Pedagogical dictionary of pedagogy. Dictionary of preschool pedagogy. Pedagogical terms and concepts

v Abstraction- a process of thinking, as a result of which a person, abstracting from the unimportant, forms concepts, moving from the concrete to the abstract, filling the abstract with concrete content.

v Teacher's authority- a special professional position that determines the influence on students, giving the right to make decisions, express evaluation, and give advice. Genuine A.u. is based not on official and age privileges, but on the high personal and professional qualities of the teacher: a democratic style of cooperation with students, empathy, the ability to open communication, a positive self-concept of the teacher, his desire for constant improvement, erudition, competence, fairness and kindness, general culture. Irradiation of teacher authority- transfer of authority to those areas of life where the teacher’s right to authoritative influence has not yet been tested. Authority Specification- recognition of a person’s authority in only one of the spheres, and in others he does not act as an authority.

v Adaptation- adaptation of an individual to a changed environment using various means of influence.

v Acmeology(from the Greek acme - peak, peak, highest degree of something) is an interdisciplinary science that arose at the intersection of natural, social and humanitarian disciplines. Studies the patterns and mechanisms of human development at the stage of his maturity (period from approximately 30 to 50 years) and when he reaches the highest level in this development - acme. An important task of A. is to find out what should be formed in a person at each age stage in childhood and adolescence so that he can successfully realize his potential at the stage of maturity.

v Acceleration- acceleration of growth and puberty of children and adolescents compared to previous generations.

v Axiology- philosophical doctrine of material, cultural, spiritual, moral and psychological. values ​​of the individual, team, society, their relationship with the world of reality, changes in the value-normative system in the process of historical development. In modern pedagogy it acts as its methodological basis, defining the pedagogical system. views, which are based on understanding and affirmation of the value of human life, education and training, ped. activities and education.

v Artistry- artistic talent, outstanding creative abilities, high creative skill, virtuosity in any activity, as well as special elegance of manners, grace of movements (modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language by T.F. Efremova).

v Artistry- a special, figurative and emotional language of creating something new; a soulful style of co-creation between teacher and student, focused on understanding and dialogue with the Other, other-dominance; elegant and delicate lace of the creation of living feeling, knowledge and meaning, born “here and now”; this is the ability to almost instantly switch to new situations, find yourself in a new image, the ability to live with the ideas taught to students in class, to live sincerely; this is a wealth of personal manifestations, an imaginative way of posing and solving a problem, play of imagination, grace, spirituality, a sense of inner freedom (V.I. Zagvyazinsky).

v Artistry represents a manifestation of rich inner world personality, is formed in the process of spiritual and practical development by a person of certain types creative activity in order to satisfy the need for professional self-improvement and self-education (S.D. Yakusheva).

v Artistry – this is a personal quality of a teacher who has the aesthetic features of a lifestyle and activity that is creatively rich and loves his profession (S.D. Yakusheva).

v Artistic culture- integrated quality of personality, realizing the unity of general culture and artistry, axiological and aesthetic-ethical principles in various types of professional activity and communication (S.D. Yakusheva).

v Aspects of educational needs. It is advisable to distinguish the following aspects of educational needs: state, public and individual - depending on which subject of needs we are talking about. It should be emphasized that all of the listed types of educational needs are considered as social needs. What makes them social is not the subject (“the one who wants”), but the subject—attribution to the sphere of education and the “nature” of need as a social relationship. In other words, we can only talk about individual, public and state demands as different aspects of social needs, depending on who exactly made these requests (FSES).

v Affective– emotionally charged.

v Database- a unified data system, organized according to certain rules that provide general principles description, storage and processing of data.

v Knowledge base- a formalized system of information about a certain subject area, containing data on the properties of objects, patterns of processes and rules for using this data in given situations to make new decisions.

v Basic curriculum (educational) plan- a normative document that determines the structure of the content of education, the ratio of the compulsory part of the main educational program and the part formed by the participants in the educational process (invariant and variable); determining the maximum permissible load with a 5- and 6-day school week by class, as well as the number of weekly hours for financing (FSES).

v Basic needs determine the educational activity of a significant part of the population in the current social situation. Basic needs are manifested in dominant or primary orientations (attitudes) (FSES).

v The barrier is psychological- a mental state manifested in inadequate passivity of the individual, which prevents him from performing certain actions. The causes of B. p. can be the novelty and danger of the situation, unexpected or negative information, and lack of flexibility and speed of thinking.

v Validity– the degree of correspondence of the measured indicator to what was to be measured in sociological or psychological-pedagogical research.

v Variable part of the basic curriculum (educational) plan- part of the basic curriculum (educational) plan, mandatory for implementation in educational institutions, is represented by the number of hours allocated to meet the individual needs and requests of students, including ethnocultural, interests of educational institutions, subjects Russian Federation. Filling this part of the basic (educational) plan with specific content is within the competence of the participants in the educational process (FSES).

v Verbal- oral, verbal.

v Video computer system- a set of equipment that allows the user to present various types of perceived information (text, hand-drawn graphics, video, moving images, sound), ensuring an interactive dialogue between the user and the system.

v Pedagogical impact- the influence of the teacher on the consciousness, will, emotions of the students, on the organization of their life and activities in the interests of developing the required qualities in them and ensuring the successful achievement of given goals.

v Good manners- the level of personal development, manifested in the consistency between knowledge, beliefs, behavior and characterized by the degree of development of socially significant qualities. Discord, the conflict between what a person knows, how he thinks and how he actually acts, can lead to an identity crisis. V. - the current level of personality development, in contrast to good manners- potential level of personality, zone of proximal development.

v Educational work- purposeful activities to organize the life of adults and children, with the goal of creating conditions for the full development of the individual. Through V. r. the educational process is being implemented.

v Educational system of the school- a set of interrelated components (educational goals, people who realize them, their activities and communication, relationships, living space), constituting a holistic social-pedagogical system. structure of the school and acting as a powerful and permanent factor in education. Signs humanistically oriented V. s. sh.: the presence of a unified concept for the development of the school educational system, the formation of a healthy lifestyle, a combination of frontal, group and individual forms influence and interaction, ensuring the protective functions of the team, varied and varied joint activities of groups and associations of different ages. Examples of humanistically oriented V. s. w. there may be schools of V. Karakovsky, A. Tubelsky and others.

v Educational relationships- a type of relationship between people that arises in educational interaction, aimed at spiritual, moral, etc. development and improvement.

v Nurturing teaching- training in which an organic connection is achieved between students’ acquisition of knowledge, skills, abilities and the formation of an emotionally holistic attitude towards the world, towards each other, towards the educational material being acquired.

v Gabitary(lat. habitus- appearance) culture- personality culture, which includes individuality, which determines the color scheme, physical and psychophysiological characteristics; style (romantic, sporty, dramatic), establishing an individual creative characteristic in accordance with the requirements of the profession; fashion, reflecting development trends and helping the teacher to be modern and recognized among colleagues and students (S.D. Yakusheva).

v Hypothesis- a statement about facts, empirical connections or principles of the functioning and development of phenomena that have no justification or are recognized as insufficiently substantiated.

v Epistemology- theory of knowledge.

v Humanization of education- dissemination of the ideas of humanism on the content, forms and methods of teaching; security educational process free and comprehensive development of the individual, his active participation in the life of society.

v Humanism- the principle of a worldview, which is based on the recognition of the limitlessness of human capabilities and his ability to improve, the rights of the individual to freely express his abilities and beliefs, and the affirmation of human well-being as a criterion for assessing the level of social relations. Currently it is becoming one of the basic principles of pedagogy.

v Humanitarianization of education- establishing a harmonious balance between natural-mathematical and humanitarian cycles in education with the goal of developing in each student a spiritually rich personality who can resist technocracy and inhumanity.

v Humanities education- priority development of general cultural components in the content of education, aimed at developing the personal maturity of students.

v Humanitarian- relating to human society, to man and his culture.

v Humanity(from Latin humanus - humane) - humanity, philanthropy, respect for people and their experiences. One of the leading moral values ​​that should be formed in a modern person in the process of education and training.

v Data(in the subject area) - presentation of information in a formalized form, convenient for sending, collecting, storing and processing.

v Deviant behavior– behavior that deviates from the norm.

v Active approach- 1) the principle of studying the psyche, which is based on the category of objective activity (I. Fichte, G. Hegel, M.Ya. Basov, S.L. Rubinstein, A.N. Leontiev, etc.); 2) a theory that considers psychology as a science about the generation, functioning and structure of mental reflection in the processes of individual activity (A.N. Leontiev).

v Activity- a form of mental activity of the individual aimed at understanding and transforming the world and the person himself. D. consists of smaller units - actions, each of which has its own particular goal or task. D. includes goal, motive, methods, conditions, result.

v Pedagogical activities- professional activity aimed at creating in pedagogy. the process of optimal conditions for the education, development and self-development of the pupil’s personality and the choice of opportunities for free and creative self-expression. The main problem of teaching is combining the requirements and goals of the teacher with the capabilities, desires and goals of the students; the successful implementation of teaching is determined by the level of the teacher’s professional consciousness and mastery of pedagogical skills. technology, ped. technology. Three models of P.D.: pedagogy of coercion(authoritarian pedagogy), pedagogy of complete freedom, pedagogy of cooperation.

v Diagnostics- analysis of the state of objects and processes, identification of problems in their functioning and development.

v Didactics(from Greek didaktikos- receiving, related to learning) - theory of education and training, branch of pedagogy. The subject of education is teaching as a means of education and upbringing of a person, that is, the interaction of teaching and learning in their unity, ensuring that students master the content of education organized by the teacher. Functions of D.: theoretical(diagnostic and prognostic) and practical(normative, instrumental).

v Distance learning- distance learning using textbooks, personal computers and computer networks.

v Document- information recorded on a tangible medium that has details that allow it to be identified.

v Dominance- power, tendency and ability to occupy a dominant position.

v Data protection- actions and means to prevent leakage, theft, distortion or falsification of information.

v Knowledge(about the subject area) - the entire set of useful information and procedures that can be applied to it in order to produce new information about the subject area.

v Identity- conscious unity and continuity of human actions and mental processes.

v Identical- identical, identical.

v Image- a set of meanings and impressions about a person, a style and form of behavior, a symbolic image of a subject created in the process of interaction - a universal psychological process carried out by every person when entering certain social groups (V.G. Gorchakova).

v Image of a teacher- integrative quality of personality, synthesis of intellectual, habitual, kinetic, speech, environmental and artistic culture (S.D. Yakusheva).

v Individualism- a personality property determined by the predominance of activity goals aimed at satisfying only the personal needs of one’s “I” while ignoring social ones.

v Individual image- a purposefully formed integral, holistic, dynamic phenomenon, conditioned by the correspondence and interpenetration of the internal and external individual, personal and individual qualities of the subject, designed to ensure the harmonious interaction of the subject with nature, society and himself (V.N. Cherepanova).

v Individuality- a unique, inimitable identity of a person, a set of individual mental characteristics inherent only to him. I. manifests itself in the specifics of temperament, character, interests, intelligence, needs and abilities. The prerequisite for the formation of human intelligence are anatomical and physiological inclinations, which are transformed and fully revealed in the process of education.

v Individual style of activity and communication of the teacher- a set of tasks, means and methods of pedagogy. activity and communication, as well as more specific features, such as, for example, the rhythm of work, characteristic and stable for a given teacher. Since I. s. is determined by the relationship between tasks and methods of activity, then it can change.

v Innovation culture- knowledge, skills and experience of targeted preparation, integrated implementation and comprehensive development of innovations in various areas of human life while maintaining the dynamic unity of the old, modern and new in the innovation system; in other words, it is the free creation of something new in compliance with the principle of continuity (A.I. Nikolaev).

v Innovation culture- a stable system of norms, rules and methods for implementing innovations in various spheres of society, characteristic of a given sociocultural community (O.A. Kobyak).

v Innovative creative thinking- the teacher’s focus on self-development and self-education, the unification of logical and figurative, the integration of conceptual and visual, finding new, original solutions to professional problems, the formation of intellectual imagery and sensory modeling (S.D. Yakusheva).

v Intellectual culture- flexibility of thinking, reflection and self-awareness associated with the development of creativity and the growth of professional skills of the teacher’s personality (S.D. Yakusheva).

v Intonation- raising and lowering the tone of voice during pronunciation (interrogative, narrative, authoritative, correct, false); a manner of pronunciation that reflects some of the speaker’s feelings, tone; accuracy of the sound of a musical instrument when playing or voice when singing (S.I. Ozhegov).

v Intuition- a core component of the activity of a master teacher, based on the sensory perception of the pedagogical situation, the integration of the creative and improvisational quality of the individual (S.D. Yakusheva).

v Intuition - knowledge that arises without awareness of the ways and conditions of its acquisition, a specific ability (for example, artistic or scientific), “holistic coverage” of the conditions of a problem situation (sensual, intellectual intuition), a mechanism of creative activity (creative intuition) (pedagogical encyclopedic dictionary ed. B .M. Bim-Bada).

v Intuition- flair, subtle understanding, penetration into the very essence of something without a detailed logical justification (G.M. Kodzhaspirova).

v Computer science- a scientific discipline that studies the laws and methods of accumulating, processing and transmitting information using a computer.

v Information technology- a system of scientific and engineering knowledge, as well as methods and tools, which is used to create, collect, transmit, store and process information in the subject area.

v Informatization of education- the process of providing the education sector with the methodology and practice of developing and optimally using modern information technologies, focused on the implementation of psychological and pedagogical goals of training and education. This process initiates, firstly, the improvement of educational system management mechanisms based on the use of automated data banks of scientific and pedagogical information, information and methodological materials, as well as communication networks; secondly, improving the methodology and strategy for selecting the content, methods and organizational forms of training and education that correspond to the tasks of developing the student’s personality in modern conditions of informatization of society; thirdly, the creation of methodological training systems focused on the development of the student’s intellectual potential, on the formation of skills to independently acquire knowledge, carry out information and educational, experimental and research activities, various types of independent information processing activities;
fourthly, the creation and use of computer testing, diagnostic methods for monitoring and assessing the level of knowledge of students.

v Informatization of society is a global social process, the peculiarity of which is that the dominant type of activity in the sphere of social production is the collection, accumulation, production, processing, storage, transmission and use of information, carried out on the basis of modern microprocessor and computer technology, as well as a variety of means information exchange.

v Educational Information Technology- pedagogical technology that uses special methods, software and hardware (cinema, audio and video, computers, telecommunication networks) to work with information.

v Information and methodological center organized with the aim of introducing SNIT into the educational process of educational institutions; it must be provided with the educational and material base for informatization of education.

v Information processes- processes of collecting, processing, accumulating, storing, searching and distributing information.

v Information(about the subject area) - any type of information about objects, facts, concepts of the subject area.

v The quality of education- a comprehensive characteristic reflecting the range and level of educational services provided to the population (of various ages, gender, physical and mental conditions) by the system of primary, general, vocational and additional education in accordance with the interests of the individual, society and the state. Quality education should enable each individual to continue education in accordance with his interests (FSES).

v Personality qualities- the totality of all socially and biologically determined components of a personality that predetermine its sustainable behavior in social media. and the natural environment.

v The quality of education- a certain level of knowledge and skills, mental, moral and physical development that students achieve at a certain stage in accordance with the planned goals; the degree to which the expectations of various participants in the educational process are met from the educational services provided by the educational institution. K. o. primarily measured by its compliance with the educational standard. K. o. depends on the level of prestige of education in the public consciousness and the system of state priorities, financing and material and technical equipment of educational institutions, and modern technology for managing them.

v Qualification categories of education workers- level of qualification, professionalism and productivity of teachers that meets regulatory criteria. and (or) managerial work, providing the employee with the opportunity to solve professional problems.

v Professional qualification- levels of professional preparedness of an employee, allowing him to perform labor functions of a certain level and complexity in specific form activities. Indicators of K. p. are qualification categories, which are assigned to the employee in accordance with the standard characteristics of this profession.

v Keyword(Keyword) - a word or phrase that a user enters into a search form when searching for information on a topic of interest in an information retrieval system.

v Cognitive- informative.

v Control in educational activities- ensuring the effectiveness of educational activities by detecting deviations from the reference sample and making appropriate adjustments to the action. Criteria for assessing the formation of universal educational actions: compliance with age-psychological regulatory requirements; compliance of the properties of universal actions with predetermined requirements; the formation of students' educational activities, reflecting the level of development of meta-subject actions that perform the function of managing students' cognitive activity (FSES).

v Communication potential is a complex characteristic of a personality that determines a person’s readiness to communicate, the need for communicative activity, activity and comfort in it (I.I. Zaretskaya).

v CD- an optical disk used for permanent storage of large volumes of information.

v General cultural competence- level of education sufficient for self-education and independent decision the cognitive problems that arise and determine one’s position.

v Teacher professional competence- the teacher’s possession of the necessary amount of knowledge, skills and abilities that determine the formation of his pedagogy. activities, ped. communication and personality of the teacher as a bearer of certain values, ideals and pedagogy. consciousness.

v Teacher's communicative culture- a certain position of the teacher’s personality, a qualitative characteristic of his pedagogical activity, covering the system of communicative knowledge, abilities and skills, as well as determining the effectiveness and success of professional skills (S.D. Yakusheva).

v Communication- information connection of a subject with one or another object - a person, an animal, a machine (M.S. Kagan).

v Competence- the presence of appropriate competence in a person, including his personal attitude towards it and the subject of activity (L.V. Zanina, N.P. Menshikova).

v Concept- belief system: the leading idea of ​​a work or scientific work.

v Credo- beliefs: views, foundations of worldview.

v Criterion- a sign on the basis of which something is assessed, determined or classified; measure of judgment, assessment of a person phenomena. The development of criteria for certain phenomena in pedagogy presents certain difficulties due to the fact that the subject of pedagogy itself is complex and diverse in its manifestations.

v Culture(from lat. cultura - cultivation, education, development, veneration) - a historically determined level of development of society, creative powers and abilities of a person, expressed in the types and forms of organization of people’s lives and activities, in their relationships, as well as in the material and spiritual created by them values. Culture in education acts as its content component, a source of knowledge about nature, society, methods of activity, a person’s emotional-volitional and value-based attitude towards people around him, work, communication, etc.

v Intellectual culture- a culture of mental work, which determines the ability to set goals for cognitive activity, plan it, perform cognitive operations in various ways, work with sources and office equipment.

v Personality culture- 1) the level of development and realization of a person’s essential powers, his abilities and talents; 2) a set of competencies: political and social, related to the ability to take responsibility, participate in joint decision-making, resolve conflicts non-violently, participate in joint decision-making regarding the functioning and development of democratic institutions; competencies related to life in a multicultural society (understanding the differences between representatives of different cultures, languages ​​and religions, respect for other people's traditions and beliefs), etc. K. l. formed in the process of education and training, under the influence of social environment and personal need for constant development and improvement.

v Information culture of personality- a set of rules of human behavior in the information society, methods and norms of communication with artificial intelligence systems, dialogue in human-machine systems of “hybrid intelligence,” the use of telematics, global and local information and computer networks. Includes a person’s ability to understand and master the information picture of the world as a system of symbols and signs, direct and reverse information connections, to freely navigate the information society, and adapt to it. Formation of K. l. And. is carried out primarily in the process of organized training in computer science and information technology at school and the inclusion of modern electronic means of information transmission in the educational process (G.M. Kodzhaspirova).

v Culture of thinking- the degree of a person’s mastery of techniques, norms and rules of mental activity, expressed in the ability to accurately formulate tasks (problems), choose optimal methods (ways) for solving them, obtain reasonable conclusions, and correctly use these conclusions in practice. Increases focus, organization, and efficiency of any type of activity (G.M. Kodzhaspirova).

v Culture of self-education(self-educational culture) - a high level of development and perfection of all components of self-education. The need for self-education is a characteristic quality of a developed personality, a necessary element of its spiritual life. Considered the highest form of satisfying the cognitive needs of an individual, self-education is associated with the manifestation of significant volitional efforts, a high degree of consciousness and organization of a person, and the assumption of internal responsibility for one’s self-improvement (G.M. Kodzhaspirova).

v Lecture- method of teaching and upbringing, consistent monologue presentation of a system of ideas in a certain area (G.M. Kodzhaspirova).

v Personality- is the highest authority of the self, personalized, self-determined among others, for others, and thereby for oneself (V.I. Slobodchikov and E.I. Isaev).

v Personality- a relatively late product of the socio-historical and ontogenetic development of man (S.L. Rubinstein).

v Personal culture- quality that realizes the unity of general and basic, intellectual and communicative culture, creativity and skill of the teacher (S.D. Yakusheva).

v Personal approach(in pedagogy) - the teacher’s individual approach to each student, helping him to understand himself as an individual, to identify opportunities that stimulate self-development, self-affirmation, and self-realization.

v Pedagogical skill- high level of mastery of ped. activities; a complex of special knowledge, abilities and skills, professionally important personality qualities, allowing the teacher to effectively manage the educational and cognitive activities of students and carry out targeted pedagogical activities. impact and interaction (G.M. Kodzhaspirova).

v Pedagogical management- a set of principles, methods, organizational norms and technological techniques for managing the educational process, aimed at increasing its effectiveness.

v Meta-subject results of educational activities- methods of activity applicable both within the educational process and when solving problems in real life situations, mastered by students on the basis of one, several or all educational subjects (FSES).

v Method(from the Greek methodos - the path of research or knowledge) - a set of relatively homogeneous techniques, operations of practical or theoretical development of reality, subordinated to the solution of a specific problem. In pedagogy, the problem of developing methods of education and training and their classification is one of the main ones (G.M. Kodzhaspirova).

v Methodology in education - description specific techniques, methods, ped technician. activities in individual educational processes.

v Teaching methods as private didactics - a set of ordered knowledge about the principles, content, methods, means and forms of organizing the educational process in individual academic disciplines, ensuring the solution of assigned tasks.

v Methodology of pedagogical research- a set of techniques, methods of organizing and regulating ped. research, the procedure for their application and interpretation of the results obtained in achieving a specific scientific goal.

v Methodology of pedagogy - based on the general methodology of science and the study of trends in social development, a system of knowledge about the starting points of ped. theory, about the principles of the approach to the consideration of ped. phenomena and methods of their research, as well as ways of introducing the acquired knowledge into the practice of upbringing, training and education.

v Methods of control and self-control- ways to obtain information about the effectiveness of educational influences. These include: ped. observation, conversation, ped. consultation, surveys, analysis of the results of students’ activities, creation of control situations, psychodiagnostics, trainings.

v Teaching methods- a system of consistent, interconnected actions of the teacher and students, ensuring the assimilation of the content of education, the development of mental strength and abilities of students, and their mastery of the means of self-education and self-study. M. o. indicate the purpose of learning, the method of assimilation and the nature of interaction between the subjects of learning.

v Method for studying creative products- diagnosis of a person’s mental characteristics through inclusion in standardized creative activities. Examples of M. and. p.t.: test of drawing a human figure (Goodenough and Machover version), test of drawing a tree (Koch), test of drawing a house, an imaginary hypothetical animal, etc. The method is psychological, but is very widely used in pedagogy. research and in the process of studying the personality of students by a teacher or educator.

v Observation method- purposeful, systematic recording of the specifics of the course of certain peds. phenomena, manifestations in them of an individual, a team, a group of people, the results obtained. Observations M.B.: solid And selective; included And simple; uncontrollable And controlled(when recording observed events according to a previously worked out procedure); field(when observed in natural conditions) and laboratory(in experimental conditions), etc.

v Method for generalizing independent characteristics- studies based on the generalization of the largest possible number of information about the individual being studied, obtained from the largest possible number of people observing him in the largest possible number of types of his activities; drawing up a description of a person or event by various experts independently of each other.

v Sociometric method- study of the structure and nature of people’s relationships based on measuring their interpersonal choices. This measurement occurs according to a certain sociometric criterion, and its results take the form of a sociometric matrix, or sociogram. The use of this method by a teacher in the process of forming a children's team allows him to find more productive ways of influencing both the entire team or small groups, and its individual members.

v Terminological method- operating with basic and peripheral concepts of the problem, analysis of ped. phenomena through the analysis of concepts enshrined in the language of the theory of pedagogy.

v Test method- study of personality through diagnostics (psychoprognostics) of its mental states, functions based on the performance of k.-l. standardized task.

v Modeling(in ped.) - construction of copies, models of ped. materials, phenomena and processes. Used for a schematic representation of the studied peds. systems By “model” we mean a system of objects or signs that reproduces some essential properties of the original, capable of replacing it so that its study provides new information about this object.

v Facial expressions(from the Greek mimikos - imitative) - expressive movement of the facial muscles, one of the forms of manifestation of human feelings. Often the teacher’s words have a much stronger effect on students than words. Children “read” the teacher’s face, guessing his mood and attitude, so the teacher should be able to show only what is relevant (G.M. Kodzhaspirova).

v Motivation- the entire set of persistent motives and drives that determine the content, direction and nature of a person’s activity and behavior.

v Multimedia(Multimedia) - computer systems with integrated support for audio and video recordings.

v Scientific and educational management– methodology for managing the management-marketing space and pattern engineering, based on the principles of science, synergy, multiplicativeness, innovation, variability and determinism, based on the convergence and integration of science, education and practice in accordance with the demands and needs of society (S.D. Yakusheva) .

v Charm of a person- sociability, empathy, reflexivity, eloquence, as well as external attractiveness, easy adaptation to new conditions, the ability to maintain confidence among strangers, tolerance for dissent (N.A. Moreva).

v Communication- individual typological features of socio-psychological interaction between teacher and students (V.A. Kan-Kalik).

v Additional education- educational programs and services implemented in order to comprehensively satisfy the educational needs of citizens, society and the state in general educational institutions of vocational education outside the main educational programs that determine their status, in educational institutions of O.D.: institutions of advanced training, courses, centers of vocational guidance, music and art schools, art schools, children's art centers, stations for young technicians, stations for young naturalists, etc. (Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”).

v Classical education- a type of general secondary education that provides for the systematic study of ancient languages ​​and mathematics as the main subjects.

v Continuing education- purposeful acquisition by a person of knowledge, skills and abilities throughout his life in educational institutions and through organized self-education. Purpose of O. n. - maintaining the socially and individually required level of culture, general education and professional training. It is organized on the principles of universality, democracy, accessibility, continuity, integrativeness, continuity, the principle of self-education, flexibility and efficiency.

v Educational environment- a set of factors formed by the way of life of the school: the material resources of the school, the organization of the educational process, nutrition, medical care, psychological climate (FSES).

v Object-oriented software systems are software systems based on a certain model of the object “user’s world”.

v Pedagogical paradigm(from the Greek paradeigma - example, sample) - a set of theoretical, methodological and other guidelines adopted by scientific pedagogy. community at each stage of development of pedagogy, which are used as a model (model, standard) when deciding pedagogy. problems; a certain set of instructions (regulations). The concept of “paradigm” was introduced by the Amer. historian T. Kuhn, who identified various stages in the development of a scientific discipline: pre-paradigm (preceding the establishment of scientific principles), the dominance of scientific principles (“normal science”), the stage of crisis in the scientific revolution, which consists of a change in scientific principles, a transition from one scientific method . to others

v Pedagogical artistry- the ability of the teacher’s emotional and psychological influence on students, based on elements of stagecraft that carry out emancipation, interaction and co-creation of participants in the pedagogical process in solving certain educational tasks (S.D. Yakusheva).

v Master teacher- a specialist of high culture, a master of his craft, who is fluent in the discipline being taught, the methods of teaching and education, who has psychological knowledge, as well as knowledge in various branches of science and art (S.D. Yakusheva).

v Pedagogical culture- a special type of culture, but it is present as an element in each type of culture, connecting it with the system of social research (V.L. Benin).

v Pedagogical culture- level of mastery of pedagogical theory and practice, modern pedagogical technologies, methods of creative self-regulation of individual abilities in pedagogical activity(V.A. Mizherikov, T.A. Yuzefavicius).

v Pedagogical impact of a long-term nature- the result of the phenomenon of synergy of pedagogical influence, focused on: initiating processes of thinking development; development of memory, attention, observation; learning to make the optimal decision in a difficult situation, developing a reaction to unforeseen situations; removing psychological barriers and complexes; nurturing the qualities of a leader capable of leadership and organizational and managerial activities; aesthetic education; education of information culture; training in independent presentation and retrieval of knowledge; formation of skills and abilities to carry out experimental research activities.

v Pedagogical competence of the teacher- the unity of his theoretical and practical readiness to carry out his professional activities (S.D. Yakusheva).

v Pedagogical excellence- professional ability to optimize all types of educational activities aimed at the comprehensive development and improvement of the individual, the formation of his worldview and abilities (S.D. Yakusheva).

v Teacher-manager- an integrative personality with training in psychological and pedagogical orientation, possessing professional and artistic culture, innovative creative thinking, competence and image, organizational and managerial abilities, possessing professional skills and knowledge in the field of professional pedagogical engineering (S.D. Yakusheva).

v Pedagogical communication- a specific form of communication that has its own characteristics and at the same time is subject to general psychological patterns inherent in communication as a form of human interaction with other people (M.V. Bulanova-Toporkova).

v Pedagogical communication- a multifaceted process of organizing, establishing and developing communication, mutual understanding and interaction between teachers and students, generated by the goals and content of their joint activities (V.A. Slastenin).

v Pedagogical synergetics- a complex open and self-organizing, nonequilibrium and nonlinear system, which reveals the general principles and patterns of the educational process, determines the stages of bifurcation as unstable phases of existence, and assumes a multiplicity of scenarios for its further development S.D. Yakushev).

v Pedagogical directing- management of a harmoniously integral educational process, which has scientific and artistic unity and emotional and psychological logic, carrying out the activities of the teacher in developing and implementing the concept of pedagogical interaction (S.D. Yakusheva).

v Pedagogical technique- a complex of general pedagogical skills and abilities of the teacher, ensuring his mastery of his own psychophysiological state, mood, emotions, body, speech and the organization of pedagogically appropriate communication, i.e., the optimal behavior of the teacher and his effective interaction with students in various pedagogical situations (G.M. Kodzhaspirova).

v Perceptual- receptive.

v Knowledge representation- a method of formal expression, representation of all types of knowledge (representable for machine processing), which is used for processing knowledge in artificial intelligence systems.

v Sample curricula for individual academic subjects- programs that are of an orienting nature, including an explanatory note that defines the goals of studying the subject at each level of education and the features of the content; content of education, including a list of material studied; approximate thematic planning with the definition of the main activities of schoolchildren; planned results of mastering subject programs; recommendations on material and technical equipment of the educational process (FSES).

v Management process- a continuous sequence of actions carried out by the subject of management, as a result of which the image of the managed object is formed and changed, the goals of joint activity are established, ways of achieving them are determined, work is divided between its participants and their efforts are integrated. It is the teacher who plans, organizes, manages and controls the process of teaching, educating and developing students (M.M. Potashnik).

v Teacher's professional certificate- a document that provides a complete qualification description of the teacher in terms of the requirements for his knowledge, skills and abilities; to his personality, abilities, psychophysiological capabilities and level of training.

v Career guidance- a scientific and practical system of preparing young people for a free, conscious and independent choice of profession, taking into account the individual characteristics and needs of the individual and the labor market and carried out through prof. information, prof. diagnostics, prof. consultation, prof. selection, prof. adaptation.

v Data Search- selection of data based on a certain combination of characteristics.

v Search engine, search engine(V Internet)- software that automatically collects and classifies information about sites into Internets issuing it at the request of users. Examples: AltaVista, Google, Excite, Northern Light etc. In Russia - Rambler, Yandex, Apart.

v Keyword position on page- an indicator that takes into account how close to the top of the page a given keyword is located. As a rule, the closer to the top of the page a query word appears, the more relevant, significant, this page is considered when performing a search for this word.

v Subject area - a set of objects of the real or supposed world, considered within a given context, which is understood as a separate reasoning, a fragment of a scientific theory or a theory as a whole and is limited by the framework of information technologies of the chosen field.

v Software and methodological complex (PMK)- a set of software and methodological tools to support the process of teaching a specific academic subject (course) or its topic.

v Software and methodological support (SMS)- educational process - a complex that includes: educational software or a package of educational software; instructions for the user of educational software or educational software package; description of the methodology (methodological recommendations) for using educational software or a package of educational software.

v Software for educational purposes- a software tool that reflects a certain subject area, implements the technology of its study to one degree or another, and provides conditions for carrying out various types of educational activities. Educational software is intended for use in the educational process, in the preparation, retraining and advanced training of educational personnel, in order to develop the student’s personality and intensify the learning process. The use of PS for educational purposes is focused on: solving a specific educational problem that requires its study and (or) resolution ( problem-oriented software ); carrying out some activity with the object environment ( object-oriented software ); carrying out activities in some subject environment ( subject-specific software).

v Program for the formation of universal educational activities- a program designed to regulate various aspects of mastering meta-subject skills, i.e., methods of activity applicable within the framework of both the educational process and when solving problems in real life situations; contains a description of value guidelines at each level of education; description of the continuity of the program for the formation of universal educational activities at the levels of general education; connection of universal educational activities with the content of educational subjects; characteristics of personal, regulatory, cognitive, communicative universal educational activities (FSES).

v Profession is an activity that has its own goal, has its own product, norms and means, which are ultimately determined by the social function and technology of the sphere of social life that this activity serves (E.I. Rogov).

v Professional competence- a set of individual personality properties, consisting of specific sensitivity to the object, means, conditions of teaching work and the creation of productive models for the formation of the desired qualities in the student’s personality (L.V. Zanina, N.P. Menshikova).

v Personal professionalism- a set of psychophysiological and personal changes that occur in him in the process of mastering and long-term performance of activities, providing a qualitatively new, more effective level of solving complex professional problems in special conditions (E.I. Rogov).

v Professional and pedagogical communication- interaction of the teacher-educator with his colleagues, students and their parents, with representatives of educational authorities and the public, carried out in the field of his professional activity, going beyond the “teacher-student” contact and involves the interaction of the teacher with other subjects of the pedagogical process (A. A. Lobanov).

v Professional and pedagogical error- unintentional incorrectness of specific educational procedures, manifested in the inconsistency of these procedures with generally accepted standards of professional pedagogical activity (V.A. Mizherikov, T.A. Yuzefavicius).

v Professional self-development- the process of integration of external professional training and internal movement, personal development of a person (V.A. Slastenin).

v Professional self-development of a master teacher- a continuous process of improving one’s “I”, professional qualities and abilities, creative self-realization, which is a means of self-knowledge and transformation of the inner world (S.D. Yakusheva).

v Psychodiagnostics- a branch of personality psychology, the subject of which is the assessment of the potential abilities of specific individuals or their types for certain types of activities.

v Disclosure of the objective foundations of the K.S. system Stanislavsky, creates awareness by the teacher of various aspects of artistic action and creativity (director's plan, actor's transformation) as a special professional-pedagogical, cultural and communicative form (S.D. Yakusheva).

v Text editors- programs for preparing and editing texts on a computer.

v Respondent(from the English respondent - responder) - a research participant as a respondent. Depending on the nature of the study, R. acts in different capacities: subject, client, informant, patient, interlocutor, etc. (G.M. Kodzhaspirova).

v Speech culture- the possibility of the entire language system, which expresses specific content in each real situation of speech communication, develops the ability to select and use linguistic means in the process of speech communication, helps to cultivate a conscious attitude towards their use in speech practice (A.N. Ksenofontova).

v Speech culture- personal culture, developing on the basis of the principle of objectively existing connections between language and cognitive processes, presupposing a sense of style, developed taste and erudition (S.D. Yakusheva).

v Speech etiquette- an element of a teacher’s skill, consisting of a set of speech formulas, rules and quality of pedagogical speech used in his professional activities when solving pedagogical problems in various situations (S.D. Yakusheva).

v Reflection- self-knowledge in the form of reflection on one’s own experiences, sensations, thoughts.

v Reflection in pedagogy – the process and result of participants recording the essential features of its development, self-development, as well as determining the motives for their appearance (S.D. Yakusheva).

v Self-education- systematic and conscious human activity aimed at self-development and the formation of a basic personal culture (I.P. Podlasy).

v Self-knowledge- the process of knowing oneself, one’s potential and actual properties, personal, intellectual characteristics, character traits, one’s relationships with other people, etc. (V.G. Maralov).

v Self-knowledge as a process- discovery of any qualities, personal and behavioral characteristics in oneself, fixing them, comprehensive analysis, assessment and acceptance (V.G. Maralov).

v Self- integral quality of personality, the teacher’s ability for professional self-development, self-knowledge, self-determination, self-realization, self-regulation and self-improvement (S.D. Yakusheva).

v Sensory- technology for designing and using sensors of physical parameters.

v Synergy of pedagogical impact- the result of the combined action of its constituent factors and (or) influences, in which the combined effect exceeds the effect exerted by each of them separately.

v Synergetic reflection in the educational process - a reflection of the influence of the teacher on the student (scientific teaching) and the student on the teacher (self-determination, co-creation) through a communication channel, which is formed by the resonance of multidirectional reflection and achieving unison through: mastery, thinking, introspection, introspection and self-organization (S.D. Yakushev).

v The system of teaching aids (TMS), which includes teaching aids operating on the basis of scientific information technologies (MSS based on NIT), is a set of interconnected and interacting (and within the framework of the methodology for their use) elements and (or) components of the system that form a certain integrity , unity. MTR component- a component of the MTR, filled with subject content; MTR element- a component of the SSO, invariant with respect to filling. Composition of the MTR system: teaching aids designed to support the process of teaching an academic subject (course), including software and methodological support; object-oriented software systems designed to create an information culture; training and demonstration equipment interfaced with a computer, allowing the student to realize the range of capabilities of the SNIT (control real objects, enter and manipulate text and graphic information, receive and use information about a controlled physical parameter or process for educational purposes); artificial intelligence systems designed to organize the self-learning process; subject-oriented learning and development environments.

v System(in the subject area) - a set of interconnected elements, each of which is connected directly or indirectly with every other element, and any two subsets of this set cannot be independent without violating the integrity and unity of the system.

v Database management system (DBMS)- a set of software and language tools designed to manage data in a database, maintain this database, and provide multi-user access to data.

v Modern teacher- bright personality, creative person, capable of developing personal and intellectual culture, innovative creative thinking, self-knowledge and comprehension, able to solve problem situations, as well as to interest and captivate the process of self-development (S.D. Yakusheva).

v Sociogram- a special diagram depicting the picture of interpersonal relationships in a group or class team, identified through special research.

v Education informatization tools- means of new information technologies together (used together) with educational, methodological, normative, technical and organizational and instructional materials that ensure the implementation of the optimal technology for their pedagogically appropriate use.

v Sorting data- ordering data according to a certain criterion.

v Becoming- acquisition of new characteristics and forms in the process of development, approaching a certain state. We can talk about the formation of character, personality, thinking (G.M. Kodzhaspirova).

v Formation of a teacher’s personality- a continuous process of personal development in the aspect of socialization, self-knowledge and self-improvement of the essence of “I”, variability of transformations of vectors of professional skill (S.D. Yakusheva).

v formation of the inner world of the individual based on the epistemological, emotional, spiritual and creative spheres is fundamental for the development of the ability to transform, empathy, co-creation, empathy, expressiveness, expressiveness and the art of self-expression in the professional and pedagogical activities of S.D. Yakushev).

v Structure(system) - a set of stable connections, ways of interaction of system elements, determining its integrity and unity.

v Structure of the pedagogical process- a set of its constituent parts corresponding to the components of the ped. systems. Components: target, content, operational-activity, evaluative-effective (G.M. Kodzhaspirova).

v Lesson structure- a set of lesson elements that ensure its integrity and preservation of the main characteristics under various combination options. These elements include: organizing the beginning of the lesson, setting goals And lesson objectives, explanation, consolidation, repetition, homework, lesson summary. The type of lesson is determined by the presence and sequence of structural parts.

v Subjects of the educational process- students, their families, social and professional groups, administrative institutions and civil society institutions (FSES).

v Tact- this is a sense of proportion, which creates the ability to behave in a decent, appropriate manner (S.I. Ozhegov).

v Creation- thinking in its highest form, going beyond what is required to solve the problem that has arisen using already known methods.

v Creative activity- an activity in which creativity as a dominant component is included in the structure of either its goal or methods.

v Pedagogical creativity- development and implementation by the teacher in the constantly changing conditions of the educational process, in communication with children, optimal and non-standard teaching. decisions. T.p. characterizes the teacher’s deep and comprehensive knowledge and its critical processing and comprehension; the ability to translate theoretical and methodological principles into pedagogical principles. actions; ability for self-improvement and self-education; development of new methods, forms, techniques and means and their original combinations; dialecticity, variability, changeability of the system of activity; effective use of existing experience in new conditions; the ability to reflexively evaluate one’s own activities and its results, to form an individual style of professional activity based on the combination and development of reference and individually unique personality traits of a teacher; the ability to improvise based on knowledge and intuition; the ability to see a “fan of options.”

v Thesaurus- 1) linguistic dictionary of the language with complete semantic information; 2) a complete systematized set of data about the population. a field of knowledge that allows a person or a machine to freely navigate it; 3) dictionary of the academic discipline, state educational standard.

v Education theory- a section of pedagogy that reveals the essence, patterns, driving forces of education, its main structural elements and methodology.

v Theory of general development in the learning process(L.V. Zankov) - the theory of developmental learning, which assumes a high theoretical level of learning difficulty; fast learning pace, continuous repetition educational material in new conditions (concomitant repetition and consolidation); nurturing positive learning motivation and cognitive interests in students; humanization of relationships between teachers and students in the educational process; linear construction of training programs.

v Tolerance(from Latin tolerantia - patience) - absence or weakening of response to something. an unfavorable factor as a result of decreased sensitivity to its effects; a person’s ability to withstand various kinds of life’s difficulties without loss of psychol. adaptation. For example, T. to anxiety manifests itself in an increase in the threshold of emotional response to a threatening situation, and externally - in endurance, self-control, and the ability to endure adverse influences for a long time without reducing adaptive capabilities. One of the most important professional qualities of a teacher. T. is based on the teacher’s ability to adequately assess the real situation, on the one hand, and the ability to foresee a way out of the situation, on the other. Formation of T. in oneself is one of the important tasks of a teacher’s professional education.

v Training- a form of interactive learning, the purpose of which is to develop competence in interpersonal and professional behavior in communication. It is one of the most important methods in the system of professional teacher training.

v Tuter- guardian.

v Management abilities- abilities, the structure of which enriches organizational and communication abilities with excellent knowledge of the specifics of phenomes that are objects of management.

v Training database (UBD), focused on a certain subject area, provides the ability to: generate data sets, create, save and use data, information selected by conjunction and (or) disjunction of features; processing existing data sets, searching (selecting, sorting), analyzing and changing information according to specified criteria; using a service technology module that allows you to use an image editor, a text editor, control the results of the solution, and regulate the work.

v Educational knowledge base (UBZ), focused on a certain subject area, presupposes the presence of: A training database of a certain subject area and a teaching methodology focused on a certain learner model. This ensures: verification of the correctness of answers; generating correct answers; management of the learning process.

v Educational and methodological complex (UMK) based on SNIT- teaching aids, including those operating on the basis of scientific and technological information technologies, in combination with educational and methodological materials (textbooks, teaching aids for students, teaching aids, recommendations for teachers), forming a certain integrity, represented by a certain composition and structure. The structure of the educational complex based on SNIT is a certain relationship, the relative position of its components.

v Teacher-facilitator- a teacher working in the paradigm of personality-oriented pedagogy and guided by the following guidelines when working with children: openness to one’s own thoughts, feelings, and experiences; encouragement, trust as an expression of the teacher’s internal personal confidence in the capabilities and abilities of students; “empathic understanding” (vision of the student’s behavior, his reactions, actions, skills). The concept was introduced by K. Rogers.

v File- a named organized set of data on a magnetic storage medium.

v Factor- the cause, the driving force of a process, determining its character or its individual features.

Authoritarian parenting is an educational concept that provides for the pupil’s subordination to the will of the teacher, based on the suppression of initiative and independence, preventing the development of the child’s activity and individuality.

Acmeology is a science that studies the patterns and facts of achieving the heights of professionalism and human creative longevity.

Analysis - method scientific research by decomposing an object into its component parts or mentally dismembering an object through logical abstraction.

Education is a purposeful, specially organized activity of educators and students to create conditions (material, spiritual, organizational) for personal development.

Deviant behavior is behavior that deviates from the norm.

Deductive methods are logical methods of generalizing empirically obtained data, involving the movement of thought from a general judgment to a particular conclusion.

Democratic style is a style of communication between a teacher and students, focused on increasing the subjective role of the student in interaction, on involving everyone in solving common affairs. Teachers who adhere to this style are characterized by an active and positive attitude towards students, an adequate assessment of their capabilities, successes and failures, they are characterized by a deep understanding of the student, the goals and motives of his behavior, and the ability to predict the development of his personality.

Activity is a specific form of socio-historical existence of people, internal (mental) and external (physical) activity of a person, regulated by a conscious goal.

Didactics is a branch of pedagogy, the theory of education and learning.

Didactic tasks – tasks of managing educational and cognitive activities.

Didactic material is a system of objects, each of which is intended for use in the learning process as a material or materialized model of a particular system, identified within the framework of public knowledge and experience, and serves as a means of solving some didactic problem.

Dispute is a method of forming judgments, assessments and beliefs in the process of cognitive and value-oriented activity, which does not require definite and final decisions.

Identification is the establishment of the identity of an object to a sample.

Inductive methods are logical methods of generalizing empirically obtained data, involving the movement of thought from particular judgments to a general conclusion.

Innovation is a purposeful change that introduces new, relatively stable elements into a certain social unit - an organization, a settlement, a society, a group.

Consultation is one of the forms of organizing educational activities, which is carried out with individual students in order to fill gaps in knowledge, develop skills and abilities, and satisfy increased interest in the academic subject. Unlike additional classes, consultations are usually episodic in nature, as they are organized as needed. There are current, thematic and general (for example, in preparation for exams or tests) consultations.

Laboratory work is an independent group of practical methods that combine practical activities with organized student observations.

Methodological techniques are constituent elements (parts, details) of a method, which in relation to the method are of a private subordinate nature, do not have an independent pedagogical task, but are subordinate to the task pursued by this method.

Control methods are the methods by which the effectiveness of educational, cognitive and other types of activities of students and the pedagogical work of the teacher is determined.

Teaching methods are ways of professional interaction between a teacher and students in order to solve educational problems.

Methods of pedagogical research are ways of studying pedagogical phenomena, obtaining scientific information in order to establish natural connections, relationships and construct scientific theories.

Observation is a purposeful perception of any pedagogical phenomenon; in its process, the researcher receives specific factual material.

Education is a unified process of physical and spiritual formation of personality, a process of socialization, consciously oriented towards some ideal images, towards historically conditioned, more or less clearly fixed social standards in the public consciousness.

The educational system is a complex of educational institutions.

Education is a joint, purposeful activity of a teacher and students, during which the development of the individual, his education and upbringing are carried out.

The object of pedagogy is the phenomena of reality that determine the development of the human individual in the process of purposeful activity of society.

Pedagogical activity is a special type of social (professional) activity aimed at realizing the goals of education.

A pedagogical task is a desired image, a model of the final state, the expected result of the interaction between a teacher and a student, in accordance with which the pedagogical process is carried out. The subject of the pedagogical task is the students’ knowledge, their personal and business qualities, relationships, etc.

The pedagogical system is a set of interconnected structural components, united by a single educational goal of personal development and functioning in a holistic educational process.

Pedagogical technology is a consistent, interdependent system of teacher actions associated with the use of one or another set of methods of education and training and carried out in the pedagogical process in order to solve various pedagogical problems.

The pedagogical process is a specially organized (from a systemic point of view) interaction between teachers and students (pedagogical interaction) regarding the content of education using teaching and educational means (pedagogical means) in order to solve educational problems aimed at meeting the needs of both society and the individual himself. in its development and self-development.

Pedagogical interaction is a process that occurs between a teacher and a student in the course of educational work and is aimed at developing the child’s personality.

Encouragement is a way of expressing a positive public assessment of the behavior and activities of an individual student or group.

Practical classes are one of the forms of organizing educational activities; used in the study of natural science disciplines, as well as in the process of labor and professional training; are carried out in laboratories and workshops, in classrooms and at training and experimental sites, etc.

The subject of pedagogy is education as a real holistic pedagogical process, purposefully organized in special social institutions (family, educational and cultural institutions).

Working curricula are curricula developed taking into account the requirements of the state standard for educational areas, but additionally taking into account the national-regional component, the possibilities of methodological, informational, technical support of the educational process, and the level of preparedness of students.

Reproductive methods are methods of organizing student activities that involve reproducing and repeating the method of activity according to the teacher’s assignments.

Self-education is a systematic and conscious human activity aimed at self-development and the formation of a basic personal culture. Self-education is designed to strengthen and develop the ability to voluntarily fulfill obligations - both personal and based on the requirements of the team, to form moral and volitional qualities, necessary habits of behavior.

Seminar classes are one of the forms of organizing educational activities. The essence of the seminars is a collective discussion of proposed questions, messages, abstracts, reports prepared by students under the guidance of a teacher.

Synthesis is a method of studying a subject in its integrity, in the unity and interconnection of its parts.

Socialization (from Latin socialis - social) is the development and self-realization of a person throughout his life in the process of assimilation and reproduction of the culture of society.

The socio-psychological climate in a team is a system of emotional and psychological states of the team, reflecting the nature of the relationships between its members in the process of joint activity and communication.

Style pedagogical communication– sustainable unity of methods and means of activity of the teacher and students.

Management is an activity aimed at making decisions, organizing, controlling, regulating a managed object in accordance with a given goal, analyzing and summing up results based on reliable information.

Teaching aids are material teaching aids used in the educational process and intended to expand, deepen and better assimilate the knowledge provided by the curriculum.

A curriculum is a normative document that reveals the content of knowledge, skills and abilities in an academic subject, the logic of studying basic ideological ideas, indicating the sequence of topics, questions and the total amount of time for their study.

An elective is one of the forms of differentiated education and upbringing, the main task of which is to deepen and expand knowledge, develop the abilities and interests of students. The elective operates according to a specific program that does not duplicate the curriculum.

The integrity of the pedagogical process is a synthetic quality of the pedagogical process, characterizing the highest level of its development, the result of stimulating conscious actions and activities of the subjects functioning in it.

DZHUMAEVA N.E., SOKHIBOV A.R.

KARSHI – 2014

MINISTRY OF HIGHER AND SECONDARY SPECIAL EDUCATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN

KARSHI STATE UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF PEDAGOGY

DZHUMAEVA N.E. SOKHIBOV A.R.

PEDAGOGICAL TERMS AND CONCEPTS

Department of Pedagogy, Faculty of Pedagogy-Psychology, Karshi State University, protocol No. 1 of 28.08. 2013;

Scientific and methodological council of the Faculty of Pedagogy and Psychology of Karshi State University, protocol No. 4 of 25.11. 2013

Scientific and Methodological Council of Karshi State University, protocol No. 3 of 25.01. 2014

Academic Council of Karshi State University, protocol No. 6 of January 25. 2014

Responsible editor:

Nishanova S.K. – Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor.

Reviewers:

Kurasova N.V.- Ph.D., Associate Professor of the Department of Russian Language and Literature

Eshmuradov E.E.– Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, senior teacher of the Department of Pedagogy

Ochilova N.M.- Ph.D., Head of the Department of Pedagogy of Primary Education, Karshi Pedagogical College

annotation

The terminological dictionary of pedagogy is intended primarily for teachers and students, but will be of interest to psychologists, sociologists, as well as students and applicants.

The Pedagogical Terminological Dictionary was created to organize vocabulary on pedagogical topics and is designed to make it easier for readers to understand modern pedagogical terms in order to more precise definition subject when analyzing the content of the dictionary.

This terminological dictionary provides interpretations of not only pedagogical terms and concepts, but also information about teachers, philosophers and outstanding thinkers of the East, as well as popular expressions and aphorisms about education and training.

This terminological dictionary will provide an opportunity for independent study of pedagogical terms and concepts by future specialists in all areas of undergraduate education and is recommended for teachers and students of higher educational institutions, as well as for students and applicants.

PEDAGOGICAL TERMS AND CONCEPTS

The main tasks facing higher education are to organize the knowledge of future specialists according to the requirements of our time, to equip them with the basics of each subject, in order to fulfill the requirements of the Education Law, as well as the National Personnel Training Program, and to develop their mental thinking at the highest level

Uzbekistan has chosen and is implementing a course towards building a socially oriented democratic rule-of-law state and civil society. The main goal and driving force of the transformations carried out in the republic is the person, his comprehensive development and improvement of his well-being.

Changes are constantly taking place in all spheres of human activity: scientific, technical, economic, social, cultural. These changes are reflected in the language, in particular in terminology. The vocabulary of pedagogy, like any science, is in constant flux. In the conditions of modern modernization and informatization of the education system, there has been a significant transformation in the content of many concepts of pedagogy, some institutions have been renamed, educational institutions of a new type have appeared, trends have emerged in the active involvement of foreign language borrowings, the introduction of terms from other (related) sciences into pedagogy, and the saturation of terminology with neologisms (for example, " tutor"). The influx of new terms also occurs due to the growth of metaphor terms and phrase terms (for example, “Open education”, “Management in education”).

Pedagogical terminology has a long history. Pedagogical terminology began to develop approximately a thousand years ago, and many pedagogical concepts took shape much earlier than they were formalized in terms. The first mention of the goals of education is found in proverbs, sayings, fairy tales, and epics. With the advent of writing and then printing, with the further growth of culture and education, with the expansion of contacts with other countries, material was accumulated for the compilation of the first dictionaries on pedagogy. Nowadays there are many conceptual and terminological encyclopedias, dictionaries and reference books on pedagogy.

The terminological dictionary on pedagogy has been prepared on the basis of modern sources (current literature recent years): encyclopedic dictionaries, reference books on pedagogy, individual works and articles.

The presented dictionary is an attempt to reflect the current state of pedagogical science in a terminological context.

TERMINOLOGICAL DICTIONARY

Abstraction- a process of thinking, as a result of which a person, abstracting from the unimportant, forms concepts, ascending from the concrete to the abstract, filling the abstract with concrete content.

Enrollee -(Novolat. abituriens – about to leave) – a graduate of a secondary educational institution who has received a matriculation certificate. Also used in the meaning: applying for admission to another educational institution.

Abstinence(from Latin abs - because, teneo - to hold on) - a condition that occurs as a result of the cessation of the effects of alcohol or drugs with a sudden break in their use. Characteristic manifestations of A. are headache, dizziness, dry mouth, tachycardia, nausea, depressed mood, insomnia, fear, anxiety, and suicide attempts.

Avesta- a collection of sacred books of Zoroastrianism (fire worshipers) of the peoples of the Near and Middle East. It was written in the 7th - 6th centuries. BC. and consisted of 21 books, 3 books have survived to this day, was an encyclopedia of its era and served for centuries teaching aid for students.

The authority of the teacher - the importance of the teacher’s merits, generally recognized by students, and the strength of his educational influence based on this. These advantages include erudition, pedagogical skill, the ability to connect theory and practice, optimism, and fairness.

Aggressiveness- purposeful destructive behavior that contradicts the norms and rules of coexistence of people in society, causing physical harm or causing negative experiences, a state of tension, fear, depression. Aggressive actions can act as a means of achieving a goal, as a way of mental release, satisfying a blocked personality need and switching activities, as a form of self-realization and self-affirmation.

Adaptation- adaptability.

Adaptation- adaptation of organisms to specific living conditions.

Adaptation- the ability of the body (personality, function) to adapt to various environmental conditions. Bringing the personality into a state that ensures stable behavior in typical problem situations without pathological changes in the structure of the personality.

Social adaptation- the process and result of a person’s active adaptation to the conditions and requirements of the social environment. Its content is the convergence of the goals and value orientations of the group and the individual included in it, the assimilation by him of group norms, traditions, social attitudes, the assumption of social roles. It is one of the mechanisms of personality socialization.

Adaptation (social) - a process that ensures the painless entry of an individual into society, adaptation to it on the basis of voluntary acceptance of social norms and requirements, mastery of practice-oriented knowledge and communication skills necessary for the harmonization of interpersonal relationships in a sociocultural environment.

Adjunct –(Latin Adjunctus - attached, assistant) - a person preparing for scientific and pedagogical work in higher military educational institutions. IN Western Europe and pre-revolutionary Russia (in Academic Sciences, at universities); 2. assistant to a professor or academician.

Personal activity(from Latin activus - active) - an active attitude of the individual to the world, the ability to make socially significant transformations of the material and spiritual environment based on the development of the historical experience of mankind; manifests itself in creative activity, acts of will, and communication. Formed under the influence of environment and upbringing.

Acmeology– a science that studies the patterns and factors of achieving the heights of professionalism and creative longevity of a person.

Acceleration- acceleration of growth and development of children and adolescents, as well as the onset of puberty at an earlier age.

Axiology– a science that studies the philosophical doctrine of values.

Axiological The (value) approach to culture considers culture as the totality of all the wealth and values ​​of society accumulated in the process of its development. These values ​​exist in material and spiritual forms.

Accentuation of character (personality)– excessive strengthening of individual character traits and their combinations, representing extreme variants of the norm (excitability, aggressiveness, isolation, anxiety, irritability, impressionability, suspicion, touchiness, etc. (; they have an inherent tendency towards socially positive and socially negative development in depending on the influences of the environment and upbringing. The author of the term is the German psychologist and psychiatrist K. Leonhard. A teacher needs knowledge of A.H. (l.) when studying and understanding students and implementing an individual approach to them.

Personal activity- a person’s active attitude to the world, his ability to make socially significant transformations of the material and spiritual environment; manifests itself in creative activity, acts of will, and communication.

Altruism- selfless concern for the welfare of others and the willingness to sacrifice one’s personal interests for others.

Ambivalence- duality of experience, when the same person simultaneously evokes opposite feelings.

Analysis- literally the division (imaginary or real) of an object into elements. In a broad sense, it is synonymous with research in general. Self-analysis is one of the most important conditions for increasing the effectiveness of the pedagogical process and the growth of teacher professionalism; the mental or real dissection of a subject into its component parts, each of which is then studied in order to be combined through synthesis into a single whole, enriched with new knowledge.

Analysis training session – analysis of the content of a training session into its component parts from different points of view to evaluate it as a whole; is one of the main ways to study and generalize experience, an indispensable condition for improving pedagogical skills.

Questionnaire- a methodological tool for obtaining primary sociological and psychological information based on verbal (verbal) communication, a form of correspondence survey, united by a single research plan; a system of questions aimed at identifying the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of an object or subject of analysis.

Questionnaire- a method of mass collection of material using specially designed questionnaires (questionnaires).

Analytical skills- theoretical analysis of facts and phenomena.

Andragogy- a section of didactics that reveals and develops the principles of adult learning.

Anthropology- a science that studies the biological nature of humans.

Pedagogical anthropology- the philosophical basis of education, which allows us to understand the structure of education only by correlating it with the structure of the holistic nature of man; “the study of man in all manifestations of his nature with a special application to the art of education” (K.D. Ushinsky); Education in Anthropology is understood as an attribute of human existence.

Alalia- absence or underdevelopment of speech due to organic damage to the speech areas of the cerebral cortex in the prenatal or early period of a child’s development.

Alcoholism– alcohol abuse. It is customary to distinguish: everyday drunkenness, chronic alcoholism, alcoholic psychosis.

Abnormal children– children who have deviations from normal mental and (or) physical development, overcoming the consequences of which requires the use of special correctional techniques.

Anomaly- pathological deviation from the norm in the functions of the body and its parts, deviation from general patterns of development.

Antonyms are different words related to the same part of speech, but opposite in meaning (good - evil, powerful - powerless). The contrast of antonyms in speech is a vivid source of speech expression, enhancing the emotionality of speech: He was weak in body, but strong in spirit.

Asphyxia- suffocation that occurs in children at birth if the supply of oxygen from the mother’s body through the placenta is stopped.

Autism- a painful state of the psyche, characterized by a person’s concentration on his experiences, withdrawal from the real outside world.

Approbation(Latin approbatio - check) - approval, approval based on research, experimental testing.

Affective- emotionally charged.

The barrier is psychological- a motive that prevents the performance of a certain activity or action, in particular communication with an individual or group of people.

Batavia Plan (Batavian System)- a system of individual education that arose in America at the end of the 19th century.

Bell-Lancaster system- a system of peer education, in which in a primary school, older and more successful students (monitors), under the guidance of a teacher, taught classes to the rest of the students. It arose at the end of the 18th century. in India, and in early XIX V. - in England. This system was opposed by supporters of developmental education.

Conversation- 1) question-and-answer method of involving students in discussion, analysis of actions and development of moral assessments; 2) a method of obtaining information based on verbal (verbal) communication; 3) teaching method. Types: catechetical, or reproductive, - aimed at consolidating, testing the studied material by repeating it; heuristic, search - based on the students’ existing knowledge, the teacher leads them to master new concepts; Socratic - the search for truth through doubt, to which every conclusion obtained is subjected.

Blonsky Pavel Petrovich(1884-1941) - teacher and psychologist, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, professor. Pre-revolutionary works had a historical-philosophical and historical-pedagogical

Neglect– lack of supervision of children, observation of their behavior and pastime, care for education on the part of parents or those who replace them.

Charity– provision of free assistance by individuals or organizations to people in need or social groups.

Bradylamia(from Greek bradis - slow and Lat. lalia - speech) - pathologically slow rate of speech (synonym - bradyphrasia). It manifests itself in slow articulation caused by disturbances of the speech centers in the cerebral cortex.

Fraternal schools- educational institutions that existed in the 16th - 17th centuries. under brotherhoods - national-religious associations of Orthodox believers in Ukraine, Belarus, the Czech Republic and other countries. The activities of fraternal schools contributed to the rise of cultural life and the preservation of the national identity of the peoples of these countries. In fraternal schools, for the first time in the history of school education, a class-lesson system was born, which received theoretical justification and development in the works of the Czech teacher J. A. Komensky.

Valeologist– (Latin vale – be healthy) – a specialist who teaches children a healthy lifestyle.

Validity- the degree of correspondence of the measured indicator to what was to be measured in sociological or psychological-pedagogical research.

Validity- the ability of a psychodiagnostic technique to adequately assess and measure that psychological characteristics, which it was designed to assess. There are content-based, criterion-based and constructive tests. Before content, it means checking the content of the test to determine whether it corresponds to the area of ​​behavior being measured. V. according to the criterion shows how much one can judge from the test results about the aspect of an individual’s behavior that interests us in the present or future. To determine it, test performance is correlated with a criterion, that is, an independent measure of what the test should predict. Constructive testing is determined by proving the correctness of the theoretical concepts underlying the test.

Verbal- oral, verbal.

Interaction- the process of direct or indirect mutual influence of people on each other, suggesting their mutual conditionality common tasks, interests, joint activities and mutually oriented reactions. Signs of real V.: simultaneous existence of objects; bilateral relations; mutual transition of subject and object; interdependence of changes between the parties; internal self-activity of students.

Type of training

Type of training- generalized characteristics of teaching systems, establishing the features of teaching and learning activities; the nature of interaction between teacher and students in the learning process; functions of the means, methods and forms of training used.

Victimization(from Latin victime - victim) - circumstances, unfavorable conditions of socialization, as a result of which a person becomes a victim.

Extracurricular activities

Internal position- a system of social attitudes of an individual, closely related to his current needs and determining the main content and direction of activity in a given period of life.

Suggestion- the unconscious influence of one person on another, revealing certain changes in his psychology and behavior.

Extracurricular educational work - organization by teacher different types activities of pupils outside of school hours, providing the necessary conditions for the socialization of the child’s personality.

Extracurricular activities– organization by the teacher of various types of activities for students outside of school hours, providing the necessary conditions for the socialization of the child’s personality.

Suggestion- a form of psychological influence associated with the weakening of conscious control in relation to perceived information.

Suggestibility- predisposition to suggestion.

Pedagogical impact- the influence of the teacher on the consciousness, will, emotions of the students, on the organization of their life and activities in the interests of developing the required qualities in them and ensuring the successful achievement of given goals.

Age- a period of human development, characterized by a set of specific patterns of formation of the organism and personality. V. is a qualitatively special stage, which is characterized by a number of changes that determine the uniqueness of the personality structure at a given stage of development. The boundaries of V. are changeable and do not coincide in different socio-economic conditions.

Age approach in education- taking into account and using the patterns of personality development (physical, mental, social), as well as the socio-psychological characteristics of groups of pupils, determined by their age composition.

Will- conscious self-regulation by a person of his activities and behavior, ensuring overcoming difficulties in achieving the goal.

Upbringing– 1) the process of systematic and purposeful influence on the spiritual and physical state of the individual.

2) the process and result of interaction between a teacher and a student for the purpose of his personal development and assimilation of social norms and cultural values, preparation for self-realization in the society in which he lives.

Upbringing- purposeful management of the process of human development through its inclusion in various types social relations in study, communication, play, practical activities.

Upbringing(as a social phenomenon) is a complex and contradictory socio-historical process of transferring socio-historical experience to new generations, carried out by all social institutions: public organizations, the media and culture, church, family, educational institutions of various levels and orientations. Education ensures social progress and continuity of generations.

Upbringing(as a pedagogical phenomenon) - 1) purposeful professional activity of a teacher, promoting the maximum development of the child’s personality, his entry into the context of modern culture, his formation as a subject of his own life, the formation of his motives and values; 2) a holistic, consciously organized pedagogical process 219 of the formation and education of the individual in educational institutions by specially trained specialists; 3) a purposeful, controlled and open system of educational interaction between children and adults, in which the pupil is an equal participant and there is an opportunity to make changes to it (the system) that contribute to the optimal development of children (in this definition, the child is both an object and a subject); 4) providing the pupil with alternative ways of behavior in various situations, leaving him the right to choose and find his own path; 5) the process and result of purposeful influence on the development of the individual, his relationships, traits, qualities, views, beliefs, ways of behavior in society (in this position, the child is the object of pedagogical influence); 6) purposeful creation of conditions for a person’s mastery of culture, its translation into personal experience through an organized long-term influence on the development of an individual from surrounding educational institutions, the social and natural environment, taking into account his potential capabilities in order to stimulate his self-development and independence; 7) (at the narrowest, specific meaning) components of the holistic educational process: mental, directed, etc. upbringing.

Spiritual education- formation of a value-based attitude to life, ensuring sustainable and harmonious development of a person. This is the cultivation of a sense of duty, justice, sincerity, responsibility and other qualities that can give a higher meaning to a person’s deeds and thoughts.

Moral education- the formation of moral relations, the ability to improve them and the ability to act taking into account social requirements and norms, a strong system of habitual, everyday moral behavior.

Political education- formation in students of political consciousness, reflecting the relations between states, nations, parties, and the ability to understand them from spiritual, moral and ethical positions. It is carried out on the principles of objectivity, variability, freedom of choice of position and assessments within the boundaries of universal human values.

Sex education- systematic, consciously planned and implemented influence on the formation of sexual consciousness and behavior of children, preparing them for family life.

Legal education- the process of formation of legal culture and legal behavior, which consists in the implementation of legal education for all, overcoming legal nihilism, and the formation of law-abiding behavior.

Free upbringing- development of the strengths and abilities of each child, unhampered by any restrictions, full disclosure of his individuality. It is characterized by a categorical rejection of the system of education and training, based on the suppression of the child’s personality, regulation of all aspects of his life and behavior. Supporters of this model attached and attach exceptional importance to the creation of conditions for self-expression and free development of children's individuality, reducing ped. to the possible minimum. intervention and, moreover, excluding any violence and coercion. They believe that a child can only imagine what he has experienced internally, therefore the leading role in his upbringing and education should be played by childhood experiences and the accumulation of personal experience by children. This direction is directly related to the concept of free education by J.-J. Rousseau. However

These schools have not become widespread in the West. In Russia, the most striking experience in creating free education schools was the “Home of a Free Child”, created by K.N. Ventzel in 1906. He supported the ideas of free education of L.N. Tolstoy, organizing the life and education of peasant children in the Yasnaya Polyana school. There were other attempts: A. Radchenko’s “School of Naughty People” in Baku, the Moscow family school of O. Kaidanovskaya-Bervi, the educational complexes “Settlement” and “Children’s Labor and Leisure”, close to this direction, headed first by A.U. Zelenko, then S.T. Shatsky. Currently, there has been renewed interest in the ideas of free education. Waldorf schools and M. Montessori centers have been opened in Moscow and a number of other cities, and domestic models of free, non-violent education are being developed.

Social education- the process and result of spontaneous interaction between a person and his immediate environment living environment and the conditions of targeted education (family, spiritual and moral, civil, legal, religious, etc.); the process of a person’s active adaptation to certain roles, normative attitudes and patterns of social manifestation; systematic creation of conditions for relatively targeted development of a person in the process of his socialization.

Labor education- joint activity of the teacher and pupils, aimed at developing general labor skills and abilities, psychological readiness for work, the formation of a responsible attitude towards work and its products, and a conscious choice of profession. The path of labor education is the inclusion of the schoolchild in the full structure of work: its planning, organization, implementation, control, evaluation.

Mental education- formation of intellectual culture, cognitive motives, mental strength, thinking, worldview and intellectual freedom of the individual.

Physical education- a system of human improvement aimed at physical development, health promotion, ensuring high performance and developing the need for constant physical self-improvement.

Aesthetic education- purposeful interaction between educators and students, promoting the development and improvement in a growing person of the ability to perceive, correctly understand, appreciate and create beauty in life and art, to actively participate in creativity, creation according to the laws of beauty. 221

Ethical education- purposeful interaction between educators and students, with the goal of developing rules of good manners among them, forming a culture of behavior and relationships.

Good manners- this is the current level of personality development, in contrast to education - the potential level of personality development, the zone of its proximal development.

Good manners– the level of personal development, manifested in the consistency between knowledge, beliefs, behavior and characterized by the degree of development of socially significant qualities. Discord, the conflict between what a person knows, how he thinks and how he actually acts, can lead to an identity crisis.

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ü Abstraction- a process of thinking, as a result of which a person, abstracting from the unimportant, forms concepts, ascending from the concrete to the abstract, filling the abstract with concrete content.

ü Adaptation (social)- a process that ensures the painless entry of an individual into society, adaptation to it on the basis of voluntary acceptance of social norms and requirements, mastery of practice-oriented knowledge and communication skills necessary for the harmonization of interpersonal relationships in a sociocultural environment.

ü Personal activity(from lat. activus - active) - an active attitude of the individual to the world, the ability to make socially significant transformations of the material and spiritual environment based on the development of the historical experience of mankind; manifests itself in creative activity, acts of will, and communication. Formed under the influence of environment and upbringing.

ü Axiological (value) approach in culture considers culture as the totality of all the wealth and values ​​of society accumulated in the process of its development. These values ​​exist in material and spiritual forms.

ü Altruism- selfless concern for the welfare of others and the willingness to sacrifice one’s personal interests for others.

ü Ambivalence- duality of experience, when the same person simultaneously evokes opposite feelings.

ü Androgogy- a section of didactics that reveals and develops the principles of adult learning.

ü Questionnaire- a questionnaire to obtain answers to a pre-compiled system of questions. It is used to obtain any information about who fills it out, as well as to study the opinions of large social groups. Questionnaires can be open (free answers by the respondent), closed (choose an answer from those offered) and mixed. Widely used in educational research.

ü Pedagogical anthropology- the philosophical basis of education, which allows us to understand the structure of education only by correlating it with the structure of the holistic nature of man; “the study of man in all manifestations of his nature with a special application to the art of education” (K.D. Ushinsky); Education in Anthropology is understood as an attribute of human existence.

ü Approbation(lat. approbatio - verification) - approval, approval based on research, experimental verification.

ü Affective- emotionally charged.

ü The barrier is psychological - a motive that prevents the performance of a certain activity or actions, in particular communication with an individual or group of people.

ü Conversation- 1) question-and-answer method of involving students in discussion, analysis of actions and development of moral assessments; 2) a method of obtaining information based on verbal (verbal) communication; 3) teaching method. Types: catechetical, or reproductive, - aimed at consolidating, testing the studied material by repeating it; heuristic, search - based on the students’ existing knowledge, the teacher leads them to master new concepts; Socratic - the search for truth through doubt, to which every conclusion obtained is subjected.

ü Validity- the degree of correspondence of the measured indicator to what was to be measured in sociological or psychological-pedagogical research.

ü Verbal- oral, verbal.

ü Extracurricular educational work- organization by the teacher of various types of activities for students outside of school hours, providing the necessary conditions for the socialization of the child’s personality.

ü Suggestion- a form of psychological influence associated with the weakening of conscious control in relation to perceived information.

ü Suggestibility- predisposition to suggestion.

ü Pedagogical impact- the influence of the teacher on the consciousness, will, emotions of the students, on the organization of their life and activities in the interests of developing the required qualities in them and ensuring the successful achievement of given goals.

ü Age approach in education- taking into account and using the patterns of personality development (physical, mental, social), as well as the socio-psychological characteristics of groups of pupils, determined by their age composition.

ü Will- conscious self-regulation by a person of his activities and behavior, ensuring overcoming difficulties in achieving the goal.

ü Upbringing- a socially, pedagogically and personally determined process of a person’s mastery of life experience, values, meanings and moral ways of behavior, carried out on the basis of cooperation with adults and peers and self-determination in culture and society.

ü Upbringing(as a social phenomenon) is a complex and contradictory socio-historical process of transferring socio-historical experience to new generations, carried out by all social institutions: public organizations, the media and culture, church, family, educational institutions of various levels and orientations. Education ensures social progress and continuity of generations.

ü Upbringing(as a pedagogical phenomenon) - 1) purposeful professional activity of a teacher, promoting the maximum development of the child’s personality, his entry into the context of modern culture, his formation as a subject of his own life, the formation of his motives and values; 2) a holistic, consciously organized pedagogical process of formation and education of the individual in educational institutions by specially trained specialists; 3) a purposeful, controlled and open system of educational interaction between children and adults, in which the pupil is an equal participant and there is an opportunity to make changes to it (the system) that contribute to the optimal development of children (in this definition, the child is both an object and a subject); 4) providing the pupil with alternative ways of behavior in various situations, leaving him the right to choose and find his own path; 5) the process and result of purposeful influence on the development of the individual, his relationships, traits, qualities, views, beliefs, ways of behavior in society (in this position, the child is the object of pedagogical influence); 6) purposeful creation of conditions for a person’s mastery of culture, its translation into personal experience through an organized long-term influence on the development of an individual from surrounding educational institutions, the social and natural environment, taking into account his potential capabilities in order to stimulate his self-development and independence; 7) (in the narrowest, specific meaning) the components of the holistic educational process: mental, directed, etc. upbringing.

ü Spiritual education- formation of a value-based attitude to life, ensuring sustainable and harmonious development of a person. This is the cultivation of a sense of duty, justice, sincerity, responsibility and other qualities that can give a higher meaning to a person’s deeds and thoughts.

ü Moral education- the formation of moral relations, the ability to improve them and the ability to act taking into account social requirements and norms, a strong system of habitual, everyday moral behavior.

ü Political education- formation in students of political consciousness, reflecting the relations between states, nations, parties, and the ability to understand them from spiritual, moral and ethical positions. It is carried out on the principles of objectivity, variability, freedom of choice of position and assessments within the boundaries of universal human values.

ü Sex education- systematic, consciously planned and implemented influence on the formation of sexual consciousness and behavior of children, preparing them for family life.

ü Legal education- the process of formation of legal culture and legal behavior, which consists in the implementation of legal education for all, overcoming legal nihilism, and the formation of law-abiding behavior.

ü Free upbringing- development of the strengths and abilities of each child, unhampered by any restrictions, full disclosure of his individuality. It is characterized by a categorical rejection of the system of education and training, based on the suppression of the child’s personality, regulation of all aspects of his life and behavior. Proponents of this model have attached and continue to attach exceptional importance to creating conditions for self-expression and free development of children's individuality, reducing pedagogy to the possible minimum. intervention and, moreover, excluding any violence and coercion. They believe that a child can only imagine what he has experienced internally, therefore the leading role in his upbringing and education should be played by childhood experiences and the accumulation of personal experience by children. This direction is directly related to the concept of free education by J.-J. Rousseau. However, these schools have not become widespread in the West. In Russia, the most striking experience in creating free education schools was the “Home of a Free Child”, created by K.N. Ventzel in 1906. He supported the ideas of free education of L.N. Tolstoy, organizing the life and education of peasant children in the Yasnaya Polyana school. There were other attempts: A. Radchenko’s “School of Naughty People” in Baku, the Moscow family school of O. Kaidanovskaya-Bervi, the educational complexes “Settlement” and “Children’s Labor and Leisure”, close to this direction, headed first by A.U. Zelenko, then S.T. Shatsky. Currently, there has been renewed interest in the ideas of free education. Waldorf schools and M. Montessori centers have been opened in Moscow and a number of other cities, and domestic models of free, non-violent education are being developed.

ü Social education- the process and result of spontaneous interaction of a person with the immediate living environment and the conditions of purposeful education (family, spiritual and moral, civil, legal, religious, etc.); the process of a person’s active adaptation to certain roles, normative attitudes and patterns of social manifestation; systematic creation of conditions for relatively targeted development of a person in the process of his socialization.

ü Labor education is a joint activity of the teacher and pupils, aimed at developing general labor skills and abilities, psychological readiness for work, the formation of a responsible attitude towards work and its products, and a conscious choice of profession. The path of labor education is the inclusion of the schoolchild in the full structure of work: its planning, organization, implementation, control, evaluation.

ü Mental education- formation of intellectual culture, cognitive motives, mental strength, thinking, worldview and intellectual freedom of the individual.

ü Physical education- a system of human improvement aimed at physical development, health promotion, ensuring high performance and developing the need for constant physical self-improvement.

ü Aesthetic education- purposeful interaction between educators and students, promoting the development and improvement in a growing person of the ability to perceive, correctly understand, appreciate and create beauty in life and art, to actively participate in creativity, creation according to the laws of beauty.

ü Ethical education- purposeful interaction between educators and students, with the goal of developing rules of good manners among them, forming a culture of behavior and relationships.

ü Good manners- the level of personal development, manifested in the consistency between knowledge, beliefs, behavior and characterized by the degree of development of socially significant qualities. Discord, the conflict between what a person knows, how he thinks and how he actually acts, can lead to an identity crisis. Good breeding is the current level of personality development, in contrast to good breeding - the potential level of the personality, the zone of its proximal development.

ü Educational work- purposeful activities to organize the life of adults and children, with the goal of creating conditions for the full development of the individual. Through educational work, the educational process is realized.

ü Educational system of pedagogical college- a set of interrelated components (educational goals, people who realize them, their activities and communication, relationships, living space), which makes up the integral socio-pedagogical structure of the college and acts as a powerful and constantly operating factor in personal and professional education. Signs of a humanistically oriented educational system of a pedagogical college: the presence of a unified concept for the development of a school educational system, the formation of a healthy lifestyle, a combination of frontal, group and individual forms of influence and interaction, ensuring the protective functions of the team, diverse and diverse joint activities of groups and associations of different ages. Examples of a humanistically oriented educational school system can be the schools of V. Karakovsky, A. Tubelsky and others.

ü Educational relationships- a type of relationship between people that arises in educational interaction, aimed at spiritual, moral, etc. development and improvement.

ü Educational ability- a person’s preparedness for the relatively rapid formation of new cognitive, emotional or behavioral skills and abilities.

ü Hypothesis- a statement about facts, empirical connections or principles of the functioning and development of phenomena that have no justification or are recognized as insufficiently substantiated.

ü Epistemology- theory of knowledge.

ü State educational standard - 1) the main document defining the educational level that must be achieved by graduates regardless of the form of education. Includes federal and national-regional components; 2) the main document that defines the final results of education in the academic subject. Compiled for each stage of education. The standard defines the goals and objectives of subject education, ideas, abilities and skills that students must master, technology for testing educational results; 3) the federal components of the State educational standard determine the mandatory minimum content of basic educational programs, the maximum volume of students’ study load, and the requirements for the level of training of graduates.

ü Professional readiness- the readiness of schoolchildren to choose their own work and professional path, to understand their own interests, individual psychological characteristics of their personality.

ü Group- a human community distinguished in the social whole on the basis of a certain characteristic. For example, small, large, diffuse, formal, informal, conditional, real, referent.

ü Humanization of education and training- implementation in the process of building relationships between a teacher and a student of the principles of a worldview, which is based on respect for people and care for them; placing the interests and problems of the child at the center of pedagogical attention; formation in children of an attitude towards the human person as the highest value in the world. Plays the role of social protection of children and childhood

ü Humanization of education- dissemination of the ideas of humanism on the content, forms and methods of teaching; ensuring the educational process of free and comprehensive development of the individual, his active participation in the life of society.

ü Humanism- the principle of a worldview, which is based on the recognition of the limitlessness of human capabilities and his ability to improve, the rights of the individual to freely express his abilities and beliefs, and the affirmation of human well-being as a criterion for assessing the level of social relations. Currently it is becoming one of the basic principles of pedagogy.

ü Humanistic pedagogical culture- part of universal human culture, integrating historical and cultural pedagogical experience and regulating the sphere of pedagogical interaction.

ü Humanitarianization of education- establishing a harmonious balance between natural-mathematical and humanitarian cycles in education with the goal of developing in each student a spiritually rich personality who can resist technocracy and inhumanity.

ü Humanities education- priority development of general cultural components in the content of education, aimed at developing the personal maturity of students.

ü Humanitarian- relating to human society, to man and his culture.

ü Humane pedagogical position- the value-semantic attitude of the teacher towards children, which is manifested in love, protection of their rights and interests, care for their health and well-being, dialogical communication, warm acceptance of each child as he is, support for each child’s individuality.

ü Humanity- humanity, a personality trait manifested in a kind, compassionate, empathetic attitude towards other people and all life on Earth.

ü Driving forces of the education process- objective contradictions between the updated needs of the student and the possibilities of satisfying them, regulated by the teacher. Resolving these contradictions through the activity of the student himself contributes to his development.

ü Deviant behavior- behavior that differs from the norm.

ü Pedagogical deontology- 1) the science of professional behavior of a teacher; 2) professional ethics, guaranteeing a relationship of trust between participants in activities and communication. It means pedagogical competence, tolerance towards other people and their ideas, moral responsibility for decisions made in educational and educational activities.

ü Activity approach- a principle prescribing the development of personality in diverse subject-based, transformative activities.

ü Activity- a form of mental activity of the individual aimed at understanding and transforming the world and the person himself. Activities consist of smaller units - actions, each of which has its own particular goal or task. Activity includes goal, motive, methods, conditions, result.

ü Pedagogical activities- professional activity aimed at creating in the pedagogical process optimal conditions for the education, development and self-development of the student’s personality and the choice of opportunities for free and creative self-expression. The main problem of teaching activity is combining the requirements and goals of the teacher with the capabilities, desires and goals of the students; The successful implementation of pedagogical activity is determined by the level of professional consciousness of the teacher, his mastery of pedagogical technology, pedagogical equipment. Three models of pedagogical activity: pedagogy of coercion (authoritarian pedagogy), pedagogy of complete freedom, pedagogy of cooperation.

ü Diagnostics- analysis of the state of objects and processes, identification of problems in their functioning and development.

ü Professional pedagogical duty- a system of moral requirements that determine the effective implementation of professional activities by a teacher.

ü Dominance- power, tendency and ability to occupy a dominant position.

ü Spirituality- 1) the highest level of development and self-regulation of a mature personality, when enduring human values ​​become the main guidelines for its life activity; 2) the individual’s focus on actions for the benefit of others, his search for moral absolutes; 3) from a Christian point of view - the connection of a person in his highest aspirations with God.

ü Spiritual values ​​of culture- these are human powers, abilities, captured in works of art and literature. Spiritual pedagogical values ​​are the totality of pedagogical knowledge, feelings, mood, and pedagogical thinking of a teacher.

ü Unit of pedagogical creativity- this is the moment (act) of interaction between a teacher and a student, during which a certain pedagogical task is solved. In this case, the nature of the interaction and the position of the teacher are important.

ü Life creativity- the process of variable, original design and implementation of one’s own, deeply individual (original) life activity. A student who masters the technology of life creativity creates his own life according to the laws of universal human values, implementing a variable approach to goal setting, forecasting, modeling, self-realization, self-esteem, correction, etc.; At the same time, it is important that the initial prerequisite for life creativity is the entry of a person into the space of culture, mastery of culturally appropriate forms of life activity; acts as a way of human existence in culture.

ü The task is pedagogical- understanding the current pedagogical situation and making decisions and a plan of necessary actions on this basis.

ü Difficulties- a break in activity that occurs due to any psychological barrier or interference. They can arise both for objective reasons (for example, the teacher, due to insufficient professional competence, does not know how to work with underachieving students, how to find an approach to a difficult student), and for subjective reasons (due to stress, fatigue, the teacher may not be able to take into account the condition of the students , although in principle he can do it).

ü Common sense- a set of generally accepted, often unconscious ways to explain and evaluate observed phenomena of the external and internal world.

ü Identity- conscious unity and continuity of human actions and mental processes.

ü Identical- identical, identical.

ü Ideology- a system of ideas and views: legal, philosophical, religious, aesthetic, political, expressing the interests of social groups.

ü Individuality- the unique uniqueness of the personality of each person who carries out his life activity as a subject of development and ontogenesis. Individuality is a generalized characteristic of a person’s psychological characteristics that ensure the performance of an activity. The stable manifestation of these features, their effective implementation in activities (game, work, sports, communication) determines the individual style of activity as a personal formation. A person’s individuality is formed on the basis of hereditary inclinations in the process of upbringing and, at the same time - and this is the main thing for a person - in the process of self-development, self-realization and conscious self-education.

ü Interiorization(Internalization) - the formation of internal structures of the human psyche due to the assimilation of the structures of external social activity; the transition of social content into individual content, into the internal driving forces of human behavior.

ü Introvert- inward-looking, withdrawn, uncommunicative.

ü Intuition- the ability to comprehend the truth by directly observing it without substantiation with the help of evidence.

ü Research activities- a set of original developments in the field of natural or social sciences, culture or education, involving careful, orderly research, depending on the nature and conditions of the problem posed (materials of the UNESCO General Conference).

ü Personality card- a brief description containing a systematic list of the main elements of personality.

ü Personality qualities- generalized personality traits that are distinguished by their stability, although they can be formed.

ü Qualification categories of education workers- a level of qualifications, professionalism and productivity of pedagogical and (or) managerial work that meets regulatory criteria, providing the employee with the opportunity to solve professional problems.

ü Professional qualification- levels of professional preparedness of an employee, allowing him to perform labor functions of a certain level and complexity in a specific type of activity. An indicator of professional qualifications are qualification categories that are assigned to an employee in accordance with the standard characteristics of a given profession.

ü Classification of education methods- a system of educational methods, ordered on a single basis. There are various classifications, but due to the difficulty of strictly distinguishing educational methods on a specific basis, most existing classifications are not clear. This dictionary presents a classification of educational methods based on the personal-activity approach.

ü Cool teacher- a pedagogical worker whose job responsibilities include: promoting the creation of favorable conditions for the individual development and formation of the child’s personality; making the necessary adjustments to the system of his upbringing; assistance in solving problems that children have when communicating with each other, with teachers, and parents; organization and education of a class team.

ü The team climate is socio-psychological- the emotional atmosphere that develops in the team and reflects the system of interpersonal relationships in it. The climate depends on the degree of cohesion of the team, people’s satisfaction with their stay in it, the process and the result of their activities and performs consolidating, stimulating, stabilizing and regulating functions.

ü Cognitive- informative.

ü College- higher or secondary educational institution. In Russia, colleges include newly formed and reorganized educational institutions that, as a rule, provide secondary specialized vocational education or, if the college is a structural unit of a university, general humanities education as incomplete higher education.

ü Team(from lat. collectivus - collective) - a group of people who mutually influence each other and are connected by a common social network. conditioned goals, interests, needs, norms and rules of behavior, jointly performed activities, common means of activity, unity of will expressed by the leadership of the team, thereby achieving a higher level of development than a simple group. The characteristics of a team also include the conscious nature of the association of people, its relative stability, clear organizational structure, the presence of bodies for coordinating activities. Collectives are primary and secondary. Primary groups are usually considered to be those in which there is direct interpersonal contact between its members. The secondary team is more complex in its charter; it consists of a number of primary teams.

ü Comparative studies- comparative analysis of the activities of social institutions, help services, pedagogical systems for supporting and protecting the identity of students, models of multicultural education in different countries.

ü General cultural competence- level of education sufficient for self-education and independent solution of cognitive problems that arise in this case and determination of one’s position.

ü Communicable(communicative) - inclined, capable of communication, i.e. establishing contacts and connections, easily establishing them.

ü Control(fr. controle) - 1) observation for the purpose of supervision, verification and identification of deviations from a given goal; 2) a management function that establishes the degree of compliance of decisions made with the actual state of affairs.

ü Conflict- clash of sides, opinions, forces: the highest stage of development of contradictions in the system of relations between people, social groups and institutions, society as a whole, which is characterized by the strengthening of opposing tendencies and interests of the parties.

ü Conformism- opportunism, passive perception of existing orders and public opinion.

ü Education concepts(from lat. conceptio - understanding, perception, system) - a system of views on the content and duration of studying basic academic disciplines V various types educational institutions, a certain way of understanding goals, objectives, and organization of educational programs.

ü Concept- belief system: the leading idea of ​​a work or scientific work.

ü Education concept- this is a set of ideas that reveal the purpose and essence of the educational process, as well as the positions and methods of influence of educators and students in the pedagogical process.

ü Credo- beliefs: views, foundations of worldview.

ü Criterion(from Greek Kriterion- a measure for evaluating something) - a means of testing a particular statement, hypothesis, theoretical construction, etc. There are criteria for assessing the activities of a modern educational institution, criteria for assessing the activities of a teacher, criteria for assessing the activities of a student, criteria for assessing the experience of a teacher’s creative activity, etc.

ü Culture(from lat. cultura - cultivation, education, development, veneration) is a historically determined level of development of society, creative powers and abilities of a person, expressed in the types and forms of organization of people’s lives and activities, in their relationships, as well as in the material and spiritual values ​​they create. Culture in education acts as its content component, a source of knowledge about nature, society, methods of activity, a person’s emotional-volitional and value-based attitude towards people around him, work, communication, etc.

ü School culture- a system of relations used to regulate the behavior of the teaching staff and its individual members in different conditions and circumstances; collective state of mind, mentality common to the teaching staff of a given school. The culture of the school determines standard ways to solve problems, helps reduce the number of difficulties in new situations, and can be focused on roles, tasks, people, and power.

ü Cultural approach- a general method of cognition and design of personality-oriented education, which prescribes a turn of all its components towards culture and man as its creator and subject capable of cultural self-development.

ü Personal development- development of the value-semantic sphere of the individual’s consciousness, ensuring the formation of his subjectivity.

ü Personal approach- a principle that prescribes as the main goal the formation and development of the individual as a subject of his own life, culture and history.

ü Personal and pedagogical self-regulation- this is the ability of an education specialist for constant self-control, self-esteem, self-discipline in order to bring them into line with the requirements of pedagogical ethics and morality.

ü Material values ​​of culture- objects, finished results of human activity, imprinted in the means of human existence.

ü Material pedagogical values- a variety of subjects, means of training and education, everything that increases their effectiveness.

ü Meditation- a series of mental actions, the purpose of which is to bring oneself into a mental state of more or less complete distraction from external influences, achieved by concentrating internal attention, the greatest possible muscle relaxation and emotional peace.

ü Intercultural interaction- this is a process conditioned simultaneously by natural, ethnolandscape and social, stereotypical behavioral conditions of interacting cultures.

ü Methodology(from Greek Methodos - way, way; logos - concept) is a scientific way of establishing the basis, emphasizing the meaning of concepts. Methodology is a science that determines the general direction of research development, its goals, boundaries, principles; doctrine of scientific method knowledge.

ü Study methods pedagogical culture - 1) methods of studying the personality and activities of a teacher in the natural conditions of the educational process (pedagogical observation, study of plans, teacher documentation, method of independent characteristics, conversation, etc.), 2) methods of special diagnostics of pedagogical culture: diagnostic situations, questioning , rating, test card, etc.

ü Monitoring- tracking any process or phenomenon during an experiment or practical activity.

ü Motive- motivation for activity related to the satisfaction of needs; a set of external and internal conditions that cause the subject’s activity and determine its direction; the conscious reason underlying the choice of actions and actions of an individual.

ü Multiculturalism- the process of education, support of migrant children in a multicultural space, assisting them in cultural identification in a foreign language environment, in their adaptation to multicultural education and society.

ü The science- sphere research activities, aimed at producing new knowledge about nature, society, and thinking.

ü Scientific work- the process through which employees of an educational institution prepare scientific publications on their subject, publish their works, and improve their activities as teachers.

ü Moral standards- a type of social norms that regulate the moral behavior and relationships of people, serving as the basis for evaluating their actions.

ü Social norms- a set of norms regulating a person’s behavior in society, in a team, his relationships with society and individuals.

ü Education(from Russian - creating an image) is the spiritual appearance of a person, which is formed under the influence of moral and spiritual values. Education is a special sphere of social life. It creates external and internal conditions for the development of a child and an adult and their interaction, as well as offline in the process of mastering cultural values.

ü Education- orderly interaction between the teacher and students, aimed at achieving the set goal.

ü Communication- interaction of subjects in which there is an exchange of rational and emotional information, activities, experience, knowledge, skills and abilities, as well as performance results.

. Parental authority(from Latin auctoritas - power, strength) - the distinctive characteristics of an individual or group, thanks to which they are trustworthy and can have a positive influence on the views and behavior of other people; The influence of parents on the beliefs and behavior of children is also recognized, based on deep respect and love for parents, trust in the high significance of their personal qualities and life experience, words and actions.

. Adaptation(from Latin adaptatio (adapto) - I adapt) - the body’s ability to adapt to various environmental conditions.

accreditation I (from the French accreditation (accredo) - trust) - in the field of education - a procedure for determining the status of a higher educational institution, confirming its ability to train specialists at the level of state requirements in a certain area (specialty).

. Acceleration(from Latin acceleratio - acceleration) - acceleration of the physical development of children, in particular height, weight, earlier puberty.

. Asset ( from Latin activus - active, effective) - a group of students, members of a specific team who are aware of the requirements of the team leader, help him in organizing the life activities of the students, and show a certain initiative.

. Activity(in studies) - a characteristic of the characteristics of a person’s cognitive activity, lies in the conscious use of intensive methods, means, forms of mastering knowledge, developing skills and skills.

. Andragogy(from gr androa - adult and agogge - management) - a branch of pedagogy that deals with the problems of education, training and upbringing of adults.

. Abnormal children(from gr anomalia (anomalos) - incorrect) - pupils who have significant deviations from the norms of physical or psychological development and require upbringing and training in special educational institutions.

. Asceticism(from gr asketes - ascetic) - extreme level of moderation, restraint, refusal of life's material and spiritual benefits, voluntary enduring of physical torment and difficulties.

. Postgraduate studies(from Latin aspirans - one who strives for something) - a form of training for scientific, pedagogical and scientific personnel.

. Audiovisual teaching aids(from Latin audire - listen and visualis - visual) - one of the means of educational learning technologies using developed audiovisual educational materials.

. Ball(from the French balle - ball, ball) - the result of assessing the educational activities of students in a conditionally formal reflection and numerical measurement.

. Didactic conversation- a teaching method that involves the use of students’ previous experience in a certain area of ​​knowledge and, on the basis of this, attracting them through dialogue to the awareness of new phenomena, concepts or reproduction already acquired.

. Types of education- general, polytechnic, professional. Types of human development - biological (physical), mental, social.

. Types of communication- verbal, manual (from Latin manualis - manual), technical, material, bioenergetic.

. Presentation problematic- creation by the teacher of a problem situation, helping students to identify and “accept” a problematic task, using verbal methods to activate the mental activity of students aimed at satisfying cognitive interests.

. Requirement- a method of pedagogical influence on the student’s consciousness in order to provoke, stimulate or inhibit certain types of his activities. Types of demands: demand-request, demand-trust, demand-approval, demand-advice, demand-hint, conditional demand, demand in game design, demand-condemnation, demand-distrust, demand-threat.

. Comprehensive education- education, which involves the formation of certain qualities in a person in accordance with the requirements of mental, moral, labor, physical and aesthetic education.

. Harmonious upbringing- education, which provides for the components of education (mental, moral, labor, physical, aesthetic) to complement each other and mutually enrich each other.

. Environmental education(from gr oikos - home, environment and logos - teaching) - a person’s acquisition of knowledge in the field of ecology and the formation of moral responsibility for the preservation of the natural environment and reasonable coexistence with it.

. Economic education- education provides for the solution of the following tasks: the formation of economic thinking, mastery of economic knowledge, skills and abilities of economic relations.

. Aesthetic education- the development of a person’s sense of beauty, the formation of skills and abilities to create beauty in the surrounding reality, to be able to distinguish the beautiful from the ugly, to live according to the laws of spiritual beauty.

. Moral education- education, involves mastering the norms and rules of moral behavior, the formation of feelings and beliefs, skills and abilities.

. Legal education- the formation of a high legal culture among citizens presupposes a conscious attitude of the individual to his rights and responsibilities, respect for the laws and rules of human society, readiness to comply and conscientiously fulfill certain requirements that express the will and interests of the people.

. Physical education- education, aims to create optimal conditions for ensuring sufficient physical development of the individual, maintaining his health, mastering knowledge about the characteristics of the human body, the physiological processes occurring in it, acquiring sanitary and hygienic skills and skills in caring for one’s own body, maintaining and developing it potency.

. National education- a system of educational ideals, views, beliefs, traditions, customs is historically determined and created by the ethnos, aimed at the expedient organization of the activities of members of society, during which the process of mastering the moral and spiritual values ​​of the people occurs, the connection and continuity of generations, the unity of the people is ensured.

. Sex education- mastering by the younger generation ethics and culture in the field of gender relations, developing in them the need to be guided by moral norms in relations between persons of the opposite sex.

. Gene(from gr genos - genus, origin, hereditary) - an elementary unit of heredity, a carrier of inclinations.

. Hygiene of educational work- a system of scientifically based rules for organizing the educational process, taking into account the necessary sanitary requirements.

. National dignity- an ethical category that characterizes a person from the point of view of expanding the concept of spiritual values ​​beyond the boundaries of one’s “I” and the combination of personal experiences and feelings with national values.

. Humanization of education- creating optimal conditions for intellectual and social development each pupil, identifying deep respect for a person, recognition of the natural right of the individual to freedom, social protection, development of abilities and manifestation of individuality, self-realization of physical, mental and social potential, to create a socio-psychic filter against the destructive effects of negative environmental factors, natural and social environment, instilling in young people feelings of humanism, mercy, and charity.

. Humanism(from Latin humanus - human, humane) - a progressive direction of spiritual culture, exalts man as greatest value in the world, affirms the human right to earthly happiness, protection of the rights to freedom, comprehensive development and manifestation of one’s abilities.

. Dalton plan- a form of educational organization that provided for such a technology: the content of educational material for each discipline was divided into parts (blocks), each student received an individual task in the form of a plan, independently worked on its implementation, reported on the work, gaining a certain number of points, and then received the next task. In this case, the teacher was assigned the role of organizer and consultant. Students were transferred from class to class not after graduation school year, and depending on the degree of mastery of the program material (C-4 times per year).

. Democratization of education- principles of organizing the educational system, providing for decentralization, autonomization of educational institutions, ensuring cooperation between educators and students, taking into account the opinions of the team and each individual, defining man as the highest natural and social value, and the formation of a free creative personality.

D demonstration- a teaching method that involves showing objects and processes in their natural form and dynamics.

. State education standard- a set of uniform norms and requirements for the level of educational training in certain educational institutions.

. Deviant behavior- (from Latin deviatio - deviation) - deviation from established norms of morality and law.

. Deduction I (from Latin deductio - deduction) - the transition from general concepts about an object of a certain type to private, partial knowledge.

. Definition(from Latin definitio - definition) - a short, logically motivated definition that reveals significant differences or characteristics of a particular concept.

. Didactics(from the gr. didaktikos - I teach) - a branch of pedagogy that develops the theory of education and teaching.

. Discussion(from Latin discussio - consideration, research) - a teaching method aimed at intensifying and efficiency of the educational process through the active activity of pupils (students) in search of scientific knowledge.

. Dispute- technique (using the method of persuasion) the formation of beliefs and conscious behavior through argument, discussion in the process of verbal communication with members of the primary team or other group.

. Thesis(from Latin dissertatio - research) - scientific work performed with the aim of its public defense for obtaining a degree.

. Discipline(from Latin disciplina - teaching, education, routine) - a certain order of people’s behavior, ensures consistency of actions in social relations, mandatory assimilation and implementation by the individual of the rules established by them.

. Psychological and pedagogical diagnostics(from the word diagnostikos - able to recognize) - a branch of psychology and pedagogy that develops methods for identifying individual characteristics and prospects for the development and education of a person.

. Dogmatism(from the word dogma - a teaching that is accepted as an immutable truth) - a method of assimilation and application of knowledge in which a particular teaching or position is perceived as a complete, eternal truth, usually applied without taking into account the specific conditions of life.

. Homeschool work- a form of educational organization that involves independent implementation by students (students) educational tasks during extracurricular time (directly at home, in extended day groups, etc.) --

. Assistant professor(from Latin docens - one who teaches) - the academic title of a teacher at a higher educational institution.

. Externship(from Latin externus - external, outsider) - a form of education based on independent mastery of academic disciplines in accordance with the professional educational program in the chosen specialty.

. Elitist(from French elite - best, selective (Latin eligo - I choose) - an educational institution that is distinguished by its influence, privileged position and prestige, and high level of education.

. Aesthetics(from gr aistesis - sensation, feeling) - the science of beauty and its role in human life, about the general laws of artistic knowledge of reality, the development of art.

. Ethics(from gr ethisa - habit, disposition) - a science that studies morality as a form of social consciousness, its essence, historical development.

ethnicization education (from gr ethos - people) - saturation of education with national content, aimed at the formation of national consciousness and national dignity of the individual, the formation of features of the national mentality, instilling in young people a sense of social responsibility for the preservation, enhancement and vital activity of ethnic culture.

. Ethnopedagogy- a science that studies the features of the development and formation of folk pedagogy.

. The task of education- ensuring comprehensive harmonious development of the individual.

. Makings of- genetically determined anatomical and physiological characteristics of the brain and nervous system, which are individually a natural prerequisite for the process of development and personality formation.

. Educational institutions- educational institutions that provide education and upbringing of the younger generation.

. Out-of-school establishments- children's educational institutions, whose activities are aimed at ensuring human needs in satisfying interests and inclinations, obtaining additional knowledge and skills by schoolchildren, developing intellectual potential, promoting the future professional choice of the individual. This group of institutions includes palaces and houses for children's and youth creativity, stations for young technicians, naturalists, sports, arts, music schools, children's libraries, theaters, cinemas, and children's iron shops.

. Habit- a way of behavior, the implementation of which in a certain situation acquires the character of internal needs for an individual.

. Patterns of the educational process- factors that reflect the necessary, significant, stable, repeating, common for a certain industry relationship between the phenomena of objective reality.

. Patterns of learning- factors that express the most necessary, essential, important, general for the organization of training.

. Promotion- a method of education that involves a pedagogical influence on the individual and expresses positive assessment teacher of the pupil’s behavior in order to consolidate positive qualities and stimulate active activity.

. Educational means- the property of material and spiritual culture (fiction and scientific literature, music, theater, radio, television, works of art, surrounding nature, etc.), forms and types of educational work (assemblies, talks, conferences, games, etc.), which used in the process of operating one or another method.

. Means of education- items of school equipment used in the process of educational work (books, notebooks, tables, laboratory equipment, writing materials, etc.).

. Healthy lifestyle- human life, taking into account the characteristics and capabilities of his body, ensuring socio-economic and biological conditions for its development and preservation.

. Knowledge- ideal expression in symbolic form of objective properties and connections of the natural and human world; the result of a reflection of the surrounding reality.

. Ideal(from the word idea - idea, idea) - the concept of moral consciousness and the category of ethics, containing the highest moral requirements, the possible implementation of which would personally allow her to acquire perfection; an image of something valuable and majestic in a person.

. Image(from English image - image, image) - the impression that a person makes on others, the style of his behavior, appearance, her manners. .

. Illustration(from Latin illustratio - illuminate, explain) - a teaching method that involves showing objects and processes in their symbolic representation (photos, drawings, diagrams, etc.)).

. Improvisation(from Latin improvisus - unpredictable, sudden) - the activity of an individual, a teacher-educator, is carried out in the process of pedagogical communication without prior preparation or comprehension.

. Individuality(from Latin individuum - indivisible) - a person is a personality that is distinguished by a set of traits, qualities, originality of the psyche, behavior and activity that emphasize its originality and uniqueness.

. Induction(from Latin inductio - inference) - a method of research, teaching, associated with the movement of thought from the individual to the general.

. Briefing(from Latin instructio - guidance) - "a teaching method that provides for the disclosure of norms of behavior, features of the use of methods and training tools, compliance with safety precautions on the eve of involvement in the process of performing training operations.

. Intensification of the educational process(from the French intensification (intensio) - tension) - activation of the mental capabilities of the individual to achieve the desired results.

. Internationalism(from Latin inter - between and natio - people) - a moral concept that denotes a respectful attitude towards other peoples, their history, culture, language, and the desire for mutual assistance.

. Infantilism(from Latin infantilis - childish) - a delay in the development of the body, manifested in the preservation in an adult of physical and mental traits characteristic of childhood.

. Categories of didactics(from the group Kategoria - statement, main and general feature) - general concepts, reflecting the most essential properties and relationships of objects and phenomena of the objective world; category, a group of objects, phenomena, united by a commonality of certain signs.

. Department(from the word kathedra - seat, chair): 1) a place for a teacher speaking, 2) in higher educational institutions - the main educational and scientific unit that carries out educational, methodological and research work with one or more related disciplines.

. Classification of methods- a classification that provides for grouping teaching methods depending on sources of information, logic of thinking, and level of independence in the process of cognition.

. Classroom teacher- a teacher who directly supervises the primary student body.

. Cloning(from gr klon - sprout, shoot) - a method of growing biological organisms from one cell using cell culture.

. Team- a socially significant group of people united by a common goal, act in concert to achieve this goal and have self-government bodies.

. Curriculum Component(school) - a list of academic disciplines that can be included in the working curriculum by decision of the school council (gymnasium, lyceum).

. Pedagogical council(from Latin consilium - meeting, meeting) - a meeting of teachers, educators and psychologists to find out the causes of various systematic deviations in the behavior of a pet and determine scientifically based methods for its re-education in the West.

notes t (from Latin conspectus - review) - a short written summary of the contents of a book, article, or oral presentation.

. Education concepts(from Latin conceptio - totality, system) - a system of views on certain phenomena, processes, a way of understanding, interpreting pedagogical phenomena; the main idea of ​​the theory of content and organization of human upbringing.

. Culture(from Latin kultura - upbringing, education, development) - the totality of practical, material and spiritual achievements of society throughout its history.

. Kurata r (from Latin curator, from curare - to care, worry): 1) trustee, guardian, 2) a person entrusted with general supervision of some work, 3) a person who supervises the educational process in a student group .

. Lecture(from Latin lectio - reading) is a teaching method that involves the use of students’ previous experience in a certain area of ​​​​knowledge and, on the basis of this, attracting them through dialogue to the awareness of new phenomena, concepts or reproduction of those already acquired.

. Leader(from the English leader - one who leads, manages) - a member of a team, in important situations is able to exercise a noticeable influence on the behavior of other members of the team, take initiative in actions, take responsibility for the activities of the team, and lead it.

. Licensing(from Latin licentia - right, permission) - a procedure for determining the ability of an educational institution of a certain type to conduct educational activities related to obtaining higher education and qualifications in accordance with the requirements of higher education standards, as well as state requirements regarding personnel, scientific-methodological and material technical support.

. License- special permission received from government bodies for various types of activities, including educational ones.

. Logic of the educational process-an optimally effective path for the movement of human cognitive activity from the initial level of knowledge, abilities, skills and development to the desired level of knowledge, abilities, skills and development. It includes a number of components: awareness and understanding of educational tasks; independent activity aimed at mastering knowledge, defining laws and rules, developing skills and abilities to apply knowledge in practice; analysis and assessment of students' educational activities.

. Speech therapy(from the gr logos - word and paideia - education, training) - a science that studies speech disorders and deals with the correction of speech defects.

. Human- a biological creature of the homo sapiens type (thinking man), which is characterized by physiological and biological characteristics: straight gait, developed cranium, forelimbs, etc.

. master(from Latin magister - boss, teacher) - an academic degree awarded in higher educational institutions.

. Master's degree(from Latin magistratus - dignitary, chief) - the governing body in higher educational institutions that prepare masters.

. Pedagogical skill- perfect creative performance by the teacher-educator of professional functions at the level of art, the result of which is the creation of optimal socio-psychological conditions for the development of the student’s personality, ensuring a high level of intellectual, moral and spiritual development.

. Mentality(from it Mentalitnet, from Latin mentis - way of thinking, mental disposition, soul, mind, thinking) - worldview, attitude, vision of oneself in the world, features of the manifestation of national character, personal character, attitude towards the surrounding myrtle.

. Purpose of education- ideal prediction of the final results of education.

. Education methods(from gr methodos - way, way) ways of influence of the teacher on the consciousness, will and behavior of the pupil in order to form stable beliefs and certain norms of behavior.

. Research methods- methods, techniques and procedures for empirical and theoretical knowledge of the phenomena and processes of pedagogical reality.

. Teaching methods- orderly ways of activity of teachers and students, aimed at effectively solving educational problems.

. youth subculture- the culture of a certain generation of youth, which is distinguished by a common lifestyle, behavior, group norms, values ​​and interests.

. Monitoring(from English monitoring, from Lat monitor - one who looks after, observes) - 1) observation, assessment and forecast of condition environment in connection with human economic activity, 2) collection of information by means of mass communication 3) observation of educational and educational processes in order to identify their compliance with the desired result or previous assumptions.

. Moral b (from Latin moralis - moral, from moris - custom) - one of the forms of social consciousness, a system of views and ideas, norms and assessments that regulate people's behavior.

. Motives of the teaching(from French motif, from Latin moveo - I move) - internal psychic powers(motors) that stimulate cognitive activity person. Types of motives: social, incentive, cognitive, professional-value, mercantile linen.

. Possession- application of knowledge in practice is carried out at the level of automated actions through repeated repetitions.

. Suggestion- various means of verbal and non-verbal emotional influence on a person with the aim of introducing her into a certain state or inducing her to certain actions.

. Modular training(from Latin modulus - measure) - organization of the educational process, which is aimed at assimilation of an integral block of adapted information and provides optimal conditions for the social and personal growth of participants in the pedagogical process.

. Problem-based learning- training, which differs in that the teacher creates a certain cognitive situation, helps students identify a problematic task, understand it and “accept” it; organizes students to independently master a new amount of knowledge necessary to solve problems; offers a wide range of use of acquired knowledge in practice.

. Distance learning- modern educational technology using means of transmitting educational and methodological information at a distance (telephones, television, computers, satellite communications, etc.)).

. Oligophrenopedagogy(from gr oligos - small and phren - mind and pedagogy) - a branch of pedagogical science that deals with the education and training of mentally retarded people.

. Optimizing the learning process(from Latin optimus - best, most) - the process of creating the most favorable conditions (selection of methods, teaching aids, provision of sanitary and hygienic conditions, emotional factors, etc.) for those received. Anna the desired results without additional time and physical effort.

. Higher education- an education system that provides fundamental, general cultural, practical training of specialists who should determine the pace and level of the scientific, technical, economic and socio-cultural process, the formation of the intellectual potential of societies.

. Preschool education- the initial structural component of the education system, which ensures the development and upbringing of children in the family and preschool educational institutions (nurseries, kindergartens).

. Extracurricular education- components of the education system aimed at meeting human needs in satisfying interests and inclinations, obtaining additional knowledge and skills for children, and developing intellectual potential.

. Education polytechnic(from gr poly - a lot and techne - art, skill, dexterity) - one of the types of education, the objectives of which are to familiarize yourself with various branches of production, knowledge of the essence of many technological processes, and mastery of certain skills in servicing simple technological processes.

. Education professional- education, aimed at mastering the knowledge, skills and abilities necessary to perform the tasks of professional activity.

. Vocational education- education ensures that citizens receive a certain profession in accordance with their vocation, interests and abilities, social preparation for participation in productive labor.

. Secondary general education- a leading component of the education system, providing education and upbringing for children under 18 years of age, preparing them for vocational education and work.

. Education-media- a direction in pedagogy that involves schoolchildren (students) studying the laws of mass communications (press, television, radio, cinema, etc.)).

. Education- measure cognitive activity of the individual, which manifests itself in the level of acquired knowledge that can be used in practical activities.

personality b - socio-psychological concept; a person is characterized from a socio-psychological point of view primarily by the level of mental development, the ability to assimilate social experience, and the ability to get along with other people.

. Educational and qualification characteristics- a set of basic requirements for the professional qualities, knowledge and skills of a specialist necessary for the successful performance of his professional functions.

. Orthodox(from gr orthodoxos - true believer) - a person who unswervingly adheres to a certain teaching, doctrine, belief system.

. Memory- the body’s ability to store and reproduce information about the external world and its internal state for its further use in the process of life.

. Paradigm(from gr paradeigma - example, sample) - recognition of scientific achievements that, over a certain period of time, provide the community with models for posing problems and solving them.

. Pedagogy(from gr paidec - children; ano - I lead) - the science of learning, education and upbringing of people in accordance with the needs of the socio-economic development of society.

. Waldorf pedagogy- a set of methods and techniques of education and training, based on the anthroposophical (anthroposophy is a religious-mystical teaching that puts in place God a deified person) interpretation of human development as a holistic interaction of bodily, mental and spiritual factors.

. Folk pedagogy- a branch of empirical pedagogical knowledge and folk experience, reflecting views on the system, directions, forms, means of education and training of the younger generation.

. Pedology(from the group pais - child and logos - teaching) - the science of the child, especially its anatomical, physiological, mental and social development.

. Pedocentrism(from gr pais (pados) - child, lat centrum - center) is one of the areas of pedagogy, which argues that the content, organization and methods of teaching are determined by the immediate interests and problems of children.

. Re-education- a system of educational influences of a teacher on a student with the aim of inhibiting negative manifestations in behavior and affirming positive qualities in activities.

. Belief- the rational moral basis of a person’s activity allows her to carry out a certain act consciously; the basic moral attitude that determines the purpose and direction of a person’s actions, a firm belief in something for some reason, based on a certain idea, worldview.

. Perspective- goal, “tomorrow’s joy” (AC. Makarenko), which acts as a stimulus in the activities of the team and its individual members.

. Textbook- an educational book that reveals the content of educational material in a certain discipline in accordance with the requirements of the current program.

. A comprehensive approach to education- an approach to education that presupposes the unity of goals, objectives and means of achieving it through the activities of various social institutions (family, educational institutions, the media).

. Study plan- a normative document that defines for each type of general education educational institutions a list of educational subjects, the order of their study by year, the number of hours per week allocated for their study, and the schedule of the educational process.

. Extracurricular educational work- educational measures that are carried out in general educational institutions under the guidance of teacher educators.

. Extracurricular educational work- various types of independent educational work of students within the framework of the education and upbringing system (home study work, excursions, circle work and etc.)).

. Training manual- an educational book in which the content of educational material is revealed, which does not always meet the requirements of the current program, but goes beyond its limits; additional tasks are identified aimed at expanding the cognitive interests of students and developing their independent cognitive activity.

. Training- organization of systematic and regular performance by pupils of certain actions with elements of coercion and obligation in order to form stable habits of behavior.

. Reception of education- component of the method, determines the way to implement its requirements.

. Reception training- a component of the method, certain one-time actions aimed at realizing its requirements.

. Example- a method of education that involves organizing a role model in order to optimize the process of social inheritance.

. Principles of education(from Lat rginsirium - basis, beginning) - initial provisions that are the foundation of the content, forms, methods, means and techniques of the educational process.

. Principles of Education(from Lat rginsirium - basis, beginning) - the initial provisions that form the basis for the activities of the entire education system of Ukraine and its structural divisions.

. Management principles- initial provisions that determine the main directions, forms, means and methods of managing general education educational institutions.

pedagogical prognosis(from the gr prognostike - the art of making a forecast) - a field of scientific knowledge that examines the principles, patterns and methods of forecasting for objects that are studied by pedagogy.

. Training program- a normative document that describes the content of educational material with the definition of sections, topics, and the approximate number of hours for their study.

. Professionogram- description of the requirements, socio-psychological and physical personal qualities that a certain profession puts forward . Profession(from Latin professio - officially specified occupation) - a type of work activity that requires certain knowledge and work skills and is a source of existence and life activity.

. Psychotechnics- direction in psychology, develops issues of applying knowledge about human mental activity in the process of solving practical problems of educating a person’s personality.

. Rada of a general education educational institution- an association of employees of a general education institution, students, parents and the public, which operates during the period between the general meeting (conference) to resolve social, organizational and economic issues in the life of a general education educational institution.

. Pedagogical Rada- association of teachers of an educational institution for the purpose of considering issues of organizing and improving the educational process.

. Rating(from the English rating - assessment, class, rank) - an individual numerical indicator in the education system, an assessment of the success, achievements, knowledge at a particular moment of an individual in a certain field, discipline, allows you to determine the level of such achievements or the quality of knowledge in other ways.

retardation(from Latin retardatio - delay, slowdown) - a lag in children's development.

. Essay(from Latin refeire - to report, report) - a brief summary of the contents of the book read, scientific work, a message on the results of the researched scientific problem.

. Education levels- gradual acquisition of general educational and professional training through certain stages: primary education, basic general education, complete secondary education, vocational education, basic higher education, higher.

. Physical development- growth of a biological organism as a result of cell division.

. Driving force for development- the result of contradictions between biological, physical and mental needs and the existing level of physical, mental and social development of the individual.

. The driving force of the educational process- the result of contradictions between socio-psychological and physiological needs and the existing level of education of the individual.

. The driving force of the educational process- the result of contradictions between cognitive and practical tasks, on the one hand, and, on the other, the current level of knowledge, skills and abilities, on the other.

. Self-education- systematized and purposeful activity of the individual, aimed at the formation and improvement of his positive qualities and overcoming negative ones.

. Synthesis- a method that involves the mental or practical combination of elements or properties of an object or phenomenon identified by analysis into one whole.

. Education system- a set of educational institutions, scientific, scientific-methodological and methodological institutions, scientific and production enterprises, state and local educational authorities and self-government in the field of education.

. Scout(from the English scout - scout) is one of the systems of out-of-school education, which is the basis for the activities of children's and youth scout organizations. Originated at the beginning of the 20th century. Scout organizations for boys (i.e. oiscoutiv) and for girls (girl scouts) operate separately.

. Family- a socio-psychological association of close relatives (parents, children, grandparents) living together and providing biological, social and economic conditions for procreation.

. Aesthetic tastes- a person’s stable, emotional-evaluative attitude towards beauty, which has a selective, subjective nature.

. Heredity- the ability of biological organisms to transmit certain inclinations to their offspring.

. Speciality- it is necessary for society to limit the area of ​​application of a person’s physical and spiritual forces, which gives it the opportunity to obtain the necessary means for life, a complex of knowledge and practical skills acquired by a person to engage in a certain type of activity.

. Pedagogical communication- a system of organic socio-psychological influence of the teacher-educator and student in all areas of activity, has certain pedagogical functions, is aimed at creating optimal socio-psychological conditions for the active and productive life of the individual.

. Observation- a teaching method that involves the perception of certain objects, phenomena, processes in the natural and industrial environment without outside interference in these phenomena and processes.

. Collective and creative affairs- a form of extracurricular educational activities, in the preparation and implementation of which all members of the children's team take part, and each student has the opportunity to identify and develop their interests and capabilities.

. Staged development of the team- an expression of the internal dialectics of its formation, which is based on the level of relationships between the teacher and students, between members of the team.

. Democratic style(from the gr demokratia - power of the people, democracy) - taking into account the opinions and freedom of the collective in organizing the life activities of students.

. Liberal style(from Latin liberalis - free) - unprincipled indifference to the negative influences of students, connivance with students.

. Process structure skill- a number of interrelated and interdependent components: perception (direct, indirect), understanding (awareness, comprehension, insight), memorization, generalization and systematization, comparison, effective practice as an impetus to knowledge and a criterion for the truth of the knowledge gained.

. The structure of the education process- logically interconnected components that ensure the process of personality formation: mastering the rules and norms of behavior, the formation of feelings and beliefs, the development of these skills and habits in behavior, practical activity in the social environment.

. Deaf pedagogy(from Latin surdus - deaf and pedagogy) - a branch of pedagogy (in particular defectology), dealing with the problems of development, training and education of children with hearing impairments.

. Pedagogical tact(from Latin tactus - touch, sensation) - a sense of proportion, a sense of the specific state of the pet, which tells the teacher a delicate way of behavior in communicating with students in various fields of activity; VMI must choose the most appropriate approach to the individual in the system of educational relations with him.

. Talent(from gr talanton - weight, measure) - a set of abilities that make it possible to obtain a product of activity that is distinguished by novelty, high perfection and social significance.

. Tests(from English test - test, research) - a system of formalized tasks to identify the level of preparedness of students (students), mastery of this knowledge, skills, abilities.

. Pedagogical technology(from the word technike - skillful, experienced) - a set of rational means and behavioral characteristics of the teacher-educator, aimed at the effective implementation of his chosen methods and techniques of teaching and educational work with an individual student or the entire class team in accordance with the teacher’s stated goal and specific objective and subjective prerequisites (skills in the field of speech culture; mastery of one’s body, facial expressions, pantomime, gestures; ability to dress; take care of one’s appearance; compliance with the tempo and rhythm of work; ability to communicate; mastery of psychotechnics).

. Type of training- the method and features of organizing human mental activity. In the history of school education, the following types of teaching have been distinguished: dogmatic, explanatory-illustrative, problem-based.

. Type of teaching: dogmatic- a type that is characterized by the following features: the teacher communicates to students a certain amount of knowledge in a ready-made form without explanation; students memorize them without awareness or understanding and recite what they have memorized almost word for word.

. Type of teaching: explanatory and illustrative- this type, which consists in the fact that the teacher communicates to students a certain amount of knowledge, explains the essence of phenomena, processes, laws, rules, etc., using illustrative material; students are able to assimilate the proposed portion of knowledge and reproduce it at the level of deep understanding; be able to apply knowledge in practice.

. Typhlopedagogy(from the gr. typhlos - blind and pedagogy) - a branch of pedagogy (in particular defectology) about the peculiarities of raising and teaching children with visual impairments.

. Skill- a person’s ability to consciously perform a certain action based on knowledge, readiness to apply knowledge in practical activities based on consciousness.

. Persuasion- one of the techniques of the persuasion method, aimed at preventing the pupil’s deliberate actions in order to inhibit them, taking into account the individual characteristics of his socio-psychological development.

. Lesson- a form of educational organization in which a teacher conducts classes in a classroom with permanent staff students who have approximately the same level of physical and mental development, according to an established schedule and regulations.

. Biological inheritance- the process of receiving by future generations from biological parents certain inclinations due to the gene-chromosomal structure.

. Social inheritance- the process of a child’s assimilation of the socio-psychological experience of his parents and environment (languages, habits, behavioral characteristics, moral and ethical qualities, etc.)).

A teacher is a specialist who has special training and carries out the training and education of the younger generation.

. Parenting factors(from the Latin Factor - what does) - objective and subjective factors that influence the determination of the content, directions, means, methods, forms of education.

. Fetish(from the French fetiche - amulet, magic): 1) an inanimate object, which, according to believers, is endowed with supernatural magical power and serves as an object of religious worship, 2) an object of blind worship.

. Forms of training(from Latin forma - appearance, structure) - organization of students’ educational activities clearly expressed in time and space, associated with the activities of the teacher::

Bell Lancastrian- a form of organization of teaching, which consists in the fact that one teacher supervised the educational activities of a large group of students (200-250 people), involving older students (monitors) in this work; the teacher first taught the monitors, and then they taught their comrades in small groups ("mutual learning")nya");

brigade-laboratory- a form of training organization, which consists in the fact that the class is divided into teams (5-9 people each), headed by elected team leaders; educational assignments give to the team that must work on them; the success of educational work is determined by the quality of the foreman’s report

. Group a - teacher training of a group of students who are at different levels of age and mental development without observing the schedule and regulations;

individual- teacher teaching only one student. Forms of work class teacher- individual, group, frontal, verbal, practical, subject.

. Formation(from Latin formo - form) - the formation of a person as an individual, which occurs as a result of development and upbringing and has certain signs of completion.

. Functions of the class teacher- to provide conditions for the comprehensive harmonious development of schoolchildren, to coordinate the activities of all educators in the implementation of national education, to study the individual characteristics of class students, to organize a primary children's team, to take care of strengthening and maintaining the health of schoolchildren, to develop the skills of thoroughness and discipline of schoolchildren, to organize extracurricular educational work , work with parents, achieve unity of requirements for students, maintain class documentation.

. Team functions- organizational, stimulating, educational.

Functions of learning (from Latin functio - execution, commission) - functions that involve the implementation of educational, educational and developmental actions.

. Functions of pedagogy(from Latin functio - execution, accomplishment) - clearly defined directions and types of activities related to the tasks of the comprehensive harmonious development of the individual.

. Family functions- biological (reproductive), social, economic.

. Function ( from Latin functio - execution, accomplishment) - a method of action of a thing or element of a system, aimed at achieving a certain effect. The function of the family is aimed at solving biological (reproductive), social and economic problems in the system of continuing maternity care.

furcations(from Latin furcatus - separate) - the construction of curricula in the senior classes of general educational institutions in certain fields - humanities, physics and mathematics, natural sciences, etc. - with preference for one or another group of academic disciplines.

. Universal moral values- moral and spiritual acquisitions acquired by previous generations, regardless of race, nationality or religion, which determine the basis of the behavior and life of an individual or certain ones together.

. National moral values- historically conditioned and created by a certain ethnic group, views, beliefs, ideals, traditions, customs, rituals, practical actions based on universal human values, but reflect certain national manifestations, originality in behavior and serve as the basis for the social activities of people of a separate ethnic group.

. Small school- a school without parallel classes with a small number of students.

school knowledge- a branch of pedagogy that studies the tasks, content and methods of managing school affairs, the management system and organization of activities of general education educational institutions.