Candidate of Ped Sciences reduction. Abbreviations of academic degrees and titles. See what "Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences" is in other dictionaries

Academic degrees and titles should be reduced in accordance with the recommendations of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.

In Russia, the degree of Doctor of Science is awarded by the Presidium of the Higher Attestation Commission (HAC) of the Ministry of Education and Science based on the results of a public defense of a doctoral dissertation. The applicant must have a PhD degree. According to the Regulations on the procedure for awarding academic degrees, “a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Science should be a scientific qualification work, in which, on the basis of the research performed by the author, theoretical provisions have been developed, the totality of which can be qualified as a new major scientific achievement, or a major problem has been solved. scientific problem, which has important socio-cultural or economic significance, or scientifically substantiated technical, economic or technological solutions, the introduction of which makes a significant contribution to the development of the country's economy and increase its defense capability.

The dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Science is presented in one of three types:

• a specially prepared manuscript (this is the most common case);
• scientific report (with the permission of the Higher Attestation Commission at the request of the dissertation council; prepared by the applicant on the basis of a set of previously published scientific and experimental design works in the relevant field of knowledge, which have great importance for science and practice, is a brief summary of the results of his research and development, known to a wide range of specialists.);
• published monograph (scientific book publication containing a complete and comprehensive study of the topic, which has passed scientific review and satisfies the criteria established by the "Regulations on the procedure for awarding academic degrees").

Main scientific results doctoral dissertations must be published in leading peer-reviewed scientific journals and publications, the list of which is determined by the HAC. Patents for inventions, etc. are also equated to published results. An abstract of up to 2 volumes is written for the dissertation by the applicant (in the humanities - up to 2.5) printed sheets, which outlines the main ideas and conclusions of the dissertation, shows the author's contribution to the study, the degree of novelty and practical significance of the research results. A month before the defense, the abstract is sent to the members of the dissertation council, as well as to organizations according to the list determined by the Higher Attestation Commission, and according to the additional list determined by the dissertation council.

The dissertation is defended at an open meeting of the dissertation council, which consists of doctors of sciences and has received from the Higher Attestation Commission the right to consider dissertations in a certain range of specialties. Dissertation councils are created at the relevant research organizations (institutes, scientific centers etc.) and universities (and other universities). Three official opponents participate in the defense of the dissertation - doctors of science, appointed in advance by the dissertation council, who must give written review about the thesis. In the discussion of the dissertation, in addition to members of the council and opponents, others have the right to participate scientists and specialists. After the discussion of the work, a secret vote of the members of the dissertation council takes place. The decision of the dissertation council on the issue of awarding the degree of Doctor of Science is considered positive if at least two-thirds of the members of the council who participated in the meeting voted for it. Based on the results of the defense, the dissertation council submits (or does not submit) to the Higher Attestation Commission a petition for awarding the degree of Doctor of Science to the applicant. This application and the dissertation are considered by the expert council of the HAC in the relevant specialty, after which the conclusion of the expert council on the possibility of awarding a degree is sent to the presidium of the HAC, which makes the final decision.

Scientific branches

Depending on the specialty in which the doctoral dissertation is defended, the applicant is awarded one of the following academic degrees:

Previously, there was also a Doctor of Naval Science degree. Some time (around the 1940s) academic degree Doctor of Arts was called Doctor of Arts.

Many specialties allow applicants to be awarded a degree in several branches of science, depending on the predominant subject area of ​​a particular dissertation. For example, in the specialty 02.00.04 (physical chemistry), doctoral degrees in physical and mathematical or technical or chemical sciences can be awarded. At the same time, however, the principle "one dissertation - one branch of science" is observed, regardless of the number of specialties of the dissertation and branches of science of the specialty. Also, a particular dissertation council may be limited in the range of degrees awarded, depending on the industry.

Analogues in other countries

The issue of analogues of the Russian degree of Doctor of Science abroad is not unambiguous in view of the wide variety of requirements and characteristics of a doctoral degree in other countries (up to different regions of one country), as well as from the field of knowledge.

So, in view of the fact that in some Western countries a single-stage system of postgraduate education has been adopted (as, for example, it is becoming more common in the UK), after which graduates, in case of successful defense of their thesis, are awarded the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (or similar), in Russian Federation this degree is often equated to a PhD degree. Thus, in this case, the Russian PhD degree is assessed as superior to this variant of the PhD degree.

At the same time, in a number of Western countries, postgraduate education, to the same extent as in the Russian Federation, is characterized by two stages, each requiring the defense of a separate dissertation. For example, in France, Brazil, Canada and the Netherlands, the first postgraduate level is the title master (master) of science(Master of Science, M.Sc.), while the second degree is the title PhD(Ph.D.). In this case, the doctoral degree that is obtained with the status PhD, is similar to the degree of Doctor of Science in the Russian Federation, since it is to the same extent the second degree of postgraduate education.

In some Western countries, there is a title awarded to someone who already holds a doctoral degree, and which can also sometimes be equated with the title of Doctor of Science in the Russian Federation. So, in the Anglo-Saxon academic system (Great Britain, USA and other English-speaking countries), the next degree in natural sciences after the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) is called Ph.D(Doctor of Science, D.Sc.); for researchers specializing in philology - doctor of literature(Doctor of Letters, D. Litt.); in the field of law - doctor of law(Doctor of Laws, LLD). However, the difference is that the award of this degree is usually carried out not by the results of defending a dissertation, but by the amount of published works and by the total contribution to science, or even by social or journalistic activities. For this reason, the title PhD, doctorate in literature or doctor of law is primarily an honorary degree awarded after many years of merit, and not the result of directed work towards obtaining a degree.

In the European continental academic system (in such countries as Germany, France, Austria), many of whose features were borrowed from Russian and Soviet system postgraduate education, there is a procedure "habilitation" (or "habilitation", habitation, from lat. habilis- capable, suitable), which follows to the same extent after the award of a doctoral degree. In a certain sense, this degree is similar in a number of parameters to the defense of a doctoral dissertation in Russia, since after passing the "habilitation" the applicant is awarded the title of "habilitated doctor" (doctor habilitatus, Dr. habil.), which gives the right to occupy a professorial position at the university. However, it is worth noting that the title of "habilitation" is not a separate academic degree, but a qualification, additional to the doctoral degree, which allows one to hold the post of university professor.

Notes

Sources

• Regulatory documents on the website of the Higher Attestation Commission of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia

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See what "Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences" is in other dictionaries:

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12:17 am - Bolibrukh Andrei Andreevich. Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences. Professor. From "Memories..."

How often have I heard from my colleagues that their life at the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics of Moscow State University would be wonderful if it were not for the need to engage in social sciences: party history, philosophy, political economy. How much tragic stories about a ruined postgraduate study or an unsuccessful exam due to the social sciences can be found in student folklore. I will say right away that I never fully understood and did not accept these stories.

It seems to me that many of these stories rather speak of the intellectual laziness of their characters, unable or unwilling to make a minimum mental effort on themselves in order to solve this obviously solvable problem.

I'm lucky, my attitude to the social sciences was formed under the influence of a remarkable person who then taught a course in philosophy at the Mekhmat, Evgeny Aleksandrovich Belyaev. During my senior years I attended his art philosophy circle, where I first got acquainted with the works of Vygotsky and Potebnya, and read with great interest Bakhtin's famous book The Works of François Rabelais and the Folk Culture of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.

Evgeny Alexandrovich inspired us with a simple idea: all social science courses are based on a limited amount of factual material, quite accessible to the memory of a student of Moscow State University, and are based on very simple rules of the game (as well as political life and behavioral stereotypes of society). It should be no problem for the Mechmatian's intellect to understand these rules and act in accordance with them at the right moments, so any grade other than excellent on a social discipline exam is certainly a disgrace or a sign of intellectual laziness for a mathematician.

He also made it clear what a serious test the teachers of the history of the party and philosophy were for practical classes in their subjects at the Mekhmat. Many of them experienced great discomfort at the mere thought of meeting with the Mekhmat audience.

Really, it would be a big mistake to think that you can give a disliked student a bad mark in political economy just like that. No, the examiner must catch the student in ignorance or misinterpretation of some social event, that is, to follow certain rules. Well, if a student knows these rules and is obviously not more stupid than you - what to do in this case?

The main condition for successful education in the social sciences was the activity at the seminars: it was necessary to speak, answer questions, and it does not matter at all how reasonable or ideologically correct these speeches were. Of course, it was impossible to violate the existing rules: to carry anti-Sovietism or to revise the party line, but otherwise you were free, because it was activity as such that was valued.

I remember in this regard, our teacher of political economy, N. V. Bautina, an intellectual and generally a very interesting woman, who had a certain weakness for the moderate intellectual rudeness of her interlocutor. I don’t remember how I felt this weakness in her, but, once speaking at a seminar and talking about the period of workers’ schools in those years, I said something like the following: “That’s how the decision was made to raise the cultural and scientific level .. .teachers of political economy”. Ninel Vladimirovna at the same time even closed her eyes with pleasure. Needless to say, I passed her exam without any problems afterwards.

The activity at the seminars sometimes made it possible to get an exam automatically, which freed me from the routine cramming of the material, and I must note with pleasure that during my studies at Moscow State University I did not take notes on a single work of the classics of Marxism-Leninism, which saved me a lot of effort and time for others, more reasonable deeds.

Nevertheless, situations arose when things were serious, and an assessment in the history of the party became a pass to graduate school. It was here that I had to apply those skills and understanding of the rules of the game, which I described above.

I still remember my exam graduate school in party history. I took it with my friend Kolya Osmolovsky, a wonderful mathematician and an absolutely loyal citizen: I didn’t even need to look at his profile to say with certainty that this is completely our person who does not have
and there can be no political or other shortcomings.

Nevertheless, the teacher who took the exam decided to hold Kolya back just in case. It seems to me that the point was that at that time there was an announcer with a similar surname on the Voice of America radio, and some doubt arose in the examiner's sick brain about Nikolai, or maybe he was just bored and decided
frolic a little.

"Is there a national question in the USSR?"- asked the teacher. I froze and became a little cold, realizing what a difficult situation my friend was in. If you say that there is, they will answer you: "Well, how, under developed socialism ...", say that it is not, they will give examples. However, the examiner attacked the wrong person. "Yes, but resolved," came Colin's swift reply. The teacher just shrugged, realizing that this student was simply too tough for him, and the exam ended successfully for Kolya.

I got the question about Brezhnev's speech before the All-Union Conference of Students. Of course, I did not read this speech and did not intend to read it, but I had to answer. Inspired by Kolya's answer, I said to myself: "Am I really stupider than Leonid Ilyich and can't reproduce his performance?"

In 15 minutes I jotted down a 12-point abstract and handed it to the examiner. “Very good,” he said. “But you have two points that Brezhnev did not say anything about.” “I know,” I replied, “but they follow naturally from his appeal to our university. Therefore, I felt it possible to add them in the answer. The examiner was very pleased with my explanation and, noting my creative approach to studying the history of the game, gave the final five.

"Take a point and move it- he said - get a straight line. Move a line - get a plane, move a plane - get three-dimensional space. Now try to move the three-dimensional space - and again get the same three-dimensional space. That is why the world around us is three-dimensional!” All attempts by the students to explain to the lecturer the inferiority of such an argument did not lead to anything. In my opinion, later he even published this proof of his somewhere.

Lectures on historical materialism were given to us by the famous Spirkin, who became famous for the scientific substantiation of ufology, the science of flying saucers. They say that his lectures were extremely interesting and even funny: they discussed everything, even sexual problems (and their place in social structure society),
however, I did not go to them. But I was lucky enough to watch how Spirkin took an early exam in his subject from one of my friends. This was done on the run, near the dining area "B".

Spirkin asked my friend just one question: "Tell me, is what you do with your girlfriend alone during a date, is this a public thing or a private thing?" - and retired to the dining room. After 30 minutes, the student, who was thinking painfully, answered the teacher who left: “Public.” - “No, private,”
Spirkin said to this, put a four in the offset and left.

As a lecturer in scientific communism we got a remarkably miniature, as if dried up from time A. I. Sukhno, who served time in Stalin times on an absurd accusation, about which he once told us the following story. In the thirties, he worked as a propagandist and agitator and often, speaking to the workers of factories and factories, explained to them the line of the party. And from a certain moment, he began to notice that some person was following him and writing down everything. When later, in the cell of the NKVD, he was given these notes to read, he was horrified.

So, for example, speaking to an audience, Sukhno said: “In his speech, Comrade Molotov did not have time to elucidate in detail next question”, and the informant wrote: “A. I. Sukhno declared from the rostrum that Molotov is a fool and a revisionist, etc.

Of course, Sukhno violently protested against such an interpretation of his words, the investigator was tired of messing with him, and he added at the end of the indictment: “And besides, Andrei Ivanovich Sukhno is Makhno’s former adjutant,” which didn’t climb into any gates, but what said about the fact that the investigator has an elementary, albeit peculiar sense of rhyme. In general, A. I. Sukhno received his 15 years and was rehabilitated only at the end of the 50s.

civil defense How many jokes funny stories and tall tales were associated with junior students in my student years with civil defense! Then it was introduced into the schedule as a compulsory subject and gave student wit rich food for all kinds of jokes and puns. Such statements by some teachers as: “From me to the next pillar, march with a step!” or: “The girls of the biological faculty should leave the walls of the university not only as women, but also as reserve officers.”

It is difficult, almost impossible in such cases to get to the authors of these "winged" phrases, and sometimes the question arises: "Completely, did they really exist?" Yes, they did. I studied with one of these GO teachers.

This is Colonel K.. He taught at the Faculty of Mechanics and Chemistry in 1967-68, was demanding and stern with students, outwardly looked quite intelligent and smart with a neat goatee beard and glasses, somewhat reminiscent of Professor Preobrazhensky's pince-nez from Bulgakov's Heart of a Dog. But this first impression immediately disappeared as soon as the colonel began to speak. It wasn't that he spoke completely illiterate or tongue-tied, but in contrast to his appearance, K.'s colloquial speech looked somehow unnaturally simplified. Later, when we learned that he officially had only four grades of primary school education everything fell into place. But I remember that at first I could not adapt to his manner.

Unlike me one of my fellow students, who came to the faculty after serving in the army, quickly saw through it and immediately found the right tone. The colonel asked him what he would do as a plant manager if a nuclear alarm was announced. At the same time, the teacher handed my friend a plan of the plant with production facilities and bomb shelters.

“Since my bomb shelters are not large enough, I will take my people to the shelters of a neighboring factory,” came the answer. “You answered correctly, but in a boorish way,” the colonel said to this and gave the student a weighty five.

From the second lesson my friend and I began to write down in a notebook the expressions and phrases of the colonel that we liked the most. We wrote down almost word for word behind him, and before I give some of these phrases here, I want to note once again that among them there is not a single one invented by us and that Colonel K.
should be considered their sole and full author.

I would also like to note that the colonel knew his business perfectly, and that charge of vivacity and fun that civil defense classes gave us was enough for the whole week.
Here are some of Colonel K's statements, with my brief comments:
"From funny to great - one step."
"We present you with the highest knowledge that exists."
“A family of seven - forty-seven (7 × 7 = 47)” (to our great and quiet joy).
“CuO2 is silicon dioxide (cuprum o two is silicon dioxide)” (and this is already to the delight of the guys from the chemistry department group).

Colonel K. had great respect for his science which is reflected in his next statement. "Civil defense is forced to generalize the data of all sciences." He immediately added that he was writing a textbook on civil defense, and described it this way: “Well, what can I say about my future book, everything known to mankind is simply successfully arranged in it "

Here are some more of his famous phrases. "Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Region". "100 people people". "20 years later today". "The purpose of the lesson was to expand your creativity." “I carry a large briefcase and in it I have an answer for any occasion.” "He's a plagiarism." "Crimes surround us everywhere and all around." "Those forces that seek war apparently still exist."

"It's too late to sit down to read literature." (The latter was said in connection with the need for self-education, which was keenly felt by K.)
"The calculation is not from smart thinking, but from taking into account real actions." “It cannot be said that amateurs, of course, know something about their business.”
“We understand one thing well, but we don’t want to understand it, that’s the point.” Regarding one problem that we asked the colonel about, he replied that to solve it, "Here you need to have either a Solomon's head, or a high dialect." (It's hard not to agree with such a precise and concise assessment!)

And here is a series of statements about life and the ability to behave correctly in it. "Don't always smile!" "A silent person, sometimes a fool, pretends to be smart." "My daughter is very unintelligent, but she takes it physically." "You can get a lot with work."

Was a colonel some kind of poetic streak, which was reflected in his following phrases. “After the use of chemical weapons, you cannot touch
to branches of leaves. “After 2 hours there will be no oxygen in the air, people will faint.” "He falls into a deep, and eventually lifelong oblivion."
“In some areas, people will sit as if motionless, as if enchanted, in cellars, in basements ...”
"The tank and the plane are not the first freshness."

And here is a wonderful phrase, problem solving sex and pornography in a socialist society. “Where does a Soviet person go if he wants to look at
naked women? - To the Tretyakov Gallery.

And finally K.'s final phrases about science and about himself. "Einstein's research is a capital investment in mathematics." "The kernel is still far from resolved." "Some people think I'm crazy." "That's the truth, not a statement." “There is no difference between a sword and an atomic bomb. Only with a sword you can smash one head, and with an atomic bomb - numerically more. "On the drama, I waste my nervous energy, but I don't rest."

Colonel K. was extremely artistic. I remember we once asked him how the blast wave propagated. It was in the auditorium, which has two large windows located opposite each other. Without saying a word, the colonel went up to one of them and, smoothly bending his outstretched arms and torso,
half-bent legs reached the opposite window. I have never seen such a visual demonstration of oscillatory motion!

Somehow in our class the conversation turned to butts and violins, it turned out that the wood for them was harvested at the same factories. But “our violins, as a rule, do not play,” said the colonel, explaining this by the fact that good dried wood is used primarily for butts, and for violins
there is nothing left.

“But one day,” the colonel began to tell us, sitting at his desk, “one of the directors decided to change this order and tried to put good wood on the violins. And then he felt that the chair was leaving from under him, leaving ... ”- saying these words, K. got up and began to slowly pull the chair out from under him. With bated breath, we followed the manipulations of the colonel, but, fortunately, there were no injuries and, having told the story, he did not
forgot to return the chair to its original position. As for the unfortunate director of the factory, he did lose his chair. Examples are no joke!

Unfortunately, Colonel K.'s teaching career ended abruptly in 1968, when, without understanding what was happening, some student group from the same chemistry department wrote a collective complaint against him (maybe just about "cuprum about two ”, I don’t know), and the colonel left the university. It's a pity!

STATE EXAMINATION PROGRAM ON MARXISM-LENINISM FOR HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS, MOSCOW "HIGH SCHOOL", 1988 excerpts

The final state exam in Marxism-Leninism is held after the completion of the study of all courses of social disciplines - the history of the CPSU, philosophy, political economy and scientific communism - within the time limits stipulated by the curricula of higher educational institutions.

The state exam in Marxism-Leninism should determine the degree of assimilation by students of the main provisions of the Marxist-Leninist theory as an integral doctrine with the organic unity of its constituent parts, the works of K. Marx, F. Engels, V.I. Lenin, the documents of the CPSU, the ability to independently, from the Marxist-Leninist positions, analyze the phenomena of socio-political development, actively use the knowledge gained in their professional and social activities.

Organization and holding state exam. Students who have completed the study of all theoretical disciplines, who have passed all tests and exams in accordance with the curriculum of this specialty, are allowed to take the state exam in Marxism-Leninism.

The state exam in Marxism-Leninism is held in the form of an answer to the questions of the ticket. In the process of preparing for the answer, examinees are allowed to use the program of the state exam in Marxism-Leninism, the programs of courses in the history of the CPSU, philosophy, political economy and scientific communism for higher educational institutions.

The state examination is held at an open meeting of the commission in the presence of at least four of its members; may be present at the committee meeting.
representatives of the administration, party, Komsomol and other public organizations university. The duration of the exam in Marxism-Leninism for one student is
no more than 45 minutes.

The duration of the meetings of the State Examination Commission should not exceed six hours a day. The decision to evaluate a student's knowledge is made by the State Examination Commission at a closed meeting by open voting by a simple majority of votes of the members of the commission participating in the meeting. In case of an equal number of votes, the chairman's vote is decisive.

The results of the state exam in Marxism-Leninism are determined by the marks "excellent", "good", "satisfactory", "unsatisfactory" in accordance with the requirements instruction letter USSR Ministry of Higher Education of October 28, 1981 14 No. 31 "On control academic work and assessment of students' knowledge in exams".
in determining the assessment of knowledge, the level of ideological, theoretical, scientific and practical training of students is taken into account, their socio-political characteristics are taken into account.

Getting an unsatisfactory mark in Marxism-Leninism does not deprive a student of the right to take state exams in other disciplines and defend a graduation project (work). Persons who receive an unsatisfactory mark at the state exam in Marxism-Leninism are expelled from higher educational institution and sent to work in the manner prescribed for young professionals. They can be allowed to retake the state exam within three years after graduation upon presentation of a positive reference from the place of work.

In those specialties where the state exam in Marxism-Leninism is the only one and is taken long before the defense graduation project(work),
university rectors are allowed to allow students to retake the state exam on Marxism-Leninism during the preparation and defense of the diploma
project (work).

For students who did not pass the state exam in Marxism-Leninism for a good reason (documented), the rector of the university may be
allowed to pass the exam in preparation for other state exams, as well as the defense of the graduation project (work).

Minutes of the meeting of the State Examination Commission on Marxism-Leninism, drawn up in accordance with the order of the USSR Ministry of Higher Education on March 14
1974 No. 245, and the record books with the marks put down in them are signed by the chairman and members of the commission on Marxism-Leninism.

IV. Summing up the results of the state exam. The results of the state examination in Marxism-Leninism are announced to graduates on the day of its holding after the registration of the protocols of the State Examination Commission. At the same time, a general assessment of the students' answers is given, the most striking of them are noted, and the level of Marxist-Leninist training of students is characterized.

Upon completion of the work of the State Examination Commission on Marxism-Leninism, its chairman draws up a report in accordance with the established procedure,
which is attached to the report of the chairman of the SEC in the specialty. The results of the state exam in Marxism-Leninism are discussed at the council of the university (faculty),
Council of Departments of Social Sciences and a meeting of social science departments. The rectorate, the Council of Departments of Social Sciences, following the results of the state examination, develop and implement appropriate measures aimed at further improving the teaching of social sciences, improving the quality of Marxist-Leninist theoretical training of specialists.

The regulation was approved by order of the Ministry of Higher and Secondary Specialized Education of the USSR dated December 18, 1987 No. 860
****
4. Material unity of the world. category of matter. Lenin's definition of matter. Data modern science about the material unity of the world and its diversity. Lenin's analysis of the crisis in physics in the work "Materialism and Empirio-Criticism". Its significance for the philosophical understanding of modern science.

6. Dialectics as a doctrine of universal connection and development. Materialistic dialectics as the most profound and comprehensive doctrine
about connection and development, as a general method of cognition and transformation of reality. Data of modern science on universal connection and development in nature and society. IN AND. Lenin on two concepts of development. The development of Marxist-Leninist dialectics in materials XXVII Congress CPSU.

8. Cognition as a reflection of reality. Dialectic-materialistic principle of the cognizability of the world in the light of modern science. Cognition as a reflection of reality. The concept of truth. The dialectical nature of the process of cognition. Practice as the basis of knowledge and the criterion of truth. K. Marx "Theses on Feuerbach". XXVII Congress of the CPSU on the unity of theory and practice.

16. The nature and contradictions of labor in a socialist society. The universality and obligation of labor. Formation of attitude to work as to the first necessity of life. The work of V.I. Lenin "The Great Initiative". Labor discipline and the need to strengthen it

19. Planned development of the socialist economy. Public ownership of the means of production - economic basis planned development. The content of the law of planned development of the national economy. Consistency and proportionality. Schedule and planning. The leading role of the socialist state in the planned development of the economy. Unity of centralized management of the economy and economic independence of enterprises (associations). XXVII Congress of the CPSU on accelerating economic growth, restructuring the national economy, ensuring a balanced development of the economy.

IV. SCIENTIFIC COMMUNISM. 1. Scientific communism in the system of Marxism-Leninism. Subject and method, laws and categories of scientific communism, its international essence and creative character. The place and role of scientific communism in Marxism-Leninism, its relationship with other components of this doctrine. Creative contribution of the XXVII Party Congress and subsequent ones. Plenums of the Central Committee of the CPSU in the development of scientific communism.

2. Modern anti-communism is the ideological and political weapon of imperialism. Class essence and forms of manifestation of modern anti-communism. Connection
anti-communism with reformism and revisionism. The work of V.I. Lenin "Marxism and Revisionism". XXVII Congress of the CPSU on the need to intensify the struggle against bourgeois ideology.

3. The essence of the communist formation, the stages of its formation and development. Man as the main "goal of the development of the communist formation, its main
wealth and supreme value. Socialism and communism are two phases of a single communist formation. The works "Criticism of the Gotha Program" by K. Marx and "State and Revolution" by V.I. Lenin, Program of the CPSU on their main features.

7 Socialist society. The doctrine of socialism and its creative development in the Program of the CPSU. General patterns socialist society. Stages of development. Contradictions in socialist society and ways to resolve them. Features of their resolution in the conditions of perestroika.

12. Social class structure of socialist society and ways to achieve social homogeneity. Classes and social strata under socialism. The formation of a classless structure of society. Ways to overcome significant differences between city and countryside, mental and physical labor and achieve social equality.

13. Development of national relations and strengthening of the international unity of nations in a socialist society. Permission national question- an outstanding achievement of socialism. The Soviet people are a qualitatively new historical community of people. Dialectics of development of national processes under socialism. XXVII Congress of the CPSU on new tasks for improving national relations in the USSR on present stage, the need to form a high culture of interethnic communication among citizens

17. Socialism and personality. Socialist personality type. Ways of comprehensive harmonious development Soviet man. The unity of rights, freedoms and responsibility of the individual. Increasing role of the human factor in the conditions of restructuring and accelerating the socio-economic development of the country. Criticism of bourgeois individualism, anti-Marxist falsifications of the position of the individual under socialism.

21. Socialist way of life. essence, character traits, the main directions of improving the socialist way of life. Ways to overcome its antipodes: drunkenness, alcoholism, drug addiction, substance abuse, smoking and other bad habits. The need to overcome religious prejudices.

21. Complete and final victory of socialism in the USSR. Third Program of the Party. The internal and international situation of the USSR at the end of the 50s. Party withdrawal
about the complete and final victory of socialism in the USSR. Adoption of the Third Party Program by the XXII Congress of the CPSU. The Third Program of the Party on the main tasks of communist construction, on enhancing the leading role of the Party - the Party of the entire Soviet people. Evaluation of the Party Program adopted by the XXII Congress in the documents of the XXVII Congress of the CPSU

25. XXVTI Party Congress, new edition of the Program of the CPSU on the party as the leading force of Soviet society. Program of the CPSU (new edition), XXVII Congress on the natural increase in the leading role of the CPSU in the new historical conditions. The CPSU is the leading force and the main guarantor of perestroika. The need to improve the style and methods of work of the party, to raise the level of the political, ideological and organizational role of the CPSU, to radically improve the activities of party organizations, party organs and cadres. Strengthening the ties between the party and the masses in the course of perestroika.

27. The struggle of the party for the implementation of the decisions of the XXVII Congress of the CPSU. Completion by the party in the main of the first, initial stage of perestroika - the stage
working out a new course of the party, creating its ideological, theoretical and organizational platform. Positive shifts in the socio-economic development of the country.
Difficulties of perestroika. 70th anniversary of the Great October socialist revolution. October and perestroika. The practical implementation of the developed program is the main task of the Party and the people.

Word " chair", often used in Russian translations to mean "department", has no such meaning, but means a managerial ("head") or professorial position at the university.

Here is the Macmillan dictionary definition: "CHAIR - the position or job of being a professor in a university - He held the Chair of Botany at Cambridge for 30 years" - Which can be translated: "He was the chief botanist at Cambridge for 30 years ").

Another example where it says that "chair" is a title ("title"): "University Research Chairs: The University of Waterloo owes much of its reputation and stature to the quality of its professors and their scholarly accomplishments. University of Waterloo recognizes exceptional achievement and pre-eminence in a particular field of knowledge through the designation "University Research Chair" - a title which may be held for up to seven years, with the possibility of a re-nomination. title will receive either a teaching reduction of one course per year or an annual stipend of $10,000, which will be allocated to the Department/School if teaching reduction is chosen. other major research chair is awarded."

The following example shows that the position of "Department Chair" roughly corresponds to the position of the head of the department: "What a Department Chair Can-and Can" t-Do: The responsibilities and limits of power for heads of college departments vary greatly. Every department at a college has one: a chair who, typically, is a faculty member in that department, assigned by the dean to manage the department."

The duties of the "Department Chair" (head of department) are described on the website of the University of Wisconsin: "Department Chair Role and Responsibilities: The chair is responsible for facilitating the operation of a department, the fundamental academic unit within the university. Description of the chair" s roles and responsibilities must be understood in the overall context of responsibility and accountability. ... The chair facilitates the management of the department. To carry out this responsibility, the chair oversees, directly or indirectly, the daily progress towards achieving teaching, research, and service goals as set out in the department's plan. With the Chair's leadership and facilitation, faculty members provide students the educational opportunity necessary to be prepared for meaningful personal and professional lives. To this end, the chair plays an important role in providing the dean/provost, through the budget and planning process, with class schedules, program plans and estimates of resources needed to carry out department functions."

Thus, all the examples given prove that "chair" in the context higher education refers to the position or title of a person and cannot be translated into Russian as "department".