mix up their commands. But the left flank, which was simultaneously attacked and bypassed by the superior forces of the French under the command of Lannes and which consisted of the Azov and Podolsk infantry and Pavlograd hussar regiments, was upset. Bagration sent Zherkov to the general of the left flank with orders to immediately retreat.
Zherkov smartly, without removing his hand from his cap, touched his horse and galloped off. But as soon as he drove away from Bagration, his strength failed him. An insurmountable fear came over him, and he could not go where it was dangerous.
Having approached the troops of the left flank, he did not go forward, where there was shooting, but began to look for the general and commanders where they could not be, and therefore did not convey the order.
The command of the left flank belonged by seniority to the regimental commander of the very regiment that was represented at Braunau by Kutuzov and in which Dolokhov served as a soldier. The command of the extreme left flank was assigned to the commander of the Pavlograd regiment, where Rostov served, as a result of which a misunderstanding occurred. Both commanders were very irritated against each other, and while things had been going on on the right flank for a long time and the French had already begun their offensive, both commanders were busy in negotiations that were intended to insult each other. The regiments, both cavalry and infantry, were very little prepared for the upcoming task. The people of the regiments, from soldier to general, did not expect battle and calmly went about peaceful affairs: feeding horses in the cavalry, collecting firewood in the infantry.
“He is, however, older than me in rank,” said the German, a hussar colonel, blushing and turning to the adjutant who had arrived, “then leave him to do as he wants.” I cannot sacrifice my hussars. Trumpeter! Play retreat!
But things were getting to a point in a hurry. The cannonade and shooting, merging, thundered on the right and in the center, and the French hoods of the Lannes riflemen had already passed the mill dam and lined up on this side in two rifle shots. The infantry colonel walked up to the horse with a trembling gait and, climbing onto it and becoming very straight and tall, rode to the Pavlograd commander. The regimental commanders gathered with polite bows and with hidden malice in their hearts.
“Again, Colonel,” said the general, “I cannot, however, leave half the people in the forest.” “I ask you, I ask you,” he repeated, “to take a position and prepare to attack.”
“And I ask you not to interfere, it’s not your business,” the colonel answered, getting excited. - If you were a cavalryman...
- I’m not a cavalryman, colonel, but I’m a Russian general, and if you don’t know this...
“It’s very well known, Your Excellency,” the colonel suddenly cried out, touching the horse, and turning red and purple. “Would you like to put me in chains, and you will see that this position is worthless?” I don't want to destroy my regiment for your pleasure.
- You are forgetting yourself, Colonel. I do not respect my pleasure and will not allow anyone to say this.
The general, accepting the colonel's invitation to the tournament of courage, straightened his chest and frowned, rode with him towards the chain, as if all their disagreement was to be resolved there, in the chain, under the bullets. They arrived in a chain, several bullets flew over them, and they stopped silently. There was nothing to see in the chain, since even from the place where they had previously stood, it was clear that it was impossible for the cavalry to operate in the bushes and ravines, and that the French were going around the left wing. The general and the colonel looked sternly and significantly, like two roosters preparing for battle, at each other, waiting in vain for signs of cowardice. Both passed the exam. Since there was nothing to say, and neither one nor the other wanted to give the other a reason to say that he was the first to escape from the bullets, they would have stood there for a long time, mutually testing their courage, if at that time in the forest, almost behind them, there had not been the crackle of guns and a dull merging cry were heard. The French attacked soldiers who were in the forest with firewood. The hussars could no longer retreat along with the infantry. They were cut off from the retreat to the left by a French chain. Now, no matter how inconvenient the terrain was, it was necessary to attack in order to pave a path for ourselves.
The squadron where Rostov served, who had just managed to mount the horses, was stopped facing the enemy. Again, as on the Ensky Bridge, there was no one between the squadron and the enemy, and between them, dividing them, lay the same terrible line of uncertainty and fear, as if the line separating the living from the dead. All people felt this line, and the question of whether or not they would cross the line and how they would cross the line worried them.
A colonel drove up to the front, angrily answered the officers’ questions and, like a man desperately insisting on his own, gave some kind of order. No one said anything definite, but rumors of an attack spread throughout the squadron. The formation command was heard, then the sabers screeched as they were taken out of their scabbards. But still no one moved. The troops on the left flank, both infantry and hussars, felt that the authorities themselves did not know what to do, and the indecisiveness of the leaders was communicated to the troops.
“Hurry, hurry,” thought Rostov, feeling that the time had finally come to experience the pleasure of attack, about which he had heard so much from his comrades of the hussars.
“With God, you fuckers,” Denisov’s voice sounded, “ysyo, magician!”
In the front row the rumps of horses swayed. The rook pulled the reins and set off himself.
On the right, Rostov saw the first ranks of his hussars, and even further ahead he could see a dark stripe, which he could not see, but considered the enemy. Shots were heard, but in the distance.
- Increase the trot! - a command was heard, and Rostov felt his Grachik giving in with his hindquarters, breaking into a gallop.
He guessed his movements in advance, and he became more and more fun. He noticed a lone tree ahead. At first this tree was in front, in the middle of that line that seemed so terrible. But we crossed this line, and not only was there nothing terrible, but it became more and more fun and lively. “Oh, how I will cut him,” thought Rostov, clutching the hilt of the saber in his hand.
- Oh oh oh ah ah!! - voices boomed. “Well, now whoever it is,” thought Rostov, pressing Grachik’s spurs in, and, overtaking the others, released him into the entire quarry. The enemy was already visible ahead. Suddenly, like a wide broom, something hit the squadron. Rostov raised his saber, preparing to cut, but at that time the soldier Nikitenko, galloping ahead, separated from him, and Rostov felt, as in a dream, that he continued to rush forward with unnatural speed and at the same time remained in place. From behind, the familiar hussar Bandarchuk galloped up at him and looked angrily. Bandarchuk's horse gave way, and he galloped past.
"What is this? Am I not moving? “I fell, I was killed...” Rostov asked and answered in an instant. He was already alone in the middle of the field. Instead of moving horses and hussars' backs, he saw motionless earth and stubble around him. Warm blood was underneath him. “No, I’m wounded and the horse is killed.” The rook stood up on his front legs, but fell, crushing the rider's leg. Blood was flowing from the horse's head. The horse was struggling and could not get up. Rostov wanted to get up and fell too: the cart caught on the saddle. Where ours were, where the French were, he didn’t know. There was no one around.
Freeing his leg, he stood up. “Where, on which side was now the line that so sharply separated the two armies?” – he asked himself and could not answer. “Has something bad happened to me? Do such cases happen, and what should be done in such cases? - he asked himself getting up; and at that time he felt that something unnecessary was hanging on his left numb hand. Her brush was like someone else's. He looked at his hand, searching in vain for blood on it. “Well, here are the people,” he thought joyfully, seeing several people running towards him. “They will help me!” Ahead of these people ran one in a strange shako and a blue overcoat, black, tanned, with a hooked nose. Two more and many more were running behind. One of them said something strange, non-Russian. Between the rear similar people, in the same shakos, stood one Russian hussar. They held his hands; his horse was held behind him.

III Department of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery

The formation of the special services of the Russian Empire began on June 3, 1826. On this day, Emperor Nicholas I signed a decree on the formation of the III Department as part of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery (SEIVK). It was this structure that became the prototype of special services in the field state security Russian Empire.

The formation of the III Division is directly related to the events of December 14, 1825, when part of the guards regiments went to Senate Square in St. Petersburg, trying to palace coups change direction political development Russian Empire.

A. Ladurner. Sketch based on a drawing by Emperor Nicholas I. Late 1840s.

The events of December 14, 1825 created a real danger for the life of the young monarch Nicholas I. It was on this day that the issue of the personal safety of Nikolai Pavlovich and his family became clear. Nicholas I himself calmly assessed his chances when, on December 11–12, 1825, he decided to “take the throne” himself. On the morning of December 14, 1825, Nikolai Pavlovich, getting dressed, said to A.Kh. Benckendorf: “Tonight, perhaps, both of us will no longer be in the world, but at least we will die having fulfilled our duty” 223. Indeed, the Decembrists had significant forces under their control. They considered regicide as one of the options for the development of events. They had the opportunity to do this. From December 11 to December 12, 1825, a company of the Moscow Regiment under the command of the Decembrist staff captain Mikhail Alexandrovich Bestuzhev was on guard in the Winter Palace. On the night of December 14, K.F. Ryleev was looking for a plan of the Winter Palace, to which Alexander Bestuzhev, grinning, said: “The royal family is not a needle, and if it is possible to captivate the troops, then, of course, it will not hide...”

Therefore, after the suppression of the rebels’ speech (later they would be called Decembrists), it was logical for Adjutant General A.Kh. to appeal to Nicholas I at the end of January 1826. Benckendorf with a note “On the structure of the external police,” which discussed the creation of a special political police. After its consideration, on June 25, 1826, Nicholas I signed a decree on the organization of a Separate Corps of Gendarmes. On July 3, 1826, another decree followed - on the transformation of the Special Chancellery of the Ministry of Internal Affairs into the III Department of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery. A.Kh. was appointed chief of the Gendarme Corps and chief commander of the III Division of the SEIVK. Benckendorf. The creation of these structures meant a transition from political wanted to the system political control in the Russian Empire.

J. Doe. Portrait of AH. Benckendorf. 1822

It must be emphasized that the creator and long-term leader of the III Department, Count A.Kh. Benckendorff was a military general and did not make his career on the palace floors. In 1803, he took part in hostilities in Georgia (Order of St. Anne and St. Vladimir, IV degree), and took part in the wars with France in 1805 and 1806–1807.

M.Ya. von Fock. Lithograph from an original by Friedrich. 1820s

For distinction in the battle of Preussisch-Eylau A.H. Benckendorff was awarded the order St. Anne II degree. IN Russian-Turkish War 1806–1812 distinguished himself in the battle of Rushchuk (June 1811, Order of St. George, IV degree).

Reception A.H. Benckendorf. Late 1820s and.

During the Patriotic War of 1812 and foreign campaigns, he established himself as a dashing cavalry commander, distinguished by personal courage. For this campaign Benckendorff received the Order of St. George III degree, St. Anna, 1st class, St. Vladimir, 2nd class, gold sword, decorated with diamonds, with the inscription “For bravery.” Nevertheless, he did not consider it shameful for his honor to submit to Emperor Alexander I a detailed note with information about the “Union of Welfare” in 1821. The emperor left the general's note without action, but the events of 1825 showed Benckendorff's foresight.

The new unit was not formed out of nowhere. Until 1826, a Special Chancellery operated within the structure of the Ministry of Internal Affairs under the leadership of M.Ya. von Fock. His experience was used to the fullest. In a note dated July 14, 1826, M.Ya. von Fock proposed dividing Section III into four expeditions. Von Fock saw the task of the first expedition as preventing “malicious intentions against the person of the sovereign emperor.” By this it was meant that Section III primarily ensures the strategic security of the king and his entourage, protecting the “security of the throne.” At the same time, it must be emphasized that the III Department itself was a rather analytical structure, the main task of which was the collection and synthesis of the collected information. IN new structure a network of agents created by von Fock was used. Since the main danger to the throne then came from among the opposition nobility, these were not ordinary agents. These included state councilor Nefediev, Count Lev Sollogub, collegiate councilor Blandov, writer and playwright Viskovatov 224. Special attention of the employees of the III Department was paid to the army and the guard, since it was the military during the 18th – early 19th centuries. were the main organizers of conspiracies and regicides.

A.V. Tyranov. Portrait of Major General L.V. Dubelta. 1840s

Over time, Section III gradually abandoned operational work, since this was not part of its tasks, and its staff was very small 225. Total number The employees of Division III at the time of its founding numbered only 27 people. At the time of the abolition of the III Department in 1880, the number of employees was not much larger - 58 people 226.

Division III was repeatedly reorganized. In 1839, after combining the position of Chief of Staff of the Corps of Gendarmes and the manager of the III Department in the person of L.V. Dubelt, a unified structure was created that existed until 1880.

It should be noted that in addition to collecting information and its analytical understanding, Section III, with its small staff of officials, resolved many issues that had nothing to do with issues of state security and state protection. Therefore, when in the 1860s. The internal political situation in the Russian Empire became sharply more complicated, and new tasks were assigned to Section III. The main one is the fight against revolutionary movement in Russia.

Among the measures to protect the imperial family in the early 1860s. It can be attributed to the fact that the head of the III Department and the Chief of Gendarmes V.A. Dolgorukov 227 and St. Petersburg military governor general A.L. Suvorov was entrusted with constant surveillance of everyone going to Tsarskoye Selo by railway. In turn, the Tsarskoe Selo police were tasked with monitoring all visitors.

IN. Sherwood. Portrait of V.A. Dolgoruky in the uniform of the Life Guards Horse Regiment. 1882

But these were measures of a traditional nature. Time required new solutions. After the assassination attempt of D. Karakozov in April 1866 and the resignation of V.A. Dolgorukov, the new Minister of Internal Affairs, Pyotr Andreevich Shuvalov, took over the reforms. On his initiative, the gendarmerie corps lost its police prerogatives. The main task of the corps became “surveillance of society,” i.e. Section III actually became a “pure intelligence service.” However, these reforms also had their negative consequences. The fact is that the liberal intelligentsia, which formed public opinion in Russia, was very sympathetic to the tyrannical sentiments of the revolutionaries, so the cases of the arrested revolutionaries “fell apart” by the liberal courts.

P.A. Shuvalov

Therefore, in 1871, the III Department was returned to police functions, which made it possible to actively influence investigative and judicial processes.

It was also important to increase funding for all structures fighting the revolutionary movement in Russia. The budget of the Security Guard of the III Division, directly involved in guarding the Tsar, amounted to 52,000 rubles. in year. In July 1866, additional funds were allocated for “strengthening foreign agents” in the amount of 19,000 rubles. 29,000 rubles were allocated for the maintenance of the “secret department” under the St. Petersburg chief of police. in year. These measures have yielded certain results. Contemporaries P.A. Shuvalov is remembered as a man under whom not a single attempt was made on the emperor.

Thus, in 1826, a structure was created that was used in the 1820-1850s. significant influence in society. In fact, Section III of the Seivk became the foundation for the creation of professional intelligence services in Russia. At the same time, the III Department, due to a number of objective reasons, “did not keep up” with the development of the revolutionary movement in Russia in the late 1870s – early 1880s. actually lost the initiative in opposing the political terror of the Narodnaya Volya. This was precisely the main reason for the liquidation of Section III in 1880.

This text is an introductory fragment. author Zimin Igor Viktorovich

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IV. Instructions of Her Imperial Majesty to the Chief Chamberlain (1730) Her Imperial Majesty, following the example of other well-established courts, most mercifully decided to establish a Chief Chamberlain at her Imperial Court, and besides, such

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Appendix 3 Attitude of the Kaluga governor A.L. Lvov to the head of the Military Campaign Office of His Imperial Majesty, gr. To H. A. Lieven dated June 23, 1806 about the situation of the Starichkov family in Kaluga Dear Sir, Count Christopher Andreevich! Your Excellency in

PART ONE 23
CHAPTER I. First information about the Imperial Own Convoy. - Guards Black Sea Hundred under the Leningrad Guards. Cossack regiment. - The Patriotic War and the participation of the Black Sea Hundred in it. - Particular differences. - Campaign of 1813 - Convoy of Emperor Alexander. - Pursuit by the army of the allied Monarchs of Napoleonic hordes. - Royal favor to the Black Sea Hundred. - Allied movement towards Leipzig. - The battle near Leipzig and the famous attack of the Imperial Convoy. - Awards. - Movement towards Paris. - Ferchampenoise. - Entry into Paris. - Peace with France. - Return of the Black Sea people to St. Petersburg. - An unexpected campaign to the Western borders of the Empire and a new return campaign to St. Petersburg. 24
CHAPTER II. Award of silver pipes to Life Cossacks and Black Sea residents. - New line-up L.-Gv. Cossack regiment. - Campaign of 1821 - Death of Emperor Alexander I. - Award of the St. George Standards Regiment by Emperor Nicholas I. - Increase in the composition of the Black Sea squadron and the first preferential shift. - Campaign of 1828 - Black Sea people in the Convoy of the Guards Corps and in the detachment of General Bistrom I. - Particular differences. - Cordon service of the Black Sea squadron in the province. Podolsk, Kherson and Bessarabian regions. - March to Poland. - Awards for the campaign of 1831 - Leningrad Guards. Black Sea Cossack division according to the situation July 1, 1842 - Campaign of 1848 - Security service in Galicia. - Visit by the Heir Tsarevich to the Black Sea Sea in 1850 - Service of the Black Sea Division in 1854-55. - Award to the division of new silver trumpets and the St. George standard. - Certificate 15 Dec. 1858 - Merger of the Black Sea Division with His Majesty's Own Convoy. 60
PART TWO 75
CHAPTER I. Foundation of the Leningrad-Guards. Caucasian-Mountain half-squadron. - Arrival of a platoon of highlanders in St. Petersburg. - Platoon composition and first drills. - Half-squadron on staff April 30. 1820 - Training of highlanders in the Noble Regiment and the privileges given to them. - Reception to cadet corps young mountaineers. - Some petitions of the highlanders of the half-squadron to the Government. - Highlanders studying the Russian language in the half-squadron. - First camps and participation in general maneuvers, graduation of officers, change. - The first linear Cossacks of the Own Imperial Convoy. 78
CHAPTER II. Polish campaign highlanders; their military operations in the vicinity of Ostrolenko. - Security of the Heir to the Tsarevich. - Cholera. - The death of His Highness. - Fighting highlanders near the metro station Rai-Gorod, near Vilno on the Panar Heights and near Kovno. - Frequent differences. - The fall of Warsaw and the return of the highlanders to St. Petersburg. - Campaign rewards. 96
CHAPTER III. Highlanders in St. Petersburg and its environs. - Shifts and the purpose of the formation of the Caucasian-Mountain half-squadron. - The beginning of the existence of the team of guards linear Cossacks and its staff. - Convoy and highlander camps. - A new reason for sending a half-squadron of highlanders to the Noble Regiment and the number of its officers. - Increase in the team of linemen and some additions in this regard. - Service orders of the Convoy and placement of its units. - First shift of linemen. - Changes in the choice of highlanders for half-squadron, release to officers and the order of wearing uniforms. - The beginning of a more specific order of education and service for the highlanders. 108
CHAPTER IV. Trip to Kalisz, Highest review and awards of the Convoy. - The first chamber-Cossacks were linemen. - Line team in Tsarskoe Selo. - Convoy training. - The actions of the mountaineers, measures to suppress them and the difficulties encountered. - New rules for selection and service of the Asian Convoy. - City shift of 1836 - Assumption about the education of mountain girls. - The beginning of the Lezgin team and its composition. - Colonel Khan-Girey’s business trip to the Caucasus and instructions to him. Result of the trip. - Convoy service in St. Petersburg and performance in Peterhof. - Convoy team's trip to the Caucasus. - A quick sketch of Emperor Nicholas’s journey to the Caucasus and Georgia. 121
CHAPTER V. Change of linemen. - Changes in the Caucasian-Mountain half-squadron. - Lezgin team staff. - Muslim team and its staff. - Entry of the Highly Named Bride of the Heir to the Throne. - Replenishment of the Convoy with Asians and new rules for their selection. - The actions of the Asians and the orders of Benckendorff. 136
CHAPTER VI. Business trips. - Orderlies. - Order of service, subordination of Asians and graduation as officers. - Asian shifts. - The barracks of the linemen, their service outfits, officers. - 1st shift of Muslims. - Participation of mountaineers in expeditions. - New line team staff. - The number of officers in the Gorsky half-squadron. - New choice of Lezgins, their orderlies. - Foreign business trip of linemen. - Convoy V. Book. Mikhail Pavlovich. - Campaign of 1848 - Caps of Asian officers. - New states and report cards of the Convoy. - Lineists under V.Kn. Konstantin Nikolaevich. - Awards and trips. - Cool activities for Asians in St. Petersburg. - Asian officers and measures to reduce them. - Rules July 4, 1850 - Change of Convoy staff. - Convoy of the Heir to the Tsarevich. - Old Believers. - The behavior of Asians and the order of gr. Orlova. - Bandoliers. Caps for line command officers. - Campaign 1853-56. and reorganization of the Convoy. - Coronation. - Team of Georgians. - 1st commander of the Convoy. - Armenians. - Concentration of the Convoy in Tsarskoe Selo and further changes in its deployment. 149
CHAPTER VII. Transformations of the Caucasian troops. - Regulations February 2, 1861 - Convoy holidays, staff and subsequent additions. - Security squads and service in general, in St. Petersburg and the surrounding area. - Anxiety. - The highest visit to the Caucasus in 1861 - Campaign to Novgorod. - Appearance of a team in the Convoy Crimean Tatars. - The order of movement of shifts. - About the fees of preferential squadrons. - Business trips to Crimea. - New commander of the Convoy. - Attitudes between Asians. - Accident during the camps of 1864 - Over-completion of the Convoy teams. - Asian squadron for the pacification of the Caucasus. - Results of graduating Asians from the Convoy as officers. - Meeting and accompanying the Highly Named Bride of the Heir to the Tsarevich, Princess Maria Dagmara. 181
CHAPTER VIII. A new procedure for the formation of Cossack squadrons. - Terek squadron; granting him a standard; horse riding; song "triumph of the Terek Cossacks October 8, 1868 - Further changes in the rules of 1861 - States and tables November 14, 1868 - Separation of convoy holidays. - Fight of Asians at the front. - Tsarskoye Selo service of the next platoon in 1868 - New Convoy commander . - New guns. - Business trips. - New rule about Asian officers. - Security of the Sovereign in the Caucasus in 1871 - New way to change the Convoy. - Maintenance of preferential officers. - Recruiting a team of Crimean Tatars. - Meeting and accompanying foreign dignitaries. - Drill training. - Behavior of Georgians. 201
CHAPTER IX. Beginning of the 1877-87 campaign. - Convoys in Chisinau. - Military trip to Odessa. - The highest review in Chisinau. - Terek battle song. - Movement to Romania. - A trip from St. Petersburg to the theater of military operations, the Imperial Main Apartment. - The remaining parts of the Convoy in the capital. - Arrival of the Emperor in Ploesti. - Equation of squadrons and their service under the Sovereign. - The highest crossing of the Danube. - Transfer of the Imperial Headquarters to European Turkey. - Overnight near the village. Princesses. - Anxiety. - The royal apartment in the village. Was. - Transfer to Gornyi Studen. - A trip to the trap of the Terek squadron from Radevitsa, to the Tsar’s apartment. - Greetings from General Skobelev 3rd. - Meeting with the Emperor. - Rewards for Lovcha. - Tertsov losses. - New battle song of the Terek squadron. 221
CHAPTER X. Transition of the Royal Apartment to Chuash Mahala and then to Radonitsa. - The Emperor announces to the Kuban people about an imminent campaign. - Transition of the Tsar's apartment to Gorny Studen. - Campaign of the Kuban Division of the Convoy. - Reconnaissance near Plevna. - Actions of the Kuban soldiers near Gorny Dubnyak and Telish. - Division losses. - Call to the Royal apartment in Poradim. - Awards. - Terek squadron in Gorny Studen, after the Kuban troops left. - Transition of the Royal Apartment to Poradim. - Return to Poradim Kuban. - Trips of the Sovereign to the village of Medovan, village. Bogota and the Plevna positions. - Fall of Plevna. - Return of the Sovereign to St. Petersburg and service of the Convoy under the Commander-in-Chief. - Movement to the Balkans. - Shipka crossing. - New Year in Kazanlak. - Reconnaissance of Captain Kulebyakin. - Transfer of the Main Apartment to Eski Zagra and further to Adrianople. - The march of the combined squadron of the Convoy to the city of Mustafa Pasha and the surrounding villages to pacify the warring inhabitants. - Results of the campaign. Relocation of the main apartment to San Stefano. - Conclusion of peace with Turkey. - Return of the Convoy to St. Petersburg. - Meeting of the Shah of Persia and the Supreme Parade. - Departure of the Court and Cossack squadrons of the Convoy to Tsarskoe Selo. - Rewards for the war. - Anniversary of the crossing of the Danube. - Bringing the Convoy to a peaceful position. - The highest review of the Convoy on August 1. - Presentation of a golden checker by the Convoy officers to the Sovereign Emperor. - The highest letter to the Convoy on August 2, 1878 - The highest departure to Livadia. - New commander of the Convoy. - Service and private life Terek half-squadron in Crimea at the Supreme Court. - Return of the Sovereign to St. Petersburg. - Administrative changes in the Crimean Tatars team. 244
CHAPTER XI. Livadia Convoy service and 1880 and the suicide of Lieutenant Zolotarevsky. - Death of the Empress. - The Sovereign's last favors to the Convoy. - Disaster of May 1, 1881 - Victims of the disaster. - Burial of the body of the late Sovereign Emperor Alexander II in Bose and the rule for wearing monograms of His Name. Transition of the Convoy to Gatchina, for service at the Supreme Court. - The call of the Kuban Division from Warsaw to St. Petersburg and the impression it made in the capital. - Security squads in Gatchina. - Assumption of the merger of the Kuban division with His Majesty's Convoy. - Formation of the 2nd Terek squadron and transformation into the Convoy. - Directorate of the Caucasian squadron. - Strengthening security in Gatchina and service in Peterhof. - Seniority of the Kuban Division. - The last day of the Caucasian squadron; results of officer graduations for his ranks. - Changes in the staffing of the Convoy. - Departure to Warsaw for the Kuban Division. - Service of the 1st Kuban and 2nd Terek squadrons. - Speech of the Convoy to Moscow. - Coronation of the Emperor Alexandra III th and Convoy service in Moscow; return to St. Petersburg. 280
CHAPTER XII. The beginning of the transformation of the Convoy and the situation about it. - Changes in 1885 - New way of recruiting squadrons. - Rules on management in the Convoy. - New commander of the Convoy. Project for converting the Convoy into a 4-squadron regiment. - Position, staff and reports June 9, 1889 - Reasons for new changes. - Increasing the composition of squadrons. - Regulations, staff and report cards on May 26, 1891 and the abolition of the Crimean Tatar team. Reasons for implementation new organization Convoy and latest additions. - An unexpected change in the command of the Convoy. - Later events. - Their Majesties' stay in Livadia. - Death of Emperor Alexander III. - Changes in Convoy deployment. Holy baptism Vel. Princess Olga Nikolaevna. Convoy in Moscow for the coronation of Emperor Nicholas II Alexandrovich. - Return to St. Petersburg. 302
APPENDIX No. I 340
APPENDIX No. II 363
APPENDIX No. III 366
APPENDIX No. IV 370
APPENDIX No. V 373
APPENDIX VI 377
APPENDIX No. VII 378
APPENDIX No. VIII 387
APPENDIX No. IX 411
APPENDIX No. X 420
APPENDIX No. XI 424
APPENDIX No. XII 425
APPENDIX No. XIII 432
APPENDIX No. XIV 433
APPENDIX No. XV 434
APPENDIX No. XVI 437
APPENDIX No. XVII 455
APPENDIX No. XVIII 459
APPENDIX No. XIX 472
APPENDIX No. XX 495

The Cabinet was subordinated to its own patrimonial office, established by Catherine I for the management of imperial property and which existed until 1765, as a result of which the activities of the Cabinet began to predominate in the management of imperial patrimonies and especially mining factories.

During the reign of Catherine II, these matters became the only subject under the jurisdiction of the Cabinet; the latter circumstance caused the formation of a separate Own office. Under Paul I, the office of the sovereign enjoyed great influence: it received cases that deserved the highest special attention, memorials of the Governing Senate and complaints against the highest government places and persons. According to Troshchinsky, “the state official who managed this office was the actual minister of His Imperial Majesty for all matters of public administration.” This office was closed in 1802 with the establishment of ministries.

The four branches of the Proprietary Chancellery existed until the early 1880s, when a gradual reduction of the branches of the Proprietary Chancellery began.

First department

Second department

The second department of the E.I.V.’s Own Chancellery was formed on April 4, 1826 to replace the “law drafting commission” that was attached to the State Council. This department, in contrast to the previous commission, had as its goal not the creation of new laws, but the putting in order of existing ones. The task of codification arose not for the first time since the Council Code of 1649, but for the first time the Emperor himself took the matter under personal control. The Emperor seriously sought to solve the most difficult task - the codification of all the accumulated legislative material since 1649. Only 1 million gold pieces were spent on the creation of a special printing house, the employees were from 30 to 50 people - also money was targeted. A professor from St. Petersburg University, the first dean, was appointed manager of the II department Faculty of Law, at one time the rector of the university M. A. Balugyansky, but the soul of the matter was his assistant M. M. Speransky, thanks to whose energy, within three years, all the laws that had accumulated over the previous 180 years and scattered in different places and institutions were collected (see "Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire"). It is believed that Balugyansky himself was old and already bad as a lawyer, but Nikolai was afraid of the shock of people from Speransky’s return to the high place, although he had already been returned from disgrace. Then the II department began to create a second collection, in which it selected all the current legislation and presented it in subject-historical, and not in chronological order(see “Code of Laws of the Russian Empire”).

Later, the responsibility of the II Department was entrusted with the compilation of continuations to the Code of Laws, as well as the further publication of the Complete Collection of Laws. In addition, the II Department took part in the consideration of all bills, both in substance and in form, that is, in their relation to the Code of Laws. The obligatory sending of legislative projects for preliminary consideration by the II Department was abolished in 1866. Regardless of this, the II Department was often tasked with drafting bills; he was responsible for the compilation of the “Code on Criminal and Correctional Punishments” (1845), the Code on Punishments for the Kingdom of Poland, a set of local laws of the Baltic provinces, etc. Codification work in the second section was entrusted to the editors; They (or other specialists appointed by the manager) compiled reviews of incoming bills. At the II department there was a printing house and a special legal library, which was based on the collection of books of the former commission for drafting laws.

An important merit of the II Department is its promotion of the development of legal sciences in Russia. In 1828, at the suggestion of Speransky, three students each from the St. Petersburg and Moscow Theological Academies were assigned to the II department to prepare for the professorship. The following year, 6 more academy students were called for the same purpose, joined by three more students from St. Petersburg University: these individuals studied Roman law and Latin literature at the university and, in addition, studied practically in the II department.

After spending about a year and a half in the II department, the students underwent an examination in the II department; then they were sent (in 1829 and 1831) to Berlin, where, under the leadership of Savigny, they listened to lectures on legal sciences for three years; upon returning to St. Petersburg, they were again examined and received the degree of Doctor of Laws. All of them (except for three who died early) occupied the departments of legal sciences at various universities and revolutionized the teaching of jurisprudence in Russia, bringing with them familiarity with European science and a thorough knowledge of domestic law. Of these, the most prominent for their scientific merits were K. A. Nevolin, N. Krylov, Ya. I. and S. I. Barshevs, P. D. Kalmykov and P. Redkin.

In 1882, in order to bring the publication of the Code of Laws closer to the activities of the State Council, the II Department of the Own E.I.V. Chancellery was transformed into the Codification Department under the State Council.

At the head of the II department of E.I.V.’s own chancellery were: M.A. Balugyansky, Count D.N. Bludov, Count M.A. Korf, Count V.N. Panin, Prince S.N. Urusov.

Third department

The most famous is the III Department of the Own E.I.V. Office. It was created on June 3 (15), 1826, headed by A.H. Benckendorff.

Structure of the III Department:

I expedition was in charge of all political affairs - “subjects of the higher police and information about persons under police supervision.”

The First Expedition dealt with matters that were of “particularly important importance,” regardless of their belonging to the sphere of activity of other expeditions. The expedition was in charge of monitoring public opinion (“the state of mind”) and compiling general and private reviews of the most important events in the country (“all-subject” reports), monitoring the social and revolutionary movement, the activities of individual revolutionaries, public figures, cultural figures, literature, and science; organizing political investigation and investigation, implementing repressive measures (imprisonment in a fortress, exile in a settlement, deportation under police supervision), and monitoring the condition of places of detention. The expedition was engaged in collecting information about the abuses of senior and local government officials, the progress of noble elections, recruitment, and information about the attitude of foreign states towards Russia (until mid-1866). Later, in the First Expedition only cases of “insulting members of the royal family” remained.

II expedition dealt with schismatics, sectarians, counterfeiters, criminal murders, places of detention and the “peasant question” (the search and further prosecution of criminal cases remained with the Ministry of Internal Affairs; those related to counterfeiters - with the Ministry of Finance).

She supervised the activities of various religious denominations in Russia, the spread of religious cults and sects, as well as the administrative and economic management of national political prisons: Alekseevsky Ravelin, Peter and Paul Fortress, Shlisselburg Fortress, Suzdal Spaso-Evthymius Monastery and Schwarzholm House. Organized the fight against official and especially dangerous criminal offenses. Collected information about activities public organizations, cultural, educational, economic, insurance societies, about various inventions, improvements, discoveries, as well as the appearance of counterfeit money, documents, etc. She was involved in the consideration of complaints, petitions, denunciations and the preparation of reports on them. She supervised the resolution of civil cases on the division of land and property, cases of adultery, etc. She was responsible for staffing the III Division and distributing responsibilities between structural divisions.

III expedition dealt specifically with foreigners living in Russia and the expulsion of unreliable and suspicious people.

V expedition(created on October 23, 1842) was specifically engaged in censorship.

The V expedition was in charge of dramatic (theatrical) censorship, supervision of booksellers, printing houses, seizure of prohibited books, supervision of the publication and circulation of public news (posters), compilation of catalogs of books missed from abroad, permission to publish new works, translations, supervision of periodicals .

Archives of the III Division(organized in 1847).

The Archives stored the files of all expeditions, reports and reports to the emperor, material evidence and appendices to the cases.

In Benckendorf's instructions to the official of the III Department, the purpose of the department is declared to be “the establishment of the well-being and tranquility of all classes in Russia, the restoration of justice.” The Division III official was to keep an eye out for potential disturbances and abuses in all parts of the administration and in all states and places; to see that the tranquility and rights of citizens cannot be violated by anyone's personal power or the predominance of the strong or the harmful direction of malicious people; the official had the right to intervene in litigation before its completion; had supervision over the morals of young people; had to find out “about the poor and orphan officials who serve faithfully and truthfully and are in need of benefits,” etc. Count Benckendorff did not even find “the opportunity to name all the cases and objects” that an official of the III Department should pay attention to during execution his duties, and left them to his “insight and diligence.” All departments were ordered to immediately satisfy all demands of officials sent by the III Division. At the same time, officials were instructed to act softly and carefully; noticing illegal actions, they had to “first anticipate the leaders and those same people and use efforts to convert the lost to the path of truth and then reveal their bad deeds before the government.”

By decree of February 12, 1880, the Supreme Administrative Commission for the protection of state order and public tranquility was established under the chief command of Count M. T. Loris-Melikov, and the III Division, together with the corps of gendarmes, was temporarily subordinated to it, and by decree of August 6 of the same year, the Supreme Administrative Commission was closed and the III Department of the Own E.I.V. Office was abolished with the transfer of cases to