The Civil War is one of the bloodiest conflicts in the history of the Russian people. For many decades, the Russian Empire demanded reforms. Seizing the moment, the Bolsheviks seized power in the country by killing the tsar. Supporters of the monarchy did not plan to cede influence and created the White movement, which was supposed to return the old state system. The fighting on the territory of the empire changed the further development of the country - it turned into a socialist state under the rule of the communist party.

In contact with

Civil war in Russia (Russian Republic) in 1917-1922.

In short, the Civil War is a turning point that changed fate forever Russian people: its result was the victory over tsarism and the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks.

The civil war in Russia (Russian Republic) took place between 1917 and 1922 between two opposing sides: supporters of the monarchy and its opponents, the Bolsheviks.

Features of the Civil War consisted in the fact that many foreign countries also took part in it, including France, Germany and Great Britain.

Important! The participants in the hostilities - white and red - during the Civil War destroyed the country, putting it on the verge of a political, economic and cultural crisis.

The civil war in Russia (Russian Republic) is one of the bloodiest in the 20th century, during which more than 20 million military and civilians died.

Fragmentation of the Russian Empire during the Civil War. September 1918.

Causes of the Civil War

Historians still do not agree on the causes of the Civil War, which took place from 1917 to 1922. Of course, everyone is of the opinion that the main reason is political, ethnic and social contradictions, which were never resolved during the mass protests of the Petrograd workers and military in February 1917.

As a result, the Bolsheviks came to power and carried out a number of reforms, which are considered to be the main prerequisites for the split of the country. On the this moment historians agree that The key reasons were:

• liquidation of the Constituent Assembly;
• way out by signing the Brest peace treaty, which is humiliating for the Russian people;
• pressure on the peasantry;
• the nationalization of all industrial enterprises and the elimination of private property, which caused a storm of discontent among people who lost their property.

Background of the Civil War in Russia (Russian Republic) (1917-1922):

• the formation of the Red and white movement;
• creation of the Red Army;
• local skirmishes between monarchists and Bolsheviks in 1917;
• execution of the royal family.

Stages of the Civil War

Attention! Most historians believe that the beginning of the Civil War should be dated 1917. Others deny this fact, since large-scale fighting began to take place only in 1918.

Table the generally recognized stages of the Civil War are highlighted 1917-1922:

War periods	Description
	During this period, anti-Bolshevik centers are formed - the White movement. Germany moves troops to the eastern border of Russia, where small skirmishes with the Bolsheviks begin. In May 1918, an uprising of the Czechoslovak Corps takes place, against which the commander-in-chief of the Red Army, General Vatsetis, opposes. During the fighting in the fall of 1918, the Czechoslovak Corps was defeated and retreated beyond the Urals.
Stage II (late November 1918 - winter 1920)	After the defeat of the Czechoslovak Corps, the coalition of the Entente countries begins hostilities against the Bolsheviks, supporting the White movement. In November 1918, the White Guard Admiral Kolchak launched an offensive in the East of the country. The generals of the Red Army are defeated and in December of the same year they surrender the key city of Perm. By the forces of the Red Army at the end of 1918, the offensive of the Whites was stopped. In the spring, hostilities begin again - Kolchak conducts an offensive towards the Volga, but the Reds stop him two months later. In May 1919, General Yudenich was advancing on Petrograd, but the Red Army once again managed to stop him and oust the Whites from the country. At the same time, one of the leaders of the White movement, General Denikin, seizes the territory of Ukraine and prepares to attack the capital. The forces of Nestor Makhno begin to take part in the Civil War. In response to this, the Bolsheviks open a new front under the leadership of Yegorov. In early 1920, Denikin's forces are defeated, forcing the foreign monarchs to withdraw their troops from the Russian Republic. In 1920 a radical fracture occurs in the Civil War.
Stage III (May - November 1920)	In May 1920, Poland declares war on the Bolsheviks and advances on Moscow. The Red Army in the course of bloody battles manages to stop the offensive and launch a counterattack. The "Miracle on the Vistula" allows the Poles to sign a peace treaty on favorable terms in 1921. In the spring of 1920, General Wrangel launched an attack on the territory of Eastern Ukraine, but in the autumn he was defeated, and the Whites lost Crimea. Red Army generals win on the Western Front in the Civil War - it remains to destroy the White Guard grouping in Siberia.
Stage IV (late 1920 - 1922)	In the spring of 1921, the Red Army begins to advance to the East, capturing Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia. White continues to suffer one defeat after another. As a result, the commander-in-chief of the White movement, Admiral Kolchak, is betrayed and handed over to the Bolsheviks. A few weeks later the Civil War ends with the victory of the Red Army.

Civil War in Russia (Russian Republic) 1917-1922: briefly

In the period from December 1918 to the summer of 1919, the Reds and Whites converge in bloody battles, however until neither side gains an advantage.

In June 1919, the Reds seized the advantage, inflicting one defeat after another on the Whites. The Bolsheviks carry out reforms that appeal to the peasants, and therefore the Red Army gets even more recruits.

During this period, there is an intervention from countries Western Europe. However, none of the foreign armies manage to win. By 1920, a huge part of the army of the White movement was defeated, and all their allies left the Republic.

In the next two years, the Reds advance to the east of the country, destroying one enemy grouping after another. It all ends when the admiral and the supreme commander of the White movement, Kolchak, are taken prisoner and executed.

The results of the civil war were catastrophic for the people

Results of the Civil War 1917-1922: briefly

I-IV periods of the war led to the complete ruin of the state. The results of the Civil War for the people were catastrophic: almost all enterprises lay in ruins, millions of people died.

In the Civil War, people died not only from bullets and bayonets - the strongest epidemics raged. According to foreign historians, taking into account the decline in the birth rate in the future, the Russian people lost about 26 million people.

Destroyed factories and mines brought industrial activity to a halt in the country. The working class began to starve and left the cities in search of food, usually going to the countryside. The level of industrial production fell by about 5 times compared to the pre-war level. Production volumes of cereals and other agricultural crops also fell by 45-50%.

On the other hand, the war was aimed at the intelligentsia, who owned real estate and other property. As a result, about 80% of the representatives of the intelligentsia class were destroyed, a small part took the side of the Reds, and the rest fled abroad.

Separately, it should be noted how results of the civil war loss by the state of the following territories:

• Poland;
• Latvia;
• Estonia;
• partly Ukraine;
• Belarus;
• Armenia;
• Bessarabia.

As already mentioned, the main feature of the Civil War is intervention foreign countries . The main reason why Britain, France and others interfered in the affairs of Russia is the fear of a worldwide socialist revolution.

In addition, the following features can be noted:

• during the hostilities, a confrontation unfolded between various parties that saw the future of the country in different ways;
• fighting took place between different sections of society;
• the national liberation character of the war;
• anarchist movement against reds and whites;
• peasant war against both regimes.

Tachanka from 1917 to 1922 was used as a means of transportation in Russia.

Civil war in Russia - armed confrontation in 1917-1922. organized military-political structures and state formations, conventionally defined as "white" and "red", as well as national-state formations on the territory of the former Russian Empire (bourgeois republics, regional state formations). The armed confrontation also involved spontaneously emerging military and socio-political groups, often referred to by the term "third force" (rebel detachments, partisan republics, etc.). Also, foreign states (denoted by the concept of "interventionists") participated in the civil confrontation in Russia.

Periodization of the Civil War

There are 4 stages in the history of the Civil War:

First stage: summer 1917 - November 1918 - formation of the main centers of the anti-Bolshevik movement

Second stage: November 1918 - April 1919 - beginning of the Entente intervention.

Reasons for intervention:

To deal with the Soviet power;

Protect your interests;

Fear of socialist influence.

Third stage: May 1919 - April 1920 - simultaneous struggle of Soviet Russia against the White armies and Entente troops

Fourth stage: May 1920 - November 1922 (summer 1923) - the defeat of the White armies, the end of the civil war

Background and reasons

The origin of the Civil War cannot be reduced to any one cause. It was the result of deep political, socio-economic, national and spiritual contradictions. An important role was played by the potential of public discontent during the years of the First World War, the devaluation of the values ​​of human life. The agrarian and peasant policy of the Bolsheviks also played a negative role (the introduction of committees and surplus appropriations). Bolshevik political doctrine, according to which civil war is a natural outcome socialist revolution, caused by the resistance of the overthrown ruling classes, also contributed to the civil war. On the initiative of the Bolsheviks, the All-Russian Constituent Assembly was dissolved, and the multi-party system was gradually eliminated.

Actual defeat in the war with Germany, Brest Peace led to the fact that the Bolsheviks were accused of "the destruction of Russia."

The right of peoples to self-determination proclaimed by the new government, the emergence of many independent state formations in different parts of the country were perceived by the supporters of the "United, Indivisible" Russia as a betrayal of its interests.

Dissatisfaction with the Soviet government was also expressed by those who opposed its demonstrative break with the historical past and ancient traditions. Especially painful for millions of people was the anti-church policy of the Bolsheviks.

The civil war took various forms, including uprisings, individual armed clashes, large-scale operations with the participation of regular armies, guerrilla actions, and terror. A feature of the Civil War in our country was that it turned out to be extremely long, bloody, and unfolded over a vast territory.

Chronological framework

Separate episodes of the Civil War took place already in 1917 (the February events of 1917, the July "half-uprising" in Petrograd, Kornilov's speech, the October battles in Moscow and other cities), and in the spring - summer of 1918 it acquired a large-scale, front-line character .

It is not easy to determine the final frontier of the Civil War. Front-line military operations on the territory of the European part of the country ended in 1920. But then there were also massive peasant uprisings against the Bolsheviks, and the speeches of the Kronstadt sailors in the spring of 1921. Only in 1922-1923. ended the armed struggle Far East. This milestone as a whole can be considered the time of the end of a large-scale Civil War.

Features of armed confrontation during the Civil War

Military operations during the Civil War differed significantly from previous periods. It was a time of a kind of military creativity that broke the stereotypes of command and control, the system of manning the army, and military discipline. The greatest success was achieved by the commander who commanded in a new way, using all means to achieve the task. The civil war was a war of maneuver. Unlike the period of the "positional war" of 1915-1917, there were no continuous front lines. Cities, villages, villages could change hands several times. Therefore, active, offensive actions, caused by the desire to seize the initiative from the enemy, were of decisive importance.

The fighting during the Civil War was characterized by a variety of strategies and tactics. During the establishment of Soviet power in Petrograd and Moscow, the tactics of street fighting were used. In mid-October 1917, the Military Revolutionary Committee established in Petrograd under the leadership of V.I. Lenin and N.I. Podvoisky, a plan was developed to capture the main urban facilities (telephone exchange, telegraph, railway stations, bridges). Fights in Moscow (October 27 - November 3, 1917 old style), between the forces of the Moscow Military Revolutionary Committee (heads - G.A. Usievich, N.I. Muralov) and the Committee of Public Security (commander of the Moscow Military District Colonel K. I. Ryabtsev and the head of the garrison, Colonel L. N. Treskin) were distinguished by the offensive of the Red Guards and soldiers of the reserve regiments from the outskirts to the city center, occupied by the junkers and the White Guard. Artillery was used to suppress white strongholds. A similar tactic of street fighting was used in the establishment of Soviet power in Kyiv, Kaluga, Irkutsk, Chita.

Formation of the main centers of the anti-Bolshevik movement

Since the beginning of the formation of units of the White and Red armies, the scale of military operations has expanded. In 1918, they were conducted, mainly along the lines of railways and were reduced to the capture of large junction stations and cities. This period was called the "echelon war".

In January-February 1918, the Red Guard detachments under the command of V.A. Antonov-Ovseenko and R.F. Sievers to Rostov-on-Don and Novocherkassk, where forces were concentrated Volunteer army under the command of generals M.V. Alekseeva and L.G. Kornilov.

In the spring of 1918, units of the Czechoslovak Corps formed from prisoners of war of the Austro-Hungarian army took part. Located in echelons along the line of the Trans-Siberian Railway from Penza to Vladivostok, the corps led by R. Gaida, Y. Syrov, S. Chechek was subordinate to the French military command and sent to the Western Front. In response to demands for disarmament, during May-June 1918, the corps overthrew Soviet power in Omsk, Tomsk, Novonikolaevsk, Krasnoyarsk, Vladivostok, and throughout Siberia adjacent to the Trans-Siberian Railway.

In the summer-autumn of 1918, during the 2nd Kuban campaign, the Volunteer Army took the junction stations Tikhoretskaya, Torgovaya, gg. Armavir and Stavropol actually decided the outcome of the operation in the North Caucasus.

The initial period of the Civil War was associated with the activities of the underground centers of the White movement. In all major cities of Russia there were cells associated with the former structures of the military districts and military units located in these cities, as well as with underground organizations of monarchists, cadets and socialist-revolutionaries. In the spring of 1918, on the eve of the performance of the Czechoslovak Corps, an officer underground operated in Petropavlovsk and Omsk under the leadership of Colonel P.P. Ivanov-Rinov, in Tomsk - Lieutenant Colonel A.N. Pepelyaev, in Novonikolaevsk - Colonel A.N. Grishin-Almazova.

In the summer of 1918, General Alekseev approved the secret regulation on the recruiting centers of the Volunteer Army, created in Kyiv, Kharkov, Odessa, Taganrog. They transmitted intelligence information, sent officers across the front line, and also had to oppose the Soviet regime at the moment the White Army units approached the city.

A similar role was played by the Soviet underground, which was active in the White Crimea, the North Caucasus, Eastern Siberia and the Far East in 1919-1920, creating strong partisan detachments, which later became part of the regular units of the Red Army.

By the beginning of 1919, the formation of the White and Red armies was completed.

As part of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army, 15 armies operated, covering the entire front in the center of European Russia. The highest military leadership was concentrated at the Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic (RVSR) L.D. Trotsky and the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Republic, former Colonel S.S. Kamenev. All issues of logistical support for the front, issues of regulating the economy on the territory of Soviet Russia were coordinated by the Council of Labor and Defense (STO), whose chairman was V.I. Lenin. He also headed Soviet government- Council of People's Commissars (Sovnarkom).

They were opposed by the united under the Supreme command of Admiral A.V. Kolchak's army Eastern Front(Siberian (Lieutenant General R. Gaida), Western (Artillery General M.V. Khanzhin), Southern (Major General P.A. Belov) and Orenburg (Lieutenant General A.I. Dutov), ​​as well as recognized Kolchak's power Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia (VSYuR) Lieutenant General A.I. Denikin (Volunteer (Lieutenant General V.Z. Mai-Maevsky), Donskaya (Lieutenant General V.I. Sidorin) and Caucasian (General - Lieutenant P.N. Wrangel) of the Army) In the general direction, the troops of the Commander-in-Chief of the North-Western Front, General of Infantry N.N. Yudenich and the Commander-in-Chief of the Northern Region, Lieutenant General E.K. Miller, acted on Petrograd.

The period of greatest development of the Civil War

In the spring of 1919, attempts at combined attacks by the white fronts began. Since that time, combat operations have been in the nature of full-scale operations on a wide front, using all branches of the armed forces (infantry, cavalry, artillery), with the active assistance of aviation, tanks and armored trains. In March-May 1919, the offensive of the Eastern Front of Admiral Kolchak began, striking in divergent directions - on Vyatka-Kotlas, on the connection with the Northern Front and on the Volga - on the connection with the armies of General Denikin.

The troops of the Soviet Eastern Front, under the leadership of S.S. Kamenev and, mainly, the 5th Soviet army, under the command of M.N. Tukhachevsky by the beginning of June 1919 stopped the advance of the White armies, inflicting counter-attacks in the Southern Urals (near Buguruslan and Belebey), and in the Kama region.

In the summer of 1919, the offensive of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia (AFSUR) began on Kharkov, Yekaterinoslav and Tsaritsyn. After class last army General Wrangel, on July 3, Denikin signed a directive on the "march on Moscow." During July-October, the troops of the All-Union Socialist League occupied most of Ukraine and the provinces of the Black Earth Center of Russia, stopping at the line Kyiv - Bryansk - Orel - Voronezh - Tsaritsyn. Almost simultaneously with the offensive of the VSYUR on Moscow, the offensive of the North-Western Army of General Yudenich on Petrograd began.

For Soviet Russia, the time of autumn 1919 became the most critical. Total mobilization of communists and Komsomol members was carried out, the slogans "Everything - to the defense of Petrograd" and "Everything - to the defense of Moscow" were put forward. Thanks to control over the main railway lines converging to the center of Russia, the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic (RVSR) could transfer troops from one front to another. So in the midst of fighting in the Moscow direction from Siberia, as well as with Western Front several divisions were transferred to the Southern Front and near Petrograd. At the same time, the White armies failed to establish a common anti-Bolshevik front (with the exception of contacts at the level of individual detachments between the Northern and Eastern fronts in May 1919, as well as between the front of the All-Union Socialist Republic and the Ural Cossack Army in August 1919). Thanks to the concentration of forces from different fronts, by mid-October 1919 near Orel and Voronezh, the commander of the Southern Front, former Lieutenant General V.N. Egorov managed to create shock group, which was based on parts of the Latvian and Estonian rifle divisions, as well as the 1st Cavalry Army under the command of S.M. Budyonny and K.E. Voroshilov. Counterattacks were launched on the flanks of the 1st Corps of the Volunteer Army advancing on Moscow under the command of Lieutenant General A.P. Kutepova. After stubborn fighting during October-November 1919, the VSYUR front was broken, and a general retreat of the Whites from Moscow began. In mid-November, before reaching 25 km from Petrograd, units of the North-Western Army were stopped and defeated.

The military operations of 1919 were distinguished by the extensive use of maneuver. Large cavalry formations were used to break through the front and conduct raids behind enemy lines. In the white armies, the Cossack cavalry was used in this capacity. The 4th Don Corps, specially formed for this purpose, under the command of Lieutenant General K.K. Mamantov in August-September made a deep raid from Tambov to the borders with the Ryazan province and Voronezh. Siberian Cossack Corps under the command of Major General P.P. Ivanov-Rinov broke through the red front near Petropavlovsk in early September. The "Red Division" from the Southern Front of the Red Army raided the rear of the Volunteer Corps in October-November. By the end of 1919, the beginning of operations of the 1st Cavalry Army, advancing in the Rostov and Novocherkassk directions, dates back.

In January-March 1920, fierce battles unfolded in the Kuban. During operations on the Manych and under Art. Yegorlykskaya, the last major equestrian battles in world history took place. Up to 50 thousand horsemen from both sides participated in them. Their result was the defeat of the VSYUR and evacuation to the Crimea, on the ships of the Black Sea Fleet. In the Crimea, in April 1920, the White troops were renamed the "Russian Army", commanded by Lieutenant General P.N. Wrangell.

The defeat of the white armies. End of the Civil War

At the turn of 1919-1920. was finally defeated by A.V. Kolchak. His army scattered, partisan detachments were operating in the rear. The supreme ruler was taken prisoner, in February 1920 in Irkutsk he was shot by the Bolsheviks.

In January 1920, N.N. Yudenich, who undertook two unsuccessful campaigns against Petrograd, announced the dissolution of his Northwestern Army.

After the defeat of Poland, the army of P.N. Wrangel was doomed. Having carried out a short offensive north of the Crimea, she went on the defensive. The forces of the Southern Front of the Red Army (commander M.V., Frunze) defeated the Whites in October - November 1920. The 1st and 2nd Cavalry armies made a significant contribution to the victory over them. Almost 150 thousand people, military and civilian, left the Crimea.

Fighting in 1920-1922 differed in small territories (Tavria, Transbaikalia, Primorye), smaller troops and already included elements of a positional war. During the defense, fortifications were used (the White lines on Perekop and Chongar in the Crimea in 1920, the Kakhovka fortified area of ​​the 13th Soviet army on the Dnieper in 1920, built by the Japanese and transferred to the white Volochaevsky and Spassky fortified areas in Primorye in 1921-1922. ). Long-term artillery preparation, as well as flamethrowers and tanks, were used to break through them.

Victory over P.N. Wrangel did not yet mean the end of the Civil War. Now the main opponents of the Reds were not the Whites, but the Greens, as the representatives of the peasant insurrectionary movement called themselves. The most powerful peasant movement unfolded in the Tambov and Voronezh provinces. It began in August 1920 after the peasants were given an overwhelming task of surplus appropriation. The rebel army, commanded by the Socialist-Revolutionary A.S. Antonov, managed to overthrow the power of the Bolsheviks in several counties. At the end of 1920, units of the regular Red Army led by M.N. were sent to fight the rebels. Tukhachevsky. However, it turned out to be even more difficult to fight the partisan peasant army than with the White Guards in open battle. Only in June 1921 the Tambov uprising was suppressed, and A.S. Antonov is killed in a shootout. In the same period, the Reds managed to win a final victory over Makhno.

The high point of the Civil War in 1921 was the uprising of the sailors of Kronstadt, who joined the protests of St. Petersburg workers demanding political freedoms. The uprising was brutally crushed in March 1921.

During 1920-1921. units of the Red Army made several campaigns in Transcaucasia. As a result, independent states were liquidated on the territory of Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia and Soviet power was established.

To fight the White Guards and interventionists in the Far East, the Bolsheviks created in April 1920 a new state - the Far Eastern Republic (FER). The army of the republic for two years knocked out Japanese troops from Primorye and defeated several White Guard atamans. After that, at the end of 1922, the FER became part of the RSFSR.

In the same period, having overcome the resistance of the Basmachi, who fought to preserve medieval traditions, the Bolsheviks won the Central Asia. Although a few rebel groups operated until the 1930s.

Results of the Civil War

The main result of the Civil War in Russia was the establishment of the power of the Bolsheviks. Among the reasons for the victory of the Reds are:

1. The use by the Bolsheviks of the political moods of the masses, powerful propaganda (clear goals, prompt resolution of issues both in the world and on earth, exit from the world war, justification of terror by fighting the country's enemies);

2. Control by the Council of People's Commissars of the central provinces of Russia, where the main military enterprises were located;

3. The disunity of the anti-Bolshevik forces (lack of common ideological positions; the struggle "against something", but not "for something"; territorial fragmentation).

The total population losses during the years of the Civil War amounted to 12-13 million people. Almost half of them are victims of famine and mass epidemics. Emigration from Russia took on a massive character. About 2 million people left their homeland.

The country's economy was in a catastrophic state. The cities were depopulated. Industrial production has fallen in comparison with 1913 by 5-7 times, agricultural - by one third.

Territory of the former Russian Empire broke up. The largest new state was the RSFSR.

Military equipment during the Civil War

On the battlefields of the Civil War, new types were successfully used military equipment, some of them appeared in Russia for the first time. So, for example, British and French tanks were actively used in parts of the All-Union Socialist Republic, as well as the Northern and North-Western armies. The Red Guards, who did not have the skills to deal with them, often retreated from their positions. However, during the assault on the Kakhovka fortified area in October 1920, most of the white tanks were hit by artillery, and after the necessary repairs they were included in the Red Army, where they were used until the early 1930s. A prerequisite for supporting infantry, both in street battles and during front-line operations, was the presence of armored vehicles.

The need for strong fire support during cavalry attacks caused the appearance of such an original means of combat as horse-drawn carts - light carts, two-wheelers, with a machine gun mounted on them. Carts were first used in rebel army N.I. Makhno, but later began to be used in all large cavalry formations of the White and Red armies.

Squadrons interacted with the ground forces. An example of a joint operation is the defeat of D.P. Rednecks by aviation and infantry of the Russian army in June 1920. Aviation was also used to bombard fortified positions and reconnaissance. During the "echelon war" and later, along with infantry and cavalry, armored trains operated on both sides, the number of which reached several dozen per army. Of these, special units were created.

Manning armies in the Civil War

Under the conditions of the Civil War and the destruction of the state mobilization apparatus, the principles of recruiting armies changed. Only the Siberian Army of the Eastern Front was completed in 1918 by mobilization. Most of the units of the VSYUR, as well as the Northern and Northwestern armies, were replenished at the expense of volunteers and prisoners of war. The most reliable in combat terms were volunteers.

The Red Army was also characterized by the predominance of volunteers (initially, only volunteers were accepted into the Red Army, and admission required “proletarian origin” and “recommendation” of a local party cell). The predominance of mobilized and prisoners of war became widespread at the final stage of the Civil War (in the ranks of the Russian army of General Wrangel, as part of the 1st Cavalry in the Red Army).

The white and red armies were distinguished by a small number and, as a rule, a discrepancy between the real composition of military units and their state (for example, divisions of 1000-1500 bayonets, regiments of 300 bayonets, even a shortage of up to 35-40% was approved).

In the command of the White armies, the role of young officers increased, and in the Red Army - nominees along the party line. A completely new institution of political commissars for the armed forces was established (which first appeared under the Provisional Government in 1917). Average age command level in the positions of chiefs of divisions and corps commanders was 25-35 years.

The lack of an order system in the All-Russian Union of Socialist Youth and the awarding of successive ranks led to the fact that in 1.5-2 years officers went through a career from lieutenants to generals.

In the Red Army, with a relatively young command staff, a significant role was played by former officers of the General Staff who planned strategic operations (former lieutenant generals M.D. Bonch-Bruevich, V.N. Egorov, former colonels I.I. Vatsetis, S.S. Kamenev, F.M. Afanasiev , A.N. Stankevich and others).

Military-political factor in the Civil War

The specifics of the civil war, as a military-political confrontation between the whites and the reds, also consisted in the fact that military operations were often planned under the influence of certain political factors. In particular, the offensive of the Eastern Front of Admiral Kolchak in the spring of 1919 was undertaken in anticipation of an early diplomatic recognition of him as the Supreme Ruler of Russia by the Entente countries. And the offensive of the North-Western Army of General Yudenich on Petrograd was caused not only by the expectation of an early occupation of the "cradle of the revolution", but also by the fear of concluding a peace treaty between Soviet Russia and Estonia. In this case, Yudenich's army lost its base. The offensive of the Russian army of General Wrangel in Tavria in the summer of 1920 was supposed to pull back part of the forces from the Soviet-Polish front.

Many operations of the Red Army, regardless of strategic reasons and military potential, were also purely political in nature (for the sake of the so-called "triumph of the world revolution"). So, for example, in the summer of 1919, the 12th and 14th armies of the Southern Front were supposed to be sent to support the revolutionary uprising in Hungary, and the 7th and 15th armies were supposed to establish Soviet power in the Baltic republics. In 1920, during the war with Poland, the troops of the Western Front, under the command of M.N. Tukhachevsky, after operations to defeat the Polish armies in the territory of Western Ukraine and Belarus, transferred their operations to the territory of Poland, counting on the creation of a pro-Soviet government here. The actions of the 11th and 12th Soviet armies in Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia in 1921 were of a similar nature. At the same time, under the pretext of defeating parts of the Asian Cavalry Division, Lieutenant General R.F. Ungern-Sternberg, the troops of the Far Eastern Republic, the 5th Soviet Army were introduced into the territory of Mongolia and a socialist regime was established (the first in the world after Soviet Russia).

During the years of the Civil War, it became a practice to carry out operations dedicated to anniversaries (the beginning of the assault on Perekop by the troops of the Southern Front under the command of M.V. Frunze on November 7, 1920, on the anniversary of the 1917 revolution).

The military art of the Civil War became a vivid example of the combination of traditional and innovative forms of strategy and tactics in the difficult conditions of the Russian "distemper" of 1917-1922. It determined the development of Soviet military art (in particular, in the use of large cavalry formations) in the following decades, until the outbreak of World War II.

1 out of 30

Presentation on the topic: Civil War in Russia (in faces and diagrams)

slide number 1

Description of the slide:

Civil war in Russia (in persons and schemes) 1. Representatives of the white movement.2. Representatives of the red movement.3. Schemes for the lecture "Civil War in Russia".4. Tasks for self-examination.5. Answers to tasks for self-examination.5. Navigation (start with this line!)6. Sources.

slide number 2

Description of the slide:

The presentation includes visual information that will help you better imagine the era under study: - photographic documents of all the working materials of this presentation will help you more vividly imagine the special spirit of the era, introduce you to its most significant characters, in whose hands were the fate of Russia in the first quarter of the 20th century; - schemes (will help to concretize the material on individual issues); - there is also a variant of test work for self-examination (its successful completion will confirm that the topic under study has been mastered). Pay attention to the buttons to return to the title page and to tasks (answers) for self-examination.

slide number 3

Description of the slide:

From top to bottom, left to right: Armed forces South of Russia in 1919, the hanging of the workers of Ekaterinoslav by the Austro-Hungarian troops during the Austro-German occupation in 1918, the red infantry on the march in 1920, L. D. Trotsky in 1918, a cart of the 1st Cavalry Army.

slide number 4

Description of the slide:

* The struggle for power, their property, rights. * Restoration of the spiritual life of Russia. * Restoration of the former regime of power. WHITE MOVEMENT: reasons for participating in the Civil War *Fight against the Bolsheviks (ideological, political, physical reprisal against criminals who encroached on the foundations of the political system).

slide number 5

Description of the slide:

slide number 6

Description of the slide:

DENIKIN ANTON IVANOVICH December 4, 1872, in the village. Shpetal-Dolny, Warsaw Province, in the family of a retired major, d. August 7, 1947, in Ann Arbor (USA). One of the leaders of the white movement, publicist, memoirist. Graduate of the Imperial Nicholas Academy of the General Staff (1899). He served in various positions, during the years of the Russo-Japanese War, a staff officer for special assignments at the headquarters of the 8th Army Corps; Chief of Staff of the Trans-Baikal Cossack, then the Ural-Trans-Baikal Division, etc. Cavalier of the Orders of St. Stanislav and St. Anna 3rd class with swords and bows and 2nd class with swords. He was arrested for supporting the Kornilov rebellion, after his release he fled to the Don and in 1918 led the 1st Volunteer Division. After the death of Kornilov, he headed the Volunteer Army, from the beginning of 1919 - Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia (VSYUR). Retired since 1920; emigrated (Constantinople, London, Brussels, etc.). Author of a series of articles "Army Notes" (1908-14), books "Essays on Russian Troubles" (Paris, 1921-1926), "Officers" (1928), "The Old Army" (1929), "The Russian Question in the Far East" ( 1932), "Brest-Litovsk" (1933), "Who saved the Soviet government from destruction?" (1937), "World events and the Russian question" (1939).

slide number 7

Description of the slide:

MIKHAIL VASILIEVICH ALEKSEEV (November 3, 1857, Tver province, Russian Empire - September 25, 1918, Yekaterinodar) - Russian military leader, General Staff General of Infantry (1914), Adjutant General (1916). Active participant in the White movement during the Civil War. Supreme Leader of the Volunteer Army. After the October Revolution, the Bolsheviks left for Novocherkassk, where he became one of the main leaders of the White movement (1917-1918). Under his leadership, at the end of 1917, the so-called Alekseevskaya organization began to form here, which became the core of the Volunteer Army, in which he took the post of its Supreme Leader. General of the General Staff, Infantry General Alekseev did a great job of organizing the military-political structures of not only the Volunteer Army, but also the entire anti-Bolshevik resistance on the territory of European Russia (especially in organizing the anti-Soviet underground in large cities). He spoke from the standpoint of the need to restore the monarchy, but, at the same time, he understood that the proclamation of this slogan in 1918, in the conditions of the “unexperienced revolution”, was associated with considerable political risk. He categorically condemned any form of cooperation of the so-called. "state formations" with the countries of the Fourth Union and declared the principles of "fidelity to Russia's allied obligations in the war." He died on October 8, 1918 from pneumonia.

slide number 8

Description of the slide:

DUTOV ALEXANDER ILYCHRod. 5 (17) Aug. 1879, in Kazalinsk, mind. (killed by a Cheka agent) March 7, 1921 in Suidun (China). Russian military leader, active participant in the White movement, ataman of the Orenburg Cossack army (1917). Graduate of the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff (1908). He was the commander of hundreds of the 1st Orenburg Cossack regiment (until 1916), chairman of the council of the Union of Cossack troops (since March 1917), headed the work of the All-Russian Cossack Congress (1917), military ataman of the Orenburg army (1917). Since 1918, major general, marching ataman of all Siberian Cossack troops. Since 1919, lieutenant general. In March 1920 he was interned in Suidun.

slide number 9

Description of the slide:

KALEDIN ALEXEY MAKSIMOVICH (1861-1918), cavalry general (1916). Since 1917, the ataman of the Don Cossack army. Member of the State Conference in Moscow (August 1917). From December 1917 he headed the Don Civil Council in Novocherkassk (together with M. V. Alekseev and L. G. Kornilov). Not having received the support of the Cossacks during the offensive of the Red troops, he resigned the chieftain, committed suicide.

slide number 10

Description of the slide:

GRIGORY MIKHAILOVICH SEMYONOV (1890-1946) - Cossack ataman, leader of the White movement in Transbaikalia and the Far East. In September 1921, Semyonov was forced to leave Russia. Having emigrated to China, the ataman soon left for the USA and Canada, then settled in Japan. With the formation of the state of Manchukuo in 1932, the Japanese provided the chieftain with a house in Dairen, where he lived until August 1945, and appointed a monthly pension of 1000 yen. He headed the Far Eastern Union of Cossacks. G. M. Semenov, on the basis of the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of April 19, 1946, was sentenced to death by hanging with confiscation of property as "an enemy of the Soviet people and an active accomplice of the Japanese aggressors." Vlasevsky, Rodzaevsky, Baksheev were sentenced to death with confiscation of property. Prince Ukhtomsky and Okhotin, “considering their relatively smaller role in anti-Soviet activities”, were sentenced to 20 and 15 years of hard labor, respectively, with confiscation of property (Both died in the camps: Okhotin died in 1948, Prince Ukhtomsky died on August 18, 1953 .). On August 30, 1946, at 11 am, Semyonov was executed.

slide number 11

Description of the slide:

KOLCHAK ALEXANDER VASILIEVICH (1873-1920) - Russian military leader, polar explorer, hydrologist, admiral (1918). In 1916-17. commander of the Black Sea Fleet. One of the organizers of the white movement in the Civil War. In 1918-20. "Supreme Ruler of the Russian State"; established a regime of military dictatorship in Siberia, the Urals and the Far East, liquidated by the Red Army and partisans. On November 12, 1919, recognizing his political failure, he transferred the title of "Supreme Ruler of Russia" to A.I. Denikin, and the right to command the troops - to Ataman G.M. Semyonov. He refused to flee to Mongolia, and was handed over to the Political Center by the Czechoslovaks guarding him. Kolchak himself, by order of the Irkutsk Military Revolutionary Committee, was shot.

slide number 12

Description of the slide:

slide number 13

Description of the slide:

*Development of the socialist revolution on a global scale. * Establishment of a new political system. *Struggle for political, economic, social rights of workers and peasants. RED MOVEMENT: reasons for participation in the Civil War *Keep and strengthen power.

slide number 14

Description of the slide:

slide number 15

Description of the slide:

slide number 16

Description of the slide:

BUDONNY SEMEN MIKHAILOVICH (1883 - October 26, 1973) - Soviet military and statesman; marshal Soviet Union(1935), three times Hero of the Soviet Union (1958, 1963, 1968). Born in the family of a laborer. In 1903 was drafted into the army. Member of the First World War. He was distinguished by great personal courage, became a holder of four St. George crosses, a senior non-commissioned officer. With the beginning of the revolution of 1917. took part in the process of democratization of the army, was elected chairman of the regimental committee. He returned to his homeland, to the Don. He worked in the executive committee of the Salsky District Council and the land district department. For battles with the Cossacks of P. N. Krasnov in January-February 1919. Budyonny was awarded the Order of the Red Banner.

slide number 17

Description of the slide:

TUKHACHEVSKY MIKHAIL NIKOLAEVICH (1893-1937) - b. in the family of a landowner who went bankrupt before the revolution of 1905. On April 5, 1918, T. joined the RCP(b). His work on the construction of the workers' and peasants' Red Army begins from the first days of its formation. Together with the work on the creation of the armed forces, T. acts as a strategist. Its operational leadership owns major operations of the Red Army, and its revolutionary biography most closely merged with the heroic struggle on the red fronts. During the spring of 1918, T. worked in the military department of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and carried out tasks for inspecting the formations of the Red Army. He commanded the 1st Army. It was the most difficult time in the work on creating a regular Red Army. In July, during the Muravyov uprising, T. was the last to be arrested and only accidentally escaped execution, released by the Red Army men who understood the situation. In the autumn of 1921, T. was appointed head of the Military Academy of the Red Army. In January 1922, he took command of the Zap troops. front. He was elected a member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee in 1921 and 1922, a member of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR of all convocations and a member of the Central Executive Committee of the BSSR in 1924 and 1925. He was the chairman of the commission for the preparation of the Field Regulations of the Red Army. Has military scientific work. Marshal of the Soviet Union (1935). Unreasonably repressed, rehabilitated posthumously.

slide number 18

Description of the slide:

FRUNZE MIKHAIL VASILIEVICH (1885-1925) - Russian and Soviet political and military figure. In 1905 led the Ivanovo-Voznesensk strike. In 1909-10. was twice sentenced to death. During the Civil War, he commanded the army of the Southern Group of Forces of the Eastern Front, the Eastern, Turkestan Fronts. In 1924-25 - Deputy Chairman and Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR, Deputy People's Commissar and People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs, at the same time Chief of Staff of the Red Army and Head of the Military Academy. Under the leadership of Frunze, it was carried out in 1924-25. military reform; works in the field military science, was engaged in the formation of the Soviet military doctrine. Since 1921 member of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), since 1924. candidate member of the Politburo of the Central Committee.

slide number 19

Description of the slide:

BLUKHER VASILY KONSTANTINOVICH (b. 1889) - communist worker, one of the prominent workers of the Red Army, awarded three badges of the Order of the Red Banner and a diploma from the government of the Far Eastern Republic. Before World War II, he worked at the Mytishchensky Carriage Works. After the October Revolution, he worked in the Samara Revolutionary Committee, and then took part in the fight against the gene. Dutov, commanding detachments of various composition. In September 1918, the first in the Soviet Republic was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. After the Civil War, he served as commander of the 1st Rifle Corps and commandant and military commissar of the Leningrad Fortified Region. In 1924 he was appointed as a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR for especially important assignments. 1938 (repressed, died under investigation). Soviet military leader, participant in the Civil War, participant in the assault on Perekop (commander of the 51st Infantry Division); Minister of War, Commander-in-Chief of the People's Revolutionary Army of the Far Eastern Republic (1921-22), Commander of the Special Far Eastern Army (1929-38), since 1935 Marshal of the Soviet Union.

Description of the slide:

slide number 22

Description of the slide:

The policy of "war communism" (1918-1920) is a system of socio-economic measures aimed at building socialism and communism and causing the bitterness of the Civil War. POLICY OF "WAR COMMUNISM": characteristic features -food dictatorship; -prohibition of free trade; -introduction of surplus appropriation for almost all types of food; - naturalization of economic relations; - free use of housing, transport; - preparation for the destruction of money; -introduction of universal labor service; -creation of labor armies; -nationalization of banks and all industry; -centralization of state economic management.

Description of the slide:

slide number 25

Description of the slide:

Task number 4. Test1. Who organized the first speech against the Bolsheviks? A. Kerensky B. Alekseev V. Kolchak2. When and by what body was the Red Army created? A. In 1917 VChK B. 1918 SNK V.1919 Kombed3. In May 1918. with the help of the Czechoslovak corps, the Soviet government was overthrown (choose the wrong one) A. in the Volga region B. in the Urals C. in Poland D. in Siberia D. in the Far East 4. In the spring of 1919. as a result of a series of successful operations, the leaders of the white movement set a new task ... A. March on Moscow B. March on Kazan C. March on Petrograd5. B. April 20, 1918 V. November 19, 1918

slide number 26

Description of the slide:

Task number 4. Test (continued) 6. Name the economic policy, which is characterized by the following provisions: “it was caused by the emergency conditions of the Civil War”, “assumed the absence of private property, trade, market relations, etc.” 7. This economic measure Bolsheviks was one of the reasons that pushed back the peasants from them. surplus appropriation B. food tax C. Equal distribution of material goods 8. Specify the author of the land reform project, which included the following provisions: the preservation of land rights for the owners, the establishment of certain land norms for each locality and the transition of the rest of the land to small land? the government of Denikin B. the government of Kolchak V. the government of the Bolsheviks.

Description of the slide:

IN civil war the Bolsheviks were opposed by a variety of forces. They were Cossacks, nationalists, democrats, monarchists. All of them, despite their differences, served the White cause. Defeated, the leaders of the anti-Soviet forces either died or were able to emigrate.

Alexander Kolchak

Although the resistance to the Bolsheviks never became fully united, it was Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak (1874-1920) who is considered by many historians to be the main figure of the White movement. He was a professional soldier and served in the Navy. In peacetime, Kolchak became famous as polar explorer and oceanographer.

Like other military personnel, Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak gained rich experience during the Japanese campaign and the First World War. With the coming to power of the Provisional Government, he briefly emigrated to the United States. When news of the Bolshevik coup came from his homeland, Kolchak returned to Russia.

The admiral arrived in Siberian Omsk, where the Socialist-Revolutionary government made him Minister of War. In 1918, the officers made a coup, and Kolchak was named the Supreme Ruler of Russia. Other leaders of the White movement did not then have such large forces as Alexander Vasilyevich (he had a 150,000-strong army at his disposal).

In the territory under his control, Kolchak restored the legislation of the Russian Empire. Moving from Siberia to the west, the army of the Supreme Ruler of Russia advanced to the Volga region. At the peak of their success, the Whites were already approaching Kazan. Kolchak tried to pull over as many Bolshevik forces as possible in order to clear Denikin's road to Moscow.

In the second half of 1919 the Red Army launched a massive offensive. The Whites retreated farther and farther to Siberia. Foreign allies (Czechoslovak Corps) handed over Kolchak, who was traveling east on a train, to the Socialist-Revolutionaries. The admiral was shot in Irkutsk in February 1920.

Anton Denikin

If in the east of Russia Kolchak was at the head of the White Army, then in the south Anton Ivanovich Denikin (1872-1947) was the key commander for a long time. Born in Poland, he went to study in the capital and became a staff officer.

Then Denikin served on the border with Austria. He spent the First World War in the army of Brusilov, participated in the famous breakthrough and operation in Galicia. The provisional government briefly made Anton Ivanovich commander of the Southwestern Front. Denikin supported the Kornilov rebellion. After the failure of the coup, the lieutenant-general was imprisoned for some time (Bykhov's seat).

Released in November 1917, Denikin began to support the White Cause. Together with Generals Kornilov and Alekseev, he created (and then single-handedly led) the Volunteer Army, which became the backbone of resistance to the Bolsheviks in southern Russia. It was on Denikin that the Entente countries staked, declaring war on Soviet power after its separate peace with Germany.

For some time, Denikin was in conflict with the Don chieftain Peter Krasnov. Under the pressure of the allies, he submitted to Anton Ivanovich. In January 1919, Denikin became the commander-in-chief of the All-Union Socialist Republic of Russia - the Armed Forces of the South of Russia. His army cleared the Kuban, the Don region, Tsaritsyn, Donbass, Kharkov from the Bolsheviks. Denikin's offensive bogged down in Central Russia.

VSYUR retreated to Novocherkassk. From there, Denikin moved to the Crimea, where in April 1920, under pressure from opponents, he transferred his powers to Pyotr Wrangel. This was followed by a trip to Europe. In exile, the general wrote a memoir, Essays on Russian Troubles, in which he tried to answer the question of why the White movement was defeated. In the civil war, Anton Ivanovich blamed only the Bolsheviks. He refused to support Hitler and was critical of the collaborators. After the defeat of the Third Reich, Denikin changed his place of residence and moved to the United States, where he died in 1947.

Lavr Kornilov

The organizer of the unsuccessful coup, Lavr Georgievich Kornilov (1870-1918), was born into the family of a Cossack officer, which predetermined him military career. As a scout, he served in Persia, Afghanistan and India. In the war, having been captured by the Austrians, the officer fled to his homeland.

At first, Lavr Georgievich Kornilov supported the Provisional Government. He considered the left to be the main enemies of Russia. Being a supporter of strong power, he began to prepare an anti-government speech. His campaign against Petrograd failed. Kornilov, along with his supporters, was arrested.

With the onset of the October Revolution, the general was released. He became the first commander in chief of the Volunteer Army in southern Russia. In February 1918, Kornilov organized the First Kuban to Yekaterinodar. This operation has become legendary. All the leaders of the White movement in the future tried to be equal to the pioneers. Kornilov died tragically during the shelling of Yekaterinodar.

Nikolai Yudenich

General Nikolai Nikolaevich Yudenich (1862-1933) was one of Russia's most successful military leaders in the war against Germany and its allies. He led the headquarters of the Caucasian army during its battles with Ottoman Empire. Having come to power, Kerensky dismissed the military leader.

With the onset of the October Revolution, Nikolai Nikolaevich Yudenich lived illegally in Petrograd for some time. At the beginning of 1919 he moved to Finland with forged documents. The Russian Committee, which met in Helsinki, proclaimed him commander-in-chief.

Yudenich established a relationship with Alexander Kolchak. Having coordinated his actions with the admiral, Nikolai Nikolayevich unsuccessfully tried to enlist the support of the Entente and Mannerheim. In the summer of 1919, he received the portfolio of minister of war in the so-called Northwestern government formed in Reval.

In autumn, Yudenich organized a campaign against Petrograd. Basically, the White movement in the civil war operated on the outskirts of the country. Yudenich's army, on the contrary, tried to liberate the capital (as a result, the Bolshevik government moved to Moscow). She occupied Tsarskoe Selo, Gatchina and went to the Pulkovo Heights. Trotsky was able to railway to transfer reinforcements to Petrograd, which nullified all attempts by the whites to get the city.

By the end of 1919, Yudenich retreated to Estonia. A few months later he emigrated. The general spent some time in London, where he was visited by Winston Churchill. Getting used to defeat, Yudenich settled in France and retired from politics. He died in Cannes from pulmonary tuberculosis.

Alexey Kaledin

When it struck October Revolution, Alexei Maksimovich Kaledin (1861-1918) was the chieftain of the Don army. He was elected to this post a few months before the events in Petrograd. In the Cossack cities, primarily in Rostov, sympathy for the socialists was strong. Ataman, on the contrary, considered the Bolshevik coup to be criminal. Having received disturbing news from Petrograd, he defeated the Soviets in the Donskoy Host Region.

Alexei Maksimovich Kaledin acted from Novocherkassk. Another arrived in November white general- Mikhail Alekseev. Meanwhile, the Cossacks in their mass hesitated. Many front-line soldiers, tired of the war, responded vividly to the slogans of the Bolsheviks. Others were neutral towards the Leninist government. Almost no one felt hostility towards the socialists.

Having lost hope of restoring contact with the overthrown Provisional Government, Kaledin took decisive steps. He declared independence. In response, the Rostov Bolsheviks revolted. Ataman, having enlisted the support of Alekseev, suppressed this speech. First blood was shed on the Don.

At the end of 1917, Kaledin gave the green light to the creation of the anti-Bolshevik Volunteer Army. Two parallel forces appeared in Rostov. On the one hand, it was the Volunteer generals, on the other - local Cossacks. The latter increasingly sympathized with the Bolsheviks. In December, the Red Army occupied the Donbass and Taganrog. The Cossack units, meanwhile, finally decomposed. Realizing that his own subordinates did not want to fight the Soviet regime, the ataman committed suicide.

Ataman Krasnov

After Kaledin's death, the Cossacks did not long sympathize with the Bolsheviks. When yesterday's front-line soldiers were established on the Don, they quickly hated the Reds. Already in May 1918, an uprising broke out on the Don.

Pyotr Krasnov (1869-1947) became the new chieftain of the Don Cossacks. During the war with Germany and Austria, he, like many other white generals, participated in the glorious. The military always treated the Bolsheviks with disgust. It was he who, on the orders of Kerensky, tried to recapture Petrograd from Lenin's supporters when the October Revolution had just taken place. A small detachment of Krasnov occupied Tsarskoe Selo and Gatchina, but soon the Bolsheviks surrounded and disarmed it.

After the first failure, Peter Krasnov was able to move to the Don. Having become the ataman of the anti-Soviet Cossacks, he refused to obey Denikin and tried to pursue an independent policy. In particular, Krasnov established friendly relations with the Germans.

Only when the surrender was announced in Berlin did the isolated ataman submit to Denikin. The Commander-in-Chief of the Volunteer Army did not long tolerate a dubious ally. In February 1919, under pressure from Denikin, Krasnov left for Yudenich's army in Estonia. From there he emigrated to Europe.

Like many leaders of the White movement, who found themselves in exile, the former Cossack ataman dreamed of revenge. Hatred of the Bolsheviks pushed him to support Hitler. The Germans made Krasnov the head of the Cossacks in the occupied Russian territories. After the defeat of the Third Reich, the British extradited Pyotr Nikolaevich to the USSR. In the Soviet Union, he was tried and sentenced to capital punishment. Krasnov was executed.

Ivan Romanovsky

The military leader Ivan Pavlovich Romanovsky (1877-1920) in the tsarist era was a participant in the war with Japan and Germany. In 1917, he supported the speech of Kornilov and, together with Denikin, served his arrest in the city of Bykhov. Having moved to the Don, Romanovsky participated in the formation of the first organized anti-Bolshevik detachments.

The general was appointed Denikin's deputy and led his headquarters. It is believed that Romanovsky had a great influence on his boss. In his will, Denikin even named Ivan Pavlovich his successor in the event of an unforeseen death.

Due to his directness, Romanovsky was in conflict with many other military leaders in the Dobrarmia, and then in the All-Union Socialist Republic. The white movement in Russia treated him ambiguously. When Denikin was replaced by Wrangel, Romanovsky left all his posts and left for Istanbul. In the same city, he was killed by lieutenant Mstislav Kharuzin. The shooter, who also served in the White Army, explained his action by the fact that he blamed Romanovsky for the defeat of the All-Russian Union of Socialist Rights in the civil war.

Sergey Markov

In the Volunteer Army, Sergei Leonidovich Markov (1878-1918) became a cult hero. A regiment and colored military units were named after him. Markov became known for his tactical talent and his own bravery, which he demonstrated in every battle with the Red Army. Members of the White movement treated the memory of this general with particular trepidation.

The military biography of Markov in the tsarist era was typical for an officer of that time. He participated in the Japanese campaign. On the German front, he commanded an infantry regiment, then became the head of the headquarters of several fronts. In the summer of 1917, Markov supported the Kornilov rebellion and, along with other future white generals, was under arrest in Bykhov.

At the beginning of the civil war, the military moved to the south of Russia. He was one of the founders of the Volunteer Army. Markov made a great contribution to the White Cause in the First Kuban campaign. On the night of April 16, 1918, with a small detachment of volunteers, he captured Medvedovka, an important railway station, where the volunteers destroyed a Soviet armored train, and then escaped from the encirclement and escaped persecution. The result of the battle was the salvation of Denikin's army, which had just made an unsuccessful assault on Yekaterinodar and was on the verge of defeat.

Markov's feat made him a hero for the Whites and a sworn enemy for the Reds. Two months later, the talented general took part in the Second Kuban Campaign. Near the town of Shablievka, its units ran into superior enemy forces. At a fateful moment for himself, Markov found himself in an open place, where he equipped an observation post. Fire was opened on the position from a Red Army armored train. A grenade exploded near Sergei Leonidovich, which inflicted a mortal wound on him. A few hours later, on June 26, 1918, the military man died.

Pyotr Wrangel

(1878-1928), also known as the Black Baron, came from a noble family with Baltic German roots. Before joining the military, he received an engineering education. craving for military service, however, prevailed, and Peter went to study as a cavalryman.

Wrangel's debut campaign was the war with Japan. During the First World War, he served in the Horse Guards. He distinguished himself by several exploits, for example, by capturing a German battery. Once on the Southwestern Front, the officer took part in the famous Brusilov breakthrough.

In the days February Revolution Pyotr Nikolayevich called for troops to be sent to Petrograd. For this, the Provisional Government removed him from service. The Black Baron moved to a dacha in the Crimea, where he was arrested by the Bolsheviks. The nobleman managed to escape only thanks to the pleas of his own wife.

As for an aristocrat and a supporter of the monarchy, for Wrangel the White Idea was an uncontested position during the years of the civil war. He joined Denikin. The commander served in the Caucasian army, led the capture of Tsaritsyn. After the defeats of the White Army during the march on Moscow, Wrangel began to criticize his boss Denikin. The conflict led to the general's temporary departure to Istanbul.

Soon Pyotr Nikolaevich returned to Russia. In the spring of 1920, he was elected commander-in-chief of the Russian army. Crimea became its key base. The peninsula turned out to be the last white bastion of the civil war. Wrangel's army repulsed several attacks of the Bolsheviks, but in the end was defeated.

In exile, the Black Baron lived in Belgrade. He created and headed the ROVS - the Russian All-Military Union, then transferring these powers to one of the Grand Dukes, Nikolai Nikolayevich. Shortly before his death, working as an engineer, Pyotr Wrangel moved to Brussels. There he died suddenly of tuberculosis in 1928.

Andrey Shkuro

Andrei Grigoryevich Shkuro (1887-1947) was a native Kuban Cossack. In his youth, he went on a gold-digging expedition to Siberia. In the war with Kaiser's Germany, Shkuro created a partisan detachment, nicknamed the "Wolf Hundred" for its prowess.

In October 1917, the Cossack was elected to the Kuban Regional Rada. Being a monarchist by conviction, he reacted negatively to the news about the coming to power of the Bolsheviks. Shkuro began to fight the Red Commissars when many leaders of the White movement had not yet had time to make themselves known. In July 1918, Andrei Grigoryevich with his detachment expelled the Bolsheviks from Stavropol.

In the fall, the Cossack became the head of the 1st Officer Kislovodsk Regiment, then the Caucasian Cavalry Division. Shkuro's boss was Anton Ivanovich Denikin. In Ukraine, the military defeated the detachment of Nestor Makhno. Then he took part in a campaign against Moscow. Shkuro fought for Kharkov and Voronezh. In this city, his campaign bogged down.

Retreating from the army of Budyonny, the lieutenant general reached Novorossiysk. From there he sailed to the Crimea. In the army of Wrangel, Shkuro did not take root due to a conflict with the Black Baron. As a result, the white commander ended up in exile even before the complete victory of the Red Army.

Shkuro lived in Paris and Yugoslavia. When did the second World War, he, like Krasnov, supported the Nazis in their fight against the Bolsheviks. Shkuro was an SS Gruppenführer and in this capacity fought with the Yugoslav partisans. After the defeat of the Third Reich, he tried to break into the territory occupied by the British. In Linz, Austria, the British handed over Shkuro along with many other officers. The white commander was tried together with Peter Krasnov and sentenced to death.

Ivanov Sergey

"Red" movement of the civil war 1917-1922

Download:

Preview:

1 slide. "Red" movement of the civil war 1917 - 1921.

2 slide V.I. Lenin is the leader of the "red" movement.

The ideological leader of the "red" movement was Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, known to every person.

V.I Ulyanov (Lenin) - Russian revolutionary, Soviet politician and statesman, founder of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks), main organizer and leader of the October Revolution of 1917 in Russia, first chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (government) of the RSFSR, creator the first socialist state in world history.

Lenin created the Bolshevik faction of the Social Democratic Party of Russia. It was determined to seize power in Russia by force, through revolution.

3 slide. RSDP (b) - the party of the "Red" movement.

Russian Social Democratic Labor Party of the Bolsheviks RSDLP (b),in October 1917, during the October Revolution, it seized power and became the main party in the country. It was an association of intelligentsia, adherents of the socialist revolution, whose social base was the working classes, the urban and rural poor.

IN different years of its activities in the Russian Empire, the Russian Republic and the Soviet Union, the party had different names:

1. Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks) RSDP(b)
2. Russian Communist Party of Bolsheviks RCP(b)
3. All-Union Communistparty (Bolsheviks) VKP(b)
4. Communist Party of the Soviet Union CPSU

4 slide. Program goals of the "Red" movement.

The main goal of the red movement was:

• Preservation and establishment of Soviet power throughout Russia,
• suppression of anti-Soviet forces,
• strengthening the dictatorship of the proletariat
• world revolution.

5 slide. The first events of the "Red" movement

1. On October 26, the “Decree on Peace” was adopted , who called on the warring countries to conclude a democratic peace without annexations and indemnities.
2. 27 October adopted "Land Decree"which took into account peasant demands. The abolition of private ownership of land was proclaimed, the land passed into the public domain. The use of hired labor and the lease of land were prohibited. Equalized land use was introduced.
3. 27 October adopted "Decree establishing the Council people's commissars» Chairman - V.I. Lenin. The composition of the Council of People's Commissars was Bolshevik in composition.
4. January 7 The Central Executive Committee decided todissolution of the Constituent Assembly. The Bolsheviks demanded the approval of the "Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People", the assembly refused to approve it. Dissolution of the constituent assemblymeant the loss of the possibility of establishing a multi-party political democratic system.
5. November 2, 1917 adopted "Declaration of the rights of the peoples of Russia", which gave:

• equality and sovereignty of all nations;
• the right of peoples to self-determination up to secession and formation of independent states;
• free development of the peoples that make up Soviet Russia.

1. July 10, 1918 adopted Constitution of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. She determined the foundations of the political system Soviet state:

• dictatorship of the proletariat;
• public ownership of the means of production;
• federal structure of the state;
• the class character of the right to vote: the landowners and the bourgeoisie, priests, officers, policemen were deprived of it; workers compared with peasants had advantages in the norms of representation (1 vote of the worker was equal to 5 vote of the peasants);
• election order: multistage, indirect, open;

1. Economic policywas aimed at the complete destruction of private property, the creation of a centralized government of the country.

• nationalization of private banks, large enterprises nationalization of all types of transport and means of communication;
• introduction of a monopoly of foreign trade;
• introduction of workers' control in private enterprises;
• the introduction of a food dictatorship - the prohibition of the grain trade,
• the creation of food detachments (food detachments) to seize "grain surpluses" from wealthy peasants.

1. December 20, 1917 created All-Russian Extraordinary Commission - VChK.

The tasks of this political organization were formulated as follows: to persecute and liquidate all counter-revolutionary and sabotage attempts and actions throughout Russia. As punitive measures, it was proposed to apply to enemies such as: confiscation of property, eviction, deprivation of food cards, publication of lists of counter-revolutionaries, etc.

1. September 5, 1918 adopted "Decree on Red Terror",which contributed to the deployment of repressions: arrests, the creation of concentration camps, labor camps, in which about 60 thousand people were forcibly kept.

The dictatorial political transformations of the Soviet state became the causes of the Civil War

6 slide. Agitation propaganda of the "Red" movement.

The Reds have always paid great attention to agitational propaganda, and immediately after the revolution they began intensive preparations for the information war. We created a powerful propaganda network (political literacy courses, propaganda trains, posters, movies, leaflets). the slogans of the Bolsheviks were relevant and helped to quickly form the social support of the "Reds".

From December 1918 to the end of 1920, 5 specially equipped propaganda trains operated in the country. For example, the propaganda train "Krasny Vostok" served the territory of Central Asia throughout 1920, and the train "Named after V. I. Lenin" launched work in Ukraine. The steamship "October Revolution", "Red Star" sailed along the Volga. They and other agitation trains and agitation. about 1,800 rallies were organized by paratroopers.

The duties of the collective of agitation trains and agitation steamships included not only holding rallies, meetings, talks, but also distributing literature, publishing newspapers and leaflets, and showing films.

7 slide. Propaganda posters of the "Red" movement.

Propaganda materials were published in large quantities. These included posters, appeals, leaflets, cartoons, and a newspaper was published. The most popular among the Bolsheviks were humorous postcards, especially with caricatures of the Whites.

8 slide Creation of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army (RKKA)

January 15, 1918 . Decree SNK was createdWorkers' and Peasants' Red Army, January 29 - Workers 'and Peasants' Red Fleet. The army was built on the principles of voluntariness and a class approach only from workers. But the voluntary principle of manning did not contribute to the strengthening of combat capability and the strengthening of discipline. In July 1918, a Decree was issued on the general military service of men aged 18 to 40 years.

The size of the Red Army grew rapidly. In the autumn of 1918, there were 300 thousand fighters in its ranks, in the spring - 1.5 million, in the autumn of 1919 - already 3 million. And in 1920, about 5 million people served in the Red Army.

Much attention was paid to the formation of command personnel. In 1917–1919 short-term courses and schools were opened to train the middle command level from distinguished Red Army soldiers, higher military educational institutions.

In March 1918, a notice was published in the Soviet press about the recruitment of military specialists from the old army to serve in the Red Army. By January 1, 1919, about 165,000 former tsarist officers had joined the ranks of the Red Army.

9 slide. Biggest wins for the Reds

• 1918 - 1919 - the establishment of Bolshevik power on the territory of Ukraine, Belarus, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia.
• The beginning of 1919 - the Red Army goes on the counteroffensive, defeating the "white" army of Krasnov.
• Spring-summer 1919 - Kolchak's troops fell under the blows of the "Reds".
• The beginning of 1920 - the "Reds" ousted the "Whites" from the northern cities of Russia.
• February-March 1920 - the defeat of the rest of the forces of Denikin's Volunteer Army.
• November 1920 - the "Reds" ousted the "Whites" from the Crimea.
• By the end of 1920, the "Reds" were opposed by scattered groups of the White Army. The Civil War ended with the victory of the Bolsheviks.

10 slide Commanders of the Red Movement.

Like the "whites", in the ranks of the "reds" there were many talented commanders and politicians. Among them, it is important to note the most famous, namely: Lev Trotsky, Budeny, Voroshilov, Tukhachevsky, Chapaev, Frunze. These commanders showed themselves excellently in battles against the Whites.

Trotsky Lev Davidovich was the main founder of the Red Army, which was the decisive force in the confrontation between the "whites" and the "reds" in the Civil War.In August 1918, Trotsky formed a carefully organized "train of the Pre-Revolutionary Military Council", in which, from that moment, he basically lives for two and a half years, continuously driving around the fronts of the Civil War.As the "military leader" of Bolshevism, Trotsky shows undoubted propaganda skills, personal courage and obvious cruelty. Trotsky's personal contribution was the defense of Petrograd in 1919.

Frunze Mikhail Vasilievich.one of the largest commanders of the Red Army during the Civil War.

Under his command, the Reds carried out successful operations against the White Guard troops of Kolchak, defeated the Wrangel army in the territory of Northern Tavria and Crimea;

Tukhachevsky Mikhail Nikolaevich. He was the commander of the troops of the Eastern and Caucasian Fronts, with his army he cleared the Urals and Siberia from the White Guards;

Voroshilov Kliment Efremovich. He was one of the first marshals of the Soviet Union. During the Civil War - Commander of the Tsaritsyno Group of Forces, Deputy Commander and member of the Military Council of the Southern Front, Commander of the 10th Army, Commander of the Kharkov Military District, Commander of the 14th Army and the Internal Ukrainian Front. With his troops, he liquidated the Kronstadt rebellion;

Chapaev Vasily Ivanovich. He commanded the second Nikolaev division, which liberated Uralsk. When the whites suddenly attacked the reds, they fought courageously. And, having spent all the cartridges, the wounded Chapaev started running across the Ural River, but was killed;

Budyonny Semyon Mikhailovich. In February 1918, Budyonny created a revolutionary cavalry detachment that acted against the White Guards on the Don. The First Cavalry Army, which he led until October 1923, played an important role in a number of major operations of the Civil War to defeat the troops of Denikin and Wrangel in Northern Tavria and the Crimea.

11 slide. Red Terror 1918-1923

On September 5, 1918, the Council of People's Commissars issued a decree on the beginning of the Red Terror. Harsh measures to retain power, mass executions and arrests, hostage-taking.

The Soviet government spread the myth that the Red Terror was a response to the so-called "White Terror". The decree that initiated the mass executions was a response to the murder of Volodarsky and Uritsky, a response to the assassination attempt on Lenin.

• Shooting in Petrograd. Immediately after the assassination attempt on Lenin, 512 people were shot in Petrograd, there were not enough prisons for everyone, and a system of concentration camps appeared.
• The execution of the royal family. The execution of the royal family was carried out in the basement of the Ipatiev house in Yekaterinburg on the night of July 16-17, 1918, in pursuance of the decision of the executive committee of the Ural Regional Soviet of Workers', Peasants' and Soldiers' Deputies, headed by the Bolsheviks. Together with the royal family, members of her retinue were also shot.
• Pyatigorsk massacre. On November 13 (October 31), 1918, the Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution, at a meeting chaired by Atarbekov, issued a decision to shoot 47 more people from among the counter-revolutionaries and counterfeiters. In fact, most of the hostages in Pyatigorsk were not shot, but hacked to death with swords or daggers. These events were called the "Pyatigorsk massacre."
• "Human slaughter" in Kyiv. In August 1919, the presence in Kyiv of the so-called "human slaughterhouses" of the provincial and district Extraordinary Commissions was reported: ".

« The whole ... the floor of the large garage was already covered with ... several inches of blood, mixed into a terrifying mass with brains, skull bones, tufts of hair and other human remains .... the walls were spattered with blood, brain particles and pieces of head skin stuck to them next to thousands of bullet holes ... a chute a quarter of a meter wide and deep and about 10 meters long ... was filled with blood all the way to the top ... Next to this place of horrors in 127 corpses of the last massacre were hastily buried in the garden of the same house ... all the corpses had their skulls crushed, many even had their heads completely flattened ... Some were completely headless, but their heads were not cut off, but ... came off ... we came across another older a grave containing about 80 corpses…there were corpses with their bellies torn open, others had no limbs, some were completely chopped off. Some had their eyes gouged out… their heads, faces, necks and torsos were covered with stab wounds… A few had no tongues… There were old people, men, women and children.”

« In turn, the Kharkiv Cheka under the leadership of Saenko reportedly used scalping and “removing the gloves from the hands”, the Voronezh Cheka used to skate naked in a barrel studded with nails. In Tsaritsyn and Kamyshin "bones were sawn". In Poltava and Kremenchug, the clergy were impaled. In Yekaterinoslav, crucifixion and stoning were used, in Odessa, officers were tied with chains to boards, inserted into the furnace and roasted, or torn in half by winch wheels, or lowered in turn into a cauldron of boiling water and into the sea. In Armavir, in turn, “mortal whisks” were used: a person’s head on the frontal bone is girded with a belt, the ends of which have iron screws and a nut, which, when screwed, squeezes the head with a belt. In the Oryol province, freezing of people by dousing them with cold water at low temperatures is widely used.

• Suppression of anti-Bolshevik uprisings.Anti-Bolshevik uprisings, especially uprisings of peasants who resisted surplus appraisal, were brutally suppressed by special forces of the Cheka and internal troops.
• Shootings in Crimea. Terror in Crimea concerned the widest social and public groups of the population: officers and military officials, soldiers, doctors and employeesRed Cross , sisters of mercy, veterinarians, teachers, officials, zemstvo figures, journalists, engineers, former nobles, priests, peasants, even the sick and wounded were killed in hospitals. The exact number of those killed and tortured is unknown, according to official data, from 56,000 to 120,000 people were shot.
• Narrative. On January 24, 1919, at a meeting of the Orgburo of the Central Committee, a directive was adopted that marked the beginning of mass terror and repression against the wealthy Cossacks, as well as "towards all Cossacks in general who took any direct or indirect part in the fight against Soviet power." In the autumn of 1920, about 9 thousand families (or approximately 45 thousand people) of the Terek Cossacks were evicted from a number of villages and deported to the Arkhangelsk province. The unauthorized return of the evicted Cossacks was suppressed.
• Repression against Orthodox Church. According to some historians, from 1918 to the end of the 1930s, during the repressions against the clergy, about 42,000 clergymen were shot or died in prison.

Some of the killings were carried out in public, combined with various demonstrative humiliations. In particular, the clergyman elder Zolotovsky was previously dressed in a woman's dress and then hanged.

On November 8, 1917, Archpriest Ioann Kochurov of Tsarskoe Selo was subjected to prolonged beatings, then he was killed by dragging the railroad tracks along the sleepers.

In 1918, three Orthodox priests in the city of Kherson were crucified on a cross.

In December 1918, Bishop Feofan (Ilmensky) of Solikamsk was publicly executed by periodically dipping into an ice hole and freezing, being hung up by his hair.

In Samara, the former Bishop of St. Michael Isidor (Kolokolov) was put on a stake, as a result of which he died.

Bishop Andronik (Nikolsky) of Perm was buried alive in the ground.

Archbishop Joachim (Levitsky) of Nizhny Novgorod was executed by public hanging upside down in the Sevastopol Cathedral.

Bishop of Serapul Ambrose (Gudko) was executed by tying a horse to the tail.

In Voronezh in 1919, 160 priests were simultaneously killed, led by Archbishop Tikhon (Nikanorov), who was hanged on the Royal Gates in the church of the Mitrofanov Monastery.

According to information published personally by M. Latsis (chekist), in 1918-1919, 8,389 people were shot, 9,496 people were imprisoned in concentration camps, 34,334 in prisons; 13,111 people were taken hostage and 86,893 people were arrested.

12 slide. Reasons for the victory of the Bolsheviks in the Civil War

1. The main difference between the "Reds" and "Whites" was that from the very beginning of the war, the Communists were able to create a centralized government, to which the entire territory they had conquered was subordinate.

2. The Bolsheviks skillfully used propaganda. It was this tool that made it possible to inspire the people that the “Reds” are the defenders of the Motherland and Fatherland, and the “Whites” are supporters of the imperialists and foreign invaders.

3. Thanks to the policy of “war communism”, they were able to mobilize resources and create a strong army, attracting a huge number of military specialists who made the army professional.

4. Finding in the hands of the Bolsheviks the industrial base of the country and a significant part of the reserves.

Preview:

https://accounts.google.com

Slides captions:

"Red" movement 1917 - 1922 Completed by a student of 11 "B" class MBOU "Secondary School No. 9" Ivanov Sergey.

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, leader of the Bolsheviks and founder of the Soviet state (1870–1924) "We fully recognize the legitimacy, progressiveness and necessity of civil wars"

RSDP (b) - the party of the "Red" movement. Period Transformation of the party Numbers Social composition. 1917-1918 RSDLP(b) Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks) 240,000 Bolsheviks. Revolutionary intelligentsia, workers, urban and rural poor middle strata, peasants. 1918 -1925 RCP(b) Russian Communist Party of Bolsheviks From 350,000 to 1,236,000 Communists 1925-1952 VKP(b) All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) 1,453,828 communists Working class, peasantry, working intelligentsia. 1952 -1991 CPSU Communist Party of the Soviet Union as of January 1, 1991 16,516,066 communists 40.7% factory workers, 14.7% collective farmers.

The goals of the "Red" movement: the preservation and establishment of Soviet power throughout Russia; suppression of anti-Soviet forces; strengthening the dictatorship of the proletariat; World revolution.

The first events of the "Red" movement Democratic Dictator October 26, 1917. adopted "Decree on Peace" Dissolution of the Constituent Assembly. October 27, 1917 The Decree on Land was adopted. In November 1917, a Decree on the prohibition of the Kadet Party was adopted. October 27, 1917 adopted the "Decree on the establishment of the Council of People's Commissars" Introduction of food dictatorship. November 2, 1917 The Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia was adopted on December 20, 1917. All-Russian Extraordinary Commission of the All-Russian Cheka was created. On July 10, 1918, the Constitution of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic was adopted Nationalization of land and enterprises. "Red Terror".

Agitation propaganda of the "Red" movement. "Power to the Soviets!" "Long live the world revolution." "Peace to the nations!" "Death to World Capital". "Land to the peasants!" "Peace to the huts, war to the palaces." "Factories for workers!" "The Socialist Fatherland in Danger". Agitation train "Red Cossack". Agitation steamer "Red Star".

Preview:

To use the preview of presentations, create a Google account (account) and sign in: https://accounts.google.com

Slides captions:

Propaganda posters of the "Red" movement.

Creation of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (RKKA) On January 20, 1918, a decree on the creation of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army was published in the official organ of the Bolshevik government. On February 23, 1918, the appeal of the Council of People's Commissars of February 21 “The socialist fatherland is in danger” was published, as well as the “Appeal of the Military Commander-in-Chief” N. Krylenko.

The biggest victories of the "Reds": 1918 - 1919 - the establishment of Bolshevik power in the territory of Ukraine, Belarus, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia. The beginning of 1919 - the Red Army goes on the counteroffensive, defeating the "white" army of Krasnov. Spring-summer 1919 - Kolchak's troops fell under the blows of the "Reds". The beginning of 1920 - the "Reds" ousted the "Whites" from the northern cities of Russia. February-March 1920 - the defeat of the rest of the forces of Denikin's Volunteer Army. November 1920 - the "Reds" ousted the "Whites" from the Crimea. By the end of 1920, the "Reds" were opposed by scattered groups of the White Army. The civil war ended with the victory of the Bolsheviks.

Budyonny Frunze Tukhachevsky Chapaev Voroshilov Trotsky Commanders of the "Red" movement

The Red Terror of 1918-1923 The shooting of the elite in Petrograd. September 1918 The execution of the royal family. On the night of July 16-17, 1918. Pyatigorsk massacre. 47 counter-revolutionaries were hacked to death with swords. "Human massacres" in Kyiv. Suppression of anti-Bolshevik uprisings. Shootings in the Crimea. 1920 Cossackization. Repressions against the Orthodox Church. September 5, 1918 The Council of People's Commissars adopted a resolution on the Red Terror.

Reasons for the victory of the Bolsheviks in the Civil War. Creation of a powerful state apparatus by the Bolsheviks. Agitation and propaganda work among the masses. Powerful ideology. Creation of a powerful, regular army. Finding in the hands of the Bolsheviks the industrial base of the country and a significant part of the reserves.