Great military leaders of Russia in the second half of the 18th century. Education Portal Department of Museology and Cultural History

Russia has always been rich in outstanding commanders and naval commanders.

1. Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky (c. 1220 - 1263). - a commander, at the age of 20 he defeated the Swedish conquerors on the Neva River (1240), and at 22 - the German "dog-knights" during the Battle of the Ice (1242)

2. Dmitry Donskoy (1350 - 1389). - commander, prince. Under his leadership, the greatest victory was won on the Kulikovo field over the hordes of Khan Mamai, which was an important stage in the liberation of Russia and other peoples of Eastern Europe from the Mongol-Tatar yoke.

3. Peter I - Russian Tsar, an outstanding commander. He is the founder of the Russian regular army and navy. He showed high organizational skills and the talent of a commander during the Azov campaigns (1695 - 1696), in the Northern War (1700 - 1721). during the Persian campaign (1722 - 1723) Under the direct leadership of Peter in the famous Battle of Poltava (1709), the troops of the Swedish king Charles XII were defeated and captured.

4. Fedor Alekseevich Golovin (1650 - 1706) - Count, Field Marshal General, Admiral. Companion of Peter I, the greatest organizer, one of the creators of the Baltic Fleet

5 Boris Petrovich Sheremetyev (1652 - 1719) - Count, General - Field Marshal. Member of the Crimean, Azov. He commanded an army in a campaign against the Crimean Tatars. In the battle at Eresfer, in Livonia, a detachment under his command defeated the Swedes, defeated Schlippenbach's army at Hummelshof (5 thousand killed, 3 thousand prisoners). The Russian flotilla forced the Swedish ships to leave the Neva for the Gulf of Finland. In 1703, he took Noteburg, and then Nienschanz, Koporye, and Yamburg. In Estonia, Sheremetev B.P. occupied by Wesenberg. Sheremetev B.P. besieged Derpt, which surrendered in 13 IL 1704. During the Astrakhan uprising Sheremetev B.P. was sent by Peter I to suppress it. In 1705 Sheremetev B.P. took Astrakhan.

6 Alexander Danilovich Menshikov (1673-1729) - His Serene Highness Prince, associate of Peter I. Generalisimo of the Naval and Land Forces. Member of the Northern War with the Swedes, battles near Poltava.

7. Pyotr Alexandrovich Rumyantsev (1725 - 1796) - Count, Field Marshal General. Member of the Russian-Swedish war, the Seven Years' War. The biggest victories were won by him during the first Russian-Turkish war (1768 - 1774), especially in the battles of the Ryaba Mogila, Larga and Cahul and many other battles. The Turkish army was defeated. Rumyantsev became the first holder of the Order of St. George, I degree and received the title of Transdanubian.

8. Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov (1729-1800) - His Serene Highness Prince of Italy, Count Rymniksky, Count of the Holy Roman Empire, Generalissimo of the Russian land and sea forces, Field Marshal of the Austrian and Sardinian troops, grandee of the Sardinian kingdom and prince of royal blood (with the title "cousin King"), holder of all Russian and many foreign military orders awarded at that time.
Not once in any of the battles given by him was he defeated. Moreover, in almost all these cases, he convincingly won with the numerical superiority of the enemy.
he stormed the impregnable fortress of Izmail, defeated the Turks at Rymnik, Focsany, Kinburn, etc. The Italian campaign of 1799 and the victory over the French, the immortal crossing of the Alps was the crowning achievement of his military leadership.

9. Fedor Fedorovich Ushakov (1745-1817) - an outstanding Russian naval commander, admiral. The Russian Orthodox Church canonized as a righteous warrior Theodore Ushakov. He laid the foundations for new naval tactics, founded the Black Sea Navy, talentedly led it, winning a number of remarkable victories in the Black and Mediterranean Seas: in the Kerch naval battle, in the battles of Tendra, Kaliakria, and others. Ushakov's significant victory was the capture of the island of Corfu in February 1799 city, where the combined actions of ships and land landing forces were successfully used.
Admiral Ushakov conducted 40 naval battles. And they all ended with brilliant victories. The people called him "Naval Suvorov."

10. Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov (1745 - 1813) - the famous Russian commander, Field Marshal General, His Serene Highness Prince. Hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, full cavalier of the Order of St. George. He fought against the Turks, Tatars, Poles, French in various positions, including the Commander-in-Chief of the armies and troops. Formed light cavalry and infantry that did not exist in the Russian army

11. Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly (1761-1818) - prince, an outstanding Russian commander, field marshal general, minister of war, hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, full cavalier of the Order of St. George. He commanded the entire Russian army at the initial stage of the Patriotic War of 1812, after which he was replaced by M.I. Kutuzov. In the foreign campaign of the Russian army of 1813-1814, he commanded the combined Russian-Prussian army as part of the Bohemian army of the Austrian field marshal Schwarzenberg.

12. Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration (1769-1812) - prince, Russian infantry general, hero of the Patriotic War of 1812. A descendant of the Georgian royal house of Bagration. The branch of the Kartalin princes Bagrationov (ancestors of Peter Ivanovich) was included in the number of Russian-princely families on October 4, 1803, with the approval by Emperor Alexander I of the seventh part of the “General Armorial

13. Nikolai Nikolaevich Raevsky (1771-1829) - Russian commander, hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, cavalry general. For thirty years of impeccable service, he participated in many of the largest battles of the era. After the feat near Saltanovka, he became one of the most popular generals of the Russian army. The struggle for the Raevsky battery was one of the key episodes of the Battle of Borodino. By the time in 1795 the Persian army invaded the territory of Georgia, and, fulfilling its obligations under the Treaty of Georgievsk, the Russian government declared war on Persia. In March 1796, the Nizhny Novgorod regiment, as part of the corps of V. A. Zubov, went on a 16-month campaign to Derbent. In May, after ten days of siege, Derbent was taken. Together with the main forces, he reached the Kura River. In difficult mountainous conditions, Raevsky showed his best qualities: "The 23-year-old commander managed to maintain full order of battle and strict military discipline during the exhausting campaign."

14. Alexei Petrovich Ermolov (1777-1861) - Russian military leader and statesman, participant in many major wars that the Russian Empire waged from the 1790s to the 1820s. Infantry General. Artillery general. Hero of the Caucasian War. In the campaign of 1818, he led the construction of the Groznaya fortress. Under his command were the troops sent to subdue the Avar Khan Shamil. In 1819, Yermolov began the construction of a new fortress - Sudden. In 1823 he commanded military operations in Dagestan, and in 1825 he fought with the Chechens.

15. Matvey Ivanovich Platov (1753-1818) - count, cavalry general, Cossack. Participated in all wars of the late XVIII - early XIX century. Since 1801 - ataman of the Don Cossack army. Participated in the battle of Preussisch-Eylau, then in the Turkish war. During the Patriotic War, he first commanded all the Cossack regiments on the border, and then, covering the retreat of the army, had successful business with the enemy near the town of Mir and Romanovo. During the retreat of the French army, Platov, relentlessly pursuing her, inflicted defeats on Gorodnya, the Kolotsk Monastery, Gzhatsk, Tsarevo-Zaimishcha, near Dukhovshchina and while crossing the Vop River. For merit he was elevated to the dignity of a count. In November, Platov occupied Smolensk from battle and defeated the troops of Marshal Ney near Dubrovna. At the beginning of January 1813 he entered the borders of Prussia and overlaid Danzig; in September, he received command of a special corps, with which he participated in the battle of Leipzig and, pursuing the enemy, captured about 15 thousand people. In 1814 he fought at the head of his regiments in the capture of Nemur, at Arcy-sur-Aube, Cezanne, Villeneuve.

16. Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev (1788-1851) - Russian naval commander and navigator, admiral, holder of the Order of St. George IV class and discoverer of Antarctica. Here in 1827, commanding the warship "Azov", MP Lazarev took part in the Battle of Navarino. Fighting with five Turkish ships, he destroyed them: he sank two large frigates and one corvette, burned the flagship under the flag of Tagir Pasha, forced the 80-gun ship of the line to run aground, after which he set it on fire and blew it up. In addition, "Azov" under the command of Lazarev destroyed the flagship of Muharrem Bey. For participation in the Battle of Navarino, Lazarev was promoted to rear admiral and awarded three orders at once (Greek - "Commander's Cross of the Savior", English - Bani and French - St. Louis, and his ship "Azov" received the St. George flag.

17. Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov (1802-1855) - Russian admiral. Under the command of Lazarev, M.P. made in 1821-1825. circumnavigation on the cruiser frigate. During the voyage he was promoted to lieutenant. In the Battle of Navarino, he commanded a battery on the battleship "Azov" under the command of M. P. Lazarev as part of the squadron of Admiral L. P. Heiden; for distinction in battle he was awarded on December 21, 1827 the Order of St. George IV class No. 4141 and promoted to lieutenant commander. In 1828 took command of the Navarin corvette, a captured Turkish ship, formerly bearing the name Nassabih Sabah. During the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–29, commanding a corvette, he blockaded the Dardanelles as part of a Russian squadron. During the Sevastopol defense of 1854-55. showed a strategic approach to the defense of the city. In Sevastopol, Nakhimov, although he was listed as the commander of the fleet and the port, but from February 1855, after the flooding of the fleet, he defended, by appointment of the commander-in-chief, the southern part of the city, leading the defense with amazing energy and enjoyed the greatest moral influence on the soldiers and sailors who called him "father - a benefactor."

18. Vladimir Alekseevich Kornilov (1806-1855) - Vice Admiral (1852). Member of the Navarino battle of 1827 and the Russian-Turkish war of 1828-29. Since 1849 - chief of staff, since 1851 - the actual commander of the Black Sea Fleet. He advocated the rearmament of ships and the replacement of the sailing fleet with steam ones. During the Crimean War - one of the leaders of the Sevastopol defense.

19. Stepan Osipovich Makarov (1849 - 1904) - He was the founder of the theory of the unsinkability of the ship, one of the organizers of the creation of destroyers and torpedo boats. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1877 - 1878. carried out successful attacks on enemy ships with pole mines. He made two round-the-world trips and a number of Arctic voyages. Skillfully commanded the Pacific squadron during the defense of Port Arthur in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905.

20. Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov (1896-1974) - The most famous Soviet commander is generally recognized as the Marshal of the Soviet Union. The development of plans for all major operations of the united fronts, large groupings of Soviet troops and their implementation took place under his leadership. These operations always ended in victory. They were decisive for the outcome of the war.

21. Konstantin Konstantinovich Rokossovsky (1896-1968) - an outstanding Soviet military leader, Marshal of the Soviet Union, Marshal of Poland. Twice Hero of the Soviet Union

22. Ivan Stepanovich Konev (1897-1973) - Soviet commander, Marshal of the Soviet Union, twice Hero of the Soviet Union.

23. Leonid Alexandrovich Govorov (1897-1955) - Soviet commander, Marshal of the Soviet Union, Hero of the Soviet Union

24. Kirill Afanasyevich Meretskov (1997-1968) - Soviet military leader, Marshal of the Soviet Union, Hero of the Soviet Union

25. Semyon Konstantinovich Timoshenko (1895-1970) - Soviet military leader, Marshal of the Soviet Union, twice Hero of the Soviet Union. In May 1940 - July 1941 People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR.

26. Fedor Ivanovich Tolbukhin (1894 - 1949) - Soviet military leader, Marshal of the Soviet Union, Hero of the Soviet Union

27. Vasily Ivanovich Chuikov (1900-1982) - Soviet military leader, Marshal of the Soviet Union, during the Great Patriotic War - commander of the 62nd Army, which especially distinguished himself in the Battle of Stalingrad. 2-time hero of the USSR.

28. Andrei Ivanovich Eremenko (1892-1970) - Marshal of the Soviet Union, Hero of the Soviet Union. One of the most prominent commanders of the Great Patriotic War and World War II in general.

29. Radion Yakovlevich Malinovsky (1897-1967) - Soviet military leader and statesman. Commander of the Great Patriotic War, Marshal of the Soviet Union, from 1957 to 1967 - Minister of Defense of the USSR.

30. Nikolai Gerasimovich Kuznetsov (1904-1974) - Soviet naval figure, Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union, headed the Soviet Navy (as People's Commissar of the Navy (1939-1946), Minister of the Navy (1951-1953 ) and Commander-in-Chief)

31. Nikolai Fedorovich Vatutin (1901-1944) - army general, Hero of the Soviet Union, belongs to the galaxy of the main commanders of the Great Patriotic War.

32. Ivan Danilovich Chernyakhovsky (1906-1945) - an outstanding Soviet military leader, army general, twice Hero of the Soviet Union.

33. Pavel Alekseevich Rotmistrov (1901-1982) - Soviet military leader, Hero of the Soviet Union, Chief Marshal of the armored forces, doctor of military sciences, professor.

And this is only a part of the commanders who are worthy of mention.

Stepan Osipovich Makarov is a great Russian naval commander and scientist, whose name is given to sea and river higher educational institutions, including military ones, streets in coastal cities, and in Soviet times - cruisers and ships.

In the Makarov family, both grandfathers and father were military men, therefore, at the age of ten, Stepan Makarov also enters the naval school, which he graduates with the rank of midshipman. In 1867, Makarov was assigned to the crew of the Baltic Fleet and began to write scientific articles during his service.

In 1870, Makarov proposed a new technology for repairing holes in the hull of ships, which was approved and immediately implemented in the navy. Since 1872, Makarov began to actively build ships, participated in the development of a steam fleet, and in 1877, after the start of another Russian-Turkish war, Stepan Makarov took part in hostilities.

In one of the battles, he managed to test the mine boat invented by him, with the help of which a Turkish corvette was withdrawn from the battle. Makarov was one of the first to propose the use of self-propelled sea mines. This helped the Russian fleet sink Turkish ships without much effort. In 1880, in the Bosporus Strait, Makarov uses a new device of his own invention to study currents, the operation of which he described in the report “On the exchange of waters of the Black and Mediterranean Seas”, highly appreciated by the Academy of Sciences.

In 1886, Makarov on the Vityaz corvette makes a round-the-world trip, the result of which is his hydrological work, which brought him the gold medal of the Russian Geographical Society. Then Makarov introduces smokeless powder into the fleet, develops special shields on guns to hide gunners and a special tip for shells, which made it possible to increase their penetration power and damage dealt. Makarov helped Alexander Popov assemble a radio, and Mendeleev helped Stepan Osipovich promote the idea of creating an icebreaking fleet.

With the beginning of the Russo-Japanese War, Makarov became the commander of the Pacific Fleet of the Russian Empire. In Port Arthur, he organized work to strengthen the defensive structures. Soon his life was cut short: on May 31, 1904, on one of the battleships, the admiral went to sea and was blown up by a Japanese mine. The ship sank.

Perevezentsev S. V., Volkov V. A.

Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin-Tauride (1739–1791)

The future Most Serene Prince of Tauride and Field Marshal General was born in the village. Chizhovo, Dukhovishchensky district, Smolensk province, in the family of a retired officer. In 1755 he entered the military service. In the rank of sergeant-major, he participated in the palace coup of 1762, and after the accession of Empress Catherine II, he was promoted to the rank of second lieutenant, and was awarded the court rank of chamber junker. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768–1774. participated in the battles of Focsani, Brailov, Ryaba Mohyla, Larga and Cahul. In 1774, he was promoted to the rank of general-in-chief and appointed vice-president of the Military Collegium. The rapid rise of G.A. Potemkin was facilitated by a close acquaintance with Empress Catherine II, who appreciated his talent as an organizer and diligence in service. In 1766, he was appointed governor-general of Novorossiysk, Azov, and Astrakhan. While in this post, he contributed to the development of the Northern Black Sea region by Russia, contributed to the creation and strengthening of the Black Sea Fleet. In 1775, on the initiative of Potemkin, the Zaporozhian Sich was liquidated. In 1783, he implemented his project of joining the Crimea to Russia, after which he received the title of His Serene Highness Prince of Tauride, and in 1784 he was appointed president of the Military Collegium. In this post, he carried out a number of measures aimed at a more rational organization of the service, significantly changed the equipment of military personnel. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1787–1791. G.A. Potemkin was appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian Yekaterinoslav army. The Black Sea Fleet was placed under his control. In 1788, he led the siege and assault of the strategically important fortress of Achi-Kale (Ochakov), which fell on December 6, 1788. Later, having chosen the city of Yassy for his headquarters, the commander-in-chief directed the actions of the army and navy from there. Among the subordinates of G.A. Potemkin were outstanding Russian military leaders and naval commanders A.V. Suvorov, N.V. Repnin, F.F. Ushakov.

Samuil Karlovich Greig (1735–1788)

A native of the Scottish city of Inverkiting, he served in the British Navy. In 1764, he joined the Russian fleet, having received the rank of captain of the 1st rank. Member of the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774, commanding the battleship "Three Hierarchs", as part of the squadron of G.A. Spiridov made a trip to the Mediterranean Sea. Commanding a corps de battalion, he distinguished himself during the naval battle in the Chios Strait on June 24, 1770. During the destruction of the Turkish fleet in the Chesme Bay on June 26, 1770, he directly supervised the actions of the Russian ships that took part in this operation. It was S.K. Greig in 1775 delivered to Kronstadt the self-proclaimed princess E. Tarakanova, captured by A.G. Orlov-Chesmensky. In gratitude for this, he was appointed chief commander of the Kronstadt port. In 1782 Greig was elevated to the rank of admiral. During the Russian-Swedish war of 1788-1790. commanded the Baltic Fleet, defeated the Swedish squadron of Duke K. Südermanland in the Battle of Hogland (July 6, 1788), blocking enemy ships in the Sveaborg sea area. Soon he fell seriously ill, was evacuated to Revel, where he died.

Vasily Yakovlevich Chichagov (1726–1809)

He studied at the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences, after which he continued his education in England. He entered the Russian Navy as a midshipman in 1742. He was promoted to the first officer rank of midshipman in 1745. In 1764 he was appointed head of an expedition of three ships to find a sea route along the coast of the Arctic Ocean from Arkhangelsk to the Bering Strait and beyond to Kamchatka. Twice, in 1765 and 1766, he tried to complete the task assigned to him, but both expeditions of Chichagov's attempts to pass the Northern Sea Route ended in vain. However, he managed to reach high polar latitudes (in the first case, 80?26? N, in the second, 80?30? N). During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. Rear Admiral Chichagov commanded a detachment of ships of the Don Flotilla, which defended the Kerch Strait. In 1775 he was promoted to the rank of vice admiral and appointed a member of the Admiralty College, in 1782 he was promoted to the rank of admiral. During the Russian-Swedish war of 1788-1790. commanded the Baltic Fleet, led the actions of Russian squadrons in the Eland and Revel sea battles. After the breakthrough of the Swedish fleet from Vyborg on the night of June 22, 1790, he led the pursuit of enemy ships, during which Russian sailors destroyed and captured 7 battleships, 3 frigates, 6 boats, 5 galleys, 21 gunboats, 3 firewalls, 16 transport ships and 3 bots. For this victory he was awarded the Order of St. George 1st class. Since 1797 - retired.

Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov (1730–1800)

Alexander Vasilievich Suvorov - the famous Russian commander, Count Rymniksky (1789), Prince of Italy (1799), Generalissimo (1799).

Born in the family of General-in-Chief V.I. Suvorov. In 1742, he was enlisted as a musketeer in the Life Guards Semenovsky Regiment, but he began to fulfill his duties only in 1748, with the rank of corporal. In 1754 he was promoted to lieutenant and transferred to the Ingermanland Infantry Regiment. During the Seven Years' War 1756–1763 participated in the battles of Kunersdorf, near Frankfurt an der Oder, in the capture of Berlin and the siege of Kolberg.

In August 1762, Suvorov received the rank of colonel and was appointed commander of the Astrakhan infantry regiment, from 1763 - commander of the Suzdal infantry regiment. In 1764-1765, when the Suzdal regiment was in permanent quarters in Novaya Ladoga, he wrote "Regimental Institution" - a manual on the training and education of troops. In 1768–1772 participated in hostilities in Poland against the troops of the Bar Confederation, for military distinctions in 1770 Suvorov was promoted to the rank of major general.

During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. the detachment under the command of Suvorov inflicted several defeats on the superior forces of the Turks. Here he successfully used a new formation for that time - an attack in columns covered by a loose formation of rangers. Even more glorified his victory over 40 thousand. Turkish corps at Kozludzha, won at the very end of the war on June 8, 1774.

In August 1774, Suvorov was sent against E.I. Pugachev, but the rebels were defeated even before he arrived at the battlefield. In 1776–1787 Suvorov commanded troops in the Crimea, in the Kuban, then in the Vladimir, Petersburg and Kremenchug divisions. In 1786 he was promoted to the rank of general-in-chief.

With the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. Suvorov was appointed to the post of chief of defense of the Kherson-Kinburn region. On October 1, 1787, troops under the command of Suvorov destroyed the Turkish landing force that landed on the Kinburn Spit. In 1788, Suvorov, as part of the Yekaterinoslav army, Field Marshal G.A. Potemkin, participated in the siege of Ochakov, during which he was seriously wounded and out of action for a long time. Having recovered, Suvorov received a separate corps under his command. In 1789, the Russian commander defeated the Turkish troops in the battles near Focsani and Rymnik. On December 11, 1790, Russian troops under the command of Suvorov stormed the fortified fortress of Izmail.

After the end of hostilities, Suvorov commanded the Russian troops in Finland, supervised the construction of fortifications on the border with Sweden. In 1794 he took part in military operations against the Polish confederates. He led a successful assault on the right-bank suburb of the Polish capital of Prague, after which Warsaw capitulated. The keys to the surrendered city were handed over to A.V. Suvorov. For this brilliant operation, Suvorov was promoted to the rank of Field Marshal.

In 1795–1796 Suvorov was with the troops in Little Russia, in the city of Tulchin, where he wrote the book "The Science of Victory" - a treatise that outlined the principles of his victorious tactics and gave instructions on training and educating troops.

At the beginning of the reign of Paul I, he was temporarily disgraced for criticizing the changes carried out by the emperor in the army, reorganizing it according to the Prussian model. In February 1797, Suvorov was dismissed and exiled to one of the estates in the village. Konchanskoe. But in 1798, at the insistence of Russia's allies, he was returned to service and appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian and Austrian troops in northern Italy. During the Italian campaign of 1799, he defeated the French troops in battles on the river. Adde, on the river. Trebbia and at Novi, displacing the enemy from the Apennine Peninsula. After these victories, he planned to launch an invasion of France, but received an order to march on the Swiss campaign. For victorious actions in Italy and Switzerland A.V. Suvorov was elevated to the rank of generalissimo.

A.V. Suvorov died in St. Petersburg shortly after returning from the Swiss campaign. He was buried in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, where the inscription was carved on the tombstone: "Here lies Suvorov."

Fedor Fedorovich Ushakov (1744–1817)

The great Russian naval commander was born in the village. Burnakovo, Romanovsky district, Yaroslavl province, in a poor noble family. In 1766 he graduated from the Naval Cadet Corps, then served in the Baltic Fleet. In 1769, Ushakov was assigned to the Don (Azov) flotilla, participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. Since 1775, Ushakov commanded a frigate, in 1780 he was appointed commander of the imperial yacht, but soon abandoned his court career. In 1780-1782, commanding the ship "Victor", Ushakov made several trips from the Baltic Sea to the Mediterranean, where he guarded Russian merchant ships from the piratical actions of the English fleet.

In 1783 Ushakov was transferred to the Black Sea Fleet. Here he led the construction of ships of the fleet in Kherson, participated in the construction of Sevastopol - the city and the main base of the Russian Black Sea Fleet. At the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. Ushakov commanded the battleship St. Paul.

In 1789, Ushakov was promoted to rear admiral, and in 1790 he was appointed commander of the entire Black Sea Fleet. Raising his flag on the ship "Saint Alexander", Ushakov moved the squadron to the shores of Asia Minor, where he bombarded the Turkish sea fortress of Sinop and destroyed more than 26 enemy ships. In 1790, the squadron under the command of Ushakov repulsed the attack of the Turkish fleet, which had a large numerical superiority, on Kerch and defeated it near Tendra Island. In the decisive battle at Cape Kaliakria near Varna (July 31, 1791), the fleet under the command of Ushakov destroyed the Turkish fleet, which led to an early end to the war.

art, was the founder of the maneuverable tactics of the sailing fleet, which was based on a skillful combination of fire and maneuver. His tactics differed from the linear tactics adopted at that time by the decisiveness of military operations, the use of unified marching and combat formations, approaching the enemy at a short distance without rebuilding the marching formation in combat, concentrating fire on a decisive object and putting out of action, first of all, flagship, enemy ships , creating a reserve in battle to develop success in the main directions, conducting battle at a distance of a canister shot in order to achieve the greatest effectiveness of strikes, a combination of aimed artillery fire and maneuver, pursuing the enemy to complete his complete defeat or capture. Ushakov attached great importance to the naval and fire training of personnel, was a supporter of the Suvorov principles of educating subordinates, an opponent of drill and senseless hobbies for parades, followed the principle: to teach what is needed in war. He considered sailing in conditions close to combat reality to be the best school for sailors. He instilled in the personnel patriotism, a sense of comradeship and mutual assistance in battle. He was fair, caring and demanding of his subordinates, for which he enjoyed universal respect.

Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin-Tauride (1739–1791)

Alexander Vasilievich Suvorov - the famous Russian commander, Count Rymniksky (1789), Prince of Italy (1799), Generalissimo (1799).

In 1783 Ushakov was transferred to the Black Sea Fleet. Here he supervised the construction of ships of the fleet in Kherson, participated in the construction of Sevastopol - the city and the main base of the Russian Black Sea Fleet. At the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. Ushakov commanded the battleship St. Paul.

F.F. Ushakov is the creator of new naval tactics. Ushakov's main tactics were: approaching the enemy squadron so that each core hit exactly on target; swift and sudden attack in marching order; inflicting the main blow on the flagships of the enemy; the allocation of a reserve ("Kaiser-flag squadron"), intended for a decisive attack on the enemy; a combination of aimed artillery fire from a short distance with the speed of maneuver; resolute and relentless pursuit of the enemy. Ushakov took care of the high combat skills of officers and lower ranks, of their upbringing and way of life.

In 1793, Ushakov received the rank of vice admiral. In 1798, at the request of the Western powers, he led the campaign of the Russian Black Sea squadron to the Mediterranean Sea to participate in the war against France. At the beginning of 1799, Russian landing forces liberated the Greek Ionian Islands from the French, and an impregnable fortress on about. Corfu. Ushakov founded the Greek Orthodox Republic of the Seven Islands in the Ionian Islands. In the spring of 1799, Ushakov's squadron began the expulsion of the French from southern Italy. Russian landings took part in the capture of Naples, Rome, and other Italian cities. Austria and England repeatedly violated their allied obligations to Russia. Therefore, Ushakov's squadron was recalled by Emperor Paul I from the Mediterranean Sea and in the autumn of 1800 returned to Sevastopol.

Alexander I, who ascended the throne in 1801, did not recognize or appreciate the great merits of the Russian admiral. In 1802, Ushakov was appointed to the third-rank positions of the chief commander of the Baltic Rowing Fleet, long outdated, and the head of naval teams in St. Petersburg, who was in charge of the modest maritime economy of the capital. In 1807, Ushakov was dismissed due to illness. Ushakov lived in his small Tambov estate. During the Patriotic War of 1812, the Tambov nobility elected him the leader of the militia of the Tambov province, but, being seriously ill, Ushakov did not accept this position. He died on his estate. He was buried in the Sanaksar Monastery near the town of Temnikov. In 2001, he was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church with the rank of righteous warrior, invincible Admiral of the Russian Fleet. Days of church memory - July 23 (August 5) and October 2 (15).

Bibliography

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