Pirogov Nikolai Ivanovich family. Activities, interesting facts and a brief biography of Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov. Interesting facts from the life of Pirogov and after his death
The ingenious mind and incomprehensible scientific intuition of Pirogov were so ahead of their time that his bold ideas, for example, an artificial joint, seemed fantastic even to the world's luminaries of surgery. They simply shrugged their shoulders, made fun of his thoughts, which led so far into the 21st century.
Nikolai Pirogov was born on November 13, 1810 in Moscow, in the family of a treasury official. The Pirogov family was patriarchal, well-established, strong. Nikolai was the thirteenth child in her. As a child, little Kolya was impressed by Dr. Efrem Osipovich Mukhin (1766-1850), well-known in Moscow to the same extent as Mudrov. Mukhin began as a military doctor under Potemkin. He was the dean of the department of medical sciences, by 1832 he had written 17 treatises on medicine. Dr. Mukhin treated brother Nikolai for a cold. He often visited their house, and always, on the occasion of his arrival, a special atmosphere arose in the house. Nikolai liked the bewitching manners of the Aesculapius so much that he began to play Dr. Mukhin with his family. Many times he listened to everyone at home with his pipe, coughed and, imitating Mukhina's voice, prescribed medicines. Nikolai played so much that he really became a doctor. Yes, how! The famous Russian surgeon, teacher and public figure, the founder of the Russian school of surgery.
Nikolai received his initial education at home, later he studied at a private boarding school. He loved poetry and wrote poems himself. Nikolai stayed at the boarding house for only two years instead of the prescribed four years. His father went bankrupt, there was nothing to pay for education. On the advice of Professor of Anatomy E.O. Mukhin's father, with great difficulty, "corrected" Nikolai's age in the document (someone had to "grease") from fourteen to sixteen. People were admitted to Moscow University from the age of sixteen. Ivan Ivanovich Pirogov made it on time. A year later he died, the family began to beg.
On September 22, 1824, Nikolai Pirogov entered the medical faculty of Moscow University, graduating in 1828. Pirogov's student years passed during a period of reaction, when the preparation of anatomical preparations was prohibited as a "godless" thing, and anatomical museums were destroyed. After graduating from the university, he went to the city of Dorpat (Yuriev) to prepare for a professorship, where he studied anatomy and surgery under the guidance of Professor Ivan Filippovich Moyer.
On August 31, 1832, Nikolai Ivanovich defended his dissertation: “Is the ligation of the abdominal aorta for an aneurysm of the inguinal region an easy and safe intervention?” In this work, he raised and resolved a number of fundamentally important questions concerning not so much the technique of aortic ligation, but rather the elucidation of the reactions to this intervention of both the vascular system and the organism as a whole. With his data, he refuted the ideas of the then-famous English surgeon A. Cooper about the causes of death during this operation.
In 1833-1835, Pirogov was in Germany, where he continued to study anatomy and surgery. In 1836, he was elected professor at the Department of Surgery at the Dorpat (now Tartu) University. In 1849, his monograph "On the transection of the Achilles tendon as an operative-orthopedic remedy" was published. Pirogov conducted more than eighty experiments, studied in detail the anatomical structure of the tendon and the process of its fusion after transection. He used this operation to treat clubfoot. At the end of the winter of 1841, at the invitation of the Medical and Surgical Academy (in St. Petersburg), he took the chair of surgery and was appointed head of the hospital surgery clinic, organized on his initiative from the 2nd Military Land Hospital. At that time, Nikolai Ivanovich lived on the left side of Liteiny Prospekt, in a small house, on the second floor. In the same house, in the same entrance, on the second floor, opposite his apartment, there is the Sovremennik magazine, edited by N.G. Chernyshevsky and N.A. Nekrasov.
Dr. Pirogov in 1847 went to the Caucasus to the active army, where, during the siege of the village of Salty, for the first time in the history of surgery, he used ether for anesthesia in the field. In 1854 he took part in the defense of Sevastopol, where he proved himself not only as a clinical surgeon, but above all as an organizer of medical care for the wounded; at this time, for the first time in the field, he used the help of the sisters of mercy.
Upon his return from Sevastopol (1856) he left the Medico-Surgical Academy and was appointed trustee of the Odessa, and later (1858) Kyiv educational districts. However, in 1861, for progressive ideas in the field of education at that time, he was dismissed from this post. In 1862-1866 he was sent abroad as a leader of young scientists sent to prepare for a professorship. Upon his return from abroad, he settled in his estate, the village of Vishnya (now the village of Pirogovo, near the city of Vinnitsa), where he lived almost without a break.
Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov also found ideas that reduced all the variety of surgical techniques to three basic rules: "... cut the soft parts, drink the hard ones, where it flows - bandage it there." He revolutionized surgery. His research laid the foundation for the scientific anatomical and experimental direction in surgery; Pirogov laid the foundation military field surgery and surgical anatomy.
The merits of Nikolai Ivanovich to world and domestic surgery are enormous. In 1847 he was elected a corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. His works put forward Russian surgery to one of the first places in the world. Already in the first years of scientific, pedagogical and practical activities, he harmoniously combined theory and practice, widely using the experimental method in order to clarify a number of clinically important issues. practical work he built on the basis of careful anatomical and physiological research. In 1837-1838 he published the work "Surgical anatomy of arterial trunks and fascia"; this study laid the foundations of surgical anatomy and determined the ways of its further development.
Paying great attention to the clinic, he reorganized the teaching of surgery in order to provide every student with an opportunity for practical study of the subject. Pirogov paid special attention to the analysis of the mistakes made in the treatment of patients, considering practice to be the main method for improving scientific and pedagogical work (in 1837-1839), he published two volumes of Clinical Annals, in which he criticized his own mistakes in the treatment of patients).
In 1846, according to the project of Pirogov, the first anatomical institute in Russia was created at the Medico-Surgical Academy, which allowed students and doctors to engage in applied anatomy, practice operations, and conduct experimental observations. The creation of a hospital surgical clinic, an anatomical institute allowed Pirogov to carry out a number of important studies that determined the further paths for the development of surgery. Attaching particular importance to the knowledge of anatomy by doctors, Pirogov in 1846 published "Anatomical images of the human body, assigned mainly to forensic doctors", and in 1850 - "Anatomical images of the appearance and position of the organs contained in the three main cavities of the human body."
After the death of his wife, Ekaterina Dmitrievna Berezina, Pirogov wanted to marry twice. By calculation. I didn't believe that I could still love. His wife, leaving Pirogov two sons, Nikolai and Vladimir, died in January 1846, twenty-four years old, from a postpartum illness. In 1850, Nikolai Ivanovich finally fell in love and got married. Four months before marriage, he bombarded the bride with letters. He sent them several times a day - three, ten, twenty, forty pages of small, compact handwriting! He revealed to the bride his soul, his thoughts, views, feelings. Not forgetting their "bad sides", "irregularities of character", "weaknesses". He did not want her to love him only for "great things". He wanted her to love him for who he is. While he was preparing for the wedding with the nineteen-year-old Baroness Alexandra Antonovna Bistrom, the niece of General Kozen, his mother died.
Pirogov's method of "ice sculpture" is known. May this smile be forgiven the author: maniacs are forbidden to read further, so as not to become a guide to action. Having set himself the task of finding out the forms of various organs, their relative positions, as well as their displacement and deformation under the influence of physiological and pathological processes, Pirogov developed special methods of anatomical research on a frozen human corpse. Consistently removing tissue with a chisel and hammer, he left the organ or system of interest to him. In other cases, with a specially designed saw, Pirogov made serial cuts in the transverse, longitudinal, and front-rear directions. As a result of his research, he created an atlas "Topographic anatomy, illustrated by cuts made through the frozen human body in three directions", provided with an explanatory text.
This work brought Pirogov worldwide fame. The atlas not only gave a description of the topographic relationship of individual organs and tissues in different planes, but also showed for the first time the significance of experimental studies on a corpse.
Pirogov's works on surgical anatomy and operative surgery laid the scientific foundations for the development of surgery. An outstanding surgeon, who possessed a brilliant technique of operations, Pirogov did not limit himself to the use of surgical approaches and techniques known at that time; he created a number of new methods of operations that bear his name. The osteoplastic amputation of the foot, proposed by him for the first time in world practice, marked the beginning of the development of osteoplastic surgery. Pirogov's pathological anatomy did not go unnoticed. His well-known work "The Pathological Anatomy of Asiatic Cholera" (atlas 1849, text 1850), awarded the Demidov Prize, is still an unsurpassed study.
Rich personal experience Pirogov received during the wars in the Caucasus and Crimea, allowed him to develop for the first time a clear system for organizing surgical care for the wounded in the war.
The operation of resection of the elbow joint developed by Pirogov contributed to a certain extent to limiting amputations. In "The Beginnings of General Military Field Surgery ..." (published in 1864 in German; in 1865-1866, in two parts - in Russian, in two parts in 1941-1944), which are a generalization military surgical practice of Pirogov, he outlined and fundamentally resolved the main issues of military field surgery (issues of organization, the doctrine of shock, wounds, pyemia, etc.). As a clinician, Pirogov was exceptionally observant; his statements concerning wound infection, the meaning of miasma, the use of various antiseptic substances in the treatment of wounds (iodine tincture, bleach solution, silver nitrate), are essentially an anticipation of the work of the English surgeon J. Lister.
Great is the merit of Pirogov in the development of anesthesia issues. In 1847, less than a year after the discovery of ether anesthesia by the American physician W. Morton, Pirogov published an extremely important pilot study devoted to the study of the effect of ether on the animal organism ("Anatomical and physiological studies on esterization"). He proposed a number of new methods of ether anesthesia (intravenous, intratracheal, rectal), and devices for "ether" were created. Along with the Russian physiologist Alexei Matveyevich Filomafitsky (1807-1849), professor at Moscow University, he made the first attempts to explain the essence of anesthesia; he pointed out that the narcotic substance has an effect on the central nervous system and this action is carried out through the blood, regardless of the ways it is introduced into the body.
At seventy, Pirogov became quite an old man. The cataract closed the joy of seeing the colors of the world clearly. His face still lived swiftness and will. There were almost no teeth. It made it difficult to speak. In addition, he suffered from a painful ulcer on the hard palate. The ulcer appeared in the winter of 1881. Pirogov mistook it for a burn. He had a habit of rinsing his mouth with hot water to keep the smell of tobacco out. A few weeks later, he dropped in front of his wife: "It's like cancer." In Moscow, Pirogov was examined by Sklifosovsky, then Val, Grube, Bogdanovsky. They suggested surgery. His wife took Pirogov to Vienna, to the famous Billroth. Billroth persuaded not to be operated on, swore that the ulcer was benign. Pirogov was hard to deceive. Against cancer, even the almighty Pirogov was powerless.
In Moscow in 1881, the 50th anniversary of Pirogov's scientific, pedagogical and social activities was celebrated; he was awarded the title of honorary citizen of Moscow. On November 23 of the same year, Pirogov died in his estate Vishnya, near the Ukrainian city of Vinnitsa, his body was embalmed and placed in a crypt. In 1897, a monument to Pirogov was erected in Moscow with funds raised by subscription. In the estate where Pirogov lived, a memorial museum named after him was organized in 1947; Pirogov's body was restored and placed for viewing in a specially rebuilt crypt.
Childhood and youth
Pirogov Nikolai Ivanovich was born in Moscow, he was from the family of a treasury official. Education took place at home. As a child, he noticed a penchant for medical science. A friend of the family, who was known as a good doctor and professor at Moscow University, E. Mukhin, helped to get an education. He drew attention to the boy's penchant for medical science and began to study with him personally.
Education
At the age of 14, the boy enters the medical department of Moscow University. In parallel, Pirogov settled down and worked at the anatomical theater. After defending his thesis, he worked abroad for several more years.
Nikolai Pirogov was the best in academic performance, graduating from the university. In order to prepare for the activities of a professor, he goes to the Yuryev University of Tartu. At that time it was best university Russia. At the age of 26, the young doctor-scientist defended his dissertation and became a professor of surgery.
Life abroad
Nikolai Ivanovich went to study in Berlin for some time. There he was known for his dissertation, which was translated into German.
Prigov falls seriously ill on the way home and decides to stay in Riga for medical treatment. Riga was lucky because it made the city a platform for recognizing his talent. As soon as Nikolai Pirogov recovered, he decided to perform operations again. Before that, and before, there were rumors in the city about a successful young doctor. The next step was confirmation of his status.
Moving to Pirogov in St. Petersburg
After some time, he arrives in St. Petersburg, and there he becomes the head of the Department of Surgery at the Medico-Surgical Academy. At the same time, Nikolai Ivanovich Prigov was engaged in the Clinic of Hospital Surgery. Since he trained the military, it was also in his interest to learn new surgical techniques. Thanks to this, the possibility of operations with minimal injury to the patient appeared.
Later, Pirogov went to the Caucasus to join the army, because he needed to check the operational methods that had been developed. In the Caucasus, for the first time, bandage dressing impregnated with starch is used.
Crimean War
The leading merit of Pirogov is the possibility of introducing a completely new method of caring for the wounded in Sevastopol. The method included the fact that the wounded were carefully selected already at the first point of care: the more severe the wounds, the sooner they would perform operations, and if the wounds were light, they could be sent for treatment to stationary hospitals in the country. The scientist is deservedly considered the founder of military surgery.
last years of life
He became the founder of a free hospital on his small estate Cherry. He left there only for a while, including in order to give lectures. In 1881, N. I. Pirogov became the 5th honorary citizen of Moscow, thanks to his work for the benefit of education and science.
At the beginning of 1881, Pirogov drew attention to irritation and health problems. N. I. Pirogov died on November 23, 1881 in the village of Cherry (Vinnitsa) due to cancer.
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The future great doctor was born on November 27, 1810 in Moscow. His father served as treasurer. Ivan Ivanovich Pirogov had fourteen children, most of them died in infancy; of the six survivors, Nikolai was the youngest.
An acquaintance of the family helped him get an education - a well-known Moscow doctor, professor of Moscow University E. Mukhin, who noticed the boy's abilities and began to work with him individually.
When Nikolai was fourteen years old, he entered the medical faculty of Moscow University. To do this, he had to add two years to himself, but he passed the exams no worse than his older comrades. Pirogov studied easily. In addition, he had to constantly earn extra money to help his family. Finally, Pirogov managed to get a job as a dissector in the anatomical theater. This job gave him invaluable experience and convinced him that he should become a surgeon.
Graduated from the university one of the first in terms of academic performance. Pirogov went to prepare for a professorship at Yuriev University in the city of Tartu. At that time, this university was considered the best in Russia. Here, in the surgical clinic, Pirogov worked for five years, brilliantly defended his doctoral dissertation, and at the age of twenty-six became a professor of surgery.
The subject of his thesis, he chose the ligation of the abdominal aorta, performed until that time - and then with a fatal outcome - only once by the English surgeon Astley Cooper. The conclusions of the Pirogov dissertation were equally important for both theory and practice. He was the first to study and describe the topography, that is, the location of the abdominal aorta in humans, circulatory disorders during its ligation, the circulatory pathways with its obstruction, and explained the causes of postoperative complications. He proposed two ways to access the aorta: transperitoneal and extraperitoneal. When any damage to the peritoneum threatened death, the second method was especially necessary. Astley Cooper, who for the first time bandaged the aorta in an transperitoneal way, said, having become acquainted with Pirogov's dissertation, that if he had to do the operation again, he would have chosen a different method. Is this not the highest recognition!
When Pirogov, after five years in Dorpat, went to Berlin to study, the famous surgeons, to whom he went with a respectfully bowed head, read his dissertation, hastily translated into German.
He found a teacher who, more than others, combined everything that he was looking for in the surgeon Pirogov, not in Berlin, but in Göttingen, in the person of Professor Langenbeck. The Göttingen professor taught him the purity of surgical techniques. He taught him to hear the whole and complete melody of the operation. He showed Pirogov how to adapt the movements of the legs and the whole body to the actions of the operating hand. He hated slowness and demanded fast, precise and rhythmic work.
Returning home, Pirogov fell seriously ill and was left for treatment in Riga. Riga was lucky: if Pirogov had not fallen ill, she would not have become a platform for his rapid recognition. As soon as Pirogov got up from the hospital bed, he undertook to operate. The city had heard rumors before about the promising young surgeon. Now it was necessary to confirm the good reputation that ran far ahead.
Best of the day
He began with rhinoplasty: he carved out a new nose for a noseless barber. Then he recalled that it was the best nose he had ever made in his life. Plastic surgery was followed by the inevitable lithotomies, amputations, removal of tumors. In Riga, he operated for the first time as a teacher.
From Riga he went to Derpt, where he learned that the Moscow chair promised to him had been given to another candidate. But he was lucky - Ivan Filippovich Moyer handed over his clinic in Dorpat to the student.
One of the most significant works of Pirogov is the "Surgical Anatomy of Arterial Trunks and Fascias" completed in Dorpat. Already in the name itself, giant layers are raised - surgical anatomy, a science that Pirogov created from his first, youthful works, erected, and the only pebble that started the movement of bulks - fascia.
Before Pirogov, they almost did not deal with fascia: they knew that there were such fibrous fibrous plates, membranes surrounding muscle groups or individual muscles, they saw them when opening corpses, stumbled upon them during operations, cut them with a knife, not attaching importance to them.
Pirogov begins with a very modest task: he undertakes to study the direction of the fascial membranes. Having learned the particular, the course of each fascia, he goes to the general and deduces certain patterns of the position of the fascia relative to nearby vessels, muscles, nerves, and discovers certain anatomical patterns.
Everything that Pirogov discovered, he does not need in itself, he needs all this in order to indicate the best methods for performing operations, first of all, "to find the right way to ligate this or that artery," as he says. This is where the new science created by Pirogov begins - this is surgical anatomy.
Why does a surgeon need anatomy at all, he asks: is it just to know the structure of the human body? And he answers: no, not only! The surgeon, explains Pirogov, should not deal with anatomy in the same way as an anatomist. Thinking about the structure of the human body, the surgeon cannot for a moment lose sight of what the anatomist does not even think about - the landmarks that will show him the way during the operation.
Pirogov supplied the description of operations with drawings. Nothing like the anatomical atlases and tables that were used before him. No discounts, no conventions - the greatest accuracy of the drawings: the proportions are not violated, every branch, every knot, lintel is preserved and reproduced. Pirogov, not without pride, suggested that patient readers check any detail of the drawings in the anatomical theater. He did not yet know that he had new discoveries ahead of him, the highest precision ...
In the meantime, he goes to France, where five years earlier, after a professorial institute, the authorities did not want to let him go. In the Parisian clinics, he grasps some amusing particulars and does not find anything unknown. It is curious: as soon as he was in Paris, he hurried to the famous professor of surgery and anatomy Velpo and found him reading "The Surgical Anatomy of the Arterial Trunks and Fascia" ...
In 1841, Pirogov was invited to the Department of Surgery at the Medical and Surgical Academy of St. Petersburg. Here the scientist worked for more than ten years and created the first surgical clinic in Russia. In it, he founded another branch of medicine - hospital surgery.
He came to the capital as a winner. No less than three hundred people crowd into the auditorium where he reads a course of surgery: not only doctors are crowded on the benches, students of other students come to listen to Pirogov educational institutions, writers, officials, military, artists, engineers, even ladies. Newspapers and magazines write about him, compare his lectures with the concerts of the famous Italian Angelica Catalani, that is, with divine singing, they compare his speech about incisions, stitches, purulent inflammations and autopsy results.
Nikolai Ivanovich is appointed director of the Tool Factory, and he agrees. Now he comes up with tools that any surgeon will use to perform the operation well and quickly. He is asked to accept the position of a consultant in one hospital, in another, in a third, and he again agrees,
But not only well-wishers surround the scientist. He has a lot of envious people and enemies who are disgusted by the zeal and fanaticism of the doctor. In the second year of his life in St. Petersburg, Pirogov fell seriously ill, poisoned by hospital miasma and the bad air of the dead. I couldn't get up for a month and a half. He felt sorry for himself, poisoned his soul with sorrowful thoughts about years lived without love and lonely old age.
He went over in his memory all those who could bring him family love and happiness. The most suitable of them seemed to him Ekaterina Dmitrievna Berezina, a girl from a well-born, but collapsed and greatly impoverished family. A hurried modest wedding took place.
Pirogov had no time - great things were waiting for him. He simply locked his wife within the four walls of a rented and, on the advice of acquaintances, furnished apartment. He didn’t take her to the theater, because he disappeared until late in the anatomical theater, he didn’t go to balls with her, because balls were idleness, he took away her novels and slipped her scientific journals in return. Pirogov jealously pushed his wife away from her friends, because she had to belong entirely to him, just as he belongs entirely to science. And for a woman, probably, there was too much and too little of one great Pirogov.
Ekaterina Dmitrievna died in the fourth year of marriage, leaving Pirogov two sons: the second cost her her life.
But in the difficult days of grief and despair for Pirogov, a great event happened - his project of the world's first Anatomical Institute was approved by the highest.
On October 16, 1846, the first test of ether anesthesia took place. And he quickly began to conquer the world. In Russia, the first operation under anesthesia was performed on February 7, 1847 by Pirogov's comrade at the professorial institute, Fedor Ivanovich Inozemtsev. He headed the Department of Surgery at Moscow University.
Nikolay Ivanovich performed the first operation with the use of anesthesia a week later. But from February to November 1847, Inozemtsev performed eighteen operations under anesthesia, and by May 1847 Pirogov had received the results of fifty. During the year, six hundred and ninety operations were performed under anesthesia in thirteen cities of Russia. Three hundred of them are from Pirogovo!
Soon, Nikolai Ivanovich took part in hostilities in the Caucasus. Here, in the village of Salty, for the first time in the history of medicine, he began to operate on the wounded with ether anesthesia. Total great surgeon performed about 10,000 operations under ether anesthesia.
One day while walking through the market. Pirogov saw the butchers sawing the carcasses of cows into pieces. The scientist drew attention to the fact that the location is clearly visible on the cut internal organs. After some time, he tried this method in the anatomical theater, sawing frozen corpses with a special saw. Pirogov himself called this "ice anatomy". Thus was born a new medical discipline - topographic anatomy.
With the help of cuts made in this way, Pirogov compiled the first anatomical atlas, which became an indispensable guide for surgeons. Now they have the opportunity to operate, causing minimal injury to the patient. This atlas and the technique proposed by Pirogov became the basis for the entire subsequent development of operative surgery.
After the death of Ekaterina Dmitrievna Pirogov was left alone. "I have no friends," he admitted with his usual frankness. And at home, the boys, sons, Nikolai and Vladimir were waiting for him. Pirogov twice unsuccessfully tried to marry for convenience, which he did not consider it necessary to hide from himself, from acquaintances, it seems that from the girls planned to be the bride.
In a small circle of acquaintances, where Pirogov sometimes spent evenings, he was told about the twenty-two-year-old Baroness Alexandra Antonovna Bistrom, who enthusiastically read and reread his article on the ideal of a woman. The girl feels like a lonely soul, thinks a lot and seriously about life, loves children. In conversation, she was called "a girl with convictions."
Pirogov proposed to Baroness Bistrom. She agreed. Gathering at the estate of the bride's parents, where it was supposed to play an inconspicuous wedding. Pirogov, confident in advance that the honeymoon, breaking his usual activities, would make him quick-tempered and intolerant, asked Alexandra Antonovna to pick up crippled poor people in need of an operation for his arrival: work will delight the first time of love!
When in 1853 began Crimean War, Nikolai Ivanovich considered it his civic duty to go to Sevastopol. He was appointed to the active army. Operating on the wounded. Pirogov, for the first time in the history of medicine, used a plaster cast, which made it possible to speed up the healing process of fractures and saved many soldiers and officers from ugly curvature of the limbs.
The most important merit of Pirogov is the introduction of sorting the wounded in Sevastopol: one operation was done directly in combat conditions, others were evacuated deep into the country after first aid. On his initiative, the Russian army introduced new form medical care - there were sisters of mercy. Thus, it was Pirogov who laid the foundations of military field medicine.
After the fall of Sevastopol, Pirogov returned to St. Petersburg, where, at a reception at Alexander II, he reported on the mediocre leadership of the army by Prince Menshikov. The tsar did not want to heed the advice of Pirogov, and from that moment Nikolai Ivanovich fell out of favor.
He left the Medico-Surgical Academy. Appointed as a trustee of the Odessa and Kyiv educational districts, Pirogov is trying to change the system that existed in them school education. Naturally, his actions led to a conflict with the authorities, and the scientist had to leave his post.
For some time, Pirogov settled in his estate "Cherry" near Vinnitsa, where he organized a free hospital. He traveled from there only abroad, and also at the invitation of St. Petersburg University to give lectures. By this time, Pirogov was already a member of several foreign academies.
In May 1881, Moscow and St. Petersburg solemnly celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of scientific activity Pirogov. The great Russian physiologist Sechenov addressed him with a greeting. However, at that time the scientist was already terminally ill, and in the summer of 1881 he died on his estate.
The significance of Pirogov's activity lies in the fact that with his selfless and often disinterested work he turned surgery into a science, equipping doctors with a scientifically based method of surgical intervention.
Shortly before his death, the scientist made another discovery - he proposed a completely new way of embalming the dead. To this day, the body of Pirogov himself, embalmed in this way, is kept in the church of the village of Vishni.
The memory of the great surgeon is preserved to this day. Every year on his birthday, a prize and a medal named after him are awarded for achievements in the field of anatomy and surgery. In the house where Pirogov lived, a museum of the history of medicine was opened, in addition, some medical institutions and city streets were named after him.
(1810-1881) - a great Russian doctor and scientist, an outstanding teacher and public figure; one of the founders of surgical anatomy and anatomical and experimental direction in surgery, military field surgery, organization and tactics of medical support for troops; corresponding member Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1847), honorary member and honorary doctor of many domestic and foreign universities and medical societies.
In 1824 (at the age of 14) N. I. Pirogov entered the medical department. Faculty of Moscow un-that, where among his teachers were the anatomist X. I. Loder, clinicians M. Ya. Wise, E. O. Mukhin. In 1828 he graduated from the university and entered among the first "professorial students" in the Derpt Professorial Institute, created to train professors from "natural Russians" who successfully graduated from the university and withstood entrance exams at the Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Initially, he intended to specialize in physiology, but due to the lack of this profile of special training, he chose surgery. In 1829 he received a gold medal from Derpt (now Tartu) University for the work done in the surgical clinic by prof. I.F. Moyer competitive research on the topic: “What should be borne in mind when ligating large arteries during operations?”, In 1832 he defended a doctorate, a dissertation on the topic: “Is ligation of the abdominal aorta with inguinal aneurysm easy and safe intervention. In 1833-1835, completing his training for a professorship, N. I. Pirogov was on a business trip in Germany, improved in anatomy and surgery, in particular in the clinic of B. Langenbeck. Upon his return to Russia in 1835, he worked in Dorpat at the clinic of prof. I. F. Moyer; since 1836 - extraordinary, and since 1837 ordinary professor of theoretical and practical surgery at Dorpat University. In 1841, N. I. Pirogov created and until 1856 headed the hospital surgical clinic of the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy; at the same time was Ch. doctor of the surgical department of the 2nd military land hospital, director of the technical part of the St. Petersburg Instrumental Plant, and since 1846 director of the Institute of Practical Anatomy created at the Medico-Surgical Academy. In 1846, N. I. Pirogov was approved as an academician of the Medical and Surgical Academy.
In 1856, N. I. Pirogov left the service at the academy (“due to illness and domestic circumstances”) and accepted the offer to take the post of trustee of the Odessa educational district; from that time began the 10-year period of his activity in the field of education. In 1858, N. I. Pirogov was appointed trustee of the Kyiv educational district (in 1861 he resigned for health reasons). Since 1862, N. I. Pirogov was the leader of young Russian scientists sent to Germany to prepare for professorial and teaching activities. N. I. Pirogov spent the last years of his life (since 1866) on his estate in the village of Vishnya near Vinnitsa, from where he traveled as a consultant on military medicine to the theater of operations during the Franco-Prussian (1870-1871) and Russian-Turkish (1877 -1878) wars.
The scientific, practical and social activities of N. I. Pirogov brought him world medical fame, undeniable leadership in domestic surgery and put him forward among the largest representatives of European medicine in the mid-19th century. The scientific heritage of N. I. Pirogov belongs to various fields of medicine. He made a significant contribution to each of them, which has not lost its significance until now. Despite more than a century ago, the works of N. I. Pirogov continue to amaze the reader with their originality and depth of thought.
The classic works of N. I. Pirogov “Surgical anatomy of arterial trunks and fascia” (1837), “A complete course of applied anatomy of the human body, with drawings (descriptive-physiological and surgical anatomy)” (1843-1848) and “Illustrated topographic anatomy of cuts, carried out in three directions through the frozen human body” (1852-1859); each of them was awarded the Demidov Prize of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences and became the foundation of topographic anatomy and operative surgery. They outline the principles of layer-by-layer preparation in the study of anatomical regions and formations and provide original ways preparation of anatomical preparations - sawing of frozen corpses (“ice anatomy”, which was initiated by I. V. Buyalsky in 1836), carving individual organs from frozen corpses (“sculptural anatomy”), which together made it possible to determine the relative position of organs and tissues with an accuracy not available with previous research methods.
Studying materials a large number autopsies (about 800) carried out by him during an outbreak of cholera in St. Petersburg in 1848, N. I. Pirogov established that with cholera, zhel.-kish is primarily affected. path, and made a correct guess about the ways of spreading this disease, indicating that the causative agent of the disease (according to the terminology of that time, miasm) enters the body with food and drink. N. I. Pirogov outlined the results of his research in the monograph “Pathological Anatomy of Asiatic Cholera”, published in 1849 in French. language, and in 1850 in Russian and awarded the Demidov Prize of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
In the doctoral dissertation of N. I. Pirogov, devoted to the technique of ligation of the abdominal aorta and elucidation of the reactions of the vascular system and the whole organism to this surgical intervention, the results of an experimental study of the characteristics of collateral circulation after surgery and ways to reduce surgical risk were presented. The monograph by N. I. Pirogov “On the cutting of the Achilles tendon as an operative-orthopedic tool” (1840) also belongs to the Dorpat period, in which effective method treatment of a clubfoot, biol, properties of a blood clot are characterized and it is defined to lay down. role in wound healing processes.
N. I. Pirogov was the first among domestic scientists to come up with the idea of plastic surgery (a trial lecture at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences in 1835 “On plastic surgery in general and about rhinoplasty in particular”), for the first time in the world put forward the idea of bone grafting, publishing in 1854 . work "Osteoplastic elongation of the bones of the lower leg during exfoliation of the foot." His method of connecting the supporting stump during amputation of the lower leg due to the calcaneus is known as the Pirogov operation (see Pirogov amputation); he served as an impetus for the development of other osteoplastic operations. Proposed by N. I. Pirogov, Extraperitoneal access to the external iliac artery (1833) and the lower third of the ureter received wide practical application and was named after him.
The role of N. I. Pirogov in the development of the problem of anesthesia is exceptional. Anesthesia (see) was proposed in 1846, and the very next year N. I. Pirogov conducted a wide experimental and wedge test of the analgesic properties of ether vapors. He studied their effect in experiments on animals (with various methods of administration - inhalation, rectal, intravascular, intratracheal, subarachnoid), as well as on volunteers, including himself. One of the first in Russia (February 14, 1847), he performed an operation under ether anesthesia (removal of the mammary gland for cancer), which lasted only 2.5 minutes; in the same month (for the first time in the world) he performed an operation under rectal ether anesthesia, for which a special apparatus was designed. He summarized the results of 50 surgical interventions carried out by him in the hospitals of St. Petersburg, Moscow and Kiev in reports, oral and written communications (including in the Society of Doctors of St. Petersburg and the Medical Council of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, in the St. Petersburg and the Paris Academies of Sciences) and the monographic work “Observations on the action of ethereal vapors as an analgesic in surgical operations” (1847), which were of great importance in promoting the new method in Russia and introducing anesthesia into wedge practice. In July-August 1847, N. I. Pirogov, seconded to the Caucasian theater of operations, first used ether anesthesia in the conditions of active troops (during the siege of the fortified village of Salty). The result was unprecedented in the history of wars: operations took place without the groans and cries of the wounded. In his “Report on a Journey through the Caucasus” (1849), N.I. Pirogov wrote: “The possibility of broadcasting on the battlefield has been undeniably proven ... The most comforting result of broadcasting was that the operations we performed in the presence of other wounded did not frighten but, on the contrary, they reassured them in their own fate.
The activity of N. I. Pirogov played a significant role in the history of asepsis and antiseptics, which, along with anesthesia, determined the success of surgery in the last quarter of the 19th century. Even before the publication of the works of L. Pasteur and J. Lister, in his wedge, lectures on surgery, N. I. Pirogov made a brilliant guess that suppuration of wounds depends on living pathogens (“hospital miasm”): “Miasma, infecting, itself and reproduced by an infected organism. Miasma is not, like poison, a passive aggregate of chemically active particles; it is organic, capable of development and renewal. From this theoretical position, he drew practical conclusions: he allocated special departments in his clinic for those infected with "hospital miasms"; demanded "to completely separate the entire staff of the gangrenous department - doctors, nurses, paramedics and attendants, to give them dressings (lint, bandages, rags) and special surgical instruments special from other departments"; recommended that the physician "of the miasmic and gangrenous department pay special attention to his dress and hands." Regarding the dressing of wounds with lint, he wrote: “You can imagine what this lint must be like under a microscope! How many eggs, fungi and various spores are in it? How easily it becomes itself a means of transmitting contagions! N. I. Pirogov consistently carried out antiseptic treatment of wounds, using iodine tincture, solutions of silver nitrate, etc., emphasized the importance of gigabytes. measures in the treatment of the wounded and sick.
N. I. Pirogov was a champion of the preventive trend in medicine. He owns famous words, which became the motto of domestic medicine: “I believe in hygiene. This is where the true progress of our science lies. The future belongs to preventive medicine.”
In 1870, in a review of the “Proceedings of the Permanent Medical Commission of the Poltava Provincial Zemstvo,” N.I. Pirogov advised the Zemstvo to pay special attention to honey. organizations for hygiene and sanitation. sections of its work, as well as not to lose sight of the food issue in practical activities.
The reputation of N. I. Pirogov as a practical surgeon was as high as his reputation as a scientist. Even in the Dorpat period, his operations were striking in their boldness of conception and mastery of execution. Operations were carried out at that time without anesthesia, so they were sought to be performed as quickly as possible. Removal of a mammary gland or stone from Bladder, for example, N. I. Pirogov carried out in 1.5-3 minutes. During the Crimean War, at the main dressing station in Sevastopol on March 4, 1855, he performed 10 amputations in less than 2 hours. The international medical authority of N. I. Pirogov is evidenced, in particular, by his invitation for a consultative examination to the German Chancellor O. Bismarck (1859) and the national hero of Italy J. Garibaldi (1862).
Of great importance not only for military field surgery, but also for a wedge, medicine as a whole were the works of N. I. Pirogov on the problems of immobilization and shock. In 1847, at the Caucasian theater of military operations, for the first time in military field practice, he used a fixed starch dressing for complex fractures of the limbs. During the Crimean War, he also for the first time (1854) applied a plaster bandage in the field (see Plaster technique). N. I. Pirogov owns a detailed description of the pathogenesis, a presentation of methods for the prevention and treatment of shock; the wedge described by him, the picture of shock is classical and continues to appear in manuals and textbooks on surgery. He also described a concussion, gaseous swelling of the tissues, singled out "wound consumption" as a special form of pathology, now known as "wound exhaustion".
A characteristic feature of N. I. Pirogov - a doctor and teacher - was extreme self-criticism. Even at the beginning of his professorship, he published the two-volume work "Annals of the Derpt Surgical Clinic" (1837-1839), in which a critical approach to own work and analysis of their mistakes are considered as the most important condition for the successful development of honey. science and practice. In the preface to the 1st volume of the Annals, he wrote: "I consider it the sacred duty of a conscientious teacher to immediately publish his mistakes and their consequences in order to warn and edify others, even less experienced, from such errors." I. Pavlov called the publication of the Annals his first professorial feat: “... in a certain respect an unprecedented publication. Such merciless, frank criticism of oneself and one's activities is hardly to be found anywhere in medical literature. And this is a huge merit! In 1854, the "Military Medical Journal" published an article by N. I. Pirogov "On the difficulties of recognizing surgical diseases and on happiness in surgery", based on the analysis of Ch. arr. own medical errors. This approach to self-criticism as an effective weapon in the struggle for genuine science is characteristic of N. I. Pirogov in all periods of his versatile activity.
N. I. Pirogov, a teacher, was distinguished by a constant desire for greater clarity of the material presented (for example, widespread demonstrations at lectures), the search for new methods of teaching anatomy and surgery, conducting a wedge, detours. His important merit in the field of honey. education is an initiative to open hospital clinics for 5th year students. He was the first to substantiate the need to create such clinics and formulated the tasks facing them. In the draft on the establishment of hospital clinics in Russia (1840), he wrote: “Nothing can contribute to the dissemination of medical and especially surgical information among students as an applied direction in teaching ... Clinical teaching ... has a completely different goal from practical teaching in large hospitals, and one alone is not enough for a complete education of a practical doctor ..., a professor of practical medicine, a hospital one, directs the attention of listeners during his visits to a whole mass of identical painful cases, showing at the same time their individual shades; ... his lectures consist of a review of the main cases, comparing them, etc.; he has in his hands the means of advancing science.” In 1841, a hospital surgical clinic began to function at the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy, and in 1842, the first hospital therapeutic clinic. In 1846 hospital clinics were opened in Moscow un-those, and then in Kazan, Derpt and Kiev high fur boots with the simultaneous introduction of the 5th year of study for medical students. f-comrade. This is how it was done important reform higher honey. education, which contributed to the improvement of the training of domestic doctors.
N. I. Pirogov's speeches on upbringing and education had a great public resonance; his article "Questions of Life", published in 1856 in the "Sea Collection", received a positive assessment N. G. Chernyshevsky and N. A. Dobrolyubov. From the same year, the activities of N.N. Pirogov in the field of education, which was marked by a constant struggle against ignorance and stagnation in science and education, with patronage and bribery. N. I. Pirogov sought to disseminate knowledge among the people, demanded the so-called. autonomy of high fur boots, was a supporter of competitions that provide a place for more capable and knowledgeable applicants. He defended equal rights to education for all nationalities, large and small, and for all classes, strove for the implementation of universal primary education and was the organizer of Sunday folk schools in Kyiv. On the issue of the relationship between “scientific” and “educational” in higher education, he was a resolute opponent of the opinion that high fur boots should teach, and the Academy of Sciences should “move science forward”, and argued: “It is impossible to separate educational from scientific at the university. But scientific and without educational still shines and warms. And educational without scientific, - no matter how ... its appearance is alluring, - it only shines. In assessing the merits of the head of the department, he gave preference to scientific rather than pedagogical abilities and was deeply convinced that science is driven by the method. “Be a professor, at least a dumb one,” wrote N. I. Pirogov, “and teach by example, in fact, the real method of studying the subject - for science and for those who want to do science, it is more expensive than the most eloquent speaker ...” A. I. Herzen called N. I. Pirogov one of the most prominent figures in Russia, who, in his opinion, brought great benefits to the Motherland not only as its “first operator”, but also as a trustee of educational districts.
N. I. Pirogov is rightly called the “father of Russian surgery” - his activities led to the entry of domestic surgery to the forefront of world medical science. sciences (see Medicine). His works on topographic anatomy, on the problems of anesthesia, immobilization, bone grafting, shock, wounds and wound complications, on the organization of military field surgery and the military medical service as a whole are classical and fundamental. His scientific school not limited to direct students: in fact, all the leading domestic surgeons of the 2nd half of the 19th century. developed the anatomical and physiological direction in surgery based on the provisions and methods developed by N. I. Pirogov. His initiative in attracting women to care for the wounded, i.e., in organizing in-that sisters of mercy, played an important role in attracting women to medicine and contributed, according to A. Dunant, to the creation of the international Red Cross.
In May 1881, the 50th anniversary of the versatile activity of N. I. Pirogov was solemnly celebrated in Moscow; he was awarded the title of honorary citizen of Moscow. After his death, the Ob-in of Russian doctors was founded in memory of N. I. Pirogov, who regularly convened the Pirogov congresses (see). In 1897, in Moscow, in front of the building of the surgical clinic on Tsaritsynskaya Street (since 1919, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya), a monument to N. I. Pirogov was erected with funds raised by subscription (sculptor V. O. Sherwood); in the State Tretyakov Gallery there is his portrait by I. E. Repin (1881). By decision Soviet government in 1947, in the village of Pirogovo (former Cherry), where a crypt with the embalmed body of a great figure of Russian science has been preserved, a memorial estate museum was opened. Since 1954, the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences and the board of the All-Union Society of Surgeons have been holding annual Pirogov readings. N. I. Pirogov are dedicated to St. 3 thousand books and articles in domestic and foreign press. The name of N. I. Pirogov is carried by the Leningrad (former Russian) surgical society, the 2nd Moscow and Odessa medical in-you. His works on general and military medicine, upbringing and education continue to attract the attention of scientists, doctors and educators.
The museum is located in the Vishnya estate (at present, within the city of Vinnitsa), where N. I. Pirogov settled in 1861 and lived, intermittently, for the last 20 years of his life. In addition to the estate with a residential building and a pharmacy, the museum complex includes a tomb, in which the embalmed body of N. I. Pirogov rests.
The proposal to create a museum in the Vishnya estate was first put forward in the early 1920s. Vinnitsa Scientific Society of Physicians. This proposal found support and development at the solemn meeting of the Pirogov Surgical Society (December 6, 1926), as well as at the I (1926) and II (1928) All-Ukrainian Congresses of Surgeons in the speeches of H. M. Volkovich, I. I. Grekov , N. K. Lysenkova. In 1939-1940. in connection with the approaching 135th anniversary of the birth of N. I. Pirogov People's Commissar-zdrav of the Ukrainian SSR and medical. the public again raised the issue of creating memorial complex in the Pirogovo estate. It was supposed to carry out the main work in the summer of 1941. However, the war prevented the implementation of the developed plan.
The organization of the museum began shortly after the liberation of Ukraine from the Nazi invaders (October 1944) in accordance with the decision of the Council People's Commissars USSR on the creation of a museum in the estate of N. I. Pirogov and on the adoption of measures to preserve his remains. A huge merit in the organization of the museum belongs to Academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences E. I. Smirnov, at that time the head of the Main Military Sanitary Directorate of the Red Army.
The invaders caused great damage to the estate and the tomb. The coffin with the body of the scientist was on the verge of destruction. The commission appointed in May 1945, consisting of professors A. N. Maksimenkov, R. D. Sinelnikov, M. K. Dahl, M. S. Spirova, G. L. Derman and others, managed to slow down the process of tissue breakdown and restore the appearance of N. I. Pirogov. At the same time, repair and restoration work was carried out in the estate. The development of expositions was undertaken by the Leningrad Military Medical Museum (see). On September 9, 1947, the grand opening of the museum took place.
The collection of museum exhibits reflects the medical, scientific, pedagogical, social activities N. I. Pirogov. The museum presents the works of the scientist, memorial items, handwritten documents, anatomical preparations, surgical instruments, pharmacy equipment, recipes, photographs, paintings and sculptures. The number of exhibits exceeds 15,000. The museum's library contains several thousand books and magazines. In the garden and park of the estate, trees planted by N.I. Pirogov have been preserved.
IN last years a team of scientists and practitioners consisting of S. S. Debov, V. V. Kupriyanov, A. P. Avtsyn, M. R. Sapin, K. I. Kulchitsky, Yu. I. Denisov-Nikolsky, L. D. Zherebtsov , V. D. Bilyk, S. A. Markovsky, G. S. Sobchuk carried out restoration and restoration work in the tomb and reembalmed the body of N. I. Pirogov. For the restoration of the museum-estate of N. I. Pirogov and its use for the wide promotion of the achievements of the national medical science and practice of Soviet healthcare, a group of scientists and museum workers was awarded the State Prize of the Ukrainian SSR (1983).
The museum is a scientific and educational base of the Vinnitsa Medical Institute named after V.I. N. I. Pirogov. More than 300 thousand people get acquainted with the expositions of the museum every year.
Compositions: Num vinctura aortae abdominalis in aneurysmate inguinali adbibita facile ac tutum sit remedium? Dorpati, 1832; Practical and physiological observations on the effect of ether vapor on the animal organism, SPb., 1847; Report on a journey through the Caucasus, St. Petersburg, 1849; Military medical business, St. Petersburg, 1879; Works, vol. 1-2, St. Petersburg, 1887; Collected works, vols. 1-8, M., 1957-1962.
Bibliography: Georgievsky A. S. Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov and "Military Medicine", JT., 1979; G e with e l e-in and h A. M. Chronicle of the life of N. I. Pirogov (1810-1881), M., 1976; Gesele-in and h A. M. and Smirnov E. I. Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov, M., 1960; Maximenkov A. N. Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov. L., 1961; Smirnov E. I. Modern meaning of the main provisions of N. I. Pirogov in military field surgery, Vestn, hir., t. 83, No. 8, p. 3, 1959.
Museum-estate of N. I. Pirogov- Bolyarsky H. N. N. I. Pirogov in the estate "Cherry" of the Vinnitsa district of the Podolsk province, Nov. hir. arch., v. 15, book. I, p. 3, 1928; Kulchitsky K. I., Klantsa P. A. and Sobchuk G. S. N. I. Pirogov in the estate of Cherry, Kyiv, 1981; Sobchuk G. S. and Klanz P. A. Museum-estate of N. I. Pirogov, Odessa, 1986; Sobchuk G.S., Kirilenko A.V. and Klantsa P.A. Monument of national gratitude, Ortop. and traumat., No. 10, p. 60, 1985; Sobchuk G. S., Markovsky S. A. and Klanza P. A. To the history of the museum-estate of N. I. Pirogov, Owls. health care, Jsft 3, p. 57, 1986.
E. I. Smirnov, G. S. Sobchuk (museum), P. A. Klantz (museum).
Date of Birth: |
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Place of Birth: |
Moscow, Russian empire |
Date of death: |
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A place of death: |
Cherry village (now within the boundaries of Vinnitsa), Podolsk province, Russian Empire |
Citizenship: |
Russian empire |
Occupation: |
Prose writer, poet, playwright, translator |
Scientific area: |
Medicine |
Alma mater: |
Moscow University, Dorpat University |
Known as: |
Surgeon, creator of the atlas of topographic human anatomy, military field surgery, founder of anesthesia, outstanding teacher. |
Awards and prizes: |
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Crimean War
After the Crimean War
Last confession
Meaning
In Ukraine
In Belarus
In Bulgaria
In Estonia
In Moldavia
In philately
The image of Pirogov in art
(November 13 (25), 1810, Moscow - November 23 (December 5), 1881, Cherry village (now within Vinnitsa), Podolsk province, Russian Empire) - Russian surgeon and anatomist, naturalist and teacher, creator of the first atlas of topographic anatomy, founder of Russian military field surgery, founder of the Russian school of anesthesia. Corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
Biography
Nikolai Ivanovich was born in Moscow in 1810, in the family of a military treasurer, Major Ivan Ivanovich Pirogov (1772-1826). Mother Elizaveta Ivanovna Novikova belonged to an old Moscow merchant family. At the age of fourteen, he entered the medical faculty of Moscow University. After receiving a diploma, he studied abroad for several more years. Pirogov prepared for professorship at the Professorial Institute at the University of Derpt (now the University of Tartu). Here, in the surgical clinic, Pirogov worked for five years, brilliantly defended his doctoral dissertation, and at the age of only twenty-six was elected professor at Dorpat University. A few years later, Pirogov was invited to St. Petersburg, where he headed the Department of Surgery at the Medical and Surgical Academy. At the same time, Pirogov led the Clinic of Hospital Surgery organized by him. Since Pirogov's duties included the training of military surgeons, he began to study the surgical methods common in those days. Many of them were radically reworked by him; in addition, Pirogov developed a number of completely new techniques, thanks to which he managed more often than other surgeons to avoid amputation of limbs. One of these techniques is still called the “Pirogov operation”.
In search of an effective teaching method, Pirogov decided to apply anatomical studies on frozen corpses. Pirogov himself called this "ice anatomy". Thus was born a new medical discipline - topographic anatomy. After several years of such study of anatomy, Pirogov published the first anatomical atlas entitled "Topographic anatomy, illustrated by cuts made through the frozen human body in three directions", which became an indispensable guide for surgeons. From that moment on, surgeons were able to operate with minimal trauma to the patient. This atlas and the technique proposed by Pirogov became the basis for the entire subsequent development of operative surgery.
In 1847, Pirogov went to the Caucasus to join the army, as he wanted to test the operating methods he had developed in the field. In the Caucasus, he first used dressing with bandages soaked in starch. Starch dressing turned out to be more convenient and stronger than previously used splints. Here, in the village of Salta, Pirogov for the first time in the history of medicine began to operate on the wounded with ether anesthesia in the field. In total, the great surgeon performed about 10 thousand operations under ether anesthesia.
Crimean War
In 1855, during the Crimean War, Pirogov was the chief surgeon of Sevastopol, besieged by the Anglo-French troops. Operating on the wounded, Pirogov for the first time in the history of Russian medicine used a plaster cast, giving rise to a savings tactic for treating limb injuries and saving many soldiers and officers from amputation. During the siege of Sevastopol, to care for the wounded, Pirogov supervised the training and work of the sisters of the Exaltation of the Cross community of sisters of mercy. This was also an innovation at the time.
The most important merit of Pirogov is the introduction in Sevastopol of a completely new method of caring for the wounded. This method lies in the fact that the wounded were subject to careful selection already at the first dressing station; depending on the severity of the wounds, some of them were subject to immediate operation in the field, while others, with lighter wounds, were evacuated inland for treatment in stationary military hospitals. Therefore, Pirogov is justly considered the founder of a special direction in surgery, known as military field surgery.
For merits in helping the wounded and sick, Pirogov was awarded the Order of St. Stanislav, 1st degree, which gave the right to hereditary nobility.
After the Crimean War
Despite the heroic defense, Sevastopol was taken by the besiegers, and the Crimean War was lost by Russia. Returning to St. Petersburg, Pirogov, at a reception at Alexander II, told the emperor about problems in the troops, as well as about the general backwardness of the Russian army and its weapons. The emperor did not want to listen to Pirogov. From that moment on, Nikolai Ivanovich fell out of favor, he was sent to Odessa to the post of trustee of the Odessa and Kyiv educational districts. Pirogov tried to reform the existing system of school education, his actions led to a conflict with the authorities, and the scientist had to leave his post.
Not only was he not appointed minister of public education, but they even refused to make him a comrade (deputy) minister, instead he was "exiled" to supervise Russian candidates for professorships studying abroad. He chose Heidelberg as his residence, where he arrived in May 1862. The candidates were very grateful to him, for example, he warmly recalled this Nobel Laureate I. I. Mechnikov. There he not only fulfilled his duties, often traveling to other cities where the candidates studied, but also provided them and their families and friends with any, including medical assistance, and one of the candidates, the head of the Russian community of Heidelberg, held a fundraiser for the treatment of Garibaldi and persuaded Pirogov to examine the wounded Garibaldi. Pirogov refused money, but went to Garibaldi and found a bullet not noticed by other world-famous doctors, insisted that Garibaldi leave the climate harmful to his wound, as a result of which the Italian government released Garibaldi from captivity. According to the general opinion, it was N.I. Pirogov who then saved the leg, and, most likely, the life of Garibaldi, who was convicted by other doctors. In his Memoirs, Garibaldi recalls: “The outstanding professors Petridge, Nelaton and Pirogov, who showed generous attention to me when I was in a dangerous state, proved that there are no boundaries for good deeds, for true science in the family of mankind ... "After that Petersburg, there was an attempt on the life of Alexander II by nihilists who admired Garibaldi, and, most importantly, Garibaldi's participation in the war of Prussia and Italy against Austria, which displeased the Austrian government, and the "red" Pirogov was generally dismissed from public service even without a pension.
In the prime of his creative powers, Pirogov retired to his small estate "Cherry" not far from Vinnitsa, where he organized a free hospital. He briefly traveled from there only abroad, and also at the invitation of St. Petersburg University to give lectures. By this time, Pirogov was already a member of several foreign academies. For a relatively long time, Pirogov left the estate only twice: the first time in 1870 during Franco-Prussian War, being invited to the front on behalf of the International Red Cross, and the second time, in 1877-1878 - already at a very old age - he worked at the front for several months during Russian-Turkish war.
Russian-Turkish war 1877-1878
When Emperor Alexander II visited Bulgaria in August 1877, during the Russian-Turkish war, he remembered Pirogov as an incomparable surgeon and the best organizer of the medical service at the front. Despite his old age (then Pirogov was already 67 years old), Nikolai Ivanovich agreed to go to Bulgaria, provided that he was given complete freedom of action. His desire was granted, and on October 10, 1877, Pirogov arrived in Bulgaria, in the village of Gorna-Studena, not far from Plevna, where the main apartment of the Russian command was located.
Pirogov organized the treatment of soldiers, care for the wounded and sick in military hospitals in Svishtov, Zgalev, Bolgaren, Gorna-Studena, Veliko Tarnovo, Bokhot, Byala, Plevna. From October 10 to December 17, 1877, Pirogov traveled over 700 km in a cart and sleigh, over an area of 12,000 square meters. km., occupied by the Russians between the rivers Vit and Yantra. Nikolai Ivanovich visited 11 Russian military temporary hospitals, 10 divisional infirmaries and 3 pharmacy warehouses stationed in 22 different settlements. During this time, he was engaged in treatment and operated on both Russian soldiers and many Bulgarians.
Last confession
In 1881, N. I. Pirogov became the fifth honorary citizen of Moscow "in connection with the fiftieth labor activity in the field of education, science and citizenship.
Last days
At the beginning of 1881, Pirogov drew attention to pain and irritation on the mucous membrane of the hard palate, on May 24, 1881, N.V. Sklifosovsky established the presence of cancer of the upper jaw. N. I. Pirogov died at 20:25 on November 23, 1881. in with. Cherry, now part of Vinnitsa.
Pirogov's body was embalmed by his attending physician D. I. Vyvodtsev using the method he had just developed, and buried in a mausoleum in the village of Vyshnia near Vinnitsa. In the late 1920s, robbers visited the crypt, damaged the lid of the sarcophagus, stole Pirogov's sword (a gift from Franz Joseph) and a pectoral cross. During the Second World War, during the retreat of the Soviet troops, the sarcophagus with the body of Pirogov was hidden in the ground, while being damaged, which led to damage to the body, which was subsequently restored and re-embalmed.
Officially, Pirogov's tomb is called the "necropolis church", the body is located slightly below ground level in the crypt - the basement of the Orthodox church, in a glazed sarcophagus, which can be accessed by those wishing to pay tribute to the memory of the great scientist.
Meaning
The main significance of the activity of N. I. Pirogov is that with his selfless and often disinterested work he turned surgery into a science, arming doctors with scientifically based methods of surgical intervention.
A rich collection of documents related to the life and work of N. I. Pirogov, his personal belongings, medical instruments, lifetime editions of his works are stored in the funds of the Military Medical Museum in St. Petersburg, Russia. Of particular interest are the 2-volume manuscript of the scientist “Questions of life. Diary of an old doctor” and a suicide note left by him indicating the diagnosis of his illness.
Contribution to the development of national pedagogy
In the classic article “Questions of Life”, Pirogov considered the fundamental problems of Russian education. He showed the absurdity of class education, the discord between school and life, put forward the formation of a highly moral personality, ready to renounce selfish aspirations for the good of society, as the main goal of education. Pirogov believed that for this it was necessary to rebuild the entire education system based on the principles of humanism and democracy. The education system that ensures the development of the individual must be based on a scientific basis, from primary to higher education, and ensure the continuity of all education systems.
Pedagogical views: Pirogov considered the main idea of universal education, the education of a citizen useful to the country; noted the need for social preparation for life of a highly moral person with a broad moral outlook: “ Being human is what education should lead to»; upbringing and education should be in their native language. " Contempt for the native language dishonors the national feeling". He pointed out that the basis of the subsequent vocational education there should be a broad general education; proposed to attract prominent scientists to teaching in higher education, recommended to strengthen the conversations of professors with students; fought for general secular education; urged to respect the personality of the child; fought for the autonomy of higher education.
Criticism of class vocational education: Pirogov opposed the class school and early utilitarian-professional training, against the early premature specialization of children; believed that it hinders the moral education of children, narrows their horizons; condemned arbitrariness, the barracks regime in schools, thoughtless attitude towards children.
Didactic ideas: teachers should discard old dogmatic ways of teaching and apply new methods; it is necessary to awaken the thought of students, to instill the skills of independent work; the teacher must draw the attention and interest of the student to the reported material; transfer from class to class should be based on the results of annual performance; in transfer exams there is an element of chance and formalism.
Physical punishment. In this regard, he was a follower of J. Locke, considering corporal punishment as a means of humiliating a child, causing irreparable damage to his morals, accustoming him to slavish obedience, based only on fear, and not on understanding and evaluating his actions. Slave obedience forms a vicious nature, seeking retribution for its humiliation. N. I. Pirogov believed that the result of training and moral education, the effectiveness of the methods of maintaining discipline are determined by the objective, if possible, assessment by the teacher of all the circumstances that caused the misconduct, and the imposition of punishment that does not frighten and humiliate the child, but educates him. Condemning the use of the rod as a means of disciplinary action, he allowed in exceptional cases the use of physical punishment, but only by order pedagogical council. Despite such an ambiguity in the position of N.I. Pirogov, it should be noted that the question he raised and the discussion that followed on the pages of the press had positive consequences: “The Charter of Gymnasiums and Progymnasiums” of 1864 corporal punishment was abolished.
System public education according to N. I. Pirogov:
- Elementary (primary) school (2 years), studying arithmetic, grammar;
- Incomplete secondary school of two types: classical gymnasium (4 years, general education); real progymnasium (4 years);
- high school two types: classical gymnasium (5 years of general education: Latin, Greek, Russian, literature, mathematics); real gymnasium (3 years, applied nature: professional subjects);
- graduate School: Universities higher educational institutions.
Family
- First wife - Ekaterina Berezina. She died of complications after childbirth at the age of 24. Sons - Nikolai, Vladimir.
- The second wife is Baroness Alexandra von Bystrom.
Memory
In Russia
In Ukraine
In Belarus
- Pirogova street in the city of Minsk.
In Bulgaria
The grateful Bulgarian people erected 26 obelisks, 3 rotundas and a monument to N. I. Pirogov in Skobelevsky Park in Plevna. In the village of Bokhot, on the spot where the Russian 69th military-temporary hospital stood, a park-museum “N. I. Pirogov.
When the first emergency hospital in Bulgaria was established in Sofia in 1951, it was named after N.I. Pirogov. Later, the hospital changed its name many times, first to the Institute of Emergency Medicine, then to the Republican Scientific and Practical Institute of Emergency Medicine, the Scientific Institute of Emergency Medicine, the Multidisciplinary Hospital for Active Treatment and Ambulance, and finally - University MBALSP. And the bas-relief of Pirogov has never changed at the entrance. Now in MBALSM "N. I. Pirogov” employs 361 medical residents, 150 scientific staff, 1025 medical specialists and 882 support staff. All of them proudly call themselves "pirogovtsy". The hospital is considered one of the best in Bulgaria and treats over 40,000 inpatients and 300,000 outpatients a year.
On October 14, 1977, a postage stamp "100 years since the arrival of Academician Nikolai Pirogov in Bulgaria" was printed in Bulgaria.
The image of Pirogov in art
- Pirogov is the main character in Kuprin's story "The Wonderful Doctor".
- The main character in the story "The Beginning" and in the story "Bucephalus" by Yuri German.
- The 1947 film "Pirogov" - in the role of Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov - People's Artist of the USSR Konstantin Skorobogatov.
- Pirogov is the main character in the novel "Privy Councilor" by Boris Zolotarev and Yuri Tyurin. (Moscow: Sovremennik, 1986. - 686 p.)
- In 1855, when he was a senior teacher at the Simferopol gymnasium, D. I. Mendeleev, who had experienced health problems from his youth (it was even suspected that he had consumption), at the request of the St. Petersburg doctor N. F. Zdekauer, was accepted and examined by N. And Pirogov, who, stating the patient's satisfactory condition, declared: "You will outlive us both" - this predestination not only instilled confidence in the future great scientist in the favor of fate, but also came true.
- For a long time, N. I. Pirogov was credited with the authorship of the article “The Ideal of a Woman”. A recent study proves that the article is a selection from the correspondence of N. I. Pirogov with his second wife A. A. Bistrom.
