100 Years' War 1337 1453. Hundred Years' War. French Armed Forces

Causes and prerequisites for the unleashing of the Hundred Years War

In the 30s of the XIV century. the normal development of France was interrupted Hundred Years War with England (1337-1453) , which led to the mass destruction of productive forces, population decline and a reduction in production and trade. Heavy misfortunes fell upon the French people - the long occupation of France by the British, the ruin and devastation of many territories, terrible tax oppression, robbery and civil strife of the French feudal lords.

Hundred summer war - a series of military conflicts between England and its allies, on the one hand, and France and its allies, on the other, lasting from about 1337 to 1453. The war lasted 116 years with short breaks and was cyclical. Strictly speaking, it was more of a series of conflicts:
- Edwardian war - in 1337-1360.
- Carolingian War - in 1369-1396.
- Lancaster war - in 1415-1428.
- The final period - in 1428-1453.

Reason for unleashing the Hundred Years War there were claims to french throne the English royal Plantagenet dynasty, seeking to regain territories on the continent that previously belonged to the English kings. The Plantagenets were also related by ties to the French Capetian dynasty. France, in turn, sought to oust the British from Guyenne, which was assigned to them by the Treaty of Paris in 1259. Despite initial successes, England never achieved her goal in the war, and as a result of the war on the continent, she was left with only the port of Calais, which she held until 1558.

Hundred Years War began English king Edward III, maternal grandson french king Philip IV the Handsome of the Capetian dynasty. After the death in 1328 of Charles IV, the last representative of the direct branch of the Capetians, and the coronation of Philip VI (Valois) under Salic law, Edward claimed his rights to the French throne. In addition, the monarchs fought over the economically important region of Gascony, nominally owned by the English king, but actually controlled by France. In addition, Edward wanted to regain the territories lost by his father. For his part, Philip VI demanded that Edward III recognize him as a sovereign sovereign. The compromise homage concluded in 1329 did not satisfy either side. However, in 1331, faced with internal problems, Edward recognized Philip as king of France and abandoned his claim to the French throne (in exchange for this, the British retained their rights to Gascony).

In 1333, Edward went to war with the Scottish king David II, an ally of France. In conditions when the attention of the British was riveted to Scotland, Philip VI decided to seize the opportunity and annex Gascony. However, the war was successful for the British, and already in July David was forced to flee to France after the defeat at Halidon Hill. In 1336, Philip began to make plans for a landing in the British Isles for the coronation of David II on the Scottish throne, while planning to annex Gascony. Hostility in relations between the two countries escalated to the limit.

In the autumn of 1337, the British launched an offensive in Picardy. They were supported by the Flemish cities and feudal lords, the cities of southwestern France.

Hundred Years War was mainly a struggle over the southwestern French lands under the rule of the English kings. In the early years of the war, the rivalry over Flanders, where the interests of both countries clashed, was also of no small importance. The French kings did not abandon their intentions to subjugate the rich Flanders cities. The latter, however, sought to preserve their independence with the help of England, with which they were closely connected economically, since they received wool from there - the raw material for cloth making.

In the future, the main arena of hostilities Hundred Years War became (along with Normandy) the South-West, that is, the territory of the former Aquitaine, where England, striving to re-take possession of these lands, found allies in the person of still independent feudal lords and cities. Economically, Guyenne (the western part of the former Aquitaine) was closely connected with England, where wines, steel, salt, fruits, nuts, dyes went. The wealth of large cities (Bordeaux, La Rochelle, etc.) depended to a large extent on this trade, which was very profitable for them.

FRANCE ON THE EVE OF THE Hundred Years' War (1328)

History of France:

The beginning of the Hundred Years War. Edwardian War (1337-1360)

Hundred Years War began in 1337. The invading English army had a number of advantages over the French: it was small, but well organized, detachments of hired knights were under the command of captains who were directly subordinate to the commander in chief; English archers, recruited mainly from free peasants, were masters of their craft and played an important role in the battles, supporting the actions of the knightly cavalry. In the French army, which consisted mainly of knightly militia, there were few shooters, and the knights did not want to reckon with them and coordinate their actions. The army broke up into separate detachments of large feudal lords; in reality, the king commanded only his own, albeit the largest, detachment, that is, only part of the army. The French knights retained the old tactics and began the battle, falling on the enemy with their entire mass. But if the enemy withstood the first onslaught, then in the future the cavalry was usually divided into separate groups, the knights were pulled off their horses and taken prisoner. Getting ransoms for captives and robbing the population soon became the main goal of the English knights and archers.

Start Hundred Years War was successful for Edward III. Edward during the first years of the war managed to make alliances with the rulers of the Low Countries and the burghers of Flanders, but after several unsuccessful campaigns, the alliance broke up in 1340. The subsidies allocated by Edward III to the German princes, as well as the costs of maintaining an army abroad, led to the bankruptcy of the English treasury, hitting hard on Edward's prestige. At first, France had superiority at sea, hiring ships and sailors from Genoa. This caused constant fears of a possible threat of the invasion of Philip's troops on the British Isles, which forced Edward III to go to additional expenses, buying wood in Flanders for the construction of ships. Be that as it may, the French fleet, which prevented the landing of English troops on the continent, was almost completely destroyed in the naval battle of Sluys in 1340. After that, until the end of the war, the fleet of Edward III had dominance at sea, controlling the English Channel.

In 1341 the War of the Breton Succession broke out, with Edward supporting Jean de Montfort and Philip supporting Charles de Blois. During the following years, the war took place in Brittany, and the city of Vannes changed hands several times. Further military campaigns in Gascony met with mixed success on both sides. In 1346, Edward crossed the English Channel and invaded France, landing with an army on the Cotentin Peninsula. Within one day, the English army captured Caen, which caused bewilderment of the French command, which was expecting a long siege of the city. Philip, having gathered an army, moved towards Edward. Edward moved his troops north into the Low Countries. Along the way, his army plundered and pillaged, holding and capturing territory was not planned. As a result, after lengthy maneuvers, Edward positioned his forces, preparing for the upcoming battle. Philip's troops attacked Edward's army in the famous one, which ended in a disastrous defeat for the French troops and the death of the Bohemian king John the Blind, allied to the French. The English troops continued their unhindered advance to the north and laid siege to Calais, which was taken in 1347. This event was an important strategic success for the British, allowing Edward III to keep his forces on the Continent. In the same year, after the victory at Neville's Cross and the capture of David II, the threat from Scotland was eliminated.

In 1346-1351, a plague epidemic swept through Europe (" Black Death”), taking away hundreds of times more lives than war, and, undoubtedly, influenced the activity of hostilities. One of the remarkable military episodes of this period is the Battle of the Thirty between thirty English knights and squires and thirty French knights and squires, which took place on March 26, 1351.

By 1356, England, after a swept epidemic, was able to restore its finances. In 1356, a 30,000-strong English army under the command of the son of Edward III the Black Prince, launching an invasion from Gascony, inflicted a crushing defeat on the French, capturing King John II the Good. John the Good signed a truce with Edward. During his captivity, the French government began to fall apart. In 1359, the Treaty of London was signed, according to which the English crown received Aquitaine, and John was set free. Military failures and economic difficulties led to popular indignations - the Parisian uprising (1357-1358) and the Jacquerie (1358). Edward's troops invaded France for the third time. Taking advantage of the favorable situation, Edward's troops moved freely through enemy territory, laid siege to Reims, but later lifted the siege and moved to Paris. Despite the difficult situation in which France was, Edward did not storm either Paris or Reims, the purpose of the campaign was to demonstrate the weakness of the French king and his inability to defend the country. The Dauphin of France, the future King Charles V, was forced to conclude a humiliating peace for himself in Brétigny (1360). As a result of the first stage Hundred Years War Edward III acquired half of Brittany, Aquitaine, Calais, Poitiers, and about half of the vassal possessions of France. The French crown thus lost a third of the territory of France.

The most significant battles of the initial period of the Hundred Years War:



FRANCE FOLLOWING THE FIRST STAGE OF THE Hundred Years' War (1360)

History of France:

Second phase of the Hundred Years War. Carolingian War (1369-1396)

When the son of John II the Good, Louis of Anjou, sent to England as a hostage and guarantor that John II would not escape, fled in 1362, John II, following his knightly honor, returned to English captivity. After John died in honorary captivity in 1364, Charles V became king of France.

The peace signed at Brétigny excluded Edward's right to claim the French crown. At the same time, Edward expanded his possessions in Aquitaine and firmly secured Calais. In fact, Edward never again claimed the French throne, and Charles V began to make plans to reconquer the lands occupied by the British. In 1369, under the pretext of Edward's non-compliance with the terms of the peace treaty signed at Brétigny, Charles declared war on England.

Taking advantage of the respite, the French King Charles V (the Wise) reorganized the army and carried out economic reforms. This allowed the French in the second stage Hundred Years War , in the 1370s, achieve significant military successes. The British were driven out of the country. Despite the fact that the War of the Breton Succession ended with the victory of the British at the Battle of Auray, the Breton dukes showed loyalty to the French authorities, and the Breton knight Bertrand Du Guesclin even became the constable of France.

At the same time, the Black Prince was busy with the war in the Iberian Peninsula since 1366, and Edward III was too old to command the troops. All this favored France. Pedro of Castile, whose daughters Constance and Isabella were married to the Black Prince's brothers John of Gaunt and Edmund Langley, was removed from the throne in 1370 by Enrique II with the support of the French under Du Guesclin. War broke out between Castile and France, on the one hand, and Portugal and England, on the other. With the death of Sir John Chandos, Seneschal of Poitou, and the capture of Captal de Buch, England lost her best military leaders in their person. Du Guesclin, following a cautious "Fabian" strategy, in a series of campaigns, avoiding clashes with large English armies, liberated many cities, such as Poitiers (1372) and Bergerac (1377). The allied Franco-Castilian fleet won a confident one, destroying the English squadron. For its part, the British command undertook a series of devastating predatory raids, but Du Guesclin again managed to avoid clashes.

With the death of the Black Prince in 1376 and Edward III in 1377, the Prince's minor son, Richard II, succeeded to the English throne. Bertrand Du Guesclin died in 1380, but England had a new threat in the north from Scotland. In 1388, the English troops were defeated by the Scots at the Battle of Otterburn. Due to the extreme exhaustion of both sides in 1396, they concluded a truce in Hundred Years War .

The most significant battles of the second period of the Hundred Years War:

FRANCE AFTER THE SECOND STAGE OF THE Hundred Years' War (1396)

The third stage of the Hundred Years War. Lancaster War (1415-1428)

At the end of the 14th century, the French king Charles VI went mad, and soon a new armed conflict broke out between his cousin, the Duke of Burgundy, Jean the Fearless, and his brother, Louis of Orleans. After the assassination of Louis, the Armagnacs, who opposed the party of Jean the Fearless, seized power. By 1410, both sides wanted to call on English troops to their aid. England, weakened by internal unrest and uprisings in Ireland and Wales, entered into new war with Scotland. In addition, two more civil wars. Richard II spent most of his reign fighting Ireland. By the time of the removal of Richard and the accession of Henry IV to the English throne, the Irish problem had not been solved. On top of that, an uprising broke out in Wales under the leadership of Owain Glyndŵr, which was finally suppressed only by 1415. For several years, Wales was actually an independent country. Taking advantage of the change of kings in England, the Scots carried out several raids into English lands. However, the English troops, who went on the counteroffensive, defeated the Scots at the Battle of Homildon Hill in 1402. Following these events, Count Henry Percy raised an uprising against the king, which resulted in a long and bloody struggle that ended only by 1408. In these difficult years, England, among other things, survived the raids of French and Scandinavian pirates, who dealt a heavy blow to her fleet and trade. In connection with all these problems, intervention in the affairs of France was postponed until 1415.

From the time of his accession to the throne, the English king Henry IV made plans to invade France. However, only his son, Henry V, succeeded in realizing these plans. In 1414, he refused an alliance with the Armagnacs. His plans included the return of territories that belonged to the English crown under Henry II. In August 1415, his army landed near Harfleur and captured the city. The third stage has begun Hundred Years War .

Wanting to march to Paris, the king, out of caution, chose another route, which was adjacent to the British-occupied Calais. Due to the fact that there was not enough food in the English army, and the English command made a number of strategic miscalculations, Henry V was forced to go on the defensive. Despite an unfavorable start to the campaign, the British won a decisive victory over overwhelming French forces.

During the third stage Hundred Years War Henry captured most of Normandy, including Caen (1417) and Rouen (1419). Having entered into an alliance with the Duke of Burgundy, who captured Paris after the assassination of Jean the Fearless in 1419, in five years the English king subjugated about half of the territory of France. In 1420, Henry met in negotiations with the mad King Charles VI, with whom he signed an agreement in Troyes, according to which Henry V was declared the heir to Charles VI the Mad, bypassing the legitimate heir of the Dauphin Charles (in the future - King Charles VII). After the treaty of Troyes, until 1801, the kings of England bore the title of kings of France. The following year, Henry entered Paris, where the treaty was officially confirmed by the Estates General.

Henry's successes ended with the landing of a six thousand strong Scottish army in France. In 1421, John Stewart, Earl of Buchan defeated the outnumbered English army at the Battle of God. The English commander and most of the high ranking English commanders died in the battle. Shortly after this defeat, King Henry V dies at Meaux in 1422. His only one-year-old son was immediately crowned king of England and France, but the Armagnacs remained loyal to the king's son Charles, in connection with which the war continued.

The Hundred Years' War is a series of military conflicts between England and her allies on the one hand, and France and her allies on the other, lasting from about 1337 to the Hundred Years' War.


Reasons and prerequisites 1. France claimed English possessions in France (part of Aquitaine and Normandy) 2. Economic and political rivalry between France and England in Flanders (the cities of Flanders specialized in the production of cloth and had close ties with England).


Genealogy of Monarchs Philip IV the Handsome (King of France) Charles, Comte de Valois Charles IV (King of France) Philip V (King of France) Louis X (King of France) Philip VI of Valois (King of France) Edward III (King of England) Isabella of France Edward II ( King of England) brothers Thus, King Edward III of England was the great-nephew of the new King of France, Philip VI of Valois. Genealogy of monarchs




The composition of the armies. England Basis: 1. Foot soldiers recruited from free peasants. 2. English archers. 3. Knightly cavalry, receiving a salary from the royal treasury. Advantages: -high military discipline; -numerous combat-ready infantry; - the ability to coordinate the actions of infantry and cavalry in battle. English archers


The composition of the armies. France Advantages: At the second stage of the war, a partial reorganization of the army and navy (new troop recruitment system, defensive structures, etc.) Basis: 1. Feudal knightly militia. 2. Mercenary soldiers on foot (mostly peasants). 3. Foreign mercenaries (for example, Genoese crossbowmen). French knights


Stages and main events Edward III Stage I - 1337 - 1360 - Naval battle at Sluys 1346 - Battle of Crecy 1347 - Capture of the city of Calais 1356 - Battle of Poitiers 1360 - conclusion of a peace treaty in Brétigny Edward III stage I - 1337 - 1360 - Naval battle of Sluys 1346 - Battle of Crécy 1347 - Capture of Calais 1356 - Battle of Poitiers 1360 - conclusion of a peace treaty in Brétigny


Stages and main events Stage II - 1369 - 1396 A series of French victories on land and at sea. The British lost almost all possessions in France (with the exception of Calais, Bordeaux, Brest, Cherbourg, Baynonne - the strongholds of the invasion). Bertrand Dugueclin Stages and Main Events


Stage III - 1415 - 1428 Henry V 1415 - Battle of Agincourt; the crushing defeat of the French d. - The entire north of France was in the hands of the British, over the rest of the territory their tacit control is established.


Stages and main events Stage IV - 1428 - 1453 - the year of the turning point in the course of the war. Appearance Virgin of Orleans- Joan of Arc. Truce with Burgundy 1453 - Battle of Castillon and capitulation of the English garrison in Bordeaux, ending the Hundred Years' War. Joan of Arc


The results of the war 1. Victory in the war, 2. The Hundred Years' War cost the French people huge losses, 3. Damaged the country's economy, 4. Partly delayed the process of centralization of the French state, 5. But at the last stage it contributed to the rallying of the people, 6. And also the creation of a permanent disciplined army. France:





war between England and France. The main reasons: the desire of France to oust the British from Guyenne (which was assigned to them by the Paris Treaty of 1259), and England to eliminate the vassal dependence of Guyenne on France and return what was lost under John Landless (See John Landless) Normandy, Anjou, and others, as well as the struggle of both states for dominance over Flanders (See Flanders) . The immediate cause was the claims of the English king Edward III (as the maternal grandson of the French king Philip IV Capet) to the French throne after the death in 1328 of Charles IV (the last representative of the direct branch of the Capet) and the accession of Philip VI (of the Valois family). In the autumn of 1337 the British launched an offensive in Picardy. The initial period of the war was successful for England, which had a well-organized army, which was based on hired infantry (archers) and hired knightly detachments. The backbone of the French army was the feudal knightly militia, not adapted to combat on foot. Edward III was supported by the cities of Flanders and separatist-minded feudal lords and cities of southwestern France, connected by trade with England. England won a victory at sea at Sluys (1340), at Crecy (1346), and in 1347 captured Calais. In 1356, English troops under the command of the Black Prince defeated the French knights at Poitiers and captured King John II the Good. In the absence of the king, the Dauphin Charles ruled France. In 1348-49 a plague epidemic claimed about 1/3 of the population of France; reduced the number of troops. For the further conduct of the war and the ransom of John II, money was needed. The defeats of the French troops, the economic ruin, the increase in exactions and taxes aroused the indignation of the people and led to the Parisian uprising of 1357-58 and the Jacquerie (See Jacquerie) (1358). The French government was forced to conclude a difficult peace for France in Brétigny (1360). During the period of respite, Charles V (king in 1364-80) reorganized the army, partially replacing the feudal militia with mercenary troops, artillery was created, tax system . The success of hostilities resumed by the French troops in 1369 was facilitated by the partisan movement in the areas that had fallen to England, as well as the use of artillery by the French army. By the end of the 70s. In the hands of the British there were insignificant territories. During the reign (1380-1422) of the mentally ill Charles VI, France was weakened by civil strife between the Armagnacs and the Bourguignons. The robberies of both feudal cliques and the rise in taxes caused popular unrest (Mayoten, Tyuchens, Kaboshiens, and others). The British took advantage of the weakening of France, resuming the war in 1415; in October 1415 they defeated the French army at Agincourt. After the siege (1418-19) and the capture of Rouen, the British, with the help of the Duke of Burgundy, who entered into an alliance with them, seized all of Northern France and forced the French government to sign an agreement in Troyes (1420), according to which the English king Henry V (son-in-law of Charles VI) became the regent of France and heir (his descendants too) of the French throne. After the death of Henry V and Charles VI in 1422, the British and the Duke of Burgundy declared the infant Henry VI (son of Henry V) king of England and France, and the Duke of Bedford regent of France. Dauphin Charles also proclaimed himself king (Charles VII). France was dismembered: a significant part of it was in the hands of the British and Burgundians, and the lands south of the Loire were under the rule of Charles VII. The territories occupied by the British were heavily taxed and indemnified; English troops were outraged here; guerrilla warfare did not stop in these areas. When the British and the Burgundians, trying to move further south, laid siege to Orleans (1428), the entire French people rose to war with the invaders, led by Joan of Arc. From the liberation of Orleans (1429) by French troops (led by Joan of Arc ) began a turning point in the war. The French army won a number of victories, in July 1429 Charles VII was crowned in Reims. The execution of Joan of Arc by the British (May 1431) did not change the course of the war. In 1435, the Duke of Burgundy concluded a peace with Charles VII in Arras, according to which he recognized him as the legitimate sovereign of France, and the French king assigned him a number of lands and cities along the Somme (with the right in 1436 the British were expelled from Paris, then Champagne (1441), Maine and Normandy (1450), and Guyenne (1453) were liberated. only Calais was on French territory until 1558. The social revolution cost the French people enormous sacrifices, inflicted damage on the country's economy, partly delayed the process of centralization of the French state, but at the last stage contributed to the growth of national self-consciousness. In England, S. century. temporarily strengthened the political influence of the feudal aristocracy and chivalry, which prepared the way for an outbreak of feudal anarchy in the second half of the 15th century. and slowed down the process of centralization of the state. (Cm. map. )

Lit.: Luce S., La France pendant la guerre de Cent ans, ser. 1-2, G., 1890-93; Perroy, E., La guerre de Cent ans, 4th ed., P., 1945; Contamine P., La guerre de Centans, P., 1968; his, Guerre, etat et societe a la fin du moyen âge. Etudes sur les armees des rois de France 1337-1494, P., 1972: The Hundred years war, , 1971.

N. N. Melik-Gaykazova.

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war between England and France. Main reasons: dissatisfaction of both states with the terms of the Paris Treaty of 1259 (France sought to oust the British from Guyenne, the English king - to eliminate the vassal dependence of Guyenne on France and return the areas lost by England - Normandy, Maine, Anjou, etc.); rivalry between England and France over Flanders, which fought against the domination of France and economically gravitated towards England. The reason for the war was the claims to the French. throne (in connection with the termination of the Capetian dynasty in 1328) Eng. King Edward III (maternal grandson of the French King Philip IV), who decided to challenge his rights with Philip VI of Valois (representative of the side branch of the Capetians), elected in 1328 by the French. the nobility of the king. Military actions began in May 1337, in the fall of 1337 the British organized an offensive in Picardy. The initial period of the war was successful for England, which had a well-organized army, the basis of which was hired infantry, recruited by Ch. arr. from free peasants (archers, who played a large role in it, were famous throughout Europe), and hired knightly detachments; unified command was exercised by the king. Franz. The army was mainly a feud. knightly militia, not adapted to battle on foot; there was virtually no unified command. Edward III was supported by the cities of Flanders, and in the south-west. France - many separatist-minded feudal lords and cities connected by trade with England. England won its first big victory at sea - at Sluys (1340), then on land - at Crecy (1346). In 1347, after a long siege, the British captured the port of Calais. Then began their successful offensive in the southwest. Military British campaign 1355-56, conducted by the governor of Bordeaux (son of Edward III) "Black Prince", ended in the defeat of the French. troops at Poitiers (1356). In this battle, John II the Good (who occupied the French throne from 1350) was captured. While in captivity in England, he signed the Treaty of London in 1359, according to which he ceded half of his kingdom to the British and promised a ransom of 4 million golden ecu for his release (these conditions were rejected by the Dauphin, who ruled in 1356-60 - in the absence of the king). Carl). France during this period was in a very difficult situation: the plague epidemic that began in 1348 claimed about a third of the country's population in 11/2 years; the number of troops was sharply reduced; the treasury was empty, and for the further conduct of the war, for the ransom of John II and other captives, huge amounts of money were needed. On the conquered territory outraged English. troops. Economical devastation, an increase in requisitions and taxes (especially after the battle of Poitiers) aroused the indignation of the people and led to the Paris uprising of 1357-58 and Jacquerie (1358). Franz. in 1360 the government was forced to agree to a difficult peace concluded in Brétigny. During a period of respite, Charles V (1364-80) reorganized the army, partially replacing the fief. militia by mercenary troops; artillery was improved; given great powers to the constable. Streamlined tax system. Franz. The government entered into an alliance with the Count of Flanders, the King of Castile, achieved the neutrality of the emperor of the "Holy Roman Empire". Successes of the military. actions resumed by the French. troops in 1369, contributed to the partisan movement in the areas that had ceded to England; Constable B. Dugueclin, a cautious and dexterous commander, played an important role. To con. 70s 14th c. in the hands of the British remained only the coast of the Bay of Biscay from Bayonne to Bordeaux, Brest, Cherbourg, Calais. However, the military French successes were not fixed. During the reign of the mentally ill Charles VI (1380-1422), France was weakened by the feud. unrest, especially the civil strife between the Armagnacs and the Bourguignons. Robberies of both fiefs. click, tax increases caused nar. uprisings (mayotins, tyushens, cabochiens, etc.). The weakening of the military the British took advantage of the relics of France, in 1415 resuming the war. Oct. 1415 at Agincourt, the army of the English. King Henry V defeated the French. army. After a long siege (July 1418 - Jan. 1419), the British took Rouen, then, with the support of the Duke of Burgundy, captured the entire North. France (including Paris). On May 21, 1420, France was forced to sign a treaty at Troyes, according to which the Dauphin Charles was removed from the government, Henry V married his sister, became regent of France and heir (and his descendants as well) of the French. throne (after the death of Charles VI). Under the treaty at Troyes, Henry V pledged not to encroach on the possessions of the Duke of Burgundy. Both Henry V and Charles VI died in 1422. The British and the Duke of Burgundy recognized Henry VI as the King of England and France (Krom was not yet a year old) - the son of Henry V; The Duke of Bedford was appointed regent. The son of Charles VI, the Dauphin Charles (Charles VII), also proclaimed himself king. France turned out to be dismembered: the north and southwest were occupied by the British, in the east their possessions merged with the Burgundian possessions; under the rule of Charles VII remained the land south of the Loire (with a residence in Bourges). The population of the lands occupied by the British was subject to huge taxes, indemnities, and was robbed by numerous garrisons; all this caused general hatred for the invaders, nar. resistance (especially in Normandy). guerrilla war on these territories. did not stop. When the British, in order to further advance south, in alliance with the Duke of Burgundy, laid siege to Orleans (1428), the entire French rose to fight the invaders. people. Joan of Arc led the liberation struggle. In May 1429, after a 7-month siege, the French. troops (headed by Joan of Arc) Orleans. This marked the beginning of a decisive turning point in the war. Under the direction of Jeanne d'Arc, French. troops won a number of victories over the British. The defeat of the latter in June 1429 at Pathé opened the way for Jeanne d'Arc to Reims, where Charles VII was solemnly crowned (July 1429). The execution of Joan of Arc by the British (May 1431) did not change the course of the war. The partisan movement against the British did not weaken. Bedford could not get enough subsidies from Parliament to carry on the war. The Duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good, in connection with the turning point of the war in favor of France, went over to her side. In Sept. 1435 he made peace with Charles VII: he recognized him as the legitimate sovereign of France, the French. the king assigned to him the lands received from the British (Maconnet, Auxerrois, etc.), as well as cities along the Somme (with the right to redeem them by France for 400,000 ecu). Leading the troops, in Nov. 1437 Charles VII entered Paris; then French. troops retook Champagne (1441), Maine and Normandy (1450), Guyenne (1453). The capitulation of the British in Bordeaux (19 Oct. 1453) was the end of the war. England kept on the territory. France only Calais (until 1558). S. v. cost the French the people of huge victims, caused damage to the country's economy. With the victory over the British, the accession of Guienne to France was completed. During S. century. develops a national French self-consciousness people; after S. century. the process of centralization of the French, interrupted by it, was resumed. state-va. (For a map, see the insert on pages 560-561). Source: Les grands trait's de la guerre de Cent ans, P., 1889; Timbal P. C., La guerre de Cent ans vue a travers les registres du parlement (1337-1369), P., 1961. Lit.: Luce S., La France pendant la guerre de Cent ans, P., 1890; Lucas H. J., The law countries and the hundred years´s war 1326-1347, Ann Arbor, 1929; Tourneur-Aumont J., La bataille de Poitiers et la construction de la France, P., 1940; Rerroy E., La guerre de Cent ans, (P.), 1945; Calmette J., Chute et relation de la France sous Charles VI et Charles VII, (P.), 1945; Jacob E. F., Henry V and the invasion of France, L., 1947; Burne A. H., The Crecy war, L., 1955; his own, The Agincourt war, L., 1956; McKisack M., The fourteenth century, Oxf., 1959. H. H. Melik-Gaykazova. Moscow.

What could be worse than war when hundreds of thousands of people die for the interests of politicians and those in power. And all the more terrible are protracted military conflicts, during which people get used to living in conditions where death can overtake them at any moment, and human life has no value. This was precisely the reason, stages, results and biographies of the actors of which deserve careful study.

Causes

Before studying what were the results of the Hundred Years War, one should understand its prerequisites. It all started with the fact that the sons of the French king Philip the Fourth left no male heirs. At the same time, the native grandson of the monarch from the daughter of Isabella, the English king Edward the Third, who ascended the throne of England in 1328 at the age of 16, was alive. However, he could not claim the throne of France under the Salic law. Thus, France reigned in the person of Philip the Sixth, who was the nephew of Philip the Fourth, and Edward the Third in 1331 was forced to swear an oath of vassalage to him for Gascony, a French region considered the personal property of the English monarchs.

Beginning and first stage of the war (1337-1360)

6 years after the events described, Edward the Third decided to still fight for the throne of his grandfather and sent a challenge to Philip the Sixth. Thus began the Hundred Years War, the causes and results of which are of great interest to those who study the history of Europe. After the declaration of war, the British launched an attack on Picardy, in which they were supported by the inhabitants of Flanders and the feudal lords of the southwestern counties of France.

In the first years after the start of the armed conflict fighting went with varying success, until in 1340 there was a naval battle in Sluys. As a result of the British victory, the English Channel came under their control and remained so until the end of the war. Thus, in the summer of 1346, nothing could prevent the troops of Edward the Third from crossing the strait and capturing the city of Caen. From there, the English army followed to Crécy, where on August 26 the famous battle took place, which ended in their triumph, and in 1347 they also captured the city of Calais. In parallel with these events, hostilities were unfolding in Scotland. However, fortune continued to smile on Edward the Third, who defeated the army of this kingdom at the battle of Neville's Cross, and eliminated the threat of war on two fronts.

The plague pandemic and the conclusion of peace in Brétigny

In 1346-1351, the "Black Death" visited Europe. This plague pandemic claimed so many lives that there could be no question of continuing the fighting. The only highlight of this period, sung in ballads, was the Battle of the Thirty, when the English and French knights and squires staged a massive duel, which was watched by several hundred peasants. After the end of the pestilence, England again began military operations, which were mainly led by the Black Prince, the eldest son of Edward the Third. In 1356 he defeated and captured the French king John II. Later, in 1360, the Dauphin of France, who was to become King Charles V, signed the so-called Peace of Brétigny on very unfavorable terms.

Thus, the results of the Hundred Years War at its first stage were as follows:

  • France was completely demoralized;
  • England acquired half of Brittany, Aquitaine, Poitiers, Calais and almost half of the enemy's vassal possessions, i.e. John the Second lost power over a third of the territory of his country;
  • Edward the Third undertook, on his own behalf and on behalf of his descendants, no longer to claim the throne of his grandfather;
  • the second son of John the Second - Louis of Anjou - was sent to London as a hostage in exchange for the return of his father to France.

Peaceful period from 1360 to 1369

After the cessation of hostilities, the peoples of the countries involved in the conflict received a respite that lasted 9 years. During this time, Louis of Anjou escaped from England, and his father, being a knight true to his word, went into voluntary captivity, where he died. After his death, he ascended the throne of France, who in 1369 unjustly accused the British of violating the peace treaty and resumed hostilities against them.

Second phase

Usually, those who study the course and results of the Hundred Years' War characterize the time interval between 1369 and 1396 as a series of constant battles, in which, in addition to the main participants, the kingdoms of Castile, Portugal and Scotland were also involved. During this period, the following important events took place:

  • in 1370 in Castile, with the help of the French, Enrique II came to power, who became their faithful ally;
  • two years later the city of Poitiers was liberated;
  • in 1372, at the battle of La Rochelle, the Franco-Castilian combined fleet defeated the English squadron;
  • 4 years later the Black Prince died;
  • in 1377, Edward III died, and the minor Richard II ascended the throne of England;
  • from 1392 the king of France showed signs of insanity;
  • four years later, a truce was concluded, caused by the extreme exhaustion of the opponents.

Truce (1396-1415)

When the madness of the king became obvious to everyone, internecine strife began in the country, in which the Armagnac party won. The situation was no better in England, which entered into a new war with Scotland, which, moreover, was supposed to pacify the rebellions of Ireland and Wales. In addition, Richard II was overthrown there, and Henry the Fourth, and then his son, reigned on the throne. Thus, until 1415, both countries were unable to continue the war and were in a state of armed truce.

Third stage (1415-1428)

Those who investigate the course and consequences of the Hundred Years' War usually interesting event call the emergence of such a historical phenomenon as a female warrior who was able to become the head of an army of feudal knights. We are talking about Joan of Arc, born in 1412, whose personality was greatly influenced by the events that took place in 1415-1428. historical science considers this period the third stage of the Hundred Years War and highlights the following events as key events:

  • the Battle of Agincourt in 1415, which was won by Henry V;
  • the signing of an agreement at Troyes, according to which the distraught king Charles the Sixth declared the king of England his heir;
  • the capture of Paris by the British in 1421;
  • the death of Henry the Fifth and the declaration of his one-year-old son as king of England and France;
  • the defeat of the former Dauphin Charles, whom a significant part of the French considered the rightful king, at the Battle of Cravan;
  • the British siege of Orleans, which began in 1428, during which the world first learned the name of Joan of Arc.

End of the war (1428-1453)

The city of Orleans was of great strategic importance. If the British managed to capture it, then the answer to the question “what are the results of the Hundred Years War” would be completely different, and the French could even lose their independence. Fortunately for this country, a girl was sent down to her, calling herself Jeanne the Virgin. She arrived at the Dauphin Charles in March 1429 and announced that the Lord had commanded her to stand at the head of the French army and lift the siege of Orleans. After a series of interrogations and trials, Karl believed her and appointed her commander in chief of his troops. As a result, on May 8, Orleans was saved, on June 18, Jeanne's army defeated the British army at the Battle of Pat, and on June 29, at the insistence of the Virgin of Orleans, the Dauphin's “Bloody Campaign” began in Reims. There he was crowned, but soon after that he stopped listening to the advice of the warrior.

A few years later, Jeanne was captured by the Burgundians, who handed the girl over to the British, who executed her, accusing her of heresy and idolatry. However, the results of the Hundred Years' War were already a foregone conclusion, and even the death of the Virgin of Orleans could not prevent the liberation of France. The last battle in this war was the Battle of Castillon, when the British lost Gascony, which had been theirs for over 250 years.

Results of the Hundred Years War (1337-1453)

As a result of this protracted inter-dynastic armed conflict, England lost all its continental territories in France, retaining only the port of Calais. In addition, in response to the question of what are the results of the Hundred Years War, experts in the field military history they answer that as a result of it, the methods of warfare have changed dramatically, and new types of weapons have been created.

Consequences of the Hundred Years' War

The echoes of this armed conflict predetermined relations between England and France for centuries to come. In particular, until 1801, the English, and then the monarchs of Great Britain, bore the title of kings of France, which in no way contributed to the establishment of friendly ties.

Now you know when the Hundred Years War took place, the causes, course, results and motives of the main characters of which have been the subject of study by many historians for almost 6 centuries.

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