114. Financing of innovation activities (end) Innovation is the result of investing in the development and acquisition of new knowledge, not previously used ideas for updating the areas of people's lives: technology; products; organizational forms of society

Principles of organizing everyday and innovative activities To catch the difference in approaches to organizing everyday and innovative work, we can compare cast members, i.e. actors, as Disney calls its Disneyland employees, with imagineers, i.e.

Muller R.W. 1

1 St. Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, St. Petersburg

The article reveals the essence, role and significance of innovations, gives a classification of innovations and innovations according to a number of fundamental features. The concepts of "innovation" and "innovation" are considered separately, taking into account the peculiarities of innovative processes, organizational and economic mechanism and types of innovations. Classifications of innovations are carried out on various grounds. These classifications confirm that the processes of innovation are diverse and different in nature, therefore, the forms of their organization, the scale and ways of influencing innovation activity are also diverse. It is concluded that the Russian economy is not ready for investment, since the profitability of financial transactions is higher than the average profitability of financial investments. Innovation is considered from different perspectives: in relation to technology, commerce, social systems, economic development and policy formulation. Accordingly, in scientific literature there is a wide range of approaches to the conceptualization of innovation.

innovation

innovative project

investment

efficiency

1. Zavlin P.N., Kazantsev A.K., Mindeli L.E. Innovation management. – M.: TsISN, 1998.

2. Makarova I.A. Mechanism for selection of innovative projects // Issue 3: Interuniversity collection of scientific papers. - St. Petersburg: Publishing House VATT, 2007.

3. Medynsky V.G. Innovation management: textbook. ( Higher education). – M.: INFRA-M, 2007.

4. Morozov Yu.P. Innovation management: textbook. allowance. – M.: UNITI-DANA, 2000.

5. Prigogine A.I. Innovation: Incentives and Perspectives. - M., 1998.

A variety of specific conditions, including economic, organizational and others, in innovative activity leads to the fact that, despite the commonality of the subject of innovation, each of its implementation is unique. At the same time, there are many classifications of innovations and, accordingly, the subjects of innovation activity. Let's consider some of them. The differences between radical and improving, or modifying, innovations express qualitative differences in the level of novelty of the respective innovations and indicate the dependence of the latter on the former: radical innovations serve as the basis for subsequent improvements. Behind these differences, two essentially different types of innovative activity actors are revealed. Their organizational structures are in many respects opposite, and their relationship is very dialectical. After the introduction of a radical innovation, the improving one serves to further its development and prolongs the effect. But at the initial stages, radical innovations encounter resistance from the mechanisms and structures of improving activity.

Features of innovative processes, which an innovative manager should take into account when creating an organizational and economic mechanism for his own business, follow from the predominant type of innovation. An important step in the analysis of innovations is their classification according to a number of fundamental features (Table 1).

The classifications given in this table confirm that the processes of innovation are diverse and different in nature, therefore, the forms of their organization, the scale and ways of influencing innovation activity are also diverse.

Among economists who study the problems of innovation, an important place is occupied by the German scientist G. Mensch, who tried to link economic growth rates and cyclicality with the emergence of basic innovations. In his opinion, at the moments when basic innovations exhaust their potential, a situation of “technological stalemate” arises, which determines stagnation in economic development. Such a formulation of the question and introduction to circulation this definition have great scientific, and taking into account the current situation in Russia, and practical value. Mensch believed that industrial development is a transition from one technological stalemate to another. As a result of the emergence of basic innovations, new enterprises arise, the development cycles of which turn out to be interconnected. The production of new goods at the initial stage, as a rule, lags behind demand and therefore is characterized by high growth rates during this period. Mensch connects the cyclical nature of the economy with the cyclical nature of innovations and the phases of development of new enterprises. He pointed to the moment when the production of new goods begins to exceed demand. From that time on, firms begin to look for exits to foreign markets, the rate of profit falls, and less and less funds are directed to investments. Capital flows to financial markets. Sooner or later, speculative financial transactions reach gigantic proportions and the rate of profit in the monetary sphere falls below the rate of profit in industry. This means, according to Mensch, that the financial sector is ripe for investment in the real sector. This is very relevant for Russian practice. It is obvious that the Russian economy is not ready for investments, since the profitability of financial transactions is higher than the average profitability of financial investments.

Table 1

Classification of innovations

Many provisions of Mensch's concept have been critically reviewed and developed by other authors. In particular, the German economist A. Kleinknecht clarifies the thesis about the formation of innovation clusters at the depression stage. He believes that clusters of innovation-products are indeed formed at the phase of depression, but innovation-processes - at the stage of increasing the long wave.

A significant place in the theory of innovation management is occupied by concepts that study the formation of technological systems and ways of disseminating innovations. These concepts are being developed by a number of scientists, among them are the English economists K. Freeman, D. Clark and L. Sute. They introduced the concept of a technological system of interconnected families of technical and social innovations. According to the authors, the rate of economic growth depends on the formation, development and aging of technological systems. Diffusion, or the process of dissemination of innovations, is considered as a mechanism for the development of a technological system. The authors link the rate of diffusion of innovations with the market mechanism. They note that the diffusion of innovations requires appropriate conditions and incentives. The impetus for the development of the economy is the emergence of basic innovations in certain sectors of production (here one can see a similarity with Mensch's concept). The aging of technological systems in some countries and the emergence of new ones in others leads to uneven cross-country development. Economic growth is seen as a consequence of the emergence of new industries.

Yu.V. Yakovets and E.G. Yakovenko.

Yu.V. Yakovets singled out the cycles and phases of the development of technology, and also carried out a periodization of scientific and technological revolutions. In the works of E.G. Yakovenko and his colleagues considered the life cycles of products, modeling the processes of cyclicity at the microlevel. Many of the findings of these researchers can be used in the development of mechanisms for regulating market processes, taking into account the life cycle of technologies, products and industries.

Yu.V. Yakovets identifies four types of innovation in terms of the cyclical development of technology:

• the largest basic innovations implement the largest inventions and become the basis for revolutionary revolutions in technology, the formation of its new directions, and the creation of new industries. Such innovations require a long time and large expenses for their development, but they provide a significant national economic effect in terms of level and scale; however, they do not occur every year;
• major innovations (based on a similar rank of inventions) form new generations of technology within this direction. They are implemented in a shorter time and at lower cost than basic innovations, but the leap in technical level and efficiency is relatively smaller;
• average innovations implement the same level of invention and serve as the basis for creating new models and modifications of this generation of technology, replacing outdated models with more efficient ones or expanding the scope of this generation;
• small innovations improve individual production or consumer parameters of the produced models of technology based on the use of small inventions, which contributes either to more efficient production of these models or to an increase in the efficiency of their use.

Pavit and Walker distinguish seven types of innovations, depending on the extent to which they use scientific knowledge and their wide application:

Based on the use of fundamental scientific knowledge, the results of which are widely used in various fields social activities(computer, etc.);

Innovations that are also based on scientific research, but have a limited scope (for example, measuring instruments for chemical production);

Developed using already existing technical knowledge, innovations with a limited scope (for example, new type mixer for bulk materials);

Innovations included in combinations various types knowledge in one product;

Use of one product in different areas;

Technical innovations. Introduced as a spin-off of a major research program (a ceramic pot created from space program research);

The application of already known techniques or methods in a new field.

A detailed and original typology of innovations was given by A.I. Prigogine. He shared innovation:

• by type of innovation: logistical and social, economic, organizational and managerial, legal and pedagogical;
• by implementation mechanism: single, diffusion, completed and incomplete, successful and unsuccessful;
• by innovative potential; radical, combined; modifying;
• according to the features of the innovation process: intra-organizational, inter-organizational;
• by efficiency: production and management efficiency, improvement of working conditions, etc.

The author divided the concepts of "innovation" and "innovation". Innovation is the subject of innovation. Innovations and innovations have different life cycles. Innovation is development, design, manufacture, use, obsolescence; innovation is origin, diffusion, routinization .

According to the nature of social goals, innovations are distinguished:

Economic, profit-oriented (production of medicines for export, etc.);

Economic, not profit-oriented (environmental, etc.);

Special (military, healthcare, education, etc.).

In view of the foregoing, these classifications of innovations can be presented in a single scheme (Table 2). This classification of innovations allows, by means of a survey and certification, to diagnose the subjects of innovative entrepreneurship, highlight the main features of each cluster and fix the main groups of innovative entrepreneurship subjects.

Table 2 Generalized classification of innovations by features

Reviewers:

Makarov A.D., Doctor of Economics, Professor of the Department of Applied Economics and Marketing of the St. Petersburg National research university information technology, mechanics and optics, St. Petersburg;

Semenov V.P., Doctor of Economics, Professor, Head of the Department of Quality Management and Mechanical Engineering, St. Petersburg State University of Engineering and Economics, St. Petersburg.

The work was received by the editors on April 5, 2012.

Bibliographic link

Innovation (innovation)- the result of scientific and technical activity, designed as an object of intellectual property, materialized in the production sector (carried out in the service sector) and demanded by the consumer.

J. Schumpeter, who first used this term, interpreted innovation as a new combination of resources motivated by an entrepreneurial spirit. Common sense is also the understanding of innovation as an innovation that has received public recognition through commercialization, transformation into a product or service. All interpretations of the concept of "innovation" are united by a common feature- new consumer value of the product created in the process of innovation. The main properties of innovation:

• o scientific and technical, technological or managerial novelty;
• o practical applicability (the possibility of implementation in a specific project);
• o compliance with market demand (public needs);
• o potential profitability. The following functions of innovations are distinguished:
• o transform function, the essence of which is that innovation allows you to combine theory with practice in a particular subject area; reify scientific knowledge; apply them to the benefit of society. A successful innovation, if widely disseminated, can change the economic structure and direction of economic development in a particular country, in a group of countries of the same technological level, or in the world as a whole;
• o stimulating function. consisting in the fact that innovation gives impetus to the development of human capital and science in the country through the material interest of all participants in the innovation process;
• o reproductive function, consisting in the fact that innovation serves as a source of economic growth and changes the structure of the country's gross domestic product in favor of its greater knowledge intensity. This happens due to an increase in the share (specific weight) of high-tech industries;
• o social function, confirming the inseparability of the two-way connection between economic processes and factors of social life. Innovations contribute to the saturation of the market with high-quality goods and services, which is important, because most of the needs of a modern person are still in the material plane. Through innovation towards greater comfort, the environment is being changed and the quality of life is being improved. Necessary condition recognition of the success of an innovative solution, its environmental friendliness is currently being considered.

In the process of innovative activity, an enterprise can function with the greatest efficiency only if it is clearly focused on a specific object and guided by the maximum consideration of the impact of external and internal environmental factors. This requires a detailed classification of innovations, their properties and possible sources of funding. There is no single, universally recognized classification of innovations, or at least classification features. Each author considers it his duty to offer both his own set of classification features and his own list of innovations that fall under these features1.

Most researchers give the following types of classification features:

• o according to technological parameters of objects of innovative changes;
• o scientific and technical significance;
• o the cause of occurrence;
• o frequency of application;
• o the place of innovation in the microeconomic system;
• o the scope of a specific implementation;
• o on the scale of novelty.

By the criterion of technological parameters of objects of innovative changes distinguish product and process innovations. Product innovation include:

• - obtaining fundamentally new goods and services (both consumer and industrial purposes);
• - use of new materials, semi-finished products, components.

Process innovation involve the use of new technologies (as a rule, more productive ones), new methods of organizing economic activity, and various kinds of managerial innovations.

Technological innovations appear either as a result of a single innovation process, i.e. close relationship between R&D to create a product and its manufacturing technology, or as a product of independent special technological research. In the first case, innovations depend on the design and technical features of the new product and its subsequent modifications. In the second, the object of innovation is not specifically a new product, but a basic technology that undergoes evolutionary or revolutionary transformations in the process of technological research.

By criterion of scientific and technical significance innovations are divided into basic and improving. Basic innovations are the results of major scientific and technical developments. They are the basis of fundamentally new products and technologies of the new generation, which have no analogues. Basic innovations mark a breakthrough in the consumer market and the investment goods market.

Today, among them are nanotechnologies, the creation of new materials; yesterday - cellular communications, the Internet, spacewalks.

Improving Innovation are the results of medium and small scientific developments that underlie significant changes (modernization) of existing products, technologies, methods of organizing economic activity. Examples of improving innovations are telephones equipped with additional functions (photo, video camera), or cars with on-board computers.

Improvement innovations should be distinguished from so-called pseudo-innovation, or minor changes in the characteristics of the product (color, finish, etc.) that do not affect its design features and do not add fundamentally new consumer properties.

By criterion for the cause distinguish between reactive and strategic innovations. Reactive innovation represent a response to an innovation introduced by a competitor. The purpose of reactive innovations is to reduce the economic gap with the industry leader, to prevent the decline in the competitiveness of their own products and to maintain their positions in the competition.

Strategic Innovation are proactive. They are the result of a scientific and technological breakthrough and are aimed at long-term sole leadership in the industry.

By application frequency criterion Distinguish between one-time and diffuse innovations. One-time innovation do not have distribution outside the enterprise or company-innovator. In the early stages of commercial development, almost all innovations are one-time. Diffuse innovation arise during the application of innovations by imitating companies. Innovations of this type characterize the process of spreading innovations in time and space.

By the criterion of the place of innovation in the microeconomic system in the technological process at the enterprise distinguish innovations at the input, at the output and internal innovations. Innovation at the door affect the resource support of the core activities of the enterprise. Output Innovation affect the characteristics of the product. Domestic innovation modernize technological and management processes within the enterprise.

By the criterion of the scope of a particular embodiment allocate material and technical, technological, managerial, service, social innovations.

Social innovation - These are innovations aimed at smoothing or resolving conflicts within an active organizational system.

Social innovations in comparison with material and technical ones are distinguished by:

• - closer connection with specific social relations, business culture. This should not be overlooked, since the same innovations can manifest themselves differently even in different regions of the same country;
• - a large scope, since the introduction of technical innovations is often accompanied by social (necessary managerial, economic and other changes, reorganization);
• - stronger dependence of the use of innovation on the group and personal qualities of users;
• - not as obvious advantages as those of technical innovations, efficiency is more difficult to determine. All experiments and tests here have to be carried out not in laboratory conditions, and on the operating object - hence the difficulty of highlighting the contribution of this innovation in the overall result;
• - the absence of the "manufacturing" stage (it merges with the design). This avoids the exit of the innovation process from one industry to another, accelerates the process of creating innovation;
• - the originality of the phenomenon of "invention", which contributes to a special author's activity and promotion at all stages. Management innovations, as a rule, are developed collectively, with many approvals. Therefore, novelty is more often not of laboratory, but of "field" origin, which makes them more viable.

By novelty scale criterion distinguish between global, sectoral, regional, local innovations. Global innovation involve fundamentally new types of products, technologies, new management methods that have no analogues in world practice. The potential outcome of global innovation is to provide long-term competitive advantage. In the future, they are the sources of all subsequent improvements, improvements, adaptations to the interests of individual consumer groups and other product upgrades. Industry innovation involve innovations that have not previously been used in the enterprises of this industry. Regional innovations involve the use of an innovation that has proven itself abroad, outside a given country or administrative-territorial unit. Local innovation involve the use by a separate enterprise of the progressive experience of another economic entity (for example, in the field of resource conservation, labor stimulation, work with suppliers, etc.).

The various types of innovation are closely interrelated. For example, technical and technological innovations create conditions for managerial decisions, as they change the organization of production.

The variety of classification features of innovations indicates that the forms of organization of innovations, the scale and ways of influencing the economy, as well as methods for assessing their effectiveness, should also be diverse.

The classification of innovations allows the enterprise to determine the most effective innovation strategy and mechanism for managing innovation activities.

In the world economic literature, "innovation" is interpreted as the transformation of potential scientific and technological progress into real, embodied in new products and technologies. The problem of innovations in our country has been developed for many years in the framework of economic research of scientific and technological progress.

The term "innovation" began to be actively used in the transition economy of Russia, both independently and to refer to a number of related concepts: "innovative activity", "innovative process", "innovative solution", etc. To clarify the concept of "innovation", let's acquaint readers with different perspectives on its essence.

There are hundreds of definitions in the literature. For example, on the basis of content or internal structure, innovations are technical, economic, organizational, managerial, etc.

There are such signs as the scale of innovations (global and local); life cycle parameters (identification and analysis of all stages and substages), regularities of the implementation process, etc. Various authors, mostly foreign (N. Monchev, I. Perlaki, Hartman V.D., Mansfield E., Foster R., B. Twist, I. Schumpeter, E. Rogers and others) interpret this concept depending on the object and subject of their research.

For example, B. Twist defines innovation as a process in which an invention or idea acquires economic content. F. Nixon believes that innovation is a set of technical, industrial and commercial activities that lead to the emergence of new and improved industrial processes and equipment on the market. B. Santo believes that innovation is such a social - technical - economic process that, through the practical use of ideas and inventions, leads to the creation of products and technologies that are best in their properties, and if it focuses on economic benefits, profit, the emergence of innovation the market can bring additional income. I. Schumpeter interprets innovation as a new scientific and organizational combination of production factors, motivated by an entrepreneurial spirit. In the internal logic of innovations - a new moment of dynamization of economic development.

Technological innovation is now subject to the concepts established by the Oslo Guidelines and reflected in the International Standards in Science, Technology and Innovation Statistics.

International standards in science, technology and innovation statistics - recommendations of international organizations in the field of science and innovation statistics, providing their systematic description in a market economy. In accordance with these standards, innovation is the end result of innovative activity, embodied in the form of a new or improved product introduced to the market, a new or improved technological process used in practice, or in a new approach to social services.

Thus, innovation is a consequence of innovation activity.

An analysis of various definitions leads to the conclusion that the specific content of innovation is change, and the main function of innovation is the function of change. The Austrian scientist I. Schumpeter identified five typical changes:

Use of new equipment, new technological processes or new market support for production (purchase and sale).

Introduction of products with new properties.

Use of new raw materials.

Changes in the organization of production and its logistics.

Emergence of new markets.

I. Schumpeter formulated these provisions as early as 1911. Later, in the 1930s, he already introduced the concept of innovation, interpreting it as a change with the aim of introducing and using new types of consumer goods, new production and vehicles, markets and forms of organization in industry.

In a number of sources, innovation is viewed as a process. This concept recognizes that innovation develops over time and has distinct stages.

Innovation has both dynamic and static aspects. In the latter case, innovation is presented as the end result of the research and production cycle (SPC), these results have an independent range of problems.

The terms "innovation" and "innovation process" are not unambiguous, although they are close. The innovation process is associated with the creation, development and dissemination of innovations.

Creators of innovation (innovators) are guided by such criteria as product life cycle and economic efficiency.

Their strategy is to outperform the competition by creating an innovation that will be recognized as unique in a particular field.

We draw attention to the fact that scientific and technical developments and innovations act as an intermediate result of the scientific and production cycle and, as they are applied in practice, turn into scientific and technical innovations. Scientific and technical developments and inventions are the application of new knowledge for the purpose of their practical application, while scientific and technical innovations (STI) are the materialization of new ideas and knowledge, discoveries, inventions and scientific and technical developments in the production process with the aim of their commercial implementation to meet certain consumer requests. Indispensable properties of innovation are scientific and technical novelty and industrial applicability. Commercial feasibility in relation to innovation acts as a potential property, which requires certain efforts to achieve. NTI characterizes the end result of the scientific and production cycle (SPC), which acts as a special product - scientific and technical products - and is the materialization of new scientific ideas and knowledge, discoveries, inventions and developments in production for the purpose of commercial implementation to meet specific needs.

From what has been said, it follows that innovation - the result should be considered taking into account the innovation process. All three properties are equally important for innovation: scientific and technical novelty, industrial applicability, and commercial feasibility. The absence of any of them negatively affects the innovation process.

The commercial aspect defines innovation as an economic necessity realized through the needs of the market. Two points should be noted: the "materialization" of innovations, inventions and developments into new technically advanced types of industrial products, means and objects of labor, technologies and organization of production, and "commercialization", which turns them into a source of income.

Therefore, scientific and technical innovations must: a) be novel; b) satisfy market demand and bring profit to the producer.

The dissemination of innovations, as well as their creation, is an integral part of the innovation process (IP).

There are three logical forms of the innovation process: simple intraorganizational (natural), simple interorganizational (commodity) and extended. A simple IP involves the creation and use of innovation within the same organization, innovation in this case does not take a direct commodity form. In a simple interorganizational innovation process, innovation acts as a subject of sale. This form of the innovation process means separating the function of the creator and producer of innovation from the function of its consumer. Finally, the extended innovation process is manifested in the creation of more and more innovation manufacturers, the violation of the monopoly of the pioneer manufacturer, which contributes through mutual competition to the improvement of the consumer properties of the manufactured goods. In the conditions of the commodity innovation process, there are at least two economic entities: the producer (creator) and the consumer (user) of innovation. If the innovation is a technological process, its producer and consumer can be combined in one economic entity.

As the innovation process turns into a commodity process, two of its organic phases are distinguished: a) creation and distribution; b) diffusion of innovation. The first mainly includes successive stages of scientific research, development work, organization of pilot production and marketing, organization of commercial production. In the first phase, the useful effect of the innovation is not yet realized, but only the prerequisites for such an implementation are being created.

In the second phase, the socially beneficial effect is redistributed among the innovation producers (NI), as well as between producers and consumers.

As a result of diffusion, the number increases and the qualitative characteristics of both producers and consumers change. The continuity of innovation processes has a decisive influence on the speed and breadth of the diffusion of NI in a market economy.

Diffusion of innovation is the process by which an innovation is transmitted through communication channels between members of a social system over time. Innovations can be ideas, objects, technologies, etc., which are new for the respective economic entity. In other words, diffusion is the spread of an innovation once mastered and used in new conditions or places of application.

Diffusion of innovation is information process, the form and speed of which depends on the power of communication channels, the characteristics of the perception of information by economic entities, their ability to use this information in practice, etc. This is due to the fact that economic entities operating in a real economic environment show an unequal attitude to the search for innovations and different ability to assimilate them.

In real innovation processes, the speed of the process of diffusion of NI is determined by various factors: a) the form of decision-making; b) the method of information transfer; c) the properties of the social system, as well as the properties of the NV itself. NV properties are: relative advantages compared to traditional solutions; compatibility with established practice and technological structure, complexity, accumulated implementation experience, etc.

One of the important factors in the spread of any innovation is its interaction with the relevant socio-economic environment, an essential element of which are competing technologies. According to Schumpeter's theory of innovation, NI diffusion is a process of cumulative increase in the number of imitators who implement NI after the innovator in anticipation of higher profits.

The subjects of the innovation process are divided into the following groups: innovators; early recipients; early majority and laggards. All groups, except for the first, are imitators. Schumpeter considered the expectation of superprofits the main driving force acceptance of NV. However, in the early stages of NI diffusion, none of the economic entities has sufficient information about the relative advantages of competing NI. But economic entities are forced to introduce one of the alternative new technologies under the threat of being squeezed out of the market.

It must be assumed that the implementation of NV is a difficult and painful process for any organization.

In all cases, one of the important criteria for decision-making by each subject is a comparison of alternative technologies and decisions made by previous recipients. But it is quite difficult to obtain such information, since it is connected with the competitive position of firms in the market. Therefore, each firm may be familiar with the experience of a limited sample of firms, smaller than the entire set of recipients. This causes the uncertainty of decision-making processes and diffusion of NI in a market economy. Another source of uncertainty is related to the newest technologies. In the early stages of diffusion, their potential profitability remains uncertain. Uncertainty can be eliminated with the accumulation of experience in the implementation and use of NV. However, as the uncertainty and risk of applying a new technology decreases, the potential for its market penetration is exhausted and its profitability decreases. The possibility of extracting additional profit from the use of any innovation is temporary and decreases as the limit of its distribution approaches.

Consequently, the diffusion of innovation depends both on the strategy of imitators and on the number of pioneer recipients. Entrepreneurs discover new technological possibilities, but their realization depends on the choice of imitator. The likelihood of market dominance will be greater for technology with a large number pioneer organizations. Of course, the result of technology competition is determined by the choice of all agents in the market, but the influence of earlier recipients will be greater compared to the implementation of subsequent ones.

At the same time, it is difficult to assess the relative advantages of NIs in the early phase of their diffusion, especially when it comes to radical innovations. In such a situation, the choice of followers plays a significant role in the future technological development. The fact is that each choice makes it possible to increase the competitiveness of the corresponding technology and increases the chance of the latter to be adopted by subsequent economic entities, which will take into account previous choices. After sufficient experience has been accumulated, when alternative technologies have been mastered by many economic entities, and their relative advantages are known with high certainty, subsequent recipients make decisions based on the expected profitability of alternative technologies. As a result, the ultimate division of the market by new alternative technologies is determined by the strategies of imitators.

A well-developed infrastructure is needed for the rapid spread of innovation.

The innovation process has a cyclic nature, which demonstrates the chronological order of the appearance of innovations in various fields of technology. It can be noted that innovation is such a technical and economic cycle in which the use of the results of the research and development sphere directly causes technical and economic changes that have a reverse effect on the activity of this sphere. (This is confirmed by various concepts of long waves by N. D. Kondratiev, I. E. Varga, I. Schumpeter, etc.).

As the activity representing IP develops, it breaks up into separate, differing sections and materializes in the form of functional organizational units that have become isolated as a result of the division of labor. The economic and technological impact of IP is only partially embodied in new products or technologies. Much more it manifests itself in an increase in economic and scientific and technical potential as a prerequisite for the emergence of new technology, that is, the technological level of the innovation system and its constituent elements increases, thereby increasing the susceptibility to innovation.

In general, IP can be represented in expanded form as follows:

FI - PI - R - Pr - S - OS - PP - M - Sat,

FI - fundamental (theoretical) research;

PI - applied research;

R - development;

Pr - design;

C - construction;

OS - development;

PP - industrial production;

M - marketing;

Sat - sales.

The analysis of this formula requires abstraction from the feedback factors between its various elements, taking into account the duration of the FI-OS cycle, which can last over 10 years; relatively independent and each of the phases (FI - PI; Pr - C), etc.

The initial stage of the innovation process is FI (theoretical research), which is associated with the concept of scientific activity. Of course, each individual element of the cycle (FI, PI, R, Pr, S, OS and P) is saturated scientific activity associated with FI.

What does it represent scientific work, on the development of which the emergence of innovations depends? Scientific work - research activities aimed at obtaining and processing new, original, evidence-based information and information. Any scientific work should have novelty, originality, evidence.

Characteristically, the amount of new data and information decreases from FI to PP. Research activity is increasingly being replaced by skills, experience and standard techniques.

Considering FI from the point of view of the final result, it is necessary to single out research activities aimed at obtaining and processing new, original, evidence-based information and information only in the field of the theory of the issue.

Theoretical (FI) research is not directly related to the solution of specific applied problems. However, it is precisely this that is the foundation of the innovation process. At the same time, the need for theoretical research may be due to the needs of practice and the synthesis of previous knowledge about the subject.

Basic research, as a rule, is embodied in applied research, but this does not happen immediately. Development can be carried out according to scheme 2:

Scheme 2. Development of FI

Only some fundamental research is embodied in PI - R - PR, etc. Approximately 90% of fundamental research topics can have a negative result. And of the remaining 10% with a positive result, not all are applied in practice. The purpose of FI is the knowledge and development of the process (theory of the question).

Applied research (PR) has a different focus. This is the "reification of knowledge", their refraction in the production process, the transfer of a new product, technological scheme, etc.

As a result of developments, designs of new machines and equipment are created, which smoothly passes into phases. Design (Pr), construction (C), development (OS) and industrial production (IP). Phases (M - Sat) are associated with the commercial implementation of the results of the innovation process.

Thus, the innovation manager deals with various stages of the innovation process and, taking this into account, builds his managerial activities.

Innovation management - a set of principles, methods and forms of management of innovative processes, innovative activities engaged in this activity organizational structures and their staff.

It, like any other area of ​​management, is characterized by:

Goal setting and strategy selection

Four cycles.

This is clearly shown in Figure 3.

1. Planning: drawing up a plan for implementing the strategy.

2. Definition of conditions and organization: determination of the need for resources for the implementation of various phases of the innovation cycle, setting tasks for employees, organization of work.

3. Execution: implementation of research and development, implementation of the plan.

4. Leadership: control and analysis, adjustment of actions, accumulation of experience. Evaluation of the effectiveness of innovative projects; innovative management decisions; application of innovations.