Dn of gingerbread about the use of potassium salts. Pryanishnikov D.N. Personal life, views

3.6. D.N. Pryanishnikov - the founder of agrochemistry; outstanding scientist, teacher, statesman

Dmitry Nikolaevich Pryanishnikov (1865 - 1948) - was born in the city of Kyakhta, Irkutsk province. He received his secondary education at the Irkutsk gymnasium (1876 - 1883), after which he entered the Moscow University in the natural department physical and mathematical faculty. His favorite teachers were outstanding representatives of Russian science: K.A. Timiryazev, V.V. Markovnikov, A.G. Stoletov, I.N. Gorozhankin. The topic of his Ph.D. work at the end of Moscow University (at the suggestion
NOT. Lyaskovskiy) - " Current position the question of the origin of black soil. In this essay, Dmitry Nikolaevich outlined the work of V.V. Dokuchaev and P.A. Kostychev.
Wanting to get closer to practice and better know the basics of agronomy, after graduating from the university in 1887, he entered the third year of the Petrovsky Agricultural and Forestry Academy, which in 1923 was renamed the Agricultural Academy. K.A. Timiryazev (TSHA). At the academy, Dmitry Nikolayevich paid most of his attention to agronomic chemistry, plant physiology, and private farming. At that time, the department of agrochemistry was headed by G.G. Gustavson, and private agriculture - I.A. Stebut. D.N. Pryanishnikov graduated from the academy in two years with a Ph.D. in agricultural sciences. On the recommendation of K.A. Timiryazev, I.A. Stebut and G.G. Gustavson, he was elected a fellow to prepare for the title of professor. In the same period (1890 - 1891) Dmitry Nikolayevich successfully passed the master's examinations at Moscow University, and in 1892 he was approved as a Privatdozent of the university in agronomic chemistry. Here, for the first time in Russia, he began to read a course in plant chemistry and began to study nitrogen metabolism in plants.
In the spring of 1892, D.N. Pryanishnikov was sent abroad by the Petrovsky Academy for two years to get acquainted with the work of the most prominent agrochemists. In the laboratory of the agrochemist E. Schulze (Zurich), he studied the transformation of protein substances in plants. This work soon received international recognition, putting D.N. Pryanishnikov to the ranks of the most prominent biochemists and plant physiologists.
During the period of a business trip abroad (1892-1894), Dmitry Nikolayevich also worked in the laboratory of Koch in Göttingen, and with Duclos at the Pasteur Institute in Paris.
By the beginning of the 90s of the 19th century, higher agricultural education in Russia was in a difficult situation. There were only three educational institutions: the Petrovsky Academy, the Novo-Alexandrovsky and St. Petersburg Agricultural Institutes. All these institutions were under the influence of democratic ideas, especially the Petrovsky Academy, where student gatherings and demonstrations took place. In this regard, the tsarist government closed the academy. Since 1890, the admission of students was stopped, and in 1894 the academy was liquidated.
Under the influence of public opinion, it was impossible to eliminate higher agricultural education, and instead of the academy, the Moscow Agricultural Institute was opened. The teaching staff has been completely renewed. Subjects such as plant physiology and agronomic chemistry were excluded from the curriculum as independent disciplines. Therefore, D.N. Pryanishnikov, having returned to his homeland in 1894, prepared for scientific and pedagogical work in the field of agronomic chemistry and plant physiology, at the new institute he could not find application for his knowledge. However, on the advice of P.A. Kostycheva, K.A. Timiryazev and I.A. Stebut, in 1895 he accepted an offer to take the place of professor of private agriculture at the Moscow Agricultural Institute with a course in grassland.
In the same year, V.R. Williams received a chair of general agriculture at the new institute with a course in the study of fertilizer. Young professors exchanged courses: D.N. Pryanishnikov began to read the course "Teaching about fertilizer", and V.R. Williams - grassland course.
D.N. Pryanishnikov did not leave hope in the future to restore the abolished department of agrochemistry. Therefore, heading the Department of Private Farming, from the first years of work at the new institute, Dmitry Nikolayevich began to conduct research in the field of plant nutrition with great success. The scale of his agrochemical research in the laboratory of the department and in the growing house expanded so much that on their basis it was possible to create an experimental plant nutrition station. At the department of private agriculture, he organizes his own agrochemical laboratory, which has become famous. In the end, the hope of D.N. Pryanishnikov was realized, and thirty-three years later the Department of Agronomic Chemistry was opened again, already at the Timiryazev Agricultural Academy.
Being a student of K.A. Timiryazev and developing the physiological direction in agrochemistry, D.N. Pryanishnikov from the very beginning of his work at the Moscow Agricultural Institute launched the study of the main issues of plant nutrition. At the same time, Dmitry Nikolayevich was closely associated with Moscow University, where in 1896 he defended his master's thesis on the topic "On the breakdown of protein substances during germination." Four years later, in 1900, he defended his thesis on the topic "Protein substances and their breakdown in connection with respiration and assimilation", for which he was awarded academic degree Doctor of Agronomy. During the defense of both dissertations, one of the official opponents was K.A. Timiryazev, who named the work of D.N. Pryanishnikov classical and suggested that the picture of germination, revealed by the scientist, be included in textbooks. These works served as the beginning of a large series of brilliant studies by Dmitry Nikolayevich and his students on the study of nitrogen metabolism and plant nutrition with nitrogen.
D.N. Pryanishnikov at the beginning of the 1891/92 academic year delivered his first lecture at Moscow University "On the Significance of the Artificial Selection of Plant Forms in Agriculture." Soon he was entrusted with the privatdocent course "Agronomic Chemistry", which he taught for 35 years. In 1894, at the university, he was the first in Russia to start lecturing on plant chemistry and taught this course until 1931. Dmitry Nikolayevich made a lot of efforts to "organize the training of agrochemists with a university education, and from 1944 to 1948, up to last days his life, he headed the Department of Agrochemistry Moscow University, combining this work with active scientific and pedagogical activities at the Moscow Agricultural Academy. K.A. Timiryazev.
The scientific activity of Dmitry Nikolayevich was very multifaceted, but most of all he paid attention to the issues of plant nutrition with nitrogen and the use of nitrogen fertilizers. "Nitrogen in plant life and agriculture in the USSR" - this is the title of Dmitry Nikolayevich's monograph, published by him in 1945 and incorporating all the main studies on this issue, conducted by him and his students for more than half a century.
The question of the sources of plant nutrition with nitrogen before the works of D.N. Pryanishnikov was extremely confused. In order for the logic of Dmitry Nikolayevich's research in the field of plant nutrition with nitrogen and the use of nitrogen fertilizers to become clear, it is necessary to know the history of this issue, the solution of which is a vivid example of the importance of the method in the progress of scientific views in revealing the secrets of nature. The emergence of a new branch of knowledge - microbiology and its methods has opened up new opportunities for the study and resolution of many issues of plant nutrition with nitrogen, for which, in turn, new methods have appeared in agrochemistry (for example, the method of sterile cultures, fluid solutions, isolated nutrition, etc.).
It is now known that plants use the bound nitrogen in the form of ammonia and nitrates and the free nitrogen of the atmosphere with the help of nodule bacteria. How did they approach this? In history, there are three periods in the views on the sources of plant nutrition with fixed nitrogen:
1 - plants only need ammonia,
2 - only nitrates are available to plants",
3 - plants can use ammonia nitrogen and nitrates.
J.B. Bussengo, the creator of the theory of nitrogen nutrition of plants, until the middle of the last century considered ammonium nitrogen to be the only form available to plants. These views he formed during his stay in South America under the impression of observations on the coast of Peru, where on the barren sands, under the influence of guano, they got an excellent harvest. Analysis of guano showed that it contains ready-made ammonia salts (ammonium oxalate) and substances released during the decomposition of ammonia (uric acid).
J. Liebig also considered ammonia a source of nitrogen for plants. With a very severe need to return with fertilizers to the soil all the ash elements taken from it by plants, he believed that nitrogen could not be returned, believing that ammonium carbon dioxide in the air was enough for plants. Yu. Liebig knew that there was little ammonia in the air, but he thought that with a high mobility of air masses, a small amount of ammonia was enough for plants.
The concept of ammonia as a source of plant nutrition with nitrogen was practically indisputable. When saltpeter penetrated the practice of agriculture, Kühlmann, a contemporary of Liebig and Bussengo, explained the effect of saltpeter by the fact that in the soil under the influence organic matter saltpeter is reduced to ammonia.
In 1846, Salm-Gorstmar discovered that plants could feed on nitrate nitrogen: he tried to create a normal nutrient mixture and switched empirically from NH4H03 to NaN03, and it turned out that plants could do without ammonia.
In the 50s, J.B. Bussengaud discovered a contradiction between Salm-Gorstmar's data and Kühlmann's explanations, and this prompted him to the idea of ​​conducting experiments in calcined sand with increasing doses of saltpeter. The results of these experiments became proof of the possibility of plant nutrition with saltpeter.
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, only nitrates began to be recognized as a source of nitrogen for plant nutrition. There were several reasons for this, but they all were based on the same circumstance: correctly observed facts received incorrect explanations.
1. With the advent of aquatic cultures in the late 50s, it was found that the use of ammonium chloride and ammonium sulphate in aquatic cultures invariably resulted in the death of plants. There was still no concept of the physiological reaction of salts, and it was concluded that ammonium is not suitable for plant nutrition, they only need nitrates. Although it should be noted that even then (in 1863) Rautenberg suggested that plants die from residual acids, but he did not draw a conclusion about the physiological reaction of salt.
2. The so-called Beyer's logical fallacy entered the history of science. In 1867, he set up experiments in aquatic cultures, where the source of nitrogen was ammonium carbonate - (MH4) 2CO3. The plants suffered greatly. But when nitrates appeared, the plants came to life, and Beyer concluded that this was evidence that nitrates were necessary for plants. In reality, the reason was different - in softening the alkalinity of the solution due to the volatilization of part of the ammonia when the medium was blown through, and then due to the onset of nitrification.
3. The spread of the opinion that nitrates are the only source of plant nutrition with nitrogen was facilitated by the agrochemists Schlesing and Münz, discovered at the same time, students of J.B. Bus-sengo- biological process nitrification. They studied the influence of temperature and atmospheric oxygen on the development of nitrifying bacteria. All this seemed to confirm the dogma about the inaccessibility of ammonia to plants and the need for its preliminary nitrification.
In connection with this, studies of the process of nitrification were widely developed, which showed, for example, that in swamp and forest soils nitrification is either absent or proceeds in negligible amounts, while plants grow and develop normally.
In this regard, Muntz spent in 1885 - 1888. a rather delicate experience in conditions where there were no nitrates and they could not be formed (nitrates were washed out with water, and the nitrification process was prevented by semi-sterilization of the soil - the vessels with the soil were heated to 100 ° C, and thereby the nitrifiers were eliminated). The process of ammonification continued, and ammonium accumulated, because. ammonifying bacteria are more resistant to high temperatures. Plants developed in chambers supplied with bacteria-free air. Muntz observed under these conditions a good development of plants and a vigorous assimilation of nitrogen, which allowed him to assume that ammonia is nevertheless assimilated by plants.
However, the overwhelming majority of researchers did not have the ability for such a deep analysis as J.B. Bussengo and his students Schlesing and Muntz.
In 1888, Merker in field experiments discovered the positive effect of lime in the case of the use of ammonium sulphate for fertilizer. In 1892, Pavel Wagner in vegetation experiments showed that on soils poor in calcium, the coefficient of action of ammonium sulphate increases significantly from the introduction of CaCO3. True, Merker and Wagner explained the effect of CaCO3 by its positive effect on the nitrification process, although the experiments were carried out under non-sterile conditions, and it was impossible to reveal the effect of the action in them.
CaCO3 on the process of nitrification or on strengthening the direct nutrition of plants with the ammonia form of nitrogen.
The question of nitrogen sources for plant nutrition was in such a contradictory state at the time when D.N. Pryanishnikov. All his scientific research stemmed from an analysis of the current state of science, an excellent knowledge of the literature, a thorough and critical analysis of the methods that the authors used in conducting research.
When, in 1892, Dmitry Nikolaevich began his work on the breakdown of protein substances during the germination of plant seeds, he hardly imagined that the solution of a purely physiological problem would develop into a solution of a problem of planetary significance in his work.
- the use of synthetic ammonia as a fertilizer, which made it possible to increase grain yields by 5-10 times in developed countries already during its lifetime. Dmitry Nikolayevich had the right to choose a country and a leader for his internship in the West, and he settled on the modest agrochemist Schultz from Zurich, preferring him to the then well-known phytophysiologist Pfeffer. The choice was not random. Dmitry Nikolayevich believed that an agrochemist is closer than a physiologist to solving the urgent problems of agriculture.
D.N. Pryanishnikov began research at a time when science was dominated by the idea of ​​unequal ways of disintegrating protein substances in plant and animal organisms. The spread of this opinion was largely promoted by the then very authoritative physiologist Pfeffer, who believed that in plants asparagine is the end product of protein breakdown and, in his opinion, serves as a transport form of nitrogenous substances that can easily diffuse from cotyledons into growing organs. Pfeffer argued that the breakdown of protein substances in plants proceeds according to completely different laws than in animals.
D.N. Pryanishnikov revealed the features of parallelism in the nitrogen metabolism of plants and animals. He proved that asparagine in plants can be considered an analogue of urea in animals. Both substances are not the primary product of protein breakdown, but are synthesized by organisms to neutralize ammonia that appears during the final breakdown. Moreover, unlike animals, plants use asparagine for a new synthesis of protein substances.
Research by D.N. Pryanishnikov on the breakdown of protein substances in plants had a great influence on the development of the theory and practice of using nitrogen fertilizers.
For the first time, the theory of exclusive nitrate nutrition of plants was shaken by P.S. Kossovich. In 1897, under sterile conditions, he conducted an experiment in which he eliminated the acidity that occurs when plants absorb ammonia in more than an acid residue when using ammonium sulfate. Neutralization of the solution was carried out by adding lime. Simultaneously with the works of P.S. Kossovich D.N. Pryanishnikov, proceeding from the position that plants can use ammonia obtained from protein breakdown for the synthesis of asparagine, came to the conclusion that synthetic processes are also possible due to ammonia entering plants from outside. Numerous experiments by D.N. Pryanishnikov confirmed this. In subsequent works, V.S. Butkevich, A.I. Smirnova, A.V. Vladimirova, F.V. Turchin et al. repeatedly showed the possibility of synthesizing nitrogenous compounds in plants with the direct use of ammonia. Moreover, by the method of labeled atoms, it was proved that the process of synthesis of amino acids due to ammonia nitrogen takes 15-20 minutes. after the introduction of (KH4)2804 (labeled with 15PM) into the solution.
The discovery of Dmitry Nikolayevich was the beginning, on the one hand, of his deep theoretical work on plant nutrition with nitrogen, and on the other hand, the basis for the use of ammonia nitrogen fertilizers in agriculture. Thanks to half a century of research by Dmitry Nikolayevich and his students, the fate of ammonia nitrogen and nitrates in the plant, the conditions for the best assimilation of a certain form, and, consequently, the ways for the effective use of ammonia and nitrate forms of nitrogen fertilizers, became known. The study of the nitrogen problem by Dmitry Nikolayevich and his works on this issue are also valuable as a school of creativity for researchers.
The question of the conversion of ammonia supplied from outside to plants, Dmitry Nikolayevich began by considering the conditions for the formation of asparagine in plants and found that it is not formed during anesthesia (in toluene vapor) and in etiolated seedlings devoid of carbohydrates. This was followed by the next series of works to elucidate the role of carbohydrates in the formation of asparagine. In these seemingly purely physiological experiments, he was already approaching the solution of the most important practical problems in the future. Three different groups of plants were tested, differing in the ratio of carbohydrates to proteins in the seeds: cereals, legumes ("pea-like") and lupins. It turned out that asparagine is formed directly when feeding on ammonia only in cereals that have a very wide ratio of carbohydrates to proteins (6:1); at a narrower ratio in legumes such as peas (2: 1), asparagine is formed after CaCO3 is introduced into the nutrient solution, and in lupine (the ratio of carbohydrates to protein is 0.6: 1) - when it is fed with urea.
Experiments on the conditions for the formation of asparagine were then expanded. Dmitry Nikolaevich widely used etiolated seedlings different ages, thanks to which he managed to get "lupine-type" barley (the sprouts were kept in the dark for a long time) and, conversely, "barley-type" lupine, accumulating carbohydrates in it in the light or introducing glucose into the sprouts. These studies ended with another major discovery in plant physiology: not light (as many scientists believed at that time), but carbohydrates play a decisive role in the formation of asparagine.
The next series of works by Dmitry Nikolayevich is again a vivid evidence of the brilliant combination of subtle physiological experiments with the need to solve practical problems of plant nutrition in a natural setting. Since asparagine was formed in legumes (“pea-type”) only after neutralization of the physiological acidity of ammonium salts as plant nutrition sources with nitrogen, a series of studies was carried out on the effect of acids and alkalis on the formation of asparagine, which established that with an increase in the concentration of acid and alkali, the amount of asparagine formed decreases. asparagine ammonia count.
What is the fate of nitrates in plants? Already in the 20s. Dmitry Nikolayevich began a series of works on the synthesis of organic nitrogenous compounds at the expense of nitrates and nitrites. He experimentally managed to prove that nitrates entering plants are reduced to ammonia, which is bound by a nitrogen-free carbon compound (various organic acids, the formation of which requires carbohydrates). By applying various original methodological approaches (reducing the amount of carbohydrates in plants; changing the reaction of the environment towards acidification; using anesthetics), he managed to detect ammonia as an intermediate product on the way from nitrate nitrogen to asparagine nitrogen.
Dmitry Nikolayevich understood that the solution of the question of the ways in which nitrogen, ammonia and nitrates are assimilated by plants, does not yet allow evaluating nitric acid and ammonium salts as fertilizers. But after all, there were no mineral nitrogen fertilizers in Russia, in the 20s. they were not in the Soviet Union, so Dmitry Nikolaevich conducted a critical analysis of the available literature data. Finding contradictory data from Kossovich (he obtained better results for ammonium sulphate than for sodium nitrate) and Ehrenberg (in his experiments, sodium nitrate turned out to be the best), Dmitry Nikolaevich analyzed in detail the conditions for the experiments by both researchers. He found differences in the concentration of nutrients, in the reaction of the environment, and in the composition of accompanying cations.
Since 1924, under the leadership of Dmitry Nikolayevich, research began in two series of experiments in order to find the optimal conditions for the use of ammonia and nitrates by plants. It turned out that the optimum for the nitrate series is at a pH of about 5.5 and the yield does not drop sharply in case of deviation from the optimal point. For the ammonia series, the optimal pH is approximately 7.0, and a sharp drop in yield was found when the deviation from the optimum in one direction or another. Departure from the optimal concentration in the case of ammonia is more dangerous than for nitrates; with ammonium nutrition, the calcium content in the nutrient solution should be greater than with nitrate.
Works with ammonium nitrate serve as a convincing example of the scientific foresight of D.N. Pryanishnikov. Dmitry Nikolayevich started them at the end of the last century, when synthetic ammonia was scarce and ammonium nitrate was expensive. German scientists Nernst and Gaber, who proposed only the principle of ammonia synthesis from atmospheric nitrogen at the beginning of the 20th century, improved this process during the First World War so much that after it ended, Germany launched a fertilizer industry and became the main supplier of nitrogen mineral fertilizers on the world market. For many decades, ammonium nitrate has been one of the most common nitrogen fertilizers in our country.
What prompted D.N. Pryanishnikov to study the conditions for the predominant supply of ammonium or nitrates from one salt - ammonium nitrate? Indeed, in this salt, both the cation and the anion are absorbed by plants. At the end of the last century, in experiments to study the ability of plants to directly assimilate phosphorus from phosphorites, Dmitry Nikolayevich used ammonium nitrate as a physiologically neutral salt that does not contribute to the dissolution of phosphorites. It turned out that in the sandy culture in the presence of ammonium nitrate, various plants equally well assimilated phosphorus phosphorite. This contradicted the already existing facts about the inability of most agricultural crops to directly assimilate the phosphorus of phosphorite. Dmitry Nikolaevich recalled that in the first year of the experiments he "sinned" against the students. It was in 1896, when for the first time students were allowed to conduct experiments on their own, and Dmitry Nikolaevich suggested that the experiments were not carried out cleanly enough. However, this assumption was dispelled in the following year, when, under careful experiment, all the test plants in the sand in the presence of ammonium nitrate developed perfectly, having no other source of phosphorus nutrition than phosphorite. It was then that Dmitry Nikolayevich had a question: is not ammonium nitrate a physiologically acidic salt due to the faster absorption of ammonium nitrogen by plants?
The experimental verification of this assumption is an example of Dmitry Nikolayevich's deeply logical thinking and the ability to experimentally confirm the assumption. He considered four possible reasons why ammonium nitrate promotes the assimilation of phosphorus from phosphorites:
1) ammonium nitrate undergoes partial nitrification, due to which an acid reaction of the environment can be created even if this salt were physiologically alkaline. But this assumption was rejected, since in 1898 in the experiments of P.S. Kossovich established direct assimilation of ammonium nitrogen. Therefore, ammonium nitrate is physiologically non-alkaline salt;
2) ammonium nitrate - the salt is physiologically neutral, therefore it does not interfere with the dissolving effect of root secretions on phosphorite, unlike sodium and calcium nitrate. To resolve this issue, experiments were carried out with isolated cultures, when phosphorite was in one vessel, and ammonium nitrate was in another. It turned out that only with direct contact of ammonium nitrate with phosphorite, the roots use its phosphorus;
3) ammonium nitrate has a direct dissolving effect on phosphorite, independent of the assimilating activity of the roots. Experience has not confirmed this assumption;
4) ammonium nitrate, contrary to expectations, can be a physiologically acidic salt, but not with such pronounced acidity as ammonium sulfate. All experiments with ammonium nitrate were short-term in order to avoid the influence of other factors. It turned out that plants consume ammonia faster than the anion of nitric acid. The release of nitric acid explains the dissolving effect of ammonium nitrate on phosphorite.
D.N. Pryanishnikov throughout his life did not disregard the issues of nitrogen nutrition of plants, and two striking examples can be cited. In 1922, Dmitry Nikolaevich learned about the work of the Italian researcher Pantanelli (the work was published in 1915, but during the war foreign literature was not received by Russia), in which it was reported that legume seedlings developing in the light absorbed more acid than base. This was in conflict with Pryanishnikov's data.
Analyzing Pantanelli's data, Dmitry Nikolaevich suggested that the plants in Pantanelli's experiments suffered from an acid reaction of solutions with a lack of carbohydrates. This was the reason for their anomalous relationship to ammonium nitrate. By experimental verification of the conjectures expressed, Dmitry Nikolayevich demonstrates an example of the breadth and depth of the researcher's thought, which made it possible, in the course of experiments, not only to confirm the correctness of previous discoveries, but also to make new ones.
Dmitry Nikolaevich sets up a series of experiments with cereals and legumes in the light and in the dark, in which he studied how a number of factors affect the ratio of plants to ammonia nitrogen and nitrates in ammonium nitrate. In etiolated seedlings of different ages, and consequently, different degrees of carbohydrate depletion, the significance of their reserves for the absorption of ammonia and nitrates is studied. And it was here that it was discovered that the "Pantanelli phenomenon" can only be observed on sprouts depleted in carbohydrates: 5-day-old etiolated seedlings placed in a solution of ammonium nitrate absorbed mainly ammonium nitrogen from it, and 15-day-old - mainly nitrate nitrogen. This phenomenon seemed paradoxical: plants depleted in carbohydrates should have preferred ammonia over nitrates, which require additional energy to reduce to ammonia. It turned out that the lack of carbohydrates suppresses the synthesis of amides earlier than the reduction of nitrates. The increased concentration of ammonium nitrate in the experiments of Dmitry Nikolayevich contributed to a greater absorption of nitrate nitrogen by plants than ammonia; the same phenomenon was also found under conditions of an acid reaction of the medium.
Already in the 30s. the work of American researchers appeared May 1, 1931; 1935), from which it followed that in the first period of development, plants absorb mainly ammonia, and later, nitrates. D.N. Pryanishnikov saw in this not only a theoretical interest, but also practical value: if this is true, then it becomes possible to choose the best forms of nitrogen fertilizers for late plant nutrition.
Dmitry Nikolaevich did not take this on faith and considered it necessary to conduct experiments. He already knew that the phenomenon of weak absorption of ammonium was observed in etiolated seedlings depleted in carbohydrates. But how to understand such a transition in the experiments of Stahl and Shaiva with assimilating plants (oats and buckwheat), which allegedly prefer ammonia before flowering, and after - nitrates? D.N. Pryanishnikov analyzed the arrangement of experiments by the Americans and found an incredibly high dosage of nitrogen in their experiments. This allowed him to suggest that with such an incredible overfeeding of plants with nitrogen in the form of ammonium nitrate, in addition to the direct supply of ammonia from this salt, there was also the formation of ammonia due to the reduction of nitrates. Due to the excess ammonia could not be all consumed in the synthesis processes, and the appearance of a better absorption of nitrates than ammonia was obtained. This process should have a stronger effect after flowering than before it, since by this time the plants, which have already built the bulk of their organs, reduce their need for nitrogen, and a period begins when the movement of nitrogenous substances from the leaves to the ovary predominates over their intake from outside. In this case, the effect of age may be indirect and the point is not in changing the ratio of plants to the source of nitrogen, but in reducing the total need for it.
The studies were carried out according to such a program, which once again can amaze with the thoroughness of setting up the experiment by Dmitry Nikolayevich. He not only repeated the experiments of the Americans, but at the same time changed the concentration of ammonium nitrate, both up and down compared to what it was. In addition, he investigated whether plants emit ammonia at elevated concentrations of not only ammonium nitrate, but also sodium nitrate.
The experiments carried out confirmed the assumptions of Dmitry Nikolaevich: not age, but the concentration of the solution was the factor causing the anomalous ratio of plants to ammonia and nitrate nitrogen. Plants released ammonia when they were “overfed” and nitrate nitrogen.
The history of agricultural chemistry does not know of a single major problem that would be so fully and so comprehensively developed as the issue of the assimilation of various forms of nitrogen by plants, studied by D.N. Pryanishnikov. In the course of these studies, not only were discoveries of enduring significance made, but new methods of vegetative experience emerged: fluid cultures, sterile cultures, isolated plant nutrition. These methods allowed agrochemists to unravel many of the secrets of plant nutrition with phosphorus of sparingly soluble compounds and to reveal in plants the ability to secrete mineral and organic compounds through the root system.
In the first period of his scientific activity, before the revolution, when there was no nitrogen industry in our country, D.N. Pryanishnikov solved the problem of nitrogen in plant nutrition as a physiological and biochemical problem. When it became clear that it would be possible to create a fertilizer industry in the country, he explored the problem of nitrogen as an agronomic national economic one. He is rightfully the founder of the nitrogen industry in our country. Back in the 20s. It was widely believed that nitrogen fertilizers had no effect on our soils. Dmitry Nikolayevich in 1927 in the newspaper "Selskokhozyaystvennaya Zhizn" (No. 4. p. 14 - 17) published an article "Chronic error in assessing the effect of mineral fertilizers", where he draws attention to the reasons for the lack of a positive effect of nitrogen fertilizers. The point turned out to be that even in experiments, very low doses of nitrogen fertilizers were tested because of their extreme high cost (a pood of Chilean saltpeter in Russia cost three times more than a pood of rye). And after the revolution, funds were not released to test sufficient doses of nitrogen fertilizers for the same reason. Dmitry Nikolayevich drew special attention to the life-threatening consequences of mixing momentary economic problems with the need to solve scientific problems. This is what happened with nitrogen fertilizers. When in the 20s. the problem arose of how to territorially locate plants for the synthesis of ammonia and the production of nitrogen fertilizers, the country did not have enough scientific data to answer this question. This question was answered by a series of experiments organized and carried out in the second half of the 1920s by D.N. Pryanishnikov and A.N. Lebedyantsev.
Understanding the importance of mineral nitrogen in agriculture, Dmitry Nikolayevich attached exceptionally great importance to biological nitrogen. More than half a century has passed since the publication of his monograph, but how relevant are his conclusions today: “In all Western countries, they still continue to follow a comprehensive path and use two ways of fixing air nitrogen, namely: the technical path, feasible with the help of expensive equipment only in certain points where energy sources are concentrated (coal deposits, waterfalls), and the biological path, possible everywhere, because it uses solar energy and no equipment is needed, it is replaced by clover, alfalfa and other nitrogen collectors that fix nitrogen in the air due to the same energy source with which they fix carbon. Both ways of resolving the nitrogen problem have their own positive sides and their difficulties, they mutually complement each other, but they cannot completely replace each other ”(Pryanishnikov, Izbr. soch., M., 1955, vol. 4,
S. 73),

	USSR(1937)		Germany	Denmark	USA
	million tons
Nitrogen carryover harvests Return:	4,9	100	100	100	100
manure and waste	1,1	22,4	42,2	55,5	56,5
Industry	0,2	4,1	22,5	10,0	6,5
clover	0,2	4,1	14,5	25,6	19,6
Total returned	1,5	30,6	79,2	91,1	82,6
deficit	3,4	69,4	20,8	8,9	17,4

Dmitry Nikolayevich attributed the nitrogen of organic fertilizers (manure and garbage) to biological nitrogen. Passionately calling for the widespread use of biological nitrogen in the agriculture of our country, he makes a comparative analysis of the nitrogen balance for different countries, including Germany and Denmark, “... that have gone through the path of raising yields from the medieval level (7 c/ha) to the modern (22 - 28 q/ha).

Pryanishnikov, Fav. soch., M., 1955, T. 4, S. 77.

Considering the structure of the nitrogen balance, Dmitry Nikolayevich comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to increase the supply of nitrogen both through the nitrogen industry and by greatly expanding the crops of nitrogen collectors.

In a rather difficult situation, Dmitry Nikolayevich had to fight for the improvement of the nitrogen balance in the agriculture of our country. In the article “Grass fields and agrochemistry”, he bitterly notes: “... in one of the reports presented at the June session of the Agricultural Academy. Lenin, the author, going against the wishes of all those interested in raising our crops, suddenly dreams that the cornerstone of the third five-year period would be "not to increase the fertilization of the soils of the Union, but to bring them into a structural state by introducing ... grass-field crop rotations." In fact, grass-field crop rotations, characterized by a strong participation of cereals, would require even more fertilizers (primarily nitrogenous) than crop rotations, which are characterized by the participation of not nitrogen consumers, but nitrogen collectors ”(Pryanishnikov, Izbr. soch., M, 1955, T. 4, S. 222).

“... In the grass field system, some see some kind of panacea for all evils, indispensable“ at all times and for all peoples ”, forgetting that there cannot be one system that is equally suitable everywhere, both for sparsely populated and densely populated areas , for example, both for livestock farms in the Trans-Volga region and Kazakhstan, and for beet-growing farms in Northern Ukraine: if in the first case an extensive grassland is appropriate, then in the second case intensive crop rotations are needed. We should talk about the geographical distribution of different systems and crop rotations associated with them in accordance with national interests and taking into account local natural-historical and economic conditions, and leave the dream of some kind of "philosopher's stone" of universal significance, of some ways to reform agriculture outside of time and space. "(ibid. S. 223).

In search of sources and ways to increase soil fertility and crop yields, Dmitry Nikolayevich attached significant importance to phosphorites as a direct source of plant nutrition. Data on the effectiveness of phosphate rock were very contradictory.

For the first time in the middle of the 19th century, phosphorites began to be mined in France and they were successfully used to radically improve the moorlands in Brittany. At the same time, phosphorite deposits were discovered in Russia (Podolsk, Kursk, etc.). A.N. Engelhardt in 80s XIX century, he established an exceptionally high positive effect of phosphate rock on plant yields in the Smolensk region. In the Kursk region, where phosphorites were mined, they did not work. Attempts to unravel such conflicting data have not been successful. It was believed that the reasons for the different behavior of phosphorites lie in their properties and in the amount of precipitation falling in different regions. However, this failed to explain the contradictions in the evaluation of phosphorites.

D.N. Pryanishnikov, with his research, brought complete clarity to this issue, the resolution of which still makes it possible to effectively use phosphorite flour as a direct fertilizer.

Insufficiently developed at that time, soil chemistry, the theory of the absorptive capacity of the soil, and the physiology of plant root nutrition did not allow any reliable explanation of the causes of the action of phosphorites. After the unsuccessful use of phosphorites in the chernozem zone, even the hypothesis appeared that the lack of moisture here prevents the absorption of phosphorus from phosphate rock by plants, while in the zone of podzolic soils, good moisture is supposedly of decisive importance for this.

Such was the state of the matter when D.N. Pryanishnikov began to study it in 1898 d. Already the first experiments showed that only podzolic and peaty soils make phosphorus available from phosphorites to cereals; the chernozems did not show this ability; it turned out to be small also in well-manured cultivated soils.

It should be noted that A.N. Engelhardt, presenting the results of experiments in 1885 - 1886 years: “... The reason for the weak effect of phosphate rock on spring crops this year was mainly that phosphate rock was used on good soils that were constantly cultivated and well fertilized with manure” (Engelhardt, Izbr. cit., 1959, p. 405).

P.A. also wrote about the effectiveness of phosphate rock on different soils. Kostychev. “Since podzolic soils have an acidic reaction, then,” he noted, “only raw ground phosphorites should be successfully used on them, the phosphoric acid of which on other neutral soils cannot be available to plants” (Kostychev, Izbr. cit., 1949, p. 201).

Consequently, already from the very beginning of the research D.N. Pryanishnikov did not confirm the previously expressed assumption that the effect of phosphorites depends on the climate, more precisely, on the moisture content of the area, because the chernozem and podzolic soils placed in equally favorable conditions behaved completely differently in relation to phosphorites.

In those years, the theory of soil acidity had not yet been developed, so the laboratory of Dmitry Nikolayevich was able to give a real explanation of the reasons for the unequal ratio of podzolic soils and chernozems to phosphorites only ten years later, after the outstanding soil scientist and agrochemist K.K. Gedroits substantiated his theory about the unsaturation of soils with bases, i.e. about the presence of hydrogen ions in them in the absorbed state, which determines the potential acidity of soils.

Already in 1896 Dmitry Nikolayevich began to study the nutrition of plants with phosphorus from phosphate rock. To solve the problem, he divided it into four independent tasks: how do plants themselves relate to phosphorites; what is the role of the soil as an intermediary between the fertilizer and the plant; what role does the nature of phosphorite play; what is the value of co-fertilizers. He was able to discover that the nature of plants is essential: cereals do not use phosphorus from phosphorites, but lupine, buckwheat, peas and, to some extent, mustard, are well absorbed. This discovery was made during research in pure quartz sand, washed with acid and water to remove traces of P 2 O 5 .

Almost parallel to 1898 P.S. received similar results. Kossovich: P-assimilating plants 2 O 5 from phosphorite, extracted from it from 50 to 100 mg P 2 O 5 per vessel, and cereals under the same conditions contained P 2 0 5 a little more than what was in the seeds.

Having established the existence of differences between individual plants, Dmitry Nikolayevich at that time did not consider what these differences were connected with, and only more than ten years later, research on this issue began in his laboratory.

Back in 1864 Mr. Dietrich conducted the first experiments comparing the dissolving power of the roots in relation to the mineral substrate. He succeeded in discovering a great difference between individual plants, but Dietrich's experiments were imperfect, since he did not give his crops nitrogen, and legumes could be in a better position than all other plants. IN 1896 Mr. Czapek tried to find out whether the root secretions contain organic acids, but he did not succeed. They found malic acid in the root secretions of plants almost simultaneously Maze (in France in 1911 d.) and Shulov - in the laboratory of Dmitry Nikolaevich in 1912 city, where from that time began very interesting work associated with the search for the reasons for the different ability of plants to use phosphorus from phosphorites. In these works, discoveries of general biological significance were made, since before them nothing was known about qualitative composition root secretions.

M.K. Domontovich and A.G. Shestakov discovered that in the presence of lupine, phosphorus from phosphorite can also be used by oats. Using the method of periodically pouring liquid from a vessel with lupine, which received phosphorite, into a vessel with oats and back, it was found that lupine not only decomposes phosphorite, but also releases phosphorus through the root system.

At present, it is known that plants can release significant amounts of organic and mineral compounds through their roots, which play an extremely important role in the functioning of soil biota.

It turned out that the nature of the soil itself also affects the absorption of phosphorus phosphorite. When different soils were placed in the same climatic conditions (humidity, light, temperature), it turned out that phosphorites are effective on podzolic soils, but not on chernozems. Subsequently, K.K. Gedroits explained the positive effect of phosphate rock on podzolic soils by the presence of exchangeable acidity in them. In his experiments, Dmitry Nikolaevich established that amorphous phosphorites are more effective than crystalline and physiologically acidic mineral fertilizers contribute to the absorption of phosphorus from phosphate rock by plants.

Further studies of the conditions for the effectiveness of phosphate rock used as a phosphate fertilizer were carried out by students of D.N. Pryanishnikov.

So, A.N. Lebedyantsev in many years of experiments at the Shatilovskaya experimental station (Oryol region) convincingly proved that phosphate rock can act no worse than superphosphate on degraded chernozems, which is explained by the presence of noticeable potential acidity in them. Experiments have also shown that phosphate rock can be successfully applied to the leached chernozems of the Kursk, Voronezh, Belgorod and other regions of Russia and to large areas occupied by chernozems in the forest-steppe part of Ukraine.

Another student D.N. Pryanishnikova, Professor B.A. Golubev developed a simple and fairly reliable method for predicting the effect of phosphorites. He determined in the studied soil the presence of a stock of phosphorus readily available to plants, the absorption capacity of the soil and its potential acidity. If the soil is rich in assimilable phosphorus, then there is no point in carrying out further analyzes: neither phosphorite nor superphosphate should be added to it. You can limit yourself to the row introduction of small doses of superphosphate when sowing a crop. If there is little available phosphorus, all of the above soil tests are carried out.

In the first years of the 20th century in Russia, according to Dmitry Nikolayevich, little attention was paid to systematic research work in the field of agrochemistry, while in Western Europe and America agronomic chemistry was already in the 19th century. was represented by numerous departments in universities and a large number of experimental stations.

Dmitry Nikolaevich Pryanishnikov together with Professor Ya.V. Samoilov takes an active part in the organization of the first Scientific Institute for Fertilizers (NRU), which was opened in 1919 in Moscow under the jurisdiction of the Supreme Council of the National Economy (VSNKh). Dmitry Nikolaevich was in charge of the agrochemical department of this institute with 1919 to 1929 and at first (until the construction of the institute was completed) the work of this department was carried out in his laboratory at the Timiryazev Academy, where summaries of field experiments with fertilizers previously carried out in the country were compiled. Under the leadership of D.N. Pryanishnikov and A.I. Lebedyantsev for the first time 20 -s. a wide network of geographical field experiments was organized, the results of which became the basis for planned activities for the production and use of mineral fertilizers in various soil and climatic zones Soviet Union.

Experiments of the geographic network of the Institute of Fertilizers, carried out by hundreds of stations with different crops in various regions of the country, revealed high efficiency mineral fertilizers, especially in the non-chernozem zone (see table) (Petersburg, 1962).

The growth of relative yields of all crops without and with the use of fertilizers (in%>) Soils Without fertilizer With the introduction of YRK Podzolic loams 100 * gray forest land Chernozems: degraded powerful ordinary pre-Caucasian

These data indicate that as one moves from north to south, soil fertility increases. At the same time, the use of fertilizers evens out relative yields, and on podzolic soils, gray forest lands and degraded chernozems, yields double, and on more southern soils they increase by 64 - 75%.

On the initiative of Dmitry Nikolaevich, experimental stations of the Scientific Institute for Fertilizers were organized, and in particular the Dolgoprudnaya Agrochemical Experimental Station, of which he was director for several years. Stationary long-term experiments at this station gave valuable results in the comparative evaluation of various forms of mineral fertilizers, as well as in the effect of liming and phosphorite on soil fertility. The formation and development of the Solikamsk experimental station is also largely associated with the name of Dmitry Nikolayevich. WITH 1933 All its programs and plans were regularly reviewed and approved at the Dolgoprudnaya Agrochemical Experimental Station by the Agrochemical Section of the Scientific Council of the National Research University. The Agrochemical Department of the Institute of the Sugar Industry was created with the direct participation of Dmitry Nikolayevich and is staffed with personnel trained in his laboratory. Under the leadership of D.N. Pryanishnikov, large-scale work was carried out at this institute to study the nutritional characteristics of sugar beet "and the use of fertilizers for this most important industrial crop.

Laboratory of D.N. Pryanishnikov served as the basis for the organization in 1931 of the All-Union Institute of Fertilizers in the system of the People's Commissariat of Agriculture. This is currently All-Russian Institute fertilizers and agrosoil science in the system of the Russian Agricultural Academy and bears the name of D.N. Pryanishnikov. For 17 years (from 1931 and until his death in 1948 d.) Dmitry Nikolaevich headed the laboratory of mineral fertilizers of this institute. Leading a large group scientific staff, Dmitry Nikolaevich continued his research on the nitrogen nutrition of plants.

This institute was also opened on the initiative of Dmitry Nikolaevich. IN 1931 he sent a memorandum to the Presidium of the All-Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (now the Russian Agricultural Academy) on the creation of an institute of agrochemistry, in which he emphasized that in order to implement the chemicalization of agriculture, it is not enough to be a narrow specialist familiar only with the chemistry of fertilizer, but it is necessary to keep in mind the complex of interaction between fertilizer, soil and plant. In this note, Dmitry Nikolaevich brilliantly formulated the tasks of the science of agrochemistry and the program of the newly created institute. The correctness of Dmitry Nikolayevich's thoughts was confirmed and still confirmed by real life. “The agrochemist has to study the issue of plant nutrition in a real situation, taking into account soil chemistry, this is his difference from the botanist-physiologist; and the difference between him and the soil scientist is that he must be able to experiment with a plant

- to be able to develop questions of root nutrition in connection with the question of the use of fertilizers, not content with the ready-made ones that were given by textbooks on plant physiology. In the same way, in the field of soil chemistry, those aspects that relate to the interaction between it and the salts introduced into it have been developed and are now being developed almost exclusively by agrochemists ”(D.N. Pryanishnikov. Life and activity. M., 1972, p. 188).

Dmitry Nikolaevich paid special attention to the quality of agricultural products (and this 1931 g.!), emphasizing that it is impossible to confine ourselves to the struggle to increase yields only by applying fertilizers. He believed that the issues of the general methodology of agrochemical research should also be the task of the Institute of Agrochemistry, that the development and improvement of methods chemical research plants, fertilizers and their interaction with the soil should be concentrated at the Institute of Agrochemistry.

In 1929 Mr. D.N. Pryanishnikov was elected a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, with 1935 g. - a full member of VASKhNIL, then - an honorary member of a number of foreign scientific institutions, including the French Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the Czechoslovak Agricultural Academy, the Dutch Botanical Society and a number of other scientific societies and institutions.

On the initiative of Dmitry Nikolaevich, a section of agrochemistry and chemicalization of agriculture of the VASKhNIL was created, which he headed with 1936 until the last days of life. Under the leadership of Dmitry Nikolaevich, the section coordinated the work with fertilizers of numerous experimental institutions and research institutes of the country and summarized the results of their work.

D.N. Pryanishnikov laid the foundation for research work not only in the field of application, but also in the production of mineral fertilizers. He began his historical struggle for the chemicalization of agriculture in a very difficult situation. D.N. Pryanishnikov first proposed the term "chemization" by analogy with electrification, which then turned into "chemicalization". Widespread at that time were views about the originality of natural historical conditions Russian agriculture, which allegedly needs to be carried out extensively and in which the use of fertilizers is unprofitable.

There were few agronomists in pre-revolutionary Russia, few knew about the results of experiments with fertilizers carried out in our country by Mendeleev, Timiryazev, Engelhardt and others. From the very beginning of his activity, Dmitry Nikolayevich understood the need for the widespread introduction of fertilizers in our agriculture, he understood that it was impossible to do this with physiological studies, vegetation and even field experiments alone. Therefore, while abroad, he carefully studied foreign practice, calculated the efficiency of using fertilizers in different conditions, got acquainted with raw materials, studied in detail the methods of processing mineral raw materials into fertilizers. Potash and nitrogen fertilizers were not produced at all in pre-revolutionary Russia.

Before 1908 no one systematically engaged in mining and geological exploration of phosphorites, there were almost no chemists-technologists familiar with the production of superphosphate. Only six small sulfuric acid and superphosphate plants existed at that time in Russia, and they were located in the west - in the Baltic states, Poland and Ukraine. They worked mainly on imported pyrites and phosphorites. From abroad, very small quantities of ready-made superphosphate, tomasslag, ammonium sulfate, Chilean saltpeter, and potassium salts were imported to Russia. IN 1908 Mr. Dmitry Nikolayevich takes on the chemical and technological issues of processing domestic low-quality phosphorites. Together with young chemists, agronomists and students, he begins laboratory and semi-factory experiments on the use of domestic phosphorites for the production of superphosphate, precipitate, double and enriched superphosphate, thermophosphates and other fertilizers. Already in 1909 - 1910 gg. they managed to obtain superphosphate with a content of up to 12-13 % water soluble P 2 C >5 from low quality phosphorites. This allowed the Kineshma plant to switch to the production of superphosphate from local raw materials. A few years later, the Perm and Vyatka zemstvos began building a superphosphate plant for processing Vyatka phosphorite. Much of what was started and conceived in the laboratory of D.N. Pryanishnikov, received creative development in the technological laboratories created in 1919 Scientific Institute for Fertilizers.

From 1920 - 1921 gg. D.N. Pryanishnikov stops laboratory research on the chemical processing of phosphorites. These works are concentrated in a number of special laboratories of the established institute. However, he never broke his close relationship with the fertilizer industry, he constantly showed interest in it and participated in resolving the most important issues.

In 1927 - 1928 gg. geologists under the guidance of Academician A.E. Fersman discovered rich reserves of apatite on the Kola Peninsula, which become the main source of phosphorus raw materials for the production of superphosphate, the main phosphate fertilizer.

At the same time, based on the analysis of drilling waters performed by Academician

N.S. Kurnakov in 1916 Prof. Preobrazhensky's geological team found the world's largest reserves of potash salts in the Northern Urals. On this basis, the production of potash fertilizers increased in Solikamsk and Berezniki. Somewhat later(1936- 1937 years) the richest deposit of ancient Cambrian bedded phosphorites was discovered in Kazakhstan in the Karatau mountains.

Dmitry Nikolayevich immediately promotes industrial construction. During his life he made more than 50 trips to the most remote corners of the country. He visited almost all factories producing mineral fertilizers and got acquainted with all the major deposits of agronomic ores. For 50 years of scientific activity, Dmitry Nikolayevich visited many countries Western Europe, where he carefully studied agriculture and the fertilizer industry in Germany, Denmark, Holland, Italy, Switzerland, and France. He always knew how to quickly assess the situation, comprehend the basis of land management, its economy, notice typical features, connect all this with the characteristics of the soil and human impact on it. For example, in Denmark, he noticed that mineral fertilizers (marl, lime, saltpeter) are used at the initial stage of land reclamation of waste lands (in particular, the famous heather wastelands) and at the same time they get a good harvest of grain crops and clover, and then on this basis they get manure, which provides a high yield.

When traveling abroad, Dmitry Nikolayevich always very thoroughly and critically made such calculations: how much land per inhabitant, food per consumer, crop per hectare, what is the selling price per pood, the grain duty, the departure of rural workers to the cities, which is cheaper - the prices of fertilizers or for bread. Using the example of Germany, where the nitrogen industry was greatly developed after the First World War, he understood well that the level of production of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers determines the country's military potential. D.N. Pryanishnikov writes an article “Needs of Agriculture and the Tasks of Military Defense”, where he noted that the production of superphosphate is at the same time the production of sulfuric acid, and the latter is essential for the defense of the country.

Dmitry Nikolayevich then compared our harvests with those of Western Europe, and bitterly admitted Russia's lagging behind many countries in the use of mineral fertilizers. To draw attention to chemicalization, he publishes these data, repeating tirelessly that high yields require high doses of mineral fertilizers. In Holland in those years, mineral fertilizers were used several times more per 1 hectare than in Russia. IN 1932 Dmitry Nikolaevich at the conference on chemicalization of the national economy of the USSR in the second five-year period (the conference was held in the Great Hall of the Polytechnic Museum in Moscow with the participation of V. V. Kuibyshev) makes a report on the topic "The nitrogen issue in agriculture and the chemical industry." In his report, Dmitry Nikolaevich showed two maps: a map of Germany and a map of the Soviet Union. The first was densely dotted with black dots depicting German nitrogen plants, the second - only a few dots, talking about the timid steps of the nitrogen industry. The scientist paid special attention to how important the nitrogen industry is not only for agriculture, but also for the defense of the country, making it clear that Germany does not need as much nitrogen for peaceful purposes as it produces.

Dmitry Nikolayevich paid much attention to the problem of potassium and potash fertilizers. Back at the beginning of the century, when there was no potash fertilizers in Russia, he studied potash minerals as sources of potash nutrition for plants. Before the discovery of the Solikamsk deposits of potassium salts (1926 d.) the only source of potash fertilizers were Strasfurt salts, which were very expensive. Dmitry Nikolaevich draws attention to local potash fertilizers: in 1919 d. he writes an article "Unrecognized Strasfurt", which refers to the use of wood and straw ash as fertilizer. He responded to the message about the discovery of Solikamsk potash salts with the article “The Significance of Solikamsk Potash Deposits”, and already in 1927 G. comprehensively assessed the possibility of using domestic Solikamsk potash salts in the work "The ratio of various crops to potash fertilizers and the possible demand for potash salts from agriculture."

In the laboratory of Dmitry Nikolaevich at the Timiryazev Academy and with his student prof. A.F. Tyulin in the laboratory of the Perm Agricultural Institute, laboratory and vegetation experiments began with samples of potassium salts from Solikamsk drill columns. Studies were carried out to study the physiological reaction of potassium salts, to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of carnallite and sylvinite. IN 1933 Dmitry Nikolayevich visits the Solikamsk experimental station, where he is interested in various aspects of its work, where he draws attention to the discrepancy between the production of potash fertilizers, on the one hand, and phosphate and nitrogen fertilizers, on the other. This prompted Dmitry Nikolayevich to insist on speeding up the development of the nitrogen and phosphate industries in the USSR.

In any work, including in practical recommendations, Dmitry Nikolayevich did not allow anything unverified, no hasty conclusions. Zinaida Dmitrievna, daughter of D.N. Pryanishnikova, recalls: “In 1940 he was once summoned to the Moscow Committee of the Party on the following issue: one scientist suggested sowing clover before winter (following the example of Holland) immediately on a large area in the collective farms of the Moscow region. Dmitry Nikolaevich said that if there are relevant experimental data, then he does not mind. In response, he heard that there were no experimental data, but success was guaranteed. At the suggestion of Dmitry Nikolaevich, an experiment was set up at the Marfino state farm with the autumn sowing of clover, which was not found in the fields in the spring ”(D.N. Pryanishnikov. Life and work. M-, 1972, p. 178).

During the years of the Great Patriotic War When the entire chemical industry was working for military needs, Dmitry Nikolayevich was widely promoting the use of perennial lupine in order to increase land productivity, drew attention to the need to introduce crop rotations, developed the issue of cotton-beet crop rotation for the Uzbek SSR and the issue of the rational use of local fertilizers in conditions irrigated sugar beet planting. December 8, 1941 in Uzbekistan (where he was evacuated), he delivered a lecture on “The national economic significance of the sugar beet culture” (this culture was not cultivated in Uzbekistan before the war).

D.N. Pryanishnikov constantly took an active part in the work of the State Planning Commission on the issues of state planning for the production and use of fertilizers. Already in 1921 In 1942, he made a report at the State Planning Committee on "Immediate Tasks in the Production of Mineral Fertilizers," in which for the first time the needs of USSR agriculture in phosphorites were outlined. WITH 1922 to 1925 g., as a member of the State Planning Committee, D.N. Pryanishnikov is working to identify specific prospects for the production and use of fertilizers in the country. His role is also great in compiling

three pre-war five-year plans for the production and use of fertilizers.

Dmitry Nikolaevich was an example of a combination of a great scientist and citizen. He combined noble service to science with love for people and personified the image of a citizen, with exceptional sensitivity to the surrounding life. He embodied the best spiritual qualities - tolerance for other people's opinions and steadfastness in his convictions.

Georg Wigner in a letter to D.N. Pryanishnikov, in connection with the 70th anniversary of his birth, he wrote: “... And here in Switzerland you are especially highly valued as a scientist. But we love and appreciate not only Pryanishnikov the scientist and learn from him; we are all who know you personally, we love, first of all, Pryanishnikov the man. For me in Oxford it was again a special joy, dear colleague, to be with you. Instead of going to the common five o'clock tea in the large hall of St. John's College, I went much more willingly to the little cafe opposite St. John's College, where in the afternoon after the meetings I could meet you, dear colleague, and Professor Yarilov. I enjoyed this half an hour all day long. I loved to listen to your opinions about people, about science. Despite the fact that you excel others with your deep knowledge, you always expressed your views with a delicate modesty, which is so fitting. big man. You are always trying to see the good even in the imperfect labors of us younger ones; at the same time, you are unshakable in your striving for truth and knowledge. Your kindness exudes vibes that inspire great confidence in everyone ”(D.N. Pryanishnikov. Life and work. M., 1972. S. 254 - 255).

Dmitry Nikolaevich was an exceptionally sociable person. Life in a team, among scientists, among practical workers, agronomists, students was his organic need. Academician of VASKhNIL P.M. Zhukovsky compared D.N. Pryanishnikov with Anton Pavlovich Chekhov. “They are related by a serious, calm face, attentive eyes, gentle humor ... These two husbands are also related by spiritual purity, classicism, and most importantly, the Russian spirit, love for their country and their people” (ibid. S. 41),

Academician S.I. Volfkovich recalled that he, like many of his comrades, never left the feeling that wherever Dmitry Nikolayevich appeared, an atmosphere of special human relations was established: simplicity, purity and warmth, inspired by his wisdom and moral highness. His rich knowledge was striking not only in the field of chemistry, but also in the field of economics and history. He was subdued by a clear, deep thought, devotion to science and the Motherland, disinterestedness, humanism.

I.I. Gunnar wrote that latitude scientific interests, deep erudition and "diversity" D.N. Pryanishnikov as a scientist sometimes gave birth to curiosities. IN 1958 Mr. I.I. Gunar, as part of the Soviet delegation, was in France, where he was surprised to learn that many were convinced that there were several well-known scientists Pryanishnikov: Pryanishnikov the agronomist, Pryanishnikov the agrochemist, Pryanishnikov the physiologist and biochemist. After explaining that this is the same Dmitry Nikolaevich Pryanishnikov, it invariably followed: “Oh! This is inconceivable...!”

Dmitry Nikolayevich knew his country very well. For many years he taught a course on private farming at the Agricultural Academy and therefore considered it his duty to travel around the country, to get acquainted with peasant farms, with experimental stations and fields. He knew Siberia well, where he grew up, traveled around the European part, repeatedly visited the Trans-Volga region, Central Asia, Transcaucasia and in the Crimea. In his youth, he made his first routes in Central Asia and Transcaucasia mainly on horseback, since railways there was almost none. Already at the age of 67 (in 1932 d.) Dmitry Nikolaevich made a railway journey with a length of 17 thousand km: Sicily - Moscow, the Kola Peninsula - Moscow, Sverdlovsk, Novosibirsk - Moscow and Tajikistan - Moscow.

In 1945 Mr. Dmitry Nikolayevich is 80 years old, and he is assigned to make a report at the conference of the USSR Academy of Sciences on the study of the productive forces of the Perm region. Together with his student I.I. Gunar, he prepared a report “Ways to increase the productivity and productivity of agriculture in the Perm region”, in which the idea was expressed of the need to create centers of highly productive agriculture through the widespread use of mineral fertilizers. Then there were few mineral fertilizers, they were enough only for cotton and sugar beets. Dmitry Nikolaevich proposed to leave some fertilizer for the Non-Chernozem zone, in particular for the Urals, so as not to import agricultural products here, but to receive it locally through the widespread use of mineral fertilizers.

When the 80th birthday of Dmitry Nikolayevich was celebrated, in a speech in response to the greetings, he said: “It is gratifying for me to realize that in the victory over the enemy there is a share of my participation, because I proved the need to build chemical plants necessary for agriculture in peacetime and for defense - into the military "(ibid. S. 180).

D.N. Pryanishnikov worked in agricultural chemistry for more than 50 years, he is one of its founders, he wrote brilliant pages in the history of this science. Without a doubt, D.N. Pryanishnikov was a genius. He had an unusually rare ability to combine a talented scientist, an outstanding teacher, a great citizen, a wise statesman. He brought all his deep theoretical studies to clear practical recommendations that have a great influence on the formation and development of the fertilizer industry and the use of mineral fertilizers not only in our country, but also abroad.

Thanks to the work of D.N. Pryanishnikov, the achievements of agrochemistry in Russia have received worldwide recognition and priority in solving many problems: nitrogen nutrition of plants, phosphate and potassium nutrition of plants, the use of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash fertilizers, soil liming, the use of green and other local fertilizers.

When honoring D.N. Pryanishnikov in connection with his 80th birthday, responding to greetings, he said: “In my work, I paid most attention to research in the field of agronomic chemistry and plant physiology ... After graduating from the natural department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University, I considered it necessary to specialize in area in which my work would be most useful to the people. Under the influence of Timiryazev, whom I knew at the university, I began to specialize and work in the field of agronomic chemistry and plant physiology. Agronomic chemistry attracted my attention because of its connection with the practical problems of increasing yields. I think that my long-term work has shown the correctness of the chosen path...”.

One of the famous students of D.N. Pryanishnikova, pgrochemist A.V. Petersburg in one of his works noted that with the name of D.N. Pryanishnikov is associated with almost sixty years of development of agronomic chemistry in our country. D.N. Pryanishnikov made a fundamental contribution to the doctrine of the nutrition of higher plants and the use of fertilizers. More than one generation of agronomists and scientists in the field of plant physiology and biochemistry has been brought up on his labors. On the basis of his agrochemical theories and conclusions from the experimental work done, scientifically based ways of reproducing soil fertility and increasing agricultural productivity have been developed. D.N. Pryanishnikov was a true worker of science, who gained wide recognition and respect for himself in his homeland and far beyond its borders with his scientific works (Petersburg, 1962).

Along with deep fundamental and applied agrochemical research D.N. Pryanishnikov was constantly thinking about preparing a scientific shift. Also in 1914 he wrote: “If a sufficiently dense network of higher schools covers Russia, if the system high school will give wide access to all the most gifted children of the people in a higher school, then how many dormant forces, talents wasted in vain will be found in our fatherland? He contributed in every possible way to the manifestation and development of these talents. The domestic scientific agrochemical school he created became the basis for major theoretical and practical achievements not only in this branch of knowledge, but also in related sciences, as well as in solving many applied problems related to increasing soil fertility and agricultural productivity.

Control questions

1. Ideas about nitrogen sources for plant nutrition before the works of D.N. Pryanishnikov. Reasons for the conflicting opinions that existed in the 19th century about the importance of ammonia nitrogen and nitrates in plant nutrition.

2. Research by D.N. Pryanishnikov on the breakdown of protein substances in plants and their role in the development of the theory and practice of using nitrogen fertilizers.

3. Physiological studies of the conditions for the formation of asparagine in plants in the works of D.N. Pryanishnikov and their role in solving practical problems of plant nutrition in natural settings.

4. Research by D.N. Pryanishnikov optimal conditions for the use of ammonia and nitrate nitrogen by plants.

5. In connection with what circumstances D.N. Pryanishnikov began to study the physiological response of MN 4 G) 3 .

Owls. scientist, specialist in the field of agrochemistry, plant physiology and crop production, acad. (since 1929, corresponding member since 1913), active. member VASKHHIL (since 1935). Hero of Socialist Labor (1945). Student of K. A. Timiryazev. Born in Kyakhta (former Transbaikal region), received his secondary education in Irkutsk. gymnasium. In 1887 he graduated from Moscow. un-t, and in 1889 - Petrovsky S.-x. Academy (now the Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K. A. Timiryazev), in which, according to K. A. Timiryazev and other scientists, was left to prepare for scientific activity. All further work P. was inextricably linked with this academy, where from 1895 (until the end of his life) he was prof. At the same time (1891-1931) he lectured at Moscow. universities and worked in a number of institutes organized with his active participation (in the Institute of Fertilizers, later transformed into the Scientific Institute of Fertilizers and Insectofungicides, in the All-Union Institute of Fertilizers, Agrotechnics and Agrosoil Science, in the Central Institute of Sugar Industry, etc.] Along with this, he took an active part in the work of the State Planning Commission and the Committee for Chemicalization of the National Industry of the USSR.

Main P.'s research is devoted to questions of plant nutrition and the use of artificial fertilizers in agriculture. Especially known are his works on the study of nitrogenous nutrition and the metabolism of nitrogenous substances in the plant organism. P. gave general scheme transformations of nitrogenous substances in plants, assigning an exclusive role to ammonia as the initial and final product in this process. He explained the role of asparagine in the plant organism and refuted the prevailing view of this substance as the primary product of protein breakdown; showed that asparagine is synthesized from ammonia, which is formed in the plant at the final stage of protein breakdown or enters it from the outside. Drawing an analogy between the role of asparagine in plant and urea in animal organisms (assuming that the role of asparagine is to neutralize ammonia, which is harmful in high concentrations for both plant and animal organisms), P. opened common features exchange of nitrogenous substances in the plant and animal world, which was of great importance for the knowledge of the laws of evolution of living organisms. At the same time, these studies provided a scientific rationale for the use of ammonium salts in the village. x-ve and for their wide production. Under his leadership and with direct participation, such important issues in the field of plant nutrition and the use of fertilizers as the assessment of domestic phosphorites as a direct source of phosphorus for plants and as a raw material for industry were developed. production of superphosphate. They compiled a physiological characteristics of domestic potash salts, studied various types of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, issues of liming acidic soils, gypsum of solonetzes. In addition, P. dealt with the problem of green fertilizer (green manure), the use of peat, manure, and other organic. fertilizers. He gave a rationale for the methods of plant nutrition and the introduction of various types of fertilizer, etc. He proposed new methods for studying plant nutrition: the so-called method. isolated nutrition, sterile cultures, fluid solutions, as well as various methods and techniques for analyzing soils and plants.

Along with research work P. paid great attention to pedagogical. activities. In 1896 he introduced into practice. classes of students setting up vegetation experiments, did a lot to improve academic work Moscow s.-x. institute, where in 1907-13 he was deputy dir. on the educational side. Author of many reprinted textbooks ("Private agriculture", 1898, 8th ed.; 1931; "Agrochemistry", 1934, 3rd ed., 1940, etc.); he created a national school of agricultural chemists. The work of P., as well as the work of his students and employees, contributed to the implementation of various measures for the chemicalization of agriculture in the USSR - the widespread introduction of mineral fertilizers in agriculture. practice and the creation of a powerful fertilizer industry. In 1946, the Academy of Sciences of the USSR for the work "Nitrogen in the life of plants and agriculture in the USSR" (1945) P. awarded the Prize. K. A. Timiryazev. P. was elected an honorary member. a number of foreign academies and scientific about-v. P.'s name was given to the Perm agricultural enterprise. in-that and a number of experimental stations. Laureate of the Prize. V. I. Lenin (1926) and the Stalin Prize (1941).

Works: Protein substances and their transformations in a plant in connection with respiration and assimilation, M., 1899; Selected works, ed. and with entry. Art. acad. N. A. Maksimova, vol. 1, 3, M., 1951-52; Selected works, [ed. and with preface. acad. O. K. Kedrov-Zikhman], vol. 1-3, M., 1952-53; Collection of articles and scientific works. Anniversary collection, vol. 1-2, M., 1927; The exchange of nitrogenous substances and plant nutrition, in the book: Anniversary collection dedicated to the thirtieth anniversary of the Great October socialist revolution, part 2, M., 1947 (AN USSR); Doctrine of Fertilizer, 5th ed., Berlin. 1922; Plant Chemistry, [Agronomic Chemistry (Selected Chapters)], vol. 1-2; M., 1907-14, no. 1, 2nd ed., M., 1917; Agrochemistry, M., 1940; My memories, M., 1957.

Lit .: Dmitry Nikolaevich Pryanishnikov (1865-1948), M.-L., 1948 (AN USSR. Materials for the biobibliography of scientists of the USSR. Series of biological sciences. Plant physiology, issue 1); Academician Dmitry Nikolaevich Pryanishnikov. Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the Stalin Prize. Collection, ed. acad. V. S. Nemchinov, M., 1948 (there is a bibliography of the works of P. or literature about him); In memory of Academician D.N. Pryanishnikov [Collection of works, ed. acad. L. I. Prasolova et al.], M.-L., 1950; Shestakov A. G., The founder of Soviet agricultural chemistry, "Nature", 1954, No. 1.

Pryanishnikov, Dmitry Nikolaevich

(6.XI.1865-30.IV.1948)

Owls. agrochemist, biochemist and plant physiologist, acad. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1929), acad. VASKHNIL (since 1935). Pupil and successor of K. A. Timiryazev. R. in Kyakhta (now the Buryat ASSR). He graduated from Moscow University (1887) and Petrovsky Agricultural and Forestry Academician. (1889). Since 1895 he worked in the Moscow agricultural. in-those (in 1917 it was renamed the Petrovsky Agricultural Academician, in 1923 - the Moscow Agricultural Academician named after K. A. Timiryazev; in 1916-1917 the rector). He lectured at the Moscow University (1891-1931), at the Golitsyn Higher Women's Agricultural School. courses (director in 1900-1917). He also worked in a number of institutes organized with his participation: the Scientific Institute of Fertilizers (later the Scientific Institute of Fertilizers and Insectofungicides, 1919-1948), Vses. in-those on fertilizers, agricultural technology and agricultural soil science (later All-Russian Research Institute of fertilizers and agricultural soil science, 1931 -1948), etc.

Main works are devoted to the study of plant nutrition and the use of fertilizers. Formulated (1916) the theory of nitrogen nutrition of plants, which has become a classic; studied the ways of transformation of nitrogen-containing in-in in plants, explained the role of asparagine in the plant organism. Developed the scientific basis of soil phosphorite. He tested various types of potash, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers in the main agricultural regions of the USSR. He studied the issues of liming acidic soils, gypsuming of solonetzes, the use of org. fertilizers. Improved methods for studying plant nutrition, analysis of plants and soils. Author of the classic manual "Agrochemistry" (3rd ed. 1934). An active participant in the chemicalization of the national economy of the USSR. He was the first to introduce (1924) the term "chemicalization".

Member a number of acad. sciences and scientific about-in.

Hero of Socialist Labor (1945).

Prize to them. V. I. Lenin (1926), State. USSR Prize (1941).

The All-Russian Research Institute of Fertilizers and Agro-Soil Science bears (since 1948) the name of Pryanishnikov.

Etc I Nishnikov, Dmitry Nikolaevich

Genus. 1865, mind. 1948. Physiologist and biochemist of plants, pioneer of domestic agricultural chemistry. Creator of the theory of the exchange of nitrogenous compounds in the plant body, the theory of mineral nutrition of plants, the use of fertilizers, liming of soils, the cultivation of legumes as biological fixers of atmospheric nitrogen. In 1908, in his laboratory, for the first time in the USSR, he obtained superphosphate and precipitate from Russian raw materials. A graduate of the Petrovsky Agricultural and Forestry Academy (later the Timiryazev Moscow Agricultural Academy) (1889, an academy with a Ph.D. in agricultural sciences). Pupil of K. A. Timiryazev, V. V. Markovnikov and other prominent scientists. Founder and first director of the Higher Golitsyn Women's Agricultural Courses (1907-17), an active participant in the creation of the Scientific Institute for Fertilizers (1919) and its network of scientific stations. Initiator of the creation of the All-Union Institute of Fertilizers (later the All-Russian Institute of Fertilizers and Agricultural Soil Science named after D. N. Pryanishnikov) (1931). For many years, the head of the Department of Agrochemistry at Moscow University, director and head. Department of Agrochemistry and Biochemistry of the Agricultural Academy. Founder of the Agrochemical Department of the Institute of Sugar Industry. In 1920-1925. employee of the State Planning Committee of the RSFSR and the USSR. Works: "On the breakdown of protein substances during germination" (master's thesis, 1896), "The doctrine of fertilizer" (monograph), "Private farming" (monograph), "Agrochemistry" (1934), "Nitrogen in the life of plants and agriculture of the USSR "(monograph., 1945) and others. Honorary member of the Swedish Academy of Agricultural Sciences (1913), the Czechoslovak Agricultural Academy (1927), the German Academy of Naturalists in Halle (1927), the French Academy of Sciences (1946), etc. Since 1929 . active member Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1935 - VASKhNIL. Winner of the Lenin (1926) and State (1941) Prizes, the Prize. K. A. Timiryazev (1946). Hero of Socialist Labor (1945). Since 1948 for best work in agrochemistry, production and use of fertilizers, the prize is awarded to them. Academician D.N. Pryanishnikov. Since 1950, annual Pryanishnikov Readings have been held in Moscow.

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Pryanishnikov, Dmitry Nikolaevich- Dmitry Nikolaevich Pryanishnikov. PRIANISHNIKOV Dmitry Nikolaevich (1865-1948), founder of the Russian agrochemical school. Developed the theory of nitrogen nutrition of plants (1916), the system of application of phosphate fertilizers. Proceedings on liming acidic soils, ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Soviet agricultural chemist, biochemist and plant physiologist, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1929; Corresponding Member 1913), Academician of the All-Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (1935), Hero of Socialist Labor (1945). Graduated… …

- (1865 1948) Russian scientist, founder of the agrochemical school, academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1929), academician of the All-Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (1935), Hero of Socialist Labor (1945). Developed the theory of nitrogen nutrition of plants (1916), the scientific basis of soil phosphorite. Works ... ... Big encyclopedic Dictionary

- (1865 1948), founder of the agrochemical school, academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1929), academician of the All-Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (1935), Hero of Socialist Labor (1945). Developed the theory of nitrogen nutrition of plants (1916), the scientific basis of soil phosphorite. Works on liming ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Wikipedia has articles about other people with that surname, see Pryanishnikov. Dmitry Nikolaevich Pryanishnikov Date of birth: October 25 (November 6) 1865 (1865 11 06) Location ... Wikipedia

- (1865, Kyakhta, now in Buryatia, 1948, Moscow), agrochemist, biochemist and plant physiologist, academician (1929), academician of VASKhNIL (1935). Hero of Socialist Labor (1945). In Moscow since 1883. He graduated (1887) and Petrovsky agricultural and forestry ... ... Moscow (encyclopedia)

Pryanishnikov is a Russian surname. Pryanishnikov, Valentin Kornilovich (1934 1995) Russian writer, author of books about Stalin's repressions. Pryanishnikov, Dmitry Nikolaevich (1865 1948) Russian agricultural chemist, biochemist and plant physiologist. ... ... Wikipedia

1. PRIANISHNIKOV Dmitry Nikolaevich (1865 1948), agrochemist and soil scientist, founder of the scientific agrochemical school, academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1929) and VASKhNIL (1935), Hero of Socialist Labor (1945). Developed the theory of nitrogen nutrition of plants (1916), ... ... Russian history

I Pryanishnikov Dmitry Nikolaevich, Soviet agrochemist, biochemist and plant physiologist, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1929; Corresponding Member 1913), Academician of the All-Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (1935), Hero ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Pryanishnikov D. N.- PRIANISHNIKOV Dmitry Nikolaevich (18651948), agrochemist and soil scientist, founder of scientific. agrochem. schools, acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1929) and VASKhNIL (1935), Hero of Socialist. Labor (1945). Developed the theory of nitrogen nutrition of plants (1916), scientific. basics... ... Biographical Dictionary

Dmitry Nikolaevich Pryanishnikov(October 25 (November 6), 1865 - April 30, 1948) - Russian agricultural chemist, biochemist and plant physiologist, founder of the Soviet scientific school in agronomic chemistry. Hero of Socialist Labor (1945).

Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1929) and VASKhNIL (1936), corresponding member of the French Academy of Sciences, founder and director of the Scientific Institute for Fertilizers (since 1948, the D.N. chemicalization of the national economy.

Biography

Born October 25 (November 6), 1865 in the trading settlement Kyakhta, Transbaikal region. He lost his father early and was brought up by his mother, a simple Russian woman who received only a primary education.

In 1883 he graduated from the Irkutsk gymnasium, then - the natural department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University (1887). Here Professor V. V. Markovnikov, a specialist in organic chemistry, and invited him to stay at the Department of Organic Chemistry after graduation to prepare for scientific work. But the young scientist decided otherwise and entered the third year of the Petrovsky Agricultural and Forestry Academy (now the Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K. A. Timiryazev). After graduating from the academy in 1889, he was left there to teach. Student of K. A. Timiryazev, V. V. Markovnikov, A. G. Stoletov, I. N. Gorozhankin and others.

In 1892, as a young scientist, he was sent by the academy for two years to Germany, France and Switzerland for research in the field of the conversion of protein and other nitrogenous substances in plants. His work in this area received international recognition and placed him among the most prominent biochemists and plant physiologists of his time.

From 1895 until the end of his life, he was the head of the Department of Agrochemistry at the Moscow Agricultural Institute (in 1916-1917 he was the rector), he taught the courses "Teaching about fertilizer" and "Private farming". At the same time, in 1891-1931, he taught courses in agronomic chemistry and plant chemistry at Moscow University at the Department of Agronomic Chemistry. In 1896 he defended his master's thesis "On the breakdown of protein substances during germination", and in 1900 at Moscow University - his doctoral thesis "Protein substances and their breakdown in connection with respiration and assimilation." Privatdozent of Moscow University (1891-1917).

D. N. Pryanishnikov was engaged not only in theoretical research, he was interested in the practical result of their application. Therefore, in the course of laboratory experiments on the transformation of nitrogenous substances in plants, he experimented with the use of nitrogenous substances to improve the growth and development of plants and, thereby, came up with the idea of ​​using nitrogen fertilizers. This discovery was made at the intersection of organic chemistry, biochemistry and plant physiology, as well as agrochemistry, thanks to the multilateral education that D.N. Pryanishnikov received.

In 1900-1915 he developed the scientific basis for the use of mineral fertilizers. Having studied the mechanisms of assimilation by plants of "ammonia and nitrate nitrogen" (that is, nitrogen located in different types chemical compounds), published practical advice on the use of nitrate and ammonia fertilizers. He conducted a number of agrochemical experiments on the use of finely ground phosphorites instead of and together with superphosphate and studied the dependence of the results on soil acidity, which allowed him to scientifically substantiate the use and processing of phosphorites: in particular, the method of producing combined fertilizers containing both nitrogen and phosphorus using nitric acid, which has been used in industry since the mid-1950s.

After October revolution continued his work in Soviet Russia.

In the field of agronomy, he also conducted experiments on the cultivation of plants in various conditions, on various soils, using various agronomic methods and mineral fertilizers. Their results helped substantiate the plan for the development and deployment of the fertilizer industry in Russia. In 1917-1919, on his initiative, the Scientific Institute for Fertilizers was established, in which D.N. Pryanishnikov headed the agronomic department, and then worked as the director of the institute for several years. The Institute specialized in systematic research into the technology of obtaining various types of fertilizers from natural raw materials and the development of the technology of these processes, as well as chemical and biochemical issues: the degree of assimilation of certain fertilizers by plants, their effectiveness, methods of use for various crops and on various soils.

(1948-04-30 ) (82 years old) A place of death A country Russian empire Russian empire ,
USSR USSR Scientific sphere agrochemistry, physiology, crop production Place of work TSCA Alma mater University of Moscow ,
Petrovsky Agricultural and Forestry Academy Academic degree doctor of chemistry Academic title Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1929),
academician of VASKhNIL (1935) Scientific director V. V. Markovnikov Known as founder of the Soviet scientific school in agronomic chemistry, agrochemist of mineral fertilizers Awards and prizes

In 1883 he graduated from the Irkutsk gymnasium with a gold medal, then - the natural department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University. Here Professor V. V. Markovnikov, a specialist in organic chemistry, drew the attention of a capable student, and suggested that after graduation from the university he stay at the Department of Organic Chemistry to prepare for scientific activity. But the young scientist decided otherwise, and after graduating from the university (in December 1887, with a candidate's degree), he entered the third year of the Petrovsky Agricultural and Forestry Academy. After graduating from the academy in December 1889 with a Ph.D. in agriculture, he was retained there to teach. A student of K. A. Timiryazev, V. V. Markovnikov, A. G. Stoletov, A. P. Sabaneev, I. N. Gorozhankin and others, he was listed at the academy from December 1888 as a student of the highest salary.

In the winter of 1890/1891, Pryanishnikov passed his master's exams at Moscow University. Since January 1892, he was a Privatdozent at Moscow University: he taught a course in agronomic chemistry (until 1929).

In 1892, he was sent abroad for two years: he worked in Göttingen in the laboratory of A. Koch, in Paris at the Pasteur Institute, in Zurich with A. Duclos and E. Schulz. Abroad, he began research into the transformation of protein and other nitrogenous substances in plants.

Returning to Moscow in the autumn of 1894, he began teaching the first course in plant chemistry in Russia at Moscow University (on the basis of which the Department of Biochemistry was later formed).

From 1895 until the end of his life - head of the Department of Agrochemistry in; since 1895 he taught the courses "Teaching about fertilizer" and "Private farming"; in 1908-1913 - Deputy rector for education, in 1908-1909 and 1916-1917 he acted as rector of the institute. In 1896 he defended his master's thesis "On the breakdown of protein substances during germination", and in 1900 at Moscow University - his doctoral "Protein substances and their breakdown in connection with respiration and assimilation".

In 1907, he participated in the organization of the Higher Women's Agricultural ("Golitsyn") Courses; read plant physiology and agronomic chemistry; was in 1908-1917 their director.

D. N. Pryanishnikov was engaged not only in theoretical research, he was interested in the practical result of their application. Therefore, in the course of laboratory experiments on the transformation of nitrogenous substances in plants, he experimented with the use of nitrogenous substances to improve the growth and development of plants and, thereby, came up with the idea of ​​using nitrogen fertilizers. This discovery was made at the intersection of organic chemistry, biochemistry and plant physiology, as well as agrochemistry, thanks to the multilateral education that D. N. Pryanishnikov received.

In 1900-1915 he developed the scientific basis for the use of mineral fertilizers. Having studied the mechanisms of assimilation by plants of "ammonia and nitrate nitrogen" (that is, nitrogen found in various types of chemical compounds), he published practical recommendations for the use of nitrate and ammonia fertilizers. He conducted a number of agrochemical experiments on the use of finely ground phosphorites instead of and together with superphosphate and studied the dependence of the results on soil acidity, which allowed him to scientifically substantiate the use and processing of phosphorites: in particular, the method of producing combined fertilizers containing both nitrogen and phosphorus, using nitric acid, which has been used in industry since the mid-1950s.

In the field of agronomy, he also conducted experiments on the cultivation of plants in various conditions, on various soils, using various agronomic methods and mineral fertilizers. Their results helped substantiate the plan for the development and deployment of the fertilizer industry in Russia.

Pryanishnikov gave a physiological description of domestic potash salts, tested various types of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers in the main agricultural regions of the USSR. He worked on the issues of liming acidic soils, gypsuming salt licks, and applying organic fertilizers. He perfected methods for studying plant nutrition, plant and soil analysis, and growing experience.

D. N. Pryanishnikov was also actively interested in the economics of agriculture and industry. Often traveling abroad for scientific and educational purposes (more than 25 times in total), he tried to generalize and apply the experience of others in his homeland, in his research. The habit of calculations made his research and proposals seriously substantiated and reasoned. In 1920-1925, D.N. Pryanishnikov was a member of the State Planning Committee of the RSFSR and the State Planning Committee of the USSR, and in 1925-1929 he worked in the Committee for the Chemicalization of the National Economy of the USSR, one of the initiators of which he was. In 1931, he founded the All-Union Institute for Fertilizers, Agricultural Technology and Agricultural Soil Science (based on the agrochemical experimental station at the Academy Department), where he worked until the end of his life.

In the 1930s, Pryanishnikov actively opposed the theory of V. R. Williams on the role of soil structure in fertility, against the use of grass-field crop rotations, and the abolition of fallows. As a result of this struggle, many of Pryanishnikov's associates were declared "enemies of the people" and repressed, and Pryanishnikov himself was called "an accomplice of pests" in the newspapers. Nevertheless, in this difficult situation, Pryanishnikov spoke in support of N. I. Vavilov (even presented the works of the disgraced Vavilov for the Stalin Prize), wrote to various authorities (including L. P. Beria in 1941) about the mistakes of T D. Lysenko.

Personal life, views

He was distinguished by decency and civic courage. For example, at the risk of incurring reprisals, for several years he tried to get the geneticist N. I. Vavilov out of prison, for this he sought a personal reception from L. P. Beria and his deputy Kobulov, wrote several letters to I. V. Stalin, and also introduced the person who was sitting in Vavilov prison to be awarded the Stalin Prize and put forward his candidacy for elections to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

Daughter - Valentina Dmitrievna (1890-1982), graduated from the Moscow Women's Courses in 1919, taught in Moscow secondary schools in the 1920s, since the early 1930s - her father's unofficial referent. She was married to a zemstvo figure, deputy of the First State Duma V.K. Fedorovsky, who went missing during the First World War.

Awards and titles

Soviet state awards and titles:

• Hero of Socialist Labor (1945) - for merits in the development of agricultural chemistry and for the creation of a school of Russian agricultural chemists,
• two orders of Lenin (1940, 1945),
• three orders of the Red Banner of Labor (1936, 1944, 1945),
• Order of the Patriotic War, 1st class (1945),
• medals,
• Stalin Prize of the first degree (1941).

• Prize named after K. A. Timiryazev of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1945) - for the work "Nitrogen in plant life and agriculture in the USSR",
• Doctor of Sciences (1910), corresponding member of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1913), full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1929), VASKhNIL (1936),
• foreign member of the German Academy of Naturalists "Leopoldina" (1925), honorary member of the Royal Academy of Agriculture and Forestry of Sweden (1925), honorary member of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Czechoslovakia (1931), corresponding member of the French Academy of Sciences (1946).

• Big gold medal of the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition (1939).

Memory

External images
	Tombstone at the Vagankovsky cemetery (indefinite) .

• In 1948, the name of Academician Pryanishnikov was assigned to the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences and.
• Since 1948, the Academy of Sciences of the USSR has awarded the Academician D. N. Pryanishnikov Prize for the best work in agrochemistry, the production and use of fertilizers. In 1962, a gold medal was established to them. D. N. Pryanishnikov, awarded every three years by the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR for the best work in the field of plant nutrition and the use of fertilizers. And in 1996, the Russian Academy of Sciences established the D. N. Pryanishnikov Prize.
• Since 1950, annual Pryanishnikov Readings have been held in Moscow.
• In Moscow in front of the Moscow Art Academy. K. A. Timiryazev erected a monument to D. N. Pryanishnikov. Sculptors: G. A. Shults and O. V. Kvinikhidze, architects G. G. Lebedev and V. A. Petrov. A nearby street in Moscow bears his name.
• In 1962, a postage stamp was issued in honor of Pryanishnikov.
• One of the streets of Voronezh bears the name of Academician Pryanishnikov.
• Perm State Agrarian Technological University is named after D.N. Pryanishnikov.
• A bust of D. N. Pryanishnikov is installed in the Museum of Geography of Moscow State University (on the 25th floor of the Main Building).
• A monument to D.N. Pryanishnikov was erected in Kyakhta.

Russian agrochemist, biochemist and plant physiologist, founder of the Soviet scientific school in agronomic chemistry. Hero of Socialist Labor.
Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1929), VASKhNIL (1936) and the French Academy of Sciences, founder and director of the Scientific Institute for Fertilizers (since 1948, the All-Russian Research Institute of Fertilizers and Agrosoil Science named after D. N. Pryanishnikov), member of the State Planning Committee of the USSR and the Committee for Chemicalization of the National Economy .
Dmitry Nikolaevich was born on October 25 (November 6), 1865 in the trading settlement Kyakhta, Trans-Baikal Region (now a city in the Republic of Buryatia as part of Russian Federation). He lost his father early and was brought up by his mother, a simple Russian woman who received only a primary education.
In 1883 he graduated from the Irkutsk gymnasium, then - the natural department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University (1887). After that, he entered the third year of the Petrovsky Agricultural and Forestry Academy (now the Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K. A. Timiryazev). After graduating from the academy in 1889, he was left there to teach, where he worked all his life.
In the early 1920s, D.N. Pryanishnikov initiated the use of nitrogen fertilizers, and also developed the scientific basis for the use of other mineral fertilizers.
In addition, Dmitry Nikolayevich conducted experiments on plant cultivation under various conditions, on various soils, using various agronomic methods and mineral fertilizers.
On his initiative, in 1917-1919, the Scientific Institute for Fertilizers was established, in which D.N. Pryanishnikov headed the agronomic department, and then worked as director of the institute for several years. The Institute specialized in systematic research into the technology of obtaining various types of fertilizers from natural raw materials and the development of the technology of these processes, as well as chemical and biochemical issues: the degree of assimilation of certain fertilizers by plants, their effectiveness, methods of use for various crops and on various soils.
Proceedings of D.N. Pryanishnikov's works are still being reprinted, and even today students learn from them.
Dmitry Nikolaevich was distinguished by decency and civil courage. For example, for several years he tried to rescue his student and colleague, the geneticist Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov, from imprisonment, for this he sought a personal appointment with L.P. Beria and his deputy B.Z. Kobulov, wrote several letters to I.V. Stalin, and also introduced Vavilov, who was in prison, to the award of the Stalin Prize of the USSR and put forward his candidacy for elections to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
Name D.N. Pryanishnikov is inextricably linked with the Northern administrative district the city of Moscow: in front of the Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K. A. Timiryazev, a monument was erected by sculptors G. A. Shultz and O. V. Kvinikhidze, architects G. G. Lebedev and V. A. Petrov; one of the nearby streets bears his name.