Russian Swedish war 1741 1743 results. New page (1). Foreign policy situation on the eve of the war
Plan
Introduction
1 Foreign policy situation on the eve of the war
2 Declaration of war
3 Goals of the Swedes in the war
4 Course of the war
5 Negotiations and peace
6 Sources
Bibliography
Russian- swedish war (1741-1743)
Introduction
Russo-Swedish War 1741-1743 (Swedish hattarnas ryska krig) - a revanchist war that Sweden began in the hope of regaining what was lost during Northern war territory.
1. Foreign policy situation on the eve of the war
In Sweden at the Riksdag 1738-1739. the party of "hats" came to power, heading for the preparation of war with Russia. She was actively supported by France, which, in anticipation of the death of the Austrian Emperor Charles VI and the subsequent struggle for the division of the Austrian inheritance, tried to tie Russia to war in the North. Sweden and France, through their ambassadors in St. Petersburg, E. M. von Nolken and the Marquis de la Chétardie, tried to pave the way for the successful completion of the planned war by establishing relations with Tsarina Elizabeth. The Swedes tried to obtain written confirmation from her that she would cede to Sweden the provinces conquered by her father if they helped her ascend the throne. However, despite all efforts, Nolken was never able to receive such a document from Elizabeth.
In addition, Sweden, in preparation for the war, concluded a treaty of friendship with France in October 1738, according to which the parties pledged not to enter into alliances and not to renew them without mutual consent. Sweden was supposed to receive subsidies from France in the amount of 300,000 riksdaler a year for three years.
In December 1739, a Swedish-Turkish alliance was also concluded, but Turkey promised to provide assistance only in the event of an attack on Sweden by a third power.
2. Declaration of war
On July 28, 1741, the Russian ambassador in Stockholm was informed that Sweden was declaring war on Russia. The cause of the war in the manifesto was Russia's interference in the internal affairs of the kingdom, the ban on the export of bread to Sweden and the murder of the Swedish diplomatic courier M. Sinclair.
3. The goals of the Swedes in the war
According to the instructions drawn up for future peace negotiations, the Swedes intended to put forward, as a condition of peace, the return of all the lands that had ceded to Russia under the Treaty of Nystad, as well as the transfer of the territory between Ladoga and the White Sea to Sweden. If third powers came out against Sweden, then she was ready to be satisfied with Karelia and Ingermanland together with St. Petersburg.
4. The course of the war
1741
Count Karl Emil Levenhaupt was appointed commander-in-chief of the Swedish army, who arrived in Finland and took command only on September 3, 1741. At that moment, there were about 18 thousand regular troops in Finland. Near the border there were two corps numbering 3 and 5 thousand people. The first of them, commanded by K. Kh. Wrangel, was located not far from Wilmanstrand, the other, under the command of Lieutenant General H. M. von Buddenbrook, was six miles from this city, the garrison of which did not exceed 1,100 people.
Carl Emil Lewenhaupt (1691-1743)
On the Russian side, Field Marshal Pyotr Petrovich Lassi was appointed commander in chief. Learning that the Swedish forces were small and divided, he moved towards Vilmanstrand. Having approached it, the Russians on August 22 stopped in the village of Armil, and in the evening Wrangel's corps approached the city. The number of Swedes, including the Wilmanstrand garrison, according to various sources, ranged from 3500 to 5200 people. The number of Russian troops reached 9900 people.
On August 23, Lassi moved against the enemy, who occupied an advantageous position under the cover of city guns. The Russians attacked the Swedish positions, but due to the stubborn resistance of the Swedes, they were forced to retreat. Then Lassi threw the cavalry into the flank of the enemy, after which the Swedes were knocked down from the hills and lost their guns. After a three-hour battle, the Swedes were defeated.
Pyotr Petrovich Lassi (1678-1751)
After the drummer, sent to demand the surrender of the city, was shot dead, the Russians stormed Wilmanstrand. 1250 Swedish soldiers were taken prisoner, including Wrangel himself. The Russians lost Major General Ukskul, three headquarters and eleven chief officers and about 500 privates killed. The city was burned, its inhabitants were taken to Russia. Russian troops again retreated to Russian territory.
In September-October, the Swedes concentrated an army of 22,800 people near Kvarnby, of which only 15-16 thousand soon remained in service due to illness. The Russians, who were stationed near Vyborg, had about the same number of people. In late autumn, both armies moved into winter quarters. However, in November, Lewenhaupt, with 6,000 infantry and 450 dragoons, headed towards Vyborg, stopping at Sekkijervi. At the same time, several smaller corps attacked Russian Karelia from Wilmanstrand and Neishlot.
Having learned about the movement of the Swedes, the Russian government on November 24 gave the order to the guards regiments to prepare for a speech in Finland. This provoked a palace coup, as a result of which the princess Elizabeth came to power. She ordered a halt to hostilities and concluded a truce with Lewenhaupt.
1742
Theater of military operations in 1741-1743.
In February 1742, the Russian side broke the truce, and in March hostilities resumed. Elizaveta Petrovna published a manifesto in Finland, in which she urged its inhabitants not to take part in an unjust war and promised her help if they wanted to secede from Sweden and form an independent state.
On June 13, Lassi crossed the border and at the end of the month approached Fredrikshamn (Friedrichsham). The Swedes hurriedly left this fortress, but first set fire to it. Levengaupt retreated beyond the Kyumen, heading towards Helsingfors. Morale fell sharply in his army, desertion grew. On July 30, Russian troops occupied Borgo without hindrance and began to pursue the Swedes in the direction of Helsingfors. On August 7, a detachment of Prince Meshchersky occupied Neishlot without resistance, and on August 26, the last fortified point of Finland, Tavastgus, surrendered.
In August, Lassi overtook the Swedish army at Helsingfors, cutting off her further retreat to Abo. At the same time, the Russian fleet locked the Swedes from the sea. Lewenhaupt and Buddenbrook, leaving the army, went to Stockholm, being summoned to give the Riksdag an account of their actions. The command of the army was entrusted to Major General J. L. Busquet, who on August 24 signed a capitulation with the Russians, according to which the Swedish army was to cross to Sweden, leaving all the artillery to the Russians. On August 26, the Russians entered Helsingfors. Soon, Russian troops completely occupied all of Finland and Österbotten.
Baltic Fleet under the command of Vice-Admiral Z.D. Mishukov in 1742, in every possible way evaded active actions, for which Mishukov was removed from command, and an investigation was launched over his activities.
1743
Military operations in 1743 were reduced mainly to operations at sea. Rowing fleet (34 galleys, 70 konchebass) under the command of N.F. Golovin left Kronstadt with a landing force on May 8. Later he was joined by several more galleys with troops on board. In the Suttonga area, the ships noticed the Swedish rowing fleet on the horizon, reinforced by sailing ships. However, the Swedes weighed anchor and left. On June 14, the enemy fleet again appeared near Degerby Island, east of the Aland Islands, but again chose not to get involved in the battle and retreated.
By the end of the war, the Swedish fleet sailed between the islands of Dago and Gotland. On June 17, the Swedish admiral E. Taube received news of the signing of a preliminary peace agreement and took the fleet to Elvsnabben. On June 18, the news of peace reached the Russian fleet, which was off the Aland Islands.
5. Negotiations and peace
Back in the spring of 1742, the former Swedish ambassador to St. Petersburg, E. M. von Nolken, arrived in Russia to start peace negotiations, but the Russian government rejected the condition he put forward to mediate France in the negotiations, and Nolken returned to Sweden.
In January 1743, peace negotiations began between Sweden and Russia in Åbo, which took place in the context of ongoing hostilities. Representatives from the Swedish side were Baron H. Sederkreuz and E. M. von Nolken, from the Russian side - General-in-Chief A. I. Rumyantsev and General I. L. Luberas. As a result of lengthy negotiations, on June 17, 1743, the so-called "Assurance Act" was signed. In it, the Swedish Riksdag was recommended to elect the Regent of Holstein, Adolf Friedrich, as the heir to the throne. Sweden ceded to Russia the Kymenigord fief with all the mouths of the Kymeni River, as well as the Neishlot fortress. Russia returned to the Swedes Österbotten, Björnborg, Abo, Tavast, Nyland fiefs, part of Karelia and Savolaks, occupied during the war. Sweden confirmed the terms of the Nystadt Peace Treaty of 1721 and recognized Russia's acquisitions in the Baltic states.
On June 23, 1743, the Riksdag elected Adolf Friedrich as heir to the throne. At the same time, peace was declared with Russia. The Russian Empress signed a peace treaty on 19 August.
6. Sources
· Solovyov S. M. History of Russia since ancient times, vol. 21
· Military Encyclopedia. - St. Petersburg, 1911-1915.
· Stavenow L. Sveriges historia till våra dagar: Frihetstiden, D. 9. - Stockholm, 1922.
LiteratureShpilevskaya N.S. Description of the war between Russia and Sweden in Finland in 1741, 1742 and 1743. - St. Petersburg, 1859. References:
1. V. V. Pokhlebkin. Foreign policy Russia, Russia and the USSR for 1000 years in names, dates, facts. M .: "International Relations", 1995., p. 238
2 Eighteenth Century Death Tolls
3. Stavenow L. Sveriges historia till våra dagar: Frihetstiden, D. 9. - Stockholm, 1922. - S. 182. According to other estimates, Swedish losses amounted to 50,000 people ( Shpilevskaya N. Description of the war between Russia and Sweden in Finland in 1741, 1742 and 1743. - St. Petersburg, 1859 - S. 267).
Russo-Swedish War 1741-1743(Swede. hattarnas ryska krig) - a revanchist war that Sweden began in the hope of regaining the territories lost during the Great Northern War.
Foreign policy situation on the eve of the war
In December 1739, a Swedish-Turkish alliance was also concluded, but Turkey promised to provide assistance only in the event of an attack on Sweden by a third power.
Declaration of war
On July 28, 1741, the Russian ambassador in Stockholm was informed that Sweden was declaring war on Russia. The cause of the war in the manifesto was Russia's interference in the internal affairs of the kingdom, the ban on the export of bread to Sweden and the murder of the Swedish diplomatic courier M. Sinclair.
The goals of the Swedes in the war
According to the instructions drawn up for future peace negotiations, the Swedes intended to put forward as a peace condition the return of all the lands that had ceded to Russia under the Treaty of Nystadt, as well as the transfer of the territory between Ladoga and the White Sea to Sweden. If third powers came out against Sweden, then she was ready to be satisfied with Karelia and Ingermanland together with St. Petersburg.
The course of the war
1741
Count Karl Emil Lewenhaupt was appointed commander in chief of the Swedish army, who arrived in Finland and took command only on September 3, 1741. At that moment, there were about 18 thousand regular troops in Finland. Near the border there were two corps numbering 3 and 5 thousand people. The first of them, commanded by K. Kh. Wrangel, was located near Wilmanstrand, the other, under the command of Lieutenant General H. M. von Buddenbrook, was six miles from this city, the garrison of which did not exceed 1,100 people.
Carl Emil Lewenhaupt (1691-1743)
On the Russian side, Field Marshal Pyotr Petrovich Lassi was appointed commander in chief. Learning that the Swedish forces were small and divided, he moved towards Vilmanstrand. Having approached it, the Russians on August 22 stopped in the village of Armil, and in the evening Wrangel's corps approached the city. The number of Swedes, including the Wilmanstrand garrison, according to various sources, ranged from 3500 to 5200 people. The number of Russian troops reached 9900 people.
On August 23, Lassi moved against the enemy, who occupied an advantageous position under the cover of city guns. The Russians attacked the Swedish positions, but due to the stubborn resistance of the Swedes, they were forced to retreat. Then Lassi threw the cavalry into the flank of the enemy, after which the Swedes were knocked down from the hills and lost their guns. After a three-hour battle, the Swedes were defeated.
After the drummer, sent to demand the surrender of the city, was shot dead, the Russians stormed Wilmanstrand. 1250 Swedish soldiers were taken prisoner, including Wrangel himself. The Russians lost Major General Ukskul, three headquarters and eleven chief officers and about 500 privates killed. The city was burned, its inhabitants were taken to Russia. Russian troops again retreated to Russian territory.
In September-October, the Swedes concentrated an army of 22,800 people near Kvarnby, of which only 15-16 thousand soon remained in service due to illness. The Russians, who were stationed near Vyborg, had about the same number of people. In late autumn, both armies moved into winter quarters. However, in November, Levengaupt, with 6,000 infantry and 450 dragoons, headed towards Vyborg, stopping at Sekkijervi. At the same time, several smaller corps attacked Russian Karelia from Wilmanstrand and Neishlot.
Having learned about the movement of the Swedes, the Russian government on November 24 gave the order to the guards regiments to prepare for a speech in Finland. This provoked a palace coup, which brought Tsarina Elizabeth to power. She ordered a halt to hostilities and concluded a truce with Lewenhaupt.
1742
Theater of military operations in 1741-1743.
In February 1742, the Russian side broke the truce, and in March hostilities resumed. Elizaveta Petrovna published a manifesto in Finland, in which she urged its inhabitants not to take part in an unjust war and promised her help if they wanted to secede from Sweden and form an independent state.
On June 13, Lassi crossed the border and at the end of the month approached Fredrikshamn (Friedrichsham). The Swedes hurriedly left this fortress, but first set fire to it. Lewenhaupt retreated beyond the Kyumen, heading towards Helsingfors. Morale fell sharply in his army, desertion grew. On July 30, Russian troops occupied Borgo without hindrance and began to pursue the Swedes in the direction of Helsingfors. On August 7, a detachment of Prince Meshchersky occupied Neishlot without resistance, and on August 26, the last fortified point of Finland, Tavastgus, surrendered.
In August, Lassi overtook the Swedish army at Helsingfors, cutting off its further retreat to Abo. At the same time, the Russian fleet locked the Swedes from the sea. Lewenhaupt and Buddenbrook, leaving the army, went to Stockholm, being summoned to give the Riksdag an account of their actions. The command of the army was entrusted to Major General J. L. Busquet, who concluded a surrender with the Russians on August 24, according to which the Swedish army was to cross to Sweden, leaving all the artillery to the Russians. On August 26, the Russians entered Helsingfors. Soon, Russian troops completely occupied all of Finland and Österbotten.
Negotiations and peace
Back in the spring of 1742, the former Swedish ambassador to St. Petersburg, E. M. von Nolken, arrived in Russia to start peace negotiations, but the Russian government rejected the condition he put forward to mediate France in the negotiations, and Nolken returned to Sweden.
In January 1743, peace negotiations began between Sweden and Russia in Åbo, which took place in the context of ongoing hostilities. Representatives from the Swedish side were Baron H. Sederkreutz and E. M. von Nolken, from the Russian side - General-in-Chief A. I. Rumyantsev and General I. L. Luberas. As a result of lengthy negotiations, on June 17, 1743, the so-called "Assurance Act" was signed. It recommended that the Swedish Riksdag elect the Regent of Holstein, Adolf Friedrich, as heir to the throne. Sweden ceded to Russia the Kymenigord fief with all the mouths of the Kymeni River, as well as the Neishlot fortress. Russia returned to the Swedes Österbotten, Björnborg, Abo, Tavast, Nyland fiefs, part of Karelia and Savolaks, occupied during the war. Sweden confirmed the terms of the Nystadt Peace Treaty of 1721 and recognized Russia's acquisitions in
Russo-Swedish War 1741-1743(Swedish hattarnas ryska krig) - a revanchist war that Sweden began in the hope of regaining the territories lost during the Northern War.
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In December 1739, a Swedish-Turkish alliance was also concluded, but Turkey promised to provide assistance only in the event of an attack on Sweden by a third power.
Declaration of war
On August 8 (July 28), 1741, the Russian ambassador in Stockholm was informed that Sweden was declaring war on Russia. The cause of the war in the manifesto was declared to be Russia's interference in the internal affairs of the kingdom, the ban on the export of bread to Sweden and the murder of the Swedish diplomatic courier M. Sinclair.
The goals of the Swedes in the war
According to the instructions drawn up for conducting future peace negotiations, the Swedes intended to put forward as a condition of peace the return of all the lands that had ceded to Russia in the Nystadt peace, as well as the transfer of the territory between Ladoga and the White Sea to Sweden. If third powers came out against Sweden, then she was ready to be satisfied with Karelia and Ingermanland together with St. Petersburg.
The course of the war
1741
Count Karl Emil Levenhaupt was appointed commander-in-chief of the Swedish army, who arrived in Finland and took command only on September 3, 1741. At that moment, there were about 18 thousand regular troops in Finland. Near the border there were two corps numbering 3 and 5 thousand people. The first of them, commanded by Karl Heinrich Wrangel (English) Russian, was located near Wilmanstrand, the other, under the command of Lieutenant General Henrik Magnus von Buddenbrock (English) Russian, - six miles from this city, the garrison of which did not exceed 1100 people.
On the Russian side, Field Marshal Pyotr Petrovich Lassi was appointed commander in chief. Learning that the Swedish forces were small and divided, he moved towards Vilmanstrand. Having approached it, the Russians on August 22 stopped in the village of Armil, and in the evening Wrangel's corps approached the city. The number of Swedes, including the Wilmanstrand garrison, was, according to various sources, from 3500 to 5200 people. The number of Russian troops reached 9900 people.
On August 23, Lassi moved against the enemy, who occupied an advantageous position under the cover of city guns. The Russians attacked the Swedish positions, but due to the stubborn resistance of the Swedes, they were forced to retreat. Then Lassi threw the cavalry into the flank of the enemy, after which the Swedes were knocked down from the hills and lost their guns. After a three-hour battle, the Swedes were defeated.
After the drummer, sent to demand the surrender of the city, was shot dead, the Russians stormed Wilmanstrand. 1250 Swedish soldiers were taken prisoner, including Wrangel himself. The Russians lost Major General Ukskul, three headquarters and eleven chief officers and about 500 privates killed. The city was burned, its inhabitants were taken to Russia. Russian troops again retreated to Russian territory.
In September-October, the Swedes concentrated an army of 22,800 people near Kvarnby, of which only 15-16 thousand soon remained in service due to illness. The Russians, who were stationed near Vyborg, had about the same number of people. In late autumn, both armies moved into winter quarters. However, in November, Levengaupt, with 6,000 infantry and 450 dragoons, headed towards Vyborg, stopping at Sekkijervi. At the same time, several smaller corps attacked Russian Karelia from Wilmanstrand and Neishlot.
Having learned about the movement of the Swedes, the Russian government on November 24 gave the order to the guards regiments to prepare for a speech in Finland. This provoked a palace coup, as a result of which the princess Elizabeth came to power. She ordered a halt to hostilities and concluded a truce with Lewenhaupt.
1742
In February 1742, the Russian side broke the truce, and in March hostilities resumed. Elizaveta Petrovna published a manifesto in Finland, in which she urged its inhabitants not to take part in an unjust war and promised her help if they wanted to secede from Sweden and form an independent state.
On June 13, Lassi crossed the border and at the end of the month approached Fredrikshamn (Friedrichsham). The Swedes hurriedly left this fortress, but first set fire to it. Lewenhaupt retreated beyond the Kyumen, heading towards Helsingfors. Morale fell sharply in his army, desertion grew. On July 30, Russian troops occupied Borgo without hindrance and began to pursue the Swedes in the direction of Helsingfors.
On August 7, a detachment of Prince Meshchersky occupied Neishlot without resistance, and on August 26, the last fortified point of Finland, Tavastgus, surrendered.
In August, Lassi overtook the Swedish army at Helsingfors, cutting off its further retreat to Abo. At the same time, the Russian fleet locked the Swedes from the sea. Lewenhaupt and Buddenbrook, leaving the army, went to Stockholm, being summoned to give the Riksdag an account of their actions. The command of the army was entrusted to Major General J. L. Busquet, who on August 24 signed a surrender, according to which the Swedish army was to cross to Sweden, leaving all the artillery to the Russians.
On August 26, the Russians entered Helsingfors. Soon, Russian troops completely occupied all of Finland and Österbotten.
Negotiations and peace
Back in the spring of 1742, the former Swedish ambassador to St. Petersburg, E. M. von Nolken, arrived in Russia to start peace negotiations, but the Russian government rejected the condition he put forward to mediate in the French negotiations, and Nolken returned to Sweden.
In January 1743, peace negotiations began between Sweden and Russia in Åbo, which took place in the context of ongoing hostilities. The representatives from the Swedish side were Baron
Finland
Sweden's desire to regain territories lost during the Great Northern War
Russian victory, Peace of Abo
Opponents
Commanders
Lassi P.P.
Levengaupt K.E.
Side forces
20,000 soldiers (at the beginning of the war)
17,000 soldiers (at the beginning of the war)
Military casualties
10,500 killed, wounded and captured
12,000 -13,000 killed, died of disease and captured
Russo-Swedish War 1741-1743(Swede. hattarnas ryska krig) - a revanchist war that Sweden began in the hope of regaining the territories lost during the Great Northern War.
Foreign policy situation on the eve of the war
In Sweden at the Riksdag 1738-1739. the party of "hats" came to power, heading for the preparation of war with Russia. She was actively supported by France, which, in anticipation of the death of the Austrian Emperor Charles VI and the subsequent struggle for the division of the Austrian inheritance, tried to tie Russia to war in the North. Sweden and France, through their ambassadors in St. Petersburg, E. M. von Nolken and the Marquis de la Chétardie, tried to pave the way for the successful completion of the planned war by establishing relations with Tsarina Elizabeth. The Swedes tried to obtain written confirmation from her that she would cede to Sweden the provinces conquered by her father if they helped her ascend the throne. However, despite all efforts, Nolken was never able to receive such a document from Elizabeth.
In addition, Sweden, in preparation for the war, concluded a treaty of friendship with France in October 1738, according to which the parties pledged not to enter into alliances and not to renew them without mutual consent. Sweden was supposed to receive subsidies from France in the amount of 300,000 riksdaler a year for three years.
In December 1739, a Swedish-Turkish alliance was also concluded, but Turkey promised to provide assistance only in the event of an attack on Sweden by a third power.
Declaration of war
On July 28, 1741, the Russian ambassador in Stockholm was informed that Sweden was declaring war on Russia. The cause of the war in the manifesto was Russia's interference in the internal affairs of the kingdom, the ban on the export of bread to Sweden and the murder of the Swedish diplomatic courier M. Sinclair.
The goals of the Swedes in the war
According to the instructions drawn up for future peace negotiations, the Swedes intended to put forward, as a condition of peace, the return of all the lands that had ceded to Russia under the Treaty of Nystad, as well as the transfer of the territory between Ladoga and the White Sea to Sweden. If third powers came out against Sweden, then she was ready to be satisfied with Karelia and Ingermanland together with St. Petersburg.
The course of the war
1741
Count Karl Emil Levenhaupt was appointed commander-in-chief of the Swedish army, who arrived in Finland and took command only on September 3, 1741. At that moment, there were about 18 thousand regular troops in Finland. Near the border there were two corps numbering 3 and 5 thousand people. The first of them, commanded by K. Kh. Wrangel, was located not far from Wilmanstrand, the other, under the command of Lieutenant General H. M. von Buddenbrook, was six miles from this city, the garrison of which did not exceed 1,100 people.
On the Russian side, Field Marshal Pyotr Petrovich Lassi was appointed commander in chief. Learning that the Swedish forces were small and divided, he moved towards Vilmanstrand. Having approached it, the Russians on August 22 stopped in the village of Armil, and in the evening Wrangel's corps approached the city. The number of Swedes, including the Wilmanstrand garrison, according to various sources, ranged from 3500 to 5200 people. The number of Russian troops reached 9900 people.
On August 23, Lassi moved against the enemy, who occupied an advantageous position under the cover of city guns. The Russians attacked the Swedish positions, but due to the stubborn resistance of the Swedes, they were forced to retreat. Then Lassi threw the cavalry into the flank of the enemy, after which the Swedes were knocked down from the hills and lost their guns. After a three-hour battle, the Swedes were defeated.
After the drummer, sent to demand the surrender of the city, was shot dead, the Russians stormed Wilmanstrand. 1250 Swedish soldiers were taken prisoner, including Wrangel himself. The Russians lost Major General Ukskul, three headquarters and eleven chief officers and about 500 privates killed. The city was burned, its inhabitants were taken to Russia. Russian troops again retreated to Russian territory.
In September-October, the Swedes concentrated an army of 22,800 people near Kvarnby, of which only 15-16 thousand soon remained in service due to illness. The Russians, who were stationed near Vyborg, had about the same number of people. In late autumn, both armies moved into winter quarters. However, in November, Lewenhaupt, with 6,000 infantry and 450 dragoons, headed towards Vyborg, stopping at Sekkijervi. At the same time, several smaller corps attacked Russian Karelia from Wilmanstrand and Neishlot.
Having learned about the movement of the Swedes, the Russian government on November 24 gave the order to the guards regiments to prepare for a speech in Finland. This provoked a palace coup, as a result of which the princess Elizabeth came to power. She ordered a halt to hostilities and concluded a truce with Lewenhaupt.
1742
In February 1742, the Russian side broke the truce, and in March hostilities resumed. Elizaveta Petrovna published a manifesto in Finland, in which she urged its inhabitants not to take part in an unjust war and promised her help if they wanted to secede from Sweden and form an independent state.
On June 13, Lassi crossed the border and at the end of the month approached Fredrikshamn (Friedrichsham). The Swedes hurriedly left this fortress, but first set fire to it. Levengaupt retreated beyond the Kyumen, heading towards Helsingfors. Morale fell sharply in his army, desertion grew. On July 30, Russian troops occupied Borgo without hindrance and began to pursue the Swedes in the direction of Helsingfors. On August 7, a detachment of Prince Meshchersky occupied Neishlot without resistance, and on August 26, the last fortified point of Finland, Tavastgus, surrendered.
In August, Lassi overtook the Swedish army at Helsingfors, cutting off her further retreat to Abo. At the same time, the Russian fleet locked the Swedes from the sea. Lewenhaupt and Buddenbrook, leaving the army, went to Stockholm, being summoned to give the Riksdag an account of their actions. The command of the army was entrusted to Major General J. L. Busquet, who on August 24 signed a capitulation with the Russians, according to which the Swedish army was to cross to Sweden, leaving all the artillery to the Russians. On August 26, the Russians entered Helsingfors. Soon, Russian troops completely occupied all of Finland and Österbotten.
1743
Military operations in 1743 were reduced mainly to operations at sea. The rowing fleet (34 galleys, 70 konchebass) left Kronstadt with a landing force on May 8. Later he was joined by several more galleys with troops on board. In the Suttonga area, the ships noticed the Swedish rowing fleet on the horizon, reinforced by sailing ships. However, the Swedes weighed anchor and left. On June 14, the enemy fleet again appeared near Degerby Island, east of the Aland Islands, but again chose not to get involved in the battle and retreated.
By the end of the war, the Swedish fleet sailed between the islands of Dago and Gotland. On June 17, the Swedish admiral E. Taube received news of the signing of a preliminary peace agreement and took the fleet to Elvsnabben. On June 18, the news of peace reached the Russian fleet, which was off the Aland Islands.
Negotiations and peace
Back in the spring of 1742, the former Swedish ambassador to St. Petersburg, E. M. von Nolken, arrived in Russia to start peace negotiations, but the Russian government rejected the condition he put forward to mediate France in the negotiations, and Nolken returned to Sweden.
In January 1743, peace negotiations began between Sweden and Russia in Åbo, which took place in the context of ongoing hostilities. Representatives from the Swedish side were Baron H. Sederkreuz and E. M. Nolken, from the Russian side - General-in-Chief A. I. Rumyantsev and General I. L. Lyuberas. As a result of lengthy negotiations, on June 17, 1743, the so-called "Assurance Act" was signed. In it, the Swedish Riksdag was recommended to elect the Regent of Holstein, Adolf Friedrich, as the heir to the throne. Sweden ceded to Russia the Kymenigord fief with all the mouths of the Kymeni River, as well as the Neishlot fortress. Russia returned to the Swedes Österbotten, Björnborg, Abo, Tavast, Nyland fiefs, part of Karelia and Savolaks, occupied during the war. Sweden confirmed the terms of the Nystadt Peace Treaty of 1721 and recognized Russia's acquisitions in the Baltic states.
On June 23, 1743, the Riksdag elected Adolf Friedrich as heir to the throne. At the same time, peace was declared with Russia. The Russian Empress signed a peace treaty on 19 August.
