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Kutuzov, Golenishchev-Kutuzov-Smolensky Mikhail Illarionovich (Larionovich) (September 5, 1747-April 16, 1813, Bunzlau, Silesia), Count (1811), Most Serene Prince (1812), commander, diplomat, Field Marshal General (1812). From nobles. The only son of lieutenant general and senator Illarion Matveyevich Golenishchev-Kutuzov and his wife, née Beklemisheva. After the death of his mother, he was taken in by his grandmother, and after his father moved to serve in St. Petersburg, he went with him. He studied at the Artillery and Engineering Noble School in St. Petersburg, at the same time from 1759 he taught arithmetic and geometry there. After graduating from school (1761) he was promoted to ensign engineer. In 1762, the adjutant wing of the Revel Governor-General, Field Marshal P.A.F. Holstein-Beksky. In the same year, he was promoted to captain and appointed company commander of the Astrakhan Infantry Regiment, which at that time was commanded by A.V. Suvorov. Combat career began in Poland; from 1764 was at the disposal of the commander of the Russian troops in Poland, Lieutenant-General I.I. Weimarn. Kutuzov commanded small detachments operating against the Polish Confederates. In 1767-1768 he was a member of the Commission for the drafting of a new Code. During Russian-Turkish war 1768-74 was with 1770 the chief quartermaster under Major General F.V. Baur, then - in the Smolensk and Stary Oskol infantry regiments. He distinguished himself in the battles of the Ryaba Mogila, Larga, Ka-gul and during the assault on Bendery. Due to a careless joke about the Commander-in-Chief of the Danube Army, Field Marshal Count P.A. Rumyantsev in 1772 was transferred to the Crimean army, General-in-Chief Prince V.M. Dolgorukov. In the battle near Alushta on July 23, 1774, Kutuzov, commanding the grenadier battalion of the Moscow Legion, was the first to break into the fortified village of Shumy, while pursuing a fleeing enemy, he was seriously wounded by a bullet in the temple and gradually lost the ability to see with his right eye. For this work he was awarded the Order of St. George 4th degree. The wound forced Kutuzov to be seriously treated abroad, in Berlin and Vienna, where he had the opportunity to be introduced to King Frederick the Great and Field Marshal Laudon. From 1776, Kutuzov was the head of the Masonic lodge "To the Three Keys" (Regensburg), later he was received in the lodges of Frankfurt, Vienna, Berlin, St. Petersburg and Moscow. In 1777-1782 he served in New Russia under the command of Field Marshal Prince G.A. Potemkin. In 1777-1784 he commanded the Lugansk pikemen and Mariupol light-horse regiments, from 1785 he was the chief of the Bug Chasseur Corps formed by him. With the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791, Kutuzov's corps guarded the border along the Bug River, in the summer of 1788 he participated in the siege of Ochakov, during which on August 18 he was wounded for the second time in the head. In 1789 he commanded a separate corps, with which he participated in the battle of Causeni (September 13) and in the occupation of the Akkerman and Bendery fortresses. In 1790, during the assault on Izmail, Kutuzov commanded the 6th column, personally leading the soldiers to attack. His actions were highly appreciated by Suvorov, who, even before the capture of the fortress, appointed Kutuzov its commandant. On June 4, 1791, the Izmail detachment of Kutuzov defeated the Turkish corps near Babadag (about 15 thousand Turkish and about 8 thousand Tatar troops). Kutuzov played an outstanding role in the Battle of Machinsky (1791): commanding the left-flank corps, with the forces of his cavalry, he dealt a decisive blow to the rear of the right flank of the Turkish troops and put them to flight. In 1792, Kutuzov commanded part of the army of General-in-Chief M.V. Kakhovsky, who acted against the Polish troops. After the conclusion of the Jassy Peace, Kutuzov was sent as an extraordinary ambassador to Constantinople; managed to persuade the Turkish government to conclude an alliance with Russia and other European powers against revolutionary France, and also to resolve in favor of Russia a number of controversial issues that arose in connection with the implementation of the Iasi Peace of 1791. In 1794-1797, the chief director of the land gentry cadet corps in St. Petersburg (in the words of Catherine II, "a hotbed of military people"), reorganized and established a strict regime in it, strengthened the practical orientation of training, introduced the teaching of tactics (he himself read this course, as well as the course military history). In 1795-1796 he simultaneously commanded with
uhoputnye troops in Finland. In 1797-1798 he successfully completed a diplomatic mission in Prussia, persuading her to join the anti-French coalition. In January 1798 he was promoted to general of the infantry, in 1798-1799 the inspector of troops in Finland, drew up an operational plan in case of war with Sweden. In September 1799 he was appointed commander of a corps intended for an expedition to Holland, at the end of 1799 - a Lithuanian military governor and infantry inspector of the Lithuanian and Smolensk inspections, as well as the chief of the Pskov Musketeer Regiment, which, until it was disbanded in 1918, bore the name of Kutuzov. In 1800 he commanded an army in Volyn, in 1801 he was a military governor of St. Petersburg (he also controlled the civil part of St. Petersburg and Vyborg provinces) and an inspector of the Finnish Inspectorate. In 1802 he asked for dismissal and retired to his Volyn estate. The war of 1805 again forced him to take command of the Russian army. Having fallen out of favor after Austerlitz (Kutuzov was again wounded in the head), he was appointed first in Kyiv, and then in Vilna Governor-General. In the context of the impending war with Napoleon and the need to end the protracted war with Turkey, Kutuzov was appointed commander-in-chief of the Moldavian army on March 7, 1711. On June 22, near Ruschuk, Russian troops won a major victory, and in October they surrounded and captured the entire Turkish army near Slobodzeya, for which Kutuzov received the title of count (10/29/1811). Kutuzov achieved the signing of the Bucharest Peace Treaty, which was beneficial for Russia, for which he received the title of Most Serene Prince (July 29, 1812). All actions of Russian troops during Patriotic War 1812 are associated with the name of Kutuzov. For services in the Patriotic War, he received the rank of Field Marshal, was awarded a field marshal's baton, golden weapons, the name of Smolensky and the Order of St. George, 1st degree, becoming the first full St. George Cavalier in Russia.
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Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov had a difficult fate, with ups and downs and the highest opals. On the path of a warrior to its peak, he walked for a long time, with great difficulty, having gone through more than one war. His talent as a military leader was most clearly revealed at the end of his life, in the "storm of the 12th year", when he happened to become not just a worthy rival of the French Emperor Napoleon, but his winner.
The commander could be proud of his pedigree, rooted in the distant XIII century. For centuries, the Kutuzov family served the Fatherland. His father was I.M. Golenishchev-Kutuzov, who began his army service as a military engineer and ended it as a senator and lieutenant general engineering troops. He received from his contemporaries for his mind and education the nickname Reasonable Book. Mikhail was born in St. Petersburg on September 5, 1747. In 1761, 14-year-old Mikhailo Kutuzov, having "approximately" mastered the full curriculum, received the first officer rank of ensign engineer. At the age of 15, he was promoted to captain and appointed company commander in the Astrakhan Infantry Regiment, commanded by 32-year-old A.V. Suvorov. Baptism of fire 16-year-old infantry captain Kutuzov received in 1764 in Poland, where he went as a volunteer.
In the ranks of the army commander P.A. Rumyantsev, a 22-year-old officer distinguished himself in the battles near the Ryaba Mogila, on the Larga and Kagul rivers in the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. It was then that his undoubted commanding qualities appeared: courage and determination, resourcefulness and initiative, composure in critical situations of battle. The young officer demonstrated an enviable ability to deal with the soldiers, who earned glory for Russian weapons with their blood: he was able to lead people in battle.
At the end of the war, Lieutenant Colonel M.I. Kutuzov takes part in the reflection of the Turkish landing in the Crimea, near Alushta. In a battle near the village of Shumy (now Kutuzovka) he received a severe through wound in the head. Doctors considered the wound fatal, but the wounded man survived. In 1774 he was awarded the first Order of St. George the Victorious, 4th class. Then Empress Catherine II, experienced in people, said: “It is necessary to take care of Kutuzov. He will be a great general for me.”
At the age of 30, M.I. Kutuzov was promoted to colonel and appointed commander of the regiment. In this position, he showed himself brilliantly: he thoughtfully arranged officer cadres, correctly selected his closest assistants. He knew how to encourage zealous servants, treated negligent people strictly, up to their expulsion from the regimental staff. The regiment became one of the exemplary, and in 1782 its commander received the rank of brigadier.
In 1785, Major General M.I. Kutuzov is entrusted with the formation of the Bug Chasseur Corps. He quickly carried out "combat knocking together" in the spirit of Suvorov's "Science of Victory". He personally selected people, taught young soldiers who came from musketeer regiments, and recruits in marksmanship, skillful use of bayonet fighting, taught not to get lost in hand-to-hand combat, to easily navigate and move in the forest, field, mountains, summer and winter. He instilled the ability to act independently in loose formation.
The formation of M.I. Kutuzov as a military leader took place during the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. The Bug Jaeger Corps takes part in the siege of the Ochakov fortress, Kutuzov receives a second through-the-hole bullet wound in the head, loses his right eye. The award for his courage was the Order of St. Anne immediately of the highest, 1st degree. In 1790 he took part in the assault on the Izmail fortress. Commands the sixth assault column that attacked the New Fortress. After the victorious attack A.V. Suvorov appoints a major general as commandant of Ishmael. For his valor during his assault, Mikhail Illarionovich was immediately awarded promotion and a military award - the rank of lieutenant general and the Order of St. George 3rd class. In 1791, he was awarded the Order of St. George the Victorious, 2nd class, for his distinction in the battle of Machinsky. It was already recognized by all the award of the commander's rank.
In 1792 Lieutenant General M.I. Kutuzov was sent as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Turkey, where he showed himself not only as a great diplomat, but also as a brilliant military intelligence officer. “As a statesman, he brought such great benefits to Russia in the field of military policy, which even the bright glory of the commander does not and should not overshadow,” said one of his contemporaries.
Upon returning to Russia, M.I. Kutuzov in 1794 was appointed chief director of the land gentry (cadet) corps: many of his pupils would become participants in the Patriotic War of 1812, famous military leaders.
Paul I, who became emperor in 1796, sends Kutuzov on a diplomatic mission to Berlin, the capital of Prussia, and promotes him to the generals of the infantry. After M.I. Kutuzov takes command of the Finnish Inspectorate and begins to prepare its troops in case of war against Sweden. The awards of the orders of John of Jerusalem and St. Andrew the First-Called follow. In 1799 M.I. Kutuzov is appointed Lithuanian military governor.
In May 1800, in Volyn, Mikhail Illarionovich began the formation of an army, one of two that were intended for operations against France. Commands troops on large maneuvers near Gatchina. On the western border of M.I. Kutuzov is subordinate to the troops of the Ukrainian, Brest and Dniester inspections.
NEW Emperor Alexander I appoints General of Infantry M.I. Kutuzov as military governor of St. Petersburg. But soon the monarch, dissatisfied with the actions of the city police, removes him from office. The fall lasted three years.
In 1805, the Russian-Austrian-French war began: the imperial aspirations of Napoleon Bonaparte could not but meet with opposition from the leading powers of Europe. Experienced General M.I. Kutuzov was appointed commander of the Podolsk army, which was ordered to be the first to come to the aid of the allies and enter into direct subordination to the emperor of Austria.
However, self-confident Austrians started the war without waiting for the approach of the allies. Decisively acting Napoleon at Ulm forced the army of General K. Mack to capitulate. Napoleon's strategy was to achieve major political goals by conducting lightning campaigns and campaigns, concentrating the main efforts to defeat the enemy in one or two pitched battles. This strategy then ensured victory for the Napoleonic army over the armies of Western European states.
So, the 32,000th Podolsk army (with the remnants of the Austrian troops - 50,000) was alone against more than 200,000 French army. Napoleon launched a new offensive. M.I. Kutuzov, having unraveled his plan, began to retreat, not linking himself to the defense of Vienna. He sought to wear down the enemy, after which he himself had to move on to active operations on the left bank of the Danube.
Near Krems on November 11, Napoleon first met a worthy opponent, calling the lost battle "a massacre." French losses more than doubled those of the Russians.
Soon the Austrians give Vienna to the French without a fight. The threat of encirclement looms over the Podolsk army. The army, hiding behind the rearguard detachment of Major General P.I. Bagration, begins to withdraw. At Schöngraben, a stubborn battle takes place, in which the French failed to gain the upper hand.
All Napoleon's plans to encircle and destroy the Kutuzov army are collapsing. Subsequently, A.P. Yermolov, the hero of the anti-Napoleonic wars, will say: "This retreat is rightly placed among the famous military events of the present time."
Skillfully breaking away from the pursuers, the Podolsk army at Olmutz connects with reinforcements. At the military council M.I. Kutuzov reasonably spoke out in favor of a further withdrawal to Moravia to gather forces. The Austrian generals opposed, who were supported by the emperors Alexander I and Franz I. The combined army, led by two monarchs, moved to Austerlitz, where Napoleon was already waiting for her.
On December 2, 1805, the Battle of Austerlitz took place, after which M.I. Kutuzov was actually removed from the main command, and the allied army was defeated.
Austria signed a humiliating peace with France. The royal court placed all responsibility for the defeat in the battle of Austerlitz on the commander, deprived of power.
On the battlefield M.I. Kutuzov will return only at the very end of the Russian-Turkish war of 1806-1812. However, after the unsuccessful assault on Brailov due to a conflict with the commander-in-chief, Field Marshal Prince A.A. Prozorovsky, in the spring of 1809, he was sent to a new "honorary exile", having received the appointment of the Vilna Governor-General.
The war dragged on. In March 1811, Emperor Alexander I was forced to appoint M.I. Kutuzov as commander-in-chief of the Moldavian army.
The Russian army crosses the Danube. On July 4, the fierce Ruschuk battle took place. It lasted 12 hours, and as a result, the army of the Grand Vizier Ahmet Pasha, who had a fourfold superiority in strength, was defeated and retreated. After that, M.I. Kutuzov went to a military trick in order to lure the defeated Turkish army to the opposite, left bank of the Danube. He decides to leave the Ruschuk fortress and after the victory ... retreat to the opposite shore. So the grand vizier found himself in a skillfully set trap.
The Turkish army, rushing after the Russians, was blocked. M.I. Kutuzov sent a letter to Akhmet Pasha and “resolutely demanded” that the enemy commander conclude an indefinite truce and give him the remnants of the Turkish army and its weapons “for preservation”. The Turks, who were not considered prisoners of war, but "guests" of the Russian army, received food from her. During the negotiations on May 27 in Bucharest, peace was signed with Turkey.
Peace has become a true triumph of the military-diplomatic activity of M.I. Kutuzov. 27 days before the start of the Napoleonic Russian campaign, the commander managed to destroy the strategic plans of Bonaparte: Russia not only secured its southern flank, but also became a Danubian power, and France lost an ally, whose participation in the war with Russia was a big bet.
Academician E.V. Tarle wrote: "Thus, Kutuzov the diplomat inflicted a heavy blow on Napoleon in 1812 even earlier than Kutuzov the military leader." Emperor Alexander I, having received news of the ratification of the "useful" Bucharest Peace, elevated the commander, along with his offspring, "to the princely dignity of the All-Russian Empire" with the title of lordship conferred on him.
WITH THE BEGINNING of the invasion of Napoleon's army into Russia, General of Infantry M.I. Kutuzov was out of work in St. Petersburg. But soon he was given command of the Narva Corps to defend the capital. The noble assembly of the Moscow province, which was attended by the emperor himself, elects the commander to the post of head of the Moscow militia. The next day, the nobility of the capital province unanimously takes the same decision. Having received a message about the first such appointment, Mikhail Illarionovich exclaimed: “This is the best reward for me in my life!”
Meanwhile, the 1st and 2nd Western armies continued their retreat deep into Russia. The strategic defense of the Russian army was active. Its goal was to buy time and create favorable conditions for the defeat and expulsion of the enemy. The question arose of a single commander-in-chief. Emperor Alexander I instructed a specially created Special Committee to consider the issue of the candidacy of the commander-in-chief of all active armies. The committee met on the evening of August 5, the day the burning Smolensk was abandoned. The decision was made unanimously - Kutuzov: "All Russia wants his appointment." The sovereign approved the decision only on the 8th - at court they continued to consider the commander the “culprit” of the Austerlitz disaster.
The commander-in-chief arrived at the troops in Tsarevo-Zaimishche on August 17, which caused great enthusiasm among the lower ranks and officers. They started talking about a general battle, the field for which was found only near the city of Mozhaisk near the village of Borodino. On August 26, the “battle of the giants” took place here. Kutuzov reported to the emperor: "... Be that as it may, Moscow must be protected."
The battle of Shevardino became the prologue of the Battle of Borodino. A day later, the general battle itself took place. Napoleon hoped for a brilliant victory equal to the “Austerlitz sun”. Russian troops were ready to stand up for the Fatherland, for Moscow in a "mortal battle".
Officer of the 12th Light Artillery Brigade N.E. Mitarevsky, who was next to the commander at Borodino, wrote about Kutuzov: “Some kind of force seemed to come from the aged leader, inspiring those who looked at him. I believe that this circumstance was partly one of the reasons why our army, smaller in number, having lost confidence in success with incessant retreat, could with glory withstand the battle with an invincible enemy until then.
The battle of Borodino did not reveal a winner. The official Kutuzov report stated that “the troops fought with incredible courage. Batteries passed from hand to hand and ended up with the fact that the enemy did not win a single step of land anywhere with their superior forces. The British writer Walter Scott in his book "The Life of Napoleon" writes: "... After the battle, the French retreated to their former places, leaving the bloodied battlefield in possession of the Russians."
After the battle on the Moskva River (as French historiography calls the battle of Borodino), Napoleon was forced to admit that out of the fifty battles he had given in this general battle, his troops showed the greatest valor and achieved the least success. The battle of Borodino revealed the crisis of Napoleon's general battle strategy. The Russian army continued to fight.
In the course of the Battle of Borodino, M.I. Kutuzova skillful maneuvering on the battlefield. The maneuver was used by him in order to put his troops in the most advantageous position in relation to the enemy, to create conditions for striking him and repelling his attacks. It is well known that the raid of the Cossack regiments of M.I. Platov and the cavalry corps F.P. Uvarov, held at a time of crisis. He upset the attack prepared by the enemy, forced Napoleon to transfer part of his forces to the breakthrough site.
For Borodino, the great commander of Russia M.I. Kutuzov was granted the rank of field marshal general. Thanksgiving prayers were held in churches in honor of Borodin. Meanwhile, the Kutuzov army left the capital city of Moscow. The commander drove through its streets in a carriage with curtained windows: he understood the gravity of the decision made at the military council in Fili. This was done in the name of preserving the army for future victories. The further course of the Patriotic War showed that this was the right decision.
Having made the brilliantly executed Tarutinsky flank march-maneuver, the Russian army, which Napoleon had lost (!) From sight for several days, set up a fortified camp across the Chernishnia River. Under the leadership of M.I. Kutuzov, the Russian army was reorganized, understaffed, supplied with weapons, ammunition, food and prepared for active hostilities. The merit of M.I. Kutuzov is that he managed to successfully solve the main strategic objective- to radically change the balance of power in favor of the Russian army. Its number was increased to 130 thousand people. Taking into account more than 100 thousand people of trained and trained replacements who directly participated in hostilities, superiority over the enemy has more than doubled.
In Tarutino M.I. Kutuzov completed the development of a plan for the encirclement and defeat of Napoleon's army with the participation of the army of Admiral P.V. Chichagov and the corps of General P.Kh. Wittgenstein. M.I. Kutuzov rejected Napoleon's proposals for peace or truce sent to the camp with the French General J.A. Laurinston.
The official historiographer of the Patriotic War of 1812, General A.I. Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky wrote: “Staying in Tarutino was for Kutuzov one of the brilliant epochs of his glorious life. Since the time of Pozharsky, no one has stood so high in the sight of Russia ...
In Tarutino in incredibly short time Kutuzov brought the army, exhausted by thousands of miles of retreat and bloody battles, into the most harmonious position, handed weapons to the people, laid siege to Napoleon in Moscow and ... derived all the benefits from a new kind of war.
Having successfully implemented part of his strategic plan waging war and changing the line of operations of the main Russian army, M.I. Kutuzov switched to a new tactical solution - a "small war" - actions on communications and behind enemy lines with the help of army partisan and peasant detachments. As a result, the Grand Army of the Emperor of the French began to melt every day from the attacks of Russian flying squads. The "Small War" actually deprived the French of reinforcements, food and fodder.
After the defeat in the Battle of Tarutino, Napoleon began to retreat. Leaving Moscow gave him a chance to save the Great Army, or rather what was left of it. Leaving the city, he gave a barbaric order - to blow up the Moscow Kremlin. But the rain put out some of the wicks, and the appearance of Cossack patrols did not allow the miners to fulfill the order of the emperor.
Army partisans guarded the French on all roads. Having received the news that Bonaparte was moving to Kaluga, Kutuzov decisively and quickly blocked his path at Maloyaroslavets. In a bloody battle, the French occupied a burned-out town on the Puddle River, but did not dare to break through further. Napoleon turned his army to the Smolensk road ravaged by his army, along which the invader went to Moscow.
Kutuzov switched to parallel pursuit great army. On the heels of the retreating were the Cossack regiments of the Don ataman M.I. Platov and the army vanguard of the infantry general M.A. Miloradovich. There were daily clashes.
The Great Army during the Kutuzov "small war" was melting before our eyes. The Russian commander demanded the main thing from the troops: not to give the Napoleonic troops a day of rest, not to allow them to change the route of flight from Russia. Giving orders to the chief of his staff, Major General A.P. Yermolov, the commander-in-chief pointed out: "The army needs speed!"
For the liberation of the ancient city-fortress on the Dnieper, Emperor Alexander I granted His Serene Highness Prince M.I. Kutuzov the title Smolensky.
The crossing of the Berezina became a real tragedy for the French army. Those remnants of it that were able to avoid death here finally melted away on their last journey to the state border. The Grand Army ceased to exist as a military force. Arriving in Vilna, Kutuzov, with every right to do so, was able to notify the people of Russia, the army and Emperor Alexander I: "The war ended with the complete extermination of the enemy."
DURING the war, M.I. Kutuzov enriched the art of war with new methods of action. M.I. Kutuzov skillfully applied the offensive along the outer lines of operations by delivering concentric strikes in order to encircle and destroy enemy troops. This method proved to be effective in the battle on the Berezina. Napoleon, unlike M.I. Kutuzova preferred to operate along internal lines of operations and sought to achieve success by delivering strong blows to disunited separate parts of the enemy. This method of conducting an offensive brought success in wars in which small armies participated in a limited area. In the Patriotic War of 1812, military operations were carried out by numerically grown armies in a theater with a frontal width of more than 600 kilometers and a depth of up to 1,000 kilometers. Under these conditions, the conduct of the offensive along the internal lines of operations was no longer effective.
The award for the victory for the commander-in-chief of the main active army, Field Marshal His Serene Highness Prince Smolensky M.I. Kutuzov became the highest military award of the Fatherland - the Order of St. George, 1st degree. He became the first of four people in the 148-year history of the existence of the Russian Imperial Military Order, deserving all four of its degrees. Such an honor after him will be awarded to commanders in the field marshal rank M.B. Barclay de Tolly, I.I. Dibich-Zabalkansky and I.F. Paskevich-Erivansky. The great Suvorov did not lead this glorious cohort only for the reason that he received his first George the Victorious immediately of the 3rd class, bypassing the lowest degree.
Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov, with his military feat, entered forever into Russian history as the savior of the Fatherland. Expressing the general feelings of the people and the army, the great Russian poet A.S. Pushkin wrote:
When the voice of the people's faith
I called out to your holy gray hair:
"Go rescue!" You got up and saved.
With the name of commander M.I. Kutuzov is associated with the beginning of the liberation campaigns abroad of the Russian army in 1813-1814, which ended with the capture of Paris. Its commander-in-chief was well aware that the extermination of the Great Army did not yet mean the collapse of the Napoleonic French Empire. Leading the military operations of the Russian-Prussian troops, Kutuzov, in addition, "uses all means in order to attract the people" of the Duchy of Warsaw to the side of Russia. Success crowned his diplomatic efforts to withdraw Austria from the war. The Prussian monarch Friedrich Wilhelm III conferred on the commander at once two highest orders of the now allied kingdom - the Black Eagle and the White Eagle. In his penultimate letter to the family of M.I. Kutuzov wrote: “I have so many worries, I have to bother so much that God forbid I stay alive.” He felt that his strength, undermined by the tension of the war, was leaving him.
The allied forces of Russia and Prussia were advancing along the land of Saxony, approaching its capital city of Dresden. The last stop was the town of Bunzlau. Here Mikhail Illarionovich fell ill, although, overcoming his illness, he continued to lead the troops, signing orders and instructions. In Bunzlau, he was brought the keys to the fortress of Thorn, which capitulated to the Russian troops. 
The great commander of Russia passed away on Wednesday, April 28, at 21:30. The news of his death came to the active army on the eve of the battle with the French near Lutzen. Emperor Alexander I ordered this sad news to be kept secret for the time being, so as not to undermine the spirit of the troops before the battle.
"Savior of the Fatherland" in the "thunderstorm of the 12th year" Field Marshal Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov was buried with full honors on June 11 in the Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg. When the funeral train from the Silesian Bunzlau arrived in the city of Narva, ordinary people unharnessed their horses from the wagon and rolled it in their arms to the capital of Russia with a large gathering of saddened people.
The bright memory of the great warrior Fatherland has been alive for two hundred years. It is in monuments, names of streets, squares, settlements, metro stations, in books, films, canvases, for the soldiers of Russia, starting from the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, in the military order of Kutuzov of three degrees.
LEADERSHIP art of M.I. Kutuzov is carefully preserved and creatively used in our time. Generals and officers Armed Forces Russia is studying the military heritage of the commander. They draw interesting and instructive lessons from how, for example, M.I. Kutuzov the problem of interaction between troops. Its practical implementation was hampered by the extremely limited possibilities for the rapid movement of troops, the imperfection of the means of communication of that time. Despite this, during the war of 1812 it was possible to achieve coordinated actions of the troops. The direct organizers of this interaction were the commander-in-chief of the Russian army M.I. Kutuzov and the General Staff, which was created in accordance with the "Institution for the management of a large army in the field." The Commander-in-Chief and the General Staff coordinated the actions of the army, corps and partisan detachments in terms of purpose, place and time by setting specific tasks and giving orders. The main document that determined the tasks of the troops and the nature of their interaction was the "Table of Army Movements" introduced by Kutuzov. The main method of management used by the commander-in-chief was the setting of tasks by issuing written orders and instructions, through officers and generals of the General Staff, orally in person.
M.I. Kutuzov, while retaining the overall leadership of military operations, skillfully relied in his activities on the General Staff, provided the commanders of the armies and corps commanders with broad initiative and independence. In the course of the war, the role of headquarters as command and control bodies increased significantly, which helped to increase the effectiveness of troop operations. Napoleon, not trusting his headquarters and corps commanders, sought to resolve all issues personally, replacing his subordinate generals. This method of control turned out to be ineffective in a war characterized by an increased spatial scope and the participation of mass armies in it.
For the military art of M.I. Kutuzov is characterized by the skillful use of reserves. For example, in the Battle of Borodino, he allocated one infantry corps, a cuirassier division and artillery in the amount of 306 guns to his main reserve. In addition, each wing had special reserves: the right wing - 9 Cossack regiments and a cavalry corps, the left wing - grenadier and cuirassier divisions, two artillery brigades. In terms of their strength and composition, these reserves were capable of solving important tactical tasks in the course of battle and battle. In defense, the reserves were entrusted with the tasks of restoring the situation in one of the sections of the position, of conducting counterattacks and delivering surprise strikes against the enemy. In the offensive, the reserves were used to develop success, consolidate the achieved lines and pursue the retreating enemy.
In achieving success in battle, M.I. Kutuzov great importance attached to the skillful use of all troops. Infantry in offensive and defensive battles skillfully combined fire, maneuver and bayonet strikes and, in cooperation with cavalry and artillery, decided the outcome of the battle and battle.
Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov, who with his courage and military labor put himself in the ranks of the great commanders of the Fatherland, was and remains a role model for generals and officers of the modern Russian army.
In 1759 he graduated with honors from the Noble Artillery School and was left with it as a teacher of mathematics. In 1761 Kutuzov was promoted to officer rank ensign engineer and sent to continue service in the Astrakhan Infantry Regiment.
From March 1762, he temporarily served as adjutant of the Revel Governor-General, from August he was appointed company commander of the Astrakhan Infantry Regiment. In 1764-1765 he served in the troops stationed in Poland. From March 1765 he continued to serve in the Astrakhan regiment as a company commander.
In 1767, Mikhail Kutuzov was recruited to work on the Commission for the drafting of a new Code, where he acquired extensive knowledge in the field of law, economics and sociology. Since 1768, Kutuzov took part in the war with the Polish confederates. In 1770 he was transferred to the 1st Army, located in the south of Russia, and took part in the war with Turkey that began in 1768.
During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774, Kutuzov, being in combat and staff positions, took part in the battles at the Ryabaya Mogila tract, the Larga and Cahul rivers, where he showed himself to be a brave, energetic and enterprising officer.
In 1772, he was transferred to the 2nd Crimean Army, where he carried out responsible reconnaissance assignments, commanding a grenadier battalion. In July 1774, in a battle near the village of Shumy (now Upper Kutuzovka) north of Alushta, Mikhail Kutuzov was seriously wounded in the left temple by a bullet that came out near his right eye. For courage, Kutuzov was awarded the Order of St. George IV class and sent for treatment abroad. On his return, he was assigned to form the light cavalry.
In the summer of 1777, Kutuzov was promoted to colonel and appointed commander of the Lugansk Engineer Regiment. In 1783 he commanded the Mariupol Light Horse Regiment in the Crimea. For successful negotiations with the Crimean Khan, who ceded his possessions to Russia from the Bug to the Kuban, at the end of 1784 Kutuzov was promoted to major general and headed the Bug Chasseur Corps.
In 1788, during the siege of Ochakov, repelling a sortie by the Turks, he was seriously wounded in the head for the second time: a bullet pierced his cheek and flew into the back of the head. In 1789, Kutuzov took part in the battle of Kaushany, in the assaults on Akkerman (now the city of Belgorod - Dniester) and Bendery.
In December 1790, during the assault on Izmail, commanding the 6th column, Kutuzov showed high-willed qualities, fearlessness and perseverance. In order to achieve success, he timely brought reserves into battle and achieved the defeat of the enemy in his direction, which played an important role in capturing the fortress. Suvorov praised Kutuzov's actions. After the capture of Izmail, Mikhail Kutuzov was promoted to lieutenant general and appointed commandant of this fortress.
On June 15 (4 according to the old style), 1791, Kutuzov defeated the Turkish army at Babadag with a sudden blow. In the battle of Machinsky, commanding a corps, he showed himself to be a skilled master of maneuvering, bypassing the enemy from the flank and attacking from the rear, defeating the Turkish troops.
In 1792-1794, Mikhail Kutuzov headed the emergency Russian embassy in Constantinople, having managed to achieve a number of foreign policy and trade advantages for Russia, significantly weakening French influence in Turkey.
In 1794 he was appointed director of the land gentry cadet corps, in 1795-1799 he was commander and inspector of troops in Finland, where he carried out a number of diplomatic assignments: he negotiated with Prussia and Sweden. In 1798, Mikhail Kutuzov was promoted to general of infantry. He was Lithuanian (1799-1801) and St. Petersburg (1801-1802) military governor. In 1802, Kutuzov fell into disgrace, was forced to leave the army and retire.
In August 1805, during the Russo-Austrian-French War, Kutuzov was appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian army sent to help Austria. Having learned during the campaign about the surrender Austrian army General Mack near Ulm, Mikhail Kutuzov undertook a march maneuver from Braunau to Olmutz and skillfully withdrew Russian troops from the blow of superior enemy forces, winning victories at Amstetten and Krems during the retreat.
The plan of action proposed by Kutuzov against Napoleon was not accepted by Alexander I and his Austrian military advisers. Despite the objections of the commander, who was actually removed from the leadership of the Russian-Austrian troops, the allied monarchs Alexander I and Franz I gave Napoleon the general battle of Austerlitz, which ended in victory for the French. Although Kutuzov managed to save the retreating Russian troops from complete defeat, he fell into disgrace of Alexander I and was appointed to secondary posts: military governor of Kyiv (1806-1807), corps commander in the Moldavian army (1808), Lithuanian military governor (1809-1811).
In the context of the impending war with Napoleon and the need to end the protracted war (1806-1812) with Turkey, the emperor was forced in March 1811 to appoint Kutuzov commander-in-chief of the Moldavian army, where Mikhail Kutuzov created mobile corps and proceeded to active operations. In the summer near Ruschuk (now a city in Bulgaria), Russian troops won a major victory, and in October Kutuzov surrounded and captured the entire Turkish army near Slobodzeya (now a city in Transnistria). For this victory, he received the title of count.
Being an experienced diplomat, Kutuzov achieved the signing of the Bucharest Peace Treaty of 1812, which was beneficial for Russia, for which he received the title of Most Serene Prince. At the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, Mikhail Kutuzov was elected head of the St. Petersburg, and then the Moscow militia. After the Russian troops abandoned Smolensk in August, Kutuzov was appointed commander in chief. Arriving in the army, he decided to give a general battle to Napoleon's troops near Borodino.
In the battle of Borodino, the French army did not achieve victory, but the strategic situation and lack of forces did not allow Kutuzov to go on the counteroffensive. In an effort to save the army, Kutuzov surrendered Moscow to Napoleon without a fight and, having made a bold flank march from the Ryazan road to Kaluga, stopped at the Tarutino camp, where he replenished the troops and organized partisan actions.
On October 18 (6, old style) Kutuzov, near the village of Tarutino, defeated the French corps of Murat and forced Napoleon to hasten the abandonment of Moscow. Having blocked the path of the French army to the southern Russian provinces near Maloyaroslavets, he forced it to retreat west along the devastated Smolensk road and, energetically pursuing the enemy, after a series of battles near Vyazma and Krasnoy, he finally defeated his main forces on the Berezina River. Thanks to the wise and flexible strategy of Kutuzov, the Russian army won a brilliant victory over a strong and experienced enemy. In December 1812, Kutuzov received the title of Prince of Smolensky and was awarded the highest military order of George, I degree, becoming the first full Knight of St. George in the history of the order.
At the beginning of 1813, Kutuzov led military operations against the remnants of the Napoleonic army in Poland and Prussia, but the commander's health was undermined, and death prevented him from seeing the final victory of the Russian army. On April 28 (16 according to the old style) April 1813, the Most Serene Prince died in the small Silesian town of Bunzlau (now the city of Bolesławiec in Poland). His body was embalmed and transported to St. Petersburg, buried in the Kazan Cathedral.
The military art of Kutuzov was distinguished by the breadth and variety of all types of maneuver in the offensive and defense, the timely transition from one type of maneuver to another. Contemporaries unanimously noted his exceptional mind, brilliant military and diplomatic talents and love for the Motherland.
Mikhail Kutuzov was awarded with orders St. Apostle Andrew the First-Called with diamonds, St. George I, II, III and IV classes, St. Alexander Nevsky, St. Vladimir I degree, St. Anna I degree. He was a holder of the Grand Cross of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, was awarded the Austrian military order of Maria Theresa, I degree, the Prussian orders of the Black Eagle and the Red Eagle, I degree. He was presented with a golden sword "for courage" with diamonds and a portrait of Emperor Alexander I with diamonds.
Monuments to Mikhail Kutuzov were erected in many cities of Russia and abroad. During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, the Orders of Kutuzov I, II and III degrees were established.
Kutuzovsky Prospekt (1957), as well as Kutuzovsky Proezd and Kutuzovsky Lane, were named after Kutuzov in Moscow. In 1958, the metro station of the Filevskaya line of the Moscow Metro was named after the commander.
Mikhail Kutuzov was married to Ekaterina Bibikova, the daughter of a lieutenant general, who later became a lady of state, Her Serene Highness Princess Kutuzova-Smolenskaya. The marriage produced five daughters and a son who died in infancy.
Veide Adam Adamovich(1667-1720) - Russian commander, infantry general. From the family of a foreign colonel who served the Russian tsars. Service began in the "amusing" troops of Peter l. Member of the Azov campaigns of 1695-1696. Training in military affairs on the orders of Peter took place in Austria, England and France. In 1698, he drew up the "Military Regulations", which provided for and strictly described the duties of military officials. Participated in the drafting of the "Military Regulations" of 1716. During the Northern War, he commanded a division at Narva (1700), where he was taken prisoner and stayed there until 1710. He also commanded a division in the Prut campaign. Participated in expeditions of the Russian army to Finland, Pomerania, Mecklenburg. Particularly distinguished himself in the Gangut naval battle. From 1717 - President of the Military Collegium.
Greig Samuil Karlovich(1736-1788) - military commander, admiral (1782). Honorary Member of the St. Petersburg Academy
Sciences (1783). A native of Scotland. He served as a volunteer in the English Navy. In Russia since 1764. He was accepted into the service as a captain of the 1st rank. Commanded a number of warships Baltic Fleet. During the Mediterranean expedition of the squadron of Admiral G. A. Spiridov, he was an adviser on maritime affairs to A. G. Orlov. In the Battle of Chesme, he commanded a detachment that destroyed the Turkish fleet, for which he was awarded the hereditary nobility. In 1773-1774. commanded a new squadron sent from Kronstadt to the Mediterranean Sea. In May 1775, he delivered Princess Tarakanova, captured by A. G. Orlov, to St. Petersburg. Since 1777 - the head of the naval division. In 1788 he was appointed commander of the Baltic Fleet. He defeated the Swedes in the Gogland naval battle. He made a great contribution to the rearmament of the Russian fleet, the reconstruction of ports and naval bases.
Gudovich Ivan Vasilievich(1741-1820) - military leader, field marshal general (1807), count (1797). He began his service as an ensign in 1759. Then - the adjutant wing of P.I. Shuvalov, adjutant general of Uncle Peter III - Prince George of Holstein. With the coming to power of Catherine II, he was arrested, but soon released / From 1763 - commander of the Astrakhan infantry regiment. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. distinguished himself in battles near Khotyn (1769), at Larga (1770), Cahul (1770). In November 1770, the troops led by him occupied Bucharest. From 1774 he commanded a division in Ukraine. Then he was Ryazan and Tambov governor-general, inspector-general (1787-1796). In November 1790 he was appointed commander of the Kuban corps and head of the Caucasian line. At the head of a 7,000-strong detachment, he occupied Anapa (June 22, 1791). He achieved the accession to Russia of the territory of Dagestan. In 1796 retired. After the accession to the throne of Paul I, he was returned and appointed commander of the troops in Persia. Since 1798 - Kyiv, then Podolsk Governor-General. In 1799 - Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Rhine Army. In 1800, for criticizing the military reform of Paul I, he was dismissed. In 1806, Mr.. again returned to service and was appointed commander in chief of troops in Georgia and Dagestan. From 1809 - Commander-in-Chief in Moscow, member of the Indispensable (since 1810 - State) Council, senator. Since 1812 - retired.
Panin Petr Ivanovich(1721-1789) - military commander, general-in-chief, brother of N.I. Panin. During the Seven Years' War, he commanded large formations of the Russian army, proving himself to be a capable military leader. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. commanded the 2nd army, stormed the fortress of Vendora. In 1770, he resigned, becoming one of the leaders of the palace opposition. In July 1774, despite the negative attitude of Catherine II, he was appointed commander of the troops aimed at suppressing the Pugachev uprising.
Repnin Anikita Ivanovich(1668-1726) - military figure, field marshal general (1725). One of Peter's companions!. From 1685 - lieutenant of "amusing" troops. Since 1699 - major general. Member of the Azov campaigns. He took part in the creation of a regular Russian army in 1699-1700. In 1708 he was defeated, for which he was demoted, but in the same year he was restored to the rank of general. During the Battle of Poltava, he commanded the central section of the Russian army. In 1709-1710. led the siege and capture of Riga. From 1710 - Governor-General of Livonia, from January 1724 - President of the Military Collegium.
Repnin Nikolay Vasilievich(1734-1801) - military figure and diplomat, field marshal general (1796). Served as an officer since 1749. Member of the Seven Years' War. In 1762-1763. ambassador to Prussia, then to Poland (1763-1768). During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. commanded a separate corps. In 1770, he stormed the fortresses of Izmail and Kiliya, participated in the development of the terms of the Kyuchuk-Kainarji peace. In 1775-1776. ambassador to Turkey. In 1791, during the absence of G. A. Potemkin, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian army in the war with Turkey. Governor-General of Smolensk (1777-1778), Pskov (1781), Riga and Revel (1792), Lithuanian (1794-1796). In 1798 he was dismissed.
Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky Petr Alexandrovich(1725-1796) - an outstanding Russian commander, field marshal general (1770), count (1744). Enlisted in the guard at the age of six, from the age of 15 he served in the army with the rank of second lieutenant. In 1743 he was sent by his father to St. Petersburg with the text of the Abo peace treaty, for which he was immediately promoted to colonel and appointed commander of an infantry regiment. Then, together with his father, he was awarded the title of count. During the Seven Years' War, commanding a brigade and a division, he distinguished himself near Gross-Jegersdorf (1757) and Kunersdorf (1759). Since 1761 - general-in-chief. After the overthrow of Peter III - in disgrace. Since 1764 under the patronage of the Orlovs, he was appointed president of the Little Russian College and Governor-General of Little Russia (remained in this position until his death). In the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. commanded the 2nd Army, and then the 1st Army. In the summer of 1770, within one month, he won three outstanding victories over the Turks: at Ryaba Mogila, Larga and Cahul. From 1771 to 1774 he acted at the head of the army in Bulgaria, forcing the Turks to make peace with Russia. In 1775 he was given the honorary title Zadunaisky. Under Potemkin, Rumyantsev's position at court and in the army weakened somewhat. In 1787-1791. commanded the 2nd Army. In 1794 he was appointed commander in chief of the army in Poland. An outstanding military theorist - "Instructions" (1761), "Rite of Service" (1770), "Thoughts" (1777).
Saltykov Nikolay Ivanovich(1736-1816) - military and statesman, field marshal general (1796), prince (1814). He began his military service in 1748. Member of the Seven Years' War. Since 1762 - major general. Participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. (in the capture of Khotin in 1769, etc.). Since 1773 - general-in-chief, vice-president of the Military Collegium and trustee of the heir Pavel Petrovich. From 1783 he was the chief educator of the Grand Dukes Konstantin and Alexander. From 1788 - and. about. President of the Military College. Since 1790 - Count. In 1796-1802. - President of the Military College. In 1807 - the head of the militia. In 1812-1816. - Chairman of the State Council and the Cabinet of Ministers.
Saltykov Petr Semenovich(1696-1772) - military figure, field marshal general (1759), count (1733). Military training began under Peter I, who sent him to France, where he remained until the 1930s. Since 1734 - major general. Participated in hostilities in Poland (1734) and against Sweden (1741-1743). Since 1754 - general-in-chief. At the beginning of the Seven Years' War, he commanded landmilitia regiments in Ukraine. In 1759 he was appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian army and proved to be an outstanding commander, having won victories over the Prussian troops near Kunersdorf and Palzig. In 1760 he was removed from command. In 1764 he was appointed governor-general of Moscow. After the "plague riot" he was dismissed.
Spiridov Grigory Andreevich(1713-1790) - military leader, admiral (1769). From an officer's family. In the Navy since 1723. Sailed on the Caspian, Azov, White and Baltic Seas. Since 1741 - the commander of the battleship. Member of the Russian-Turkish war of 1735-1739, the Seven Years' War of 1756-1763. and the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. Since 1762 - Rear Admiral. Since 1764 - the chief commander of the Revel, and since 1766 - the Kronstadt port. Since 1769 - the commander of the squadron, which made the transition to the Mediterranean Sea. Successfully led the fleet in the battle in the Chios Strait (1770) and in Chesme battle(1770). In 1771-1773. commanded the Russian fleet in the Mediterranean. He made a great contribution to the development of Russian naval art.
Suvorov Alexander Vasilievich(1729-1800) - an outstanding Russian commander. Generalissimo (1799). Count Rymniksky (1789), Prince of Italy (1799). In 1742, he was enrolled in the Semyonovsky Guards Regiment. He began his service in it as a corporal in 1748. In 1760-1761. in the rank of lieutenant colonel, he was an officer of the headquarters of the commander-in-chief V.V. Fermor. In 1761 participated in the fighting against the Prussian corps near Kolberg. In 1770 he was promoted to major general. Since 1773 - on the Russian-Turkish front, where he won the first victory at Turtukay, and then at Girsovo. In June 1774, he put to flight the 40,000th army of the Turks at Kozludzha, having only 18 thousand people. In the same year he was sent to the Urals to suppress the Pugachev uprising. In 1778-1784. commanded the Kuban and Crimean corps, and then prepared an expedition against Persia. During the war with the Turks of 1787-1791. in the rank of general-in-chief he was appointed commander of the corps. In 1787, he defeated the Turkish landing on the Kinburn Spit, and then defeated the Turks at Focsani and Rymnik. In 1790 he took by storm impregnable fortress Ishmael. From 1791 - commander of troops in Finland, in 1792-1794. - in Ukraine. Participated in the suppression of the Polish uprising in 1794, and then (1795-1796) commanded troops in Poland and Ukraine. There he compiled his main military book, The Science of Victory, in which he formulated the essence of the tactics he used as a well-known triad: eye, speed, onslaught. In February 1797 he was dismissed and exiled to the Konchanskoye estate. However, soon, at the request of Russia's allies in the 2nd anti-French coalition, he was appointed commander allied forces in Italy, where, through his efforts, in just six months, the entire territory of the country was liberated from the French. After the Italian campaign. in the same 1799, he undertook the most difficult campaign in Switzerland, for which he was awarded the rank of generalissimo. Soon he was dismissed again. Died in exile.
Rules of War by D. V. Suvorov
1. Act only offensively. 2. In a campaign - speed, in an attack - swiftness; steel arms. 3. Methodism is not needed, but a correct military outlook. 4. Full power to the commander in chief. 5. Beat and attack the enemy in the field. 6. Don't waste time in sieges; maybe some Mainz, like a storage point. - Sometimes an observation corps, a blockade, and best of all, an open assault. - There is less loss. 7. Never split forces to occupy points. Bypassed the enemy - so much the better: he goes to defeat ... End of 1798-1799 Ushakov Fedor Fedorovich(1744-1817) - an outstanding Russian naval commander, admiral (1799) .. He graduated from the Naval Cadet Corps in 1766. He served in the Baltic Fleet. In 1769 he was assigned to the Don Flotilla. Participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. commanded the battleship St. Paul. In 1788 the vanguard of the Black Sea squadron led by him played a decisive role in the victory over Turkish fleet at about. Fidonisi. From 1789 - Rear Admiral. From 1790 - Commander of the Black Sea Fleet. He won major victories over the Turks in the Kerch naval battle (1790), near about. Tendra (1790), near Cape Kaliakria (1791). Since 1793 - Vice Admiral. He led the campaign of the military squadron in 1798-1800. to the Mediterranean. In 1799, he stormed the fortress on about. Corfu. During the Italian campaign of Suvorov (1799) he contributed to the expulsion of the French from southern Italy, blockading their bases in Ancona and Genoa, commanding landing forces that distinguished themselves in Naples and Rome. The squadron was withdrawn at the request of the Allies in 1800. Since 1807 - retired.
