Linde Nikolai Dmitrievich - candidate psychological sciences, Professor.

Born in Moscow, graduated from the Faculty of Psychology of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov (1973). He studied at the postgraduate course of the Institute of Psychology of the USSR Academy of Sciences (currently - IP RAS). PhD thesis was defended under the guidance of Professor K.V. Bardin on the topic "Visual thresholds for detecting oscillatory motion" (1983).

in the Moscow humanitarian university has been teaching since 1987, as a professor since 2000, academic title associate professor awarded in 1993.

In the practice of counseling, he uses a new (developed by him) method of transforming images in the correction of emotional states. This technique allows you to quickly and effectively relieve people of a variety of psychosomatic problems, phobias, depression, the effects of stress, etc. Many students of Linde N.D. (there are already about 200 of them) successfully work in practical psychology, providing real help to people. Works by N.D. Linde is well known to professional psychologists for a series of publications in the journal "Bulletin of Psychosocial and Correctional and Rehabilitation Work", "Journal of a Practical Psychologist".

He regularly conducts seminars on emotional-imaginative therapy for practicing psychologists from various regions of the country on the basis of the consortium "Social Health of Russia".

N.D. Linde is president of the Linde N.D. Center for Emotional Imagery Therapy.

Books (3)

Fundamentals of modern psychotherapy

The textbook "Fundamentals of Modern Psychotherapy" presents a fairly complete picture of the various areas of modern psychotherapy.

Classical psychoanalysis 3. Freud, analytical psychology of C. Jung, individual psychology of A. Adler, behavioral psychotherapy, body therapy, gestalt therapy, humanistic psychotherapy, cognitive therapy, existential psychotherapy, neurolinguistic programming, transpersonal psychotherapy, psychodrama, emotional-figurative therapy, E. Berne's transactional analysis, dianetics and group therapy. The differences between the traditional medical and modern psychotherapeutic approaches to understanding the causes of mental illness and methods of its treatment are considered.

Psychological counseling. Theory and practice

The manual gives a comprehensive understanding of the consulting process, its stages (gathering information, analyzing the request, concluding a contract, etc.).

Special attention is paid to the structure of the psychological problem and the creation of a therapeutic hypothesis. A distinctive feature of the publication is the consideration of particular theoretical models of certain problems and possible methods for their solution. The main task of the book is to show more clearly "how it's done", so it is full of examples from the practice of the author and other psychologists.

Emotional Image Therapy. Theory and practice

Emotional-figurative therapy is a relatively new and original direction of psychotherapy, which allows you to achieve very quick and valuable results in the field of psychosomatic disorders and in the correction of certain emotional disorders.

The main idea of ​​this direction is that an emotional state can be expressed through a visual, sound or kinesthetic image, and further inner work with this image allows you to transform the original emotional state. From a theoretical point of view, emotions are a manifestation of the individual's mental energy, aimed at performing certain actions, for example, fear makes a person shrink, and anger makes him attack. Stuck emotions are not translated into action, but give rise to many negative consequences, including psychosomatic symptoms and other chronic problems.

This direction allows using the theoretical and practical discoveries of various psychotherapeutic schools, from psychoanalysis to neurolinguistic programming.

ANNOTATION
This book is intended primarily for practicing psychologists, psychotherapists, students of psychological universities, but it may also be of interest to the most ordinary people who are interested in practical psychology and opportunities to provide psychological assistance to themselves and others.
Emotional-figurative therapy is a relatively new and original direction of psychotherapy, which allows you to achieve very quick and valuable results in the field of psychosomatic disorders and in the correction of certain emotional disorders. The main idea of ​​this direction is that an emotional state can be expressed through a visual, sound or kinesthetic image, and further internal work with this image allows you to transform the original emotional state. From a theoretical point of view, emotions are a manifestation of the individual's mental energy, aimed at performing certain actions, for example, fear makes a person shrink, and anger makes him attack. Stuck emotions are not translated into action, but give rise to many negative consequences, including psychosomatic symptoms and other chronic problems. We have discovered and systematized numerous methods of working with images that allow us to reveal the structure of a psychological problem and solve it with the help of inner work.
This direction allows using the theoretical and practical discoveries of various psychotherapeutic schools, from psychoanalysis to neuro-linguistic programming.

CHAPTER 1. Theoretical foundations of emotional-figurative therapy
CHAPTER 2. Methodological techniques of emotional-figurative therapy
2.1 Scheme of therapeutic work
2.1.1 Clinical conversation
2.1.2 Symptom clarification
2.1.3 Creating an image
2.1.4 Image research
2.1.5 Check for fixation
2.1.6 Transformation
2.1.7 Integration of the image with the personality (somatization)
2.1.8 Situational check
2.1.9 Environmental screening
2.1.10 Pinning
2.2 Basic techniques for transforming images in EOT
2.2.1. Contemplation
2.2.2 Mental action
2.2.3 Dialogue with the image
2.2.4 Interaction of opposites
2.2.5 Image replacement
2.2.6 Conveying a feeling
2.2.7 Tracing the fate of an image
2.2.8 Free fantasy
2.2.9 Expanding awareness
2.2.10 Magic
2.2.11 “Gift return”
2.2.12 Conversion of negative energy
2.2.13 “Opening the presser foot”
2.2.14 Paradoxical resolution
2.2.15 Counterinjunction
2.2.16 "Growing" a part of the personality (or energizing)
2.2.17 “Reallocation of shares”
2.2.18 Organization of a new relationship with a part of the personality
2.3 Additional tricks
2.3.1 Play with mud
2.3.1 Inhale emptiness
2.3.3 Allow the image to show its potential
2.3.4 Release the energy of feeling
2.3.5 Recognize the importance of the image
2.3.6 Contemplate the rain
CHAPTER 3. Advantages and features of the method
3.1 Advantages of the method.
3.2 Additional rules
3.3 Differences from related therapeutic schools
CHAPTER 4. Emotionally-imaginative therapy in practice.
4.1 EOT in the treatment of psychosomatic diseases.
4.1.1. Healing headaches, heart and other pains
4.1.1.1 Method of contemplation
4.1.1.2 Pain listening method
4.1.1.3 Smell method for pain
4.1.1.4 Method of mental action
4.1.1.5 Expression method
4.1.1.6 Dialogue method
4.1.1.7 Self-healing program
4.1.2 Working with PMS
4.1.3 Allergy management in EOT
4.1.4 Other psychosomatic problems
4.1.4. 1 Chronic rhinitis
4.1.4.2 Bronchial asthma
4.1.4.3 Gastric ulcer
4.2 EOT in the treatment of phobias
4.2.1 Trauma model
4.2.2 W. Frankl's model
4.2.3. Parental Prescription Model
4.2.4 The "unhappy inner child" or covert suicide model
4.2.5 The reverse desire model
4.2.6 Hysterical phobias
4.3 EOT in dealing with feelings of loss and emotional dependency.
4.4 EOT in conflict resolution
4.5 EOT in anger work
4.5.1 Response method
4.5.2 Imaginary twin method
4.5.3 Energization method
4.5.4 Aggressive energy conversion method
4.5.5 Method of releasing anger through imaginary sound or energy flow
4.6 EOT in work with depressive states
4.7 Dealing with severe trauma
4.8 Dealing with the consequences of birth trauma
CHAPTER 5. Exercises for group and individual lessons, used in EOT
5.1 Introduction
5. 2 cycle of relaxation exercises
5. 2.1 Relaxation according to the yoga system
5.2.2 Exercise "Cozy place"
5. 3 Exercises multipurpose
5.3.1 Exercise 1. "Body drawing"
5.3.2 Exercise 2. "Journey on the bottom of the sea"
5.4 Exercises for working with bodily expression of emotional problems
5.4.1 General recommendations for doing exercises
5.4.2 Exercise 1. "Sound of the body"
5.4.3 Exercise 2. "Emotions of the body"
5.4.4 Exercise 3. “Body breathing”
5.4.5 Exercise 4. “The flow of water in the body”
5.4.6 Exercise 5. “Body Light”
5.4.7 Exercise 6. “The body is a flower”
5.4.8 Exercise 7. “Inner space”
5.4.9 Exercise 8. Washing with energies
5.4.10 Exercise 9. Energy for Growth
5.4.11 Exercise 10. “Pendulum of the body”
5.5 A cycle of exercises for working with emotional problems
5.5. 1 Exercise 1 "Return of feelings"
5.5.2 Exercise 2 "Return of the heart"
5.5.3 Exercise 3: Introducing Anger
5.5.4 Exercise 4. “Fear has big eyes”
5.5.5 Exercise 4. "Circle of Joy"
5.5.6 Exercise 5. "Circle of happiness"
5.5.7 Exercise 6. "Circle of living life"
5.5.8 Exercise 7. Circle of Energy
5.5.9 Exercise 8. "Journey to a dark country"
5.5.10 Exercise 9. “Accusations”
5.5.11 Exercise 10. Guilt
5.5.12 Exercise 12. "Apathy, feeling of emptiness"
5.5. 13 Exercise 13. "Feeling insecure"
5.6 A cycle of exercises on existential topics
5.6.1 Exercise 1. "Searching for the meaning of life"
5.6.2 Exercise 2 Ending the eternal struggle
5.6.3 Exercise 3 "Being here and now"
5.6.4 Exercise 4: Let go of suffering
5.6.5 Exercise 5. "Free swimming"
5.6.6 Exercise 6: Relinquish Uniqueness
5.6.7 Exercise 7 "Company of friends"
5.6.8 Exercise 8. "Finding a family"
5.6.9 Exercise 9 "Tree"
5.6.10 Exercise 10 Sense of Duty
5.6.11 Exercise 11. Radiation of kindness
Brief Dictionary of Images
Recommended reading

Proc. allowance for university students. — M.: Aspect Press, 2010. — 255 p. — ISBN 978-5-7567-0529-4. The manual gives a comprehensive understanding of the consulting process, its stages (gathering information, analyzing the request, concluding a contract, etc.). Special attention is paid to the structure of the psychological problem and the creation of a therapeutic hypothesis. A distinctive feature of the publication is the consideration of particular theoretical models of certain problems and possible methods for their solution. The main objective of the book is to show more clearly "how it's done", so it is full of examples from the practice of the author and other psychologists. For psychology students of various specializations, psychologists already engaged in the practice of counseling, as well as for those who are interested practical psychology and looking for answers to important psychological questions for him. Principles and stages of counseling.
Psychotherapy and counseling.
Man-subject and man-object.
Psychological problem, its structure and levels. Problem types.
Consultative conversation, its stages.
Collection of information in the process of counseling.
General principles for collecting information.
Gathering non-verbal information about the client.
Assessment of physique and body armor. - Facial features. - Facial expressions and pantomime. - Gestures. - Eyes. - Intonation and voice. - The manner of dressing, hair, perfume and cosmetics.
Psychologist toolkit.
Request types.
Unconstructive requests.
unrealistic requests. - Undefined requests. - Manipulative requests.
constructive requests.
Request for information. — Request for help in self-knowledge. — Request for help in self-development. - Request for transformation. - Request to remove a symptom.
Analysis of the request and conclusion of the contract.
Unacceptable contracts.
parent contract. - A contract to change others. - Game contracts. — Eternal contracts. - Hidden contracts.
Additional contracts.
Contracts with clients reluctantly.
Creation of a therapeutic hypothesis and its testing.
The process of forming a hypothesis.
Hypothesis testing.
Psychological models of problems and methods of solution.
Phobias.
Psychological models of the emergence of phobias.
trauma model. - V. Frankl's model. - Model of parental prescriptions. — Model of the unfortunate inner child or covert suicide. — Model of "reverse desire". - Hysterical phobias. — Model of parental anxiety (emotional dependence).
Methods of dealing with phobias.
Trevora.
Psychological models of anxiety.
Anxiety as self-intimidation. — Model of psychological trauma. — Anxiety as a result of transference. - Anxiety as a result of training in the family (parental prescriptions). — Anxiety as the flip side of control. - Anxiety as restrained excitement. - Anxiety as a means of avoiding emotional conflict.
Methods for dealing with anxiety.
depressive states.
Psychological models of depressive states.
Depression as a consequence of suicidal intent. - Depression as a result of the suppression of strong feelings. - Depression as a result of guilt. Depression as a result of psychological trauma. - Depression as a result of the loss of the meaning of life. - Depression as a result of an inferiority complex. - Depression as a result of abandoning the Child Ego State. - Depression as a result of maladaptive thinking.
Methods of psychological work with depressed clients.
Sadness.
Psychological models of the emergence of sadness.
Sadness as a result of strokes for misfortune. - Sadness as a result of parental prescription. — Model of the influence of the surrounding culture. — Model of the birth myth. — Model of the loss of a beloved object.
Methods of dealing with the problem of sadness.
Anger.
Psychological models of the emergence of anger.
Model of family anger. — Anger as a tool to achieve the goal. - Anger as a "trigger". — Model of the origin of anger as a result of transference. Anger as compensation for feelings of inferiority. — Anger as a means of suppressing unwanted desires. — Anger as a protest against dangerous parental prescriptions. Anger as a result of early trauma. - Anger as a means of protecting the weak part of the personality.
Techniques for dealing with anger.
Accusations and insults.
Psychological models of accusations and insults.
Accusations as a paradoxical desire to receive love. - Teaching accusations in the parental family. - Resentment as a childish blackmail feeling.
Methods of dealing with accusations and grievances.
Jealousy.
Psychological models of the emergence of jealousy.
Jealousy as a consequence of an inferiority complex. - Jealousy as a result of parental prescriptions. - The transfer of childhood jealousy to today's relationships. - Jealousy as a projection of one's own sexual desires.
Methods of dealing with the problem of jealousy.
Shame and guilt.
Psychological models of shame.
Shame as a result of psychological trauma. — Parental prescriptions as a source of shame.
Psychological models of guilt.
Imaginary Guilt: Parental Prescriptions. — Imaginary Guilt: The Birth Myth. - Imaginary guilt: guilt before all the unfortunate. — Imaginary guilt: existential guilt. - Imaginary guilt: depression with delusions of guilt. - Guilt is real: guilt for constantly doing harm. - The real guilt is in the past.
Methods of dealing with the problem of shame.
Ways to deal with guilt.
Grief, loss.
Methods of psychological assistance in case of loss.
Emotional dependence.
Psychological models of emotional dependence.
Emotional dependence as a result of "investment". - Addiction as a result of psychological fusion.
Methods of working with emotional addictions.
Obsessive states.
Psychological models of obsessive states.
psychoanalytic model. - V. Frankl's model. — A model of obsessive actions as rituals "helping" avoid misfortune.
Methods of correction of obsessive states.
Psychosomatic problems.
Psychological models of psychosomatic problems.
Psychoanalytic (conversion) model. — Model of autonomic neurosis F. Alexander. - Psychosomatic symptoms as a result of parental prescriptions. - Psychosomatic problems as a result of the desire for profit.
Methods of correction of psychosomatic problems.
Suppressed and repressed feelings.
Psychological models of repressed and repressed feelings.
Suppressed and repressed anger. - Suppressed and repressed fear. - Suppressed and repressed sadness. - Suppressed and repressed feelings of guilt. — Suppressed and repressed shame.
Methods of working with repressed and repressed feelings.
Various areas of psychological counseling (brief description).
Phone consultation.
Family counseling.
Sexual counseling.
Counseling for children and parents.
Counseling for people with alcohol and drug addiction.
Business consulting.
Sports consulting.
Policy advice. Conclusion.
Additional literature.

"N. D. Linde PSYCHOLOGICAL COUNSELING THEORY AND PRACTICE Tutorial for university students Moscow UDC 159.9 BBK 88.4 L59

-- [ Page 1 ] --

N. D. Linde

PSYCHOLOGICAL

CONSULTING

THEORY AND PRACTICE

Textbook for university students

Reviewers:

doctor of psychological sciences, professor

A. N. Gusev,

N. V. Grebennikova,

Candidate of Psychological Sciences, Associate Professor

Linde N.D.

L59 Psychological counseling: Theory and practice: Proc. aid.: Aspect Press, 2010. - 255 p.

Biye for university students / N. D. Linde. ISBN 978-5-7567-0529-4 The manual gives a comprehensive idea of ​​the consulting process, its stages (gathering information, analyzing the request, concluding a KOlj "tract, etc.). Special attention paid attention to the structure of a psychological problem and the creation of a therapeutic hypothesis. A distinctive feature of the publication is the consideration of particular theoretical models of certain problems and possible methods for solving them. The main task of the book is to show more clearly practices of the author and other psychologists.

For students of psychology of various specializations, psychologists already engaged in the practice of counseling, as well as for those who are interested in practical psychology and are looking for answers to psychological questions that are important to him.

UDC 159.9 LBC 88.4 ISBN 978-5-7567-0529-4 © Linde N.D., 2010 Design. CJSC Publishing House © "Aspect 20]0 All textbooks of the publishing house "Aspect Press" on the site www.aspectpress.ru TABLE OF CONTENTS Section 1

PRINCIPLES AND STAGES OF CONSULTANCY

Chapter 1 Psychotherapy and Counseling

Chapter 2. Man-subject and man-object.

13........

Chapter 3. Psychological problem, its structure and levels.

Problem types

–  –  –

Suppressed and repressed sadness

Suppressed and repressed feelings of guilt

Repressed and repressed shame

Methods of working with repressed and repressed feelings ...... 236

–  –  –

PRINCIPLES AND STAGES

CONSULTING

Chapter 1

P SICHOTHER RA PIA AND CONSUL TI ROVAN AND E

The majority of psychologists who have graduated from one or another faculty of psychology/logy go on to engage in one of the types of consulting work. A psychologist can advise politicians, businessmen, leaders, military officers, intelligence officers, athletes and coaches, teachers and parents, couples, children and adolescents, as well as any person who turns to them and wants to solve their psychological problem. All these types of advisory work have their own characteristics (political and family counseling can be, for example, singled out in special sections of the given branch of practical psychology), but also have much in common.

When they talk about psychological counseling, they mean by this term the process of solving the personal problems of the individual in his joint work with a psychiatrist. Most of the books on psychological counseling, including this one, are devoted to this direction. It is also pivotal for all other forms of counseling, since the knowledge and skills required for this work are applied in solving a wide variety of psychological tasks of counseling for both politicians and businessmen. , and athletes, etc.

All people have a psyche, so they also have psychological problems. It cannot be otherwise, since the psyche is very complexly organized and sensitive. Some of these problems people solve themselves, some they leave unresolved and live without paying attention to them; they are not even aware of some of their problems. However, with some problems, people turn to a psychologist for help and feel their inability to cope with them on their own, on their own, or even with the support of friends and relatives. The task of a psychologist is to help a person who is "entangled in his own psyche" to understand its intricacies and find a way to improve his mental state and thereby his life.

In this work, the psychologist-consultant is helped by knowledge in the field of psychotherapy, which by now is a multifaceted and branched field of scientific and practical psychology.

This includes the psychoanalysis of Z. Freud, and the individual psychology of A. Adler, and the analytical psychology of C. G. Jung, and body therapy ..

W. Reich, and behavioral therapy, and humanistic therapy, and Gestalt therapy, etc. etc. It is impossible to know everything about psychotherapy, but without a basic knowledge in this area, counseling will unwittingly slide into purely mundane conversations and decisions. Those who are not familiar with psychotherapy should refer to the relevant literature (several books are listed at the end of the chapter).

In addition, the consultant needs knowledge about the procedures and techniques for conducting a counseling conversation, he needs to know the answer to the question: “How THIS is. Therefore, books on psychological counseling concentrate mainly on the technology of the counseling process itself, i.e. on issues of establishing a trusting contact, analysis of a request, collection of information, conclusion of a contract, etc. The question of creating a therapeutic hypothesis and ways of working to solve a specific problem remains insufficiently disclosed. These forms of activity are not amenable to direct technologization; therefore, they are poorly covered in the literature. However, for a number of cases it is possible to indicate a set of typical ways of explaining a psychological problem and methods for solving it. With such knowledge, it is easier to create hypotheses and search for solutions. Further in the text, we will present a list of problems, a number of psychological models their explanations and ways to correct them.

The psychologist-consultant should be widely aware of various HbIX therapeutic theories, explanatory models for certain typical problems, methods psychological analysis, methods of working with resistance, he must have his own experience as a client and experience in observing the therapeutic work of other specialists.

He should be erudite in the field of religion and philosophy, have a fairly verified idea of ​​\u200b\u200boptimal psychological health. He needs to know the basics of psychiatry, if only to distinguish between severe mental illness and ordinary psychiatric difficulties. He should not undertake the treatment of mental illness, although he may advise patients on issues of interest to them.

If we imagine psychological counseling and psychotherapy as some circles on a plane, then they will have areas of intersection and mismatched parts. The consultative process in some cases smoothly flows into the form of psychotherapy, if necessary and permissible. However, we still point out a number of differences between psychological counseling and psychotherapy.

Psychotherapy is more focused on working with clinical cases, when the psychological problem of the client sees as its goal “the element has grown to scale or correction by solving the problem by psychological means (drug treatment lies entirely in the field of medicine). According to the modern point of view, there is clinical psychotherapy and psychological psychotherapy, which does not set the task of treatment. If we talk about the theory and methods of these forms of psychotherapy, then in reality they are no different. However, psychological counseling is closer to psychological psychotherapy, since it is focused on working with so-called healthy people.

Counseling involves mainly rational work with a conscious and interested client. Psychotherapy, on the other hand, works more with the unconscious and irrational aspects of the individual's mental life.

Counseling to a greater extent involves advice and solutions coming from a psychologist, education, information and clarification. The client receives a professional analysis of the problem, necessary information and recommendations of practical actions that are necessary to solve it. Psychotherapy is more focused on the tasks of correction.

Counseling more often than psychotherapy uses testing (psychodiagnostics) of the client according to some standard methods in order to study his personality or certain mental abilities.

Psychotherapy is longer. It is divided into long-term (100 to 400 sessions) and short-term (from 10 to 30 sessions).

(From Counseling usually takes one to two meetings or up to ten meetings.

Psychotherapy is more specialized. First, the psychotherapist usually works within one or another therapeutic school. Either he is a psychoanalyst, or a Gestalt therapist, or an adherent of humanistic psychotherapy, etc. Secondly, he usually specializes in a certain area of ​​psychological problems. For example, he may work exclusively with alcohol addiction or treat phobias, etc. A psychologist-con who can sultant more often works as a “rural” will face a variety of problems and must be able to navigate correctly in unforeseen cases. Therefore, the consultant psychologist must be versed in many areas of psychology (mentioned above) than already, although he will still work in his favorite style. He should also be well-read in the field of popular psychological literature and be able to express himself in simple and intelligible language. Rich life experience and erudition, insight and empathy, confidence and charm of a person are the most important components of a psychologist's success.

There are far more similarities between counseling and psychotherapy than there are differences. We have already noted that counseling often develops into psychotherapy. Even with a small number of meetings (from one to ten), the psychologist sometimes manages to achieve a solution to a serious problem, correction, and even what is called healing.

The client, of course, wants not only to understand some issue, but also to get rid of the symptoms that torment him. Especially if this is our Russian client, not burdened with an excess of money and time, expecting a quick diagnosis and solution from a psychologist, as from a doctor. Therefore, in practice, the consultant works not only as an educator - not only explains, but also corrects.

The theory and techniques of influence are the same in both counseling and therapy, so the boundaries between these areas of psychological practice are very arbitrary. The psychologist-consultant learns from psychotherapeutic literature, undergoes practical training in psychotherapeutic groups, etc. In connection with what has been said, we will henceforth use the terms "psychologist-"psychologist", "psychotherapist", and for brevity simply "therapist" as equivalent. Similarly, the terms "psychological" and "therapy" will be used interchangeably.

No one knows exactly where the border between health and disease lies. A disease is traditionally considered such a violation of the functions of the psyche, which does not depend on the individual himself. However, psychologists are convinced that the so-called diseases are, in fact, some emotional problems that they either do not want to solve, but in principle can solve.

–  –  –

If a person understands that his problem is determined by causes rooted in his own psyche, which he can control, then depending on the severity of this problem, either consultative or psychotherapeutic work of various levels can be carried out with him.

This book is not about discussing therapeutic theories and methods, but about how, using the knowledge gleaned from psychotherapy, to effectively conduct psychological counseling. Therefore, we strongly refer those psychologists who are not familiar with the theory and practice of psychotherapy to the relevant literature, trainings, master classes, etc.

Test questions

1. What areas of psychological counseling do you know?

2. What features distinguish psychological counseling from psychotherapy?

3. What are the current topics in the literature on psychological counseling?

4. What do psychological counseling and psychotherapy have in common?

5. What kind of clients can receive psychological () counseling, and what - no?

1. Classen I. A. Practical psychotherapy. M., 2004.

2. Kondrashenko V. T. Donskoy D. I. General psychotherapy. Minsk, 1993.

3. Linde N. D. Fundamentals of modern psychotherapy. M., 2002.

4. Osipova A. A. General psychocorrection. M., 2000.

s. Osnovnye directions of modern psychotherapy / Ed. A. M. Bokovikova. M., 2000.

6. Romanin A. N. Fundamentals of psychotherapy. Rostov n/a, 2004.

7. Sokolova E. T General psychotherapy. tyI., 2001.

8. Talanov V. L., Malkina-Pykh I. G. Reference book of a practical psychologist.

St. Petersburg; M., 2005.

H HUMAN SUBJECT AND HUMAN OBJECT

Since in psychological counseling the client is considered as the subject of his psychological problems, his thinking, his feelings, it is necessary to dwell on this concept in more detail in the context of psychotherapeutic tasks.

A person can be both a subject and an object, and both at the same time: everything depends on the role that he plays in a certain interaction. For example, when he independently decides whether to go to the dentist or not, then he is the subject, but in the dentist's chair he is the object of treatment, despite the fact that he experiences very strong subjective experiences - this does not change his object role in the context of manipulation doctor.

It cannot be said that being a subject is always good and being an object is always bad, it all depends on the context. When we voluntarily allow the dentist to treat our teeth or the driver to take us in the car, there is nothing wrong with that. It is bad when a person is in the position of an object against his will, if, for example, he is limited by external circumstances or cannot solve his psychological problem, he is in a psychotic state.

A psychological problem (or a dead end) limits the manifestations of the personality as a subject, a person is not able to act freely, i.e.

subjectively, even if he knows how to act. Note that we are talking about “subjectivity” as the ability to be a subject, in contrast to “subjectivity”, which emphasizes the subjective, i.e. individual, approach in perception, thinking, etc.

The task of the psychotherapist is to free a person from slavish dependence, to make him more of a subject in the context of a traumatic situation, which will allow him to find an adequate solution.

An analogy with a living butterfly planted on a needle is appropriate here.

The butterfly is free everywhere and quite viable, except for one point where it is pierced and attached to the paper. Because of the point where she cannot overcome her objectivity, no matter how she tries to flap her wings, her whole life activity suffers. The task is to remove the needle to return the lost subjectivity, and the butterfly will fly away.

Probably, the first person who raised the problem of the client as a subject in psychotherapy and created client-centric therapy was Carl Rogers, one of the founders of humanistic psychotherapy. The main thing that he postulated is the presence in the human subject of his own, internal forces of health and self-development. We share his humanistic position and believe that psychological counseling should free the human subject, relying on his own resources and capabilities.

For further presentation, it is necessary to expand the theoretical understanding of man as a subject in his opposition to man to an object. It has already been said that an individual can move from one state to another, but in a number of cases his state is stably fixed in the position of the object, and liberation can come only when the resources of the position of the person-subject are used. Let us indicate the following six differences between a person in the position of a subject and a person in the position of an object, which will significantly clarify the essence of advisory work.

1. The subject is autonomous. This is expressed in three main types of dey initiative, i.e. in spontaneous, independent undertakings, actions: a) proposals, etc.; b) making decisions, in particular choosing from a number of alternatives; c) self-realization, i.e. independent actions to implement their decisions and intentions.

A person in the state of an object, on the contrary, is not free in his actions, his behavior is determined, he is predictable, because he is devoid of spontaneity, is in a rigid dependence on something.

Instead of showing initiative, he is in a state of eternal expectation of something, such as instructions and instructions from his superiors, advice from a friend, the second coming, a miracle, etc. Instead of making a decision, he is PRO-" shows ambivalence, a desire to transfer responsibility for making a decision to someone else, he himself does not know what he wants, makes a decision and immediately changes his mind, etc. Instead of self-realization, he demonstrates performing behavior, easily obeys circumstances or someone else's influence, sometimes acts automatically and even to the detriment of himself.

2. The subject is authentic, i.e. is himself, and not someone else, and makes decisions based on his own understanding of the situation, his interests, the consequences of his actions. He is well aware of his feelings, even if they are negative, and does not deceive himself.

He is sincere, and what he says and does does not disagree with the content of his inner world (beliefs, feelings, etc.).

In the state of an object, the inner world of a person, as it were, remains out of the game and, if such a state begins to dominate in the life of an individual, it gradually degrades. The object state interferes with the understanding of the motives of one's own behavior and one's own feelings. There is a separation of consciousness and real behavior, a conflict arises between them: a person acts contrary to his internal goals, and acts against his own conscience, etc. Or he lives like a biorobot, following once and for all approved rules and programs, without even thinking about their adequacy or correspondence to reality.

3. The subject is self-transforming, he can form in himself some new qualities, change his behavior, he can be spontaneous and open to new quality, to new experience.

In the state of an object, a person, on the contrary, is not able to change his attitude to some problem situation, his behavior is stereotyped, he does not perceive the new if it contradicts the established forms of behavior or established ideas. For example, a person assures everyone that. he needs to quit smoking, while doing nothing to really quit, but he fails to clearly explain to everyone who wants to help him, why any proposed method of weaning smoking will not work for him. At the same time, in other situations, he retains his subjectivity and is able to change; in regard to smoking, he remains as if paralyzed, motionless, or goes into a vicious circle.

4. The subject develops, i.e., is capable of self-improvement, personal growth. This means that today he can cope with tasks that are more complex than he solved yesterday, and tomorrow he will solve even more complex problems that he is still unable to do today. This applies to intellectual and creative abilities, and to the personal development of a person. The latter is especially important for psychotherapy, because the personality on the path of its development has become constant, solving them with more and more complex moral and emotional problems, improving itself.

Mami I, A person who is “stuck” In a dead end, to some extent loses his ability for personal growth and thereby becomes like an object that does not develop. In this case, he implements reproductive rather than creative (productive) patterns of behavior. It may be capable of change, but often in order to solve problems it is necessary, as it were, to grow above oneself, and not to use all new methods of the same type, i.e. need to go to the next level personal growth.

5. The subject, in his current actions and decisions, leaves some idea of ​​his future, builds some personal perspective. In particular, this is expressed in a sense of the meaning of one's existence. For the sake of the future, a person is able to endure enormous hardships “here and now”, and a sense of the prospect of life, an open horizon is a necessary condition for healthy self-feeling, self-confidence, the ability to spend efforts on one’s development, etc.

When the object is seen, a person loses perspective, having become dependent on some, perhaps private, problem, he feels his .. hopelessness and his powerlessness, as they say. hands go down. Feelings of apathy, hopelessness and melancholy speak of a loss of hope, they are natural companions of a problematic impasse, in katara,! the client is located.

6. The subject is multidimensional, i.e. cannot be reduced to one plan of life, one purpose, one function. The life of a free subject proceeds at the same time, as it were, on many planes, and it is impossible to say which of its parameters is the most important, all of them are necessary for a life of value. It can be a family, and work, and hob Oi. and sports, and spiritual interests, and just relaxation. By itself, the subject is not defined, as if elusive. He's more of a potentiality than an actualized possibility.

In this sense, a person-object is one-dimensional, its existence is related to the impasse in which it has fallen, other plans, dimensions and, possibly, the south are either unknown or incomprehensible to it.

Let's summarize the comparison results in a single table.

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A strong change or loss of one of the parameters of the subject of the BCGO gestalt, the whole way of life can lead to the destruction of HI1. THIS is what happens when a person enters the state of the object, in which one aspect of life begins all its other aspects, such as drinking for an alcoholic or a drug addict.

As already mentioned, the main task of psychotherapy is to free the client from the state of objectivity, to awaken in him the qualities of the subject, the ability to solve his own problems on his own.

The paradox is that usually a client comes to a psychologist in the hope of shifting the burden of responsibility for solving his problems onto him and preserving his state of the object in a different form.

HELP consists in making a person stronger, freer, so that he can get out of his psychological impasse, otherwise after a while he will fall into it again.

However, in order to effectively help in breaking out of such a deadlock, one must clearly understand how a person gets there. Therefore, let us consider a model of a psychological impasse (problem) in which a psychotherapist's client usually finds himself, as a result of which he finds himself in the role of a Suffering Object. From the following it will be clear how the transition from the state of the subject to the state of the object is carried out and in what direction it is necessary to work to release the client.

test questions

1. What is the difference between a person-subject and a person-object?

2. Is it always bad to be an “object”?

3. Why is the consultant's task to free the individual from the position of objectivity?

4. What psychological parameters are characteristic of a human subject and what capabilities does he have?

5. Why is it sometimes beneficial to be an object?

Recommended literature

1. Berdyaev N. A. About a man, his freedom and spirituality. M., 1999.

2. Goulding M., Goulding R. Psychotherapy of a new solution. M., 1997.

3. Danilova V. How to become yourself. Kharkov, 1994.

4. Zhikarentsev V. The path to freedom. SPb., 1996.

5. Menegemmi A. System and personality. M., 1996.

6. Rogers K Counseling and psychotherapy. M., 1999.

7. Shostrshi E. Anti-Carnegie, or Manipulator. Minsk, 1992.

P SYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEM E MA,

ITS STRUCTURE AND LEVELS.

TYPES OF PROBLEMS

Since counseling is a solution to psychological problems, a description of what is called a psychological problem should be given.

Let's start with a simple logical analysis. A problem becomes a problem if the individual wants to achieve some goal, but fails. In other words, there is always a subject, there is a desire (without desire there is no problem), there is some real or imagined goal, and there is some obstacle, real or imagined, that prevents it from being achieved.

If there is no motivation, then there simply cannot be a problem! However, the problem only becomes such when the goal is presented or is unattainable. Any problem is associated with the presence of an obstacle in the way of satisfying one or another strong desire (drive, need, motive) of a person.

Not all problems are psychological in nature. If we are dealing with problems external to the individual (economic, political, scientific, social, etc.), then they are not solved by external means, i.e. there is a way to overcome the obstacle standing in the way. For example, a scientist thinks for a long time and painfully over the task before him, conducts research, then suddenly an insight occurs and he shouts in delight: Now the road is open and it becomes possible to achieve not only the previously set goal, but also many others. Another example: a young man needs money, he finds a job that suits him, and solves his financial problem.

In the usual case, the subject does not work on himself - he creates ways to overcome the obstacle or accumulates the necessary resources. Of course, this is a bit of a simplification. For example, a scientist works on himself, honing his intellect, accumulating knowledge, stimulating his own creativity. The athlete trains, builds up muscle mass or “loses” weight, comes up with new wrestling techniques or types of movements, etc. However, these are also external methods, usually they do not affect the personality of a scientist or athlete. If individuals begin to work with themselves as subjects of activity, look for the reasons for failure in themselves and want to change themselves in order to achieve the desired goals, then they move to the level of psychological work.

A psychological problem is determined by the impossibility of satisfying one or another strong desire (drive, need, motive), but the causes of the problem are in the psyche of the individual, in his inner world.

There is something wrong there, something gets in the way, even when everyone exists. the necessary conditions to achieve the goal by external means. For example, a man wants a woman's love, but he has an idea of ​​women as deceitful and insidious beings.

Naturally, this will not allow him to find his beloved and he may remain lonely, which, in turn, will give rise to new problems.

No matter how much we try to solve the psychological problem by external means, it does not lead to success. A person suffers again and again, again and again “steps on the same ones again and does not see a way out. Even Leo Tolstoy, taking care of the then “homeless”, visited bunkhouses, studying those who lived “on L. Tolstoy wrote that they all assured that they wanted to escape from there, but they needed a certain amount of money. Having received the desired amount (some three rubles, some ten, some more), this subject disappeared from the rooming house for some time, but after a week, two or a month he again found himself in the same place and, apparently, felt himself “on his own”. psychological problem, the barrier, like the very desire of the individual, is located inside the human psyche, the goal to which he aspires can be both real and imaginary. The whole drama plays out within the personality and can only be resolved by internal, psychological means. For example, the man in the example above needs to be disappointed in his belief that women are generally deceitful and deceitful, which acts as an internal barrier to achieving the goal. The trouble is that such a belief is based on some traumatic events in the past, when the individual, as it seems to him, was convinced of this quality of women. He holds on to this belief because of some emotional energy attached to it. If you try to convince him of this opinion, then he will resist, sometimes contrary to all logic. Therefore, if one can release the fixed feelings that determine the individual's adherence to such thoughts, then the barrier will collapse and the problem will be solved.

Any psychological problem that a person faces can be represented as an emotional fixation of an individual on achieving some unattainable goal or an obstacle blocking his adequate actions.

To describe more clearly our understanding of the structure of a psychological problem, we use the following metaphor. In India, monkeys are caught in this way: they hollow out a pumpkin, put a bait inside, leaving a small hole, the monkey sticks a paw into it, grabs the bait, but cannot remove the fist, because it is wider than the hole. The hunter comes up and calmly catches the monkey, because she does not guess to unclench her fist. So are people: in their imagination they have already grabbed the bait, and with the other hand also an obstacle, and now they are caught) Each time you should think about which client should be unclenched. Sometimes there can be many such “paws”, but the initial problem is still one, and when it is solved, then everything else happens by itself, because now it is free.

The basis of mental health is inner freedom.

If “the fist is unclenched, then many new ways of satisfying the initial need can be found, nothing now holds and the number of choices increases many times over. Maybe this goal is no longer needed at all, or maybe other ways to achieve it will be easily found, because new ways are now available. As one movie hero said: “Where you see problems, I see new possibilities. Such a person is completely free from problems, in principle he is not fixed in one position, so he flexibly finds new solutions that will never come to a person’s head, rigid associated with a goal or barrier.

In a cheerful Finnish song, it is sung: “If the bride goes to another, then it is not known who is lucky!” Only the one who managed to let go of the target in time can sing like that, “unclench i.e. a free person The one who could not do this would rather say: “So don’t get it, or“ You prayed before going to bed, The problem becomes a problem only when some psychic energy is fixed and cannot be easily released.

The child may cry inconsolably when balloon flew away.

If this happened to an adult, then his desire easily disappears along with the ball. An adult person stops producing emotional energy aimed at holding the ball, the energy comes back, and he calms down. However, adults have their own desires, which do not always “dissolve” when the “shariy” flies away.

The Buddha also said: “There are two reasons for suffering:

when a person cannot achieve what he wants and when he cannot get rid of it Desire always appears in the form of an emotion or feeling that pushes you to some action, and fixation on an obstacle is also a feeling that does not allow you to doubt it.

The person says: “I love you - this is a feeling, but it is the realization of a desire. Feeling is the result of the orientation of the need for a specific goal. Feeling carries energy, without feeling or emotion no action can be done. When this energy is not realized in achieving the goal, the person suffers. feels the damage he receives from wasted energy and lack of what he wants. If he does not cease to produce a feeling aimed at achieving the unattainable, then suffering becomes chronic.

Fixation of the energy of feeling on an unattainable goal or an imaginary nperpaAe can be the cause of a psychological problem.

Therefore, the core of the problem is always maladaptive fixation, but a psychological problem can have several different types of internal organization (or structure). These varieties are shown in Figs. 1. In all diagrams, a circle means some object desired or rejected by an individual, a rectangle - an obstacle, and an arrow - the desire of the Individual or negative pressure from the side of the object on the subject (which can be caused by the negative desire of the subject or rejection).

As we have said, desire subjectively appears in the form of this or that feeling. Feeling (EMOllIA) binds a person to a particular object. Feeling is an expression of the energy that is directed by the individual either to achieve an unattainable goal, or to reject an undesirable object or state, or simultaneously to achieve and reject, or to strive simultaneously for two desirable objects, or to reject two possible choices. (according to the PRINCIPLE “I vote against also the feeling gives energy to one or another subjective obstacles.

Shown in fig.

1 schemes reflect the primary (initial) structure of the problem:

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internal (for example, unpleasant memories). Simultaneously with the repulsion, the object can be attracted with the help of an unconscious feeling to the same object, ambivalent feelings are experienced. There is no barrier, but the subject experiences the confrontation between the forces of attraction and repulsion;

d) two feelings of equal strength are directed to incompatible objects;

e) the subject wants to get rid of the unwanted object, but this is only possible through contact with another unwanted object (a choice between two evils). The life situation is so unbearable that you want to run away from it, but if you do, it will be even worse.

In all the above cases, we used the word but the object can be not only an object or another person, but also an activity, a situation, a moral assessment, an emotional state that are desirable or, conversely, unacceptable for the subject.

In the future, the problem develops and grows, giving rise to numerous symptoms and new difficulties, manifesting itself in various areas of human life.

Let us give examples of frequently encountered problems in terms of their structure.

The following psychological problems have the structure of the first type (Fig. la):

Inability to realize dreams or ambitions due to their inadequacy or due to the existence of a psychological barrier;

Grief, heavy loss, love, etc.;

The desire to change the past, to fix what cannot be fixed, to return "last year's

Morally forbidden sexual, aggressive and other desires;

The desire to change other people in one way or another;

Idealistic, fantastic, exaggerated desires.

Structure of the second type (Fig. 16):

The desire to get rid of the unwanted effects of the environment or other people from whom there is no way to get rid of, or there is a psychological prohibition on getting rid of;

Obsessive fears, thoughts, actions;

Feelings of guilt for what they have done, suicidal tendencies, experience of past shame, whistling, etc.;

Post-stress experiences (as a result of an attack, catastrophe, terrorist attack, rape);

Desire to get rid of shortcomings in accordance with unrealistic principles or standards;

Addictions of various types (emotional, alcohol, drug, etc.).

Structure of the third type (Fig. 1c):

Love for a hated, despised or disgusting object;

Desire to achieve goals, success and fear of success;

Gratitude and humiliation, admiration and envy, joy and sorrow, pleasure and fear at the same time;

The desire to do and not to do, to say and not to say, to express feelings and hide them;

Desire to defeat the enemy and fear of him;

The desire for risk and suicide at the same time.

Structure of the fourth type (Fig. 1d):

The desire to have two incompatible options at the same time, not to lose either one or the other;

Choice of two equally attractive options;

Personal immaturity, inability to make choices and take responsibility for HocT, fear of error, indecision;

A risky choice that predetermines fate, win or lose;

Constant throwing from one option to another, fluctuations between hope and despair, etc.

Structure of the fifth type (Fig. ld):

A situation where the subject lives with an unbearable person, for example, with a domestic tyrant, psychopath or criminal, but is dependent on him;

Social maladjustment, which leads to autism or a homeless lifestyle, etc.;

Moral choice between crime and death;

Loss of prestige, ruin, another event that led to a subjectively unbearable situation, but any "exit" threatens with even greater losses;

The choice between suicide and disgrace, submission to violence and mortal risk;

The choice between an unloved husband and a loved one with whom it is impossible to live for economic reasons.

In all cases, the task of psychotherapy is to help the client change, and not to help him change the external world, to solve the problem through subjective, internal, and not external changes.

Of course, in each specific case it is necessary to decide which change will be the most appropriate, the most appropriate for the ecology of human life, which emotional fixation should be eliminated. If a person suffers because he cannot survive his loss, as it is ratu, then it is necessary to help him say no matter how difficult it is. If a person suffers because he cannot achieve happiness because of the conviction of his imaginary inferiority ( she plays the role of an obstacle in this case), then it is necessary to rid him of a feeling of inferiority. For example, a fear that prevents a young man from explaining himself to a girl or successfully passing an exam can act as an obstacle. In this case, of course, it is necessary to eliminate not love for a girl or the desire to learn, but the fear that keeps a person in psychological slavery.

We emphasize once again that the subjective barrier is usually also the result of inadequate emotional fixation. Therefore, the goal is not in the general and complete deliverance from desires, but in deliverance from suffering. As a result of properly done work, a person always has a feeling of liberation and return to the open world of new opportunities, his ability to satisfy his rational needs only increases.

Let us repeat: the essence of psychological work in all cases is to rid the individual of the dependence on the object or inadequate barrier that causes him suffering. In different schools and traditions of psychotherapy, this goal is achieved by different means.

However, in all cases, a person must become more free than he was, become more the subject of his life than he was.

I had to work quite a long time with the problem of a girl who was. Depressed. The girl believed that her personal happiness was impossible because her body was very ugly (which was not true). A subjective barrier to intimacy was created in childhood, when her father rejected her attempts to touch him and expressed a negative opinion about her figure. In order to get rid of her depression, she needed to be disappointed in such a fatherly attitude, which was difficult to do, because she loved him. However, we managed to achieve this, the depression passed, and the girl met her boyfriend.

Until the problem is solved, suffering pushes the individual to somehow adapt to his chronic pathogenic state. He uses various external and internal tricks in order to adapt to it without solving the problem. These techniques introduce additional distortions into his lifestyle and emotional state. In the future, they themselves can lead to new problems and the need to create additional ways of adaptation. As a result, the primary problem is sometimes a mass of secondary psychological distortions, under the surface of which the primary problem may not be visible. If the psychologist solves these secondary problems, then they tend to be restored again, since the individual can no longer do without them. Solving the primary problem immediately removes the need for all additional devices, but getting to it and helping the client solve it is sometimes very difficult.

We list quite often encountered ways of adapting to the primary problem, although in practice there may be many more.

The first and most common reaction to frustration.

Aggression

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desires, pushing them into the subconscious. Naturally, this does not lead to liberation from addiction. On the contrary, as Z. Freud noted, suppressed desires become even stronger and, in addition, elude conscious control. In a therapeutic sense, there is nothing positive in suppression, but in social terms, the development of society and a person is hardly possible without the need to suppress or at least contain certain impulses (aggressive, sexual, etc.).

The reaction of avoiding a traumatic situation, and Escapism sometimes other situations that cause associations with the main problem. This type of behavior, of course, "saves a lot of money", but, of course, does not help to find a solution, to gain true independence and freedom, and sometimes creates additional difficulties. For example, a boy or girl, having experienced a failure in love, sometimes begins to avoid such relationships, which leads to the development of a complex of other emotional problems.

Using Behavior Specific to More Regression

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problems where he failed, to activities of a different kind, where success is achieved, however imaginary. For example, a problem that cannot be solved in reality can be solved in fantasies, dreams. A person “seeks not where he lost, but where sometimes sublimation serves as a powerful source of creativity, but more often leads to a fruitless waste of energy, leads away from true personal growth.

The transfer of one's own unconscious motives according to the projection of knowledge onto the explanations of another person. So, an aggressive person is inclined to accuse other people of being aggressive towards himself, in everyday life this is called “on my own about people.” It is clear that the projection leads away from solving problems.

AUTIZM self-closing of the personality, its fencing off from the general

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So, the eight ways of adaptation listed above make it possible to “change the situation without changing anything”, do not lead to solving the problem and gaining subjectivity, and retain the main attachment that generates suffering and pathological behavior.

It is the irresistible force of attachment to the goal (or stimulus) that makes a person a “de facto” object in relation to a certain situation, i.e. deterministic, not self-understanding, unchanging, uncreative, perspectiveless, monofunctional. On the contrary, the weakening of fixation allows the subjectivity of a person to manifest itself, i.e. its activity, self-understanding (consciousness), the ability to change, creativity and self-improvement, the creation of one’s perspective and multidimensionality.

Therefore, all methods that allow weakening the slavish, pathological dependence of a person on some object, thought, image or state are psychotherapeutic in their action and meaning. All methods that increase dependence or replace one dependence with another, stronger one, should be recognized as antitherapeutic.

in America, a woman weighing 457 kg died. Once she managed to drive off 200 kg of weight, but then she could not stand it and again began to constantly chew her favorite pork sandwiches. Before her death, she admitted that the constant chewing of sandwiches saved her from memories of a brutal rape in her youth.

Now suppose that this woman has taken a coding course and has been instilled with an aversion to fatty and high-calorie foods. She lost weight, but what should she do with the deep problem now?! Mental suffering is not healed, it must be forgotten. It is clear that suicide, drugs, alcohol can be a way out... Therapy should free a person from this chronic pain, and then he will not need to destroy himself either by overeating or the like.

alcohol and Methods adopted in psychotherapy and counseling, as a rule, are aimed at emancipating the subject, therefore, they use certain methods of awakening the initiative, the ability to make decisions and implement them, methods of expanding awareness of the problem situation and their feelings and desires, techniques for changing the habitual way of behavior and thinking, techniques that stimulate creativity and self-development, techniques for creating the meaning of life, revealing new possibilities of the individual and the ability to be a true subject of one's life. They all work against primary pathogenic fixation, against the maintenance of the human-object state.

The problem can be of different levels of complexity, which depends on the intensity of those internal energy flows (emotions) that are internal barriers, as well as of different types depending on specific unfulfilled aspirations and specific ways of painful adaptation to such a situation.

In psychiatry, there is a detailed classification of various psychiatric disorders, and the psychotherapist must be familiar with it to a certain extent. However, this classification does not consider mental disorders as manifestations of a particular psychological problem and separates ordinary psychological difficulties from 2 with an impenetrable wall. The scheme shown in Fig. reflects our attempt to offer psychological problems, to live some "periodic" including so-called diseases. The black arrow within each box is a symbol of the strength of the associated emotional energy. The vertical line separates the zone of mental health (next) from the zone of "disease" (on the right), although we believe that this boundary is largely arbitrary. The white arrows connecting the rectangles corresponding to the levels of problems do not mean that the individual is gradually moving from one level to another, they emphasize that all levels are lined up in a single row, from the maximum manifestation of subjectivity to its ever deeper and more systemic times. collapse.

We would like to apologize in advance to experts for such a simplified model, but it is necessary in order to single out some general trend. All problems are located at different levels in terms of the difficulty of their solution and in terms of the depth of "injury to the individual. At each level there are different types of psychopaths Neuroses

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psychological problems, for example, at the level of neuroses there are very different types of neuroses. However, the level of complexity of different neuroses is approximately the same, since in neuroses one or another sphere of interaction with the world is disturbed, but the structure of the personality is not distorted, as in psychopathy, and the adequacy of the perception of reality is not disturbed, as in psi "/oses.

1. The level of excess.

This is the level that, according to A. Maslow, self-actualizing individuals achieve. He believed that they were no more than 1% of the total number of people, but they are the leading force of mankind.

Ordinary people can also reach this level, but quickly return to their previous state. At this level, a person often experiences inspiration, insight, happiness. Consciousness is especially clear, creative ideas constantly come to mind. These people act flexibly, spontaneously, sincerely and effectively. Most of the people who lived at this level proved themselves to be true geniuses in one area or another, although at times they could lower their level and show themselves not at their best.

such people practically do not have neuroses, and they endure psychological trauma very easily. They are characterized by ease, lack of stereotyping, emotional and physical tension. One could say that there are no problems at the level of excess, but, of course, this is not so. For the most part, these are problems of creative realization in the world or problems of comprehending the spiritual side of life. In order to understand the problems of such people, one must be at this level at least occasionally. The degree of their fixation is minimal, and the ability to get rid of it is maximum, they are psychologically the most free and most strongly manifest their subjectivity.

2. Level of norm.

This is the level at which everything is also very well.

The so-called normal person is well adapted to the social environment, copes with work and family obligations quite successfully, but not without difficulties and troubles. His consciousness is clear, his emotional state is mostly comfortable, although such a level of happiness and inspiration, which a person usually experiences at the supernormal level, is only sometimes achievable here (in fact, at these moments he goes to the highest level). Responds quite flexibly to changing situations, not tense, but there is no constant feeling of lightness, flight, inspiration.

The types of problems faced by a “normal” person are also quite normal: difficulties in adapting to changed situations, difficulties in learning, in performing complex work, work HocTi In the development of creative potential, development of abilities, etc.

At this level, the conflict between desires and barriers is not too great, release from fixation occurs quite easily when influenced by reasonable arguments.

A few words about the concept Although the definition of the norm in science is still a very problematic task, there are two main approaches to this definition. The first is that the norm recognizes all those properties of an individual that, on average, are inherent in a given population or group. An individual whose property deviates too much from the mean will be considered abnormal.

The second approach is intuitively used by psychiatry and ordinary people in everyday life. The norm is everything that is not not the norm, but.

“not - this is something that completely falls out of the list of the usual and generally accepted. A person who claims that two plus two equals five differs sharply in his judgments from the obvious to everyone, universal (and not average) outlook on life, he can easily be recognized as not normal or not quite normal. A person who claims that his neighbors are following him with the help of telepathy is not normal.

Therefore, everything is considered abnormal that does not correspond to the obvious, to what practically everyone agrees with, to the universal. The last definition is the most used, i.e. operational.

However, one must understand that it sometimes forces one to recognize as abnormal a man of genius, whose behavior contradicts the evidence, but at the same time, his actions are distinguished by wisdom, insight, logic, his conclusions are confirmed by practice.

3. The level of behavioral maladaptation.

At this level, it can also be called the level of neurotic reactions, a person is not quite well adapted to certain areas of life. At times, he cannot cope with fairly simple life situations, reacts inadequately to difficulties, and has problems in communication. His consciousness is less clear and more narrowed, especially in the sense of self-consciousness, than at the previous level, the logic of reasoning is sometimes violated, he often experiences negative emotions, tension.

The problems he encounters usually relate to relationships with other PEOPLE, difficulties at work and school, insecure behavior, outbursts of inappropriate emotional reactions, and so on. At times, “normal” people can pass to this level: as the saying goes, “everyone can, but it passes quickly. People who live at this level all the time often show similar breakdowns.

They are stronger than normal, fixed and constantly feeling frustrated. Breakdowns occur when circumstances affect a sore spot, a fixation. Then a completely adequate response is impossible for them. Flexibility is largely lost, they can restrain themselves, but they are not able to free themselves from fixation, although they are often aware of it. Their subjectivity is partially damaged in the areas of life associated with fixation, the stereotype of reactions is manifested.

4. The level of emotional disturbances.

At this level, the individual experiences temporary (several days, sometimes weeks), but very serious neurotic states: depressive states, outbursts of anger, despair, guilt, sadness. These conditions gradually pass and do not regularly recur. There may be chronic, but not too strong negative emotional states. All the signs discussed above are intensified: consciousness becomes even less clear and more narrowed, the flexibility of thinking and behavior is lost, internal and bodily tension increases.

Types of problems typical for this level: loss of a loved one, disappointment in love, inability to achieve important goals, difficult family relationships, loss of meaning in life, consequences (not too severe) of stress, fear, etc.

The fixations are stronger, the logical arguments don't help the release. The ability to be a subject is significantly damaged, many forms of life activity fall out of the sphere of interests, are given with difficulty, the horizon of consciousness narrows, the ability to communicate and understand other people decreases. General adaptability does not suffer, but stereotype increases. A person, as it were, walks on Crete, as if chained to his problem.

5. The level of neurosis.

This level traditionally refers to the level of diseases, but with a psychological approach, we always find an unresolved psychological problem at the heart of this disease. However, even modern medicine considers neurosis-psychogenic and also reversible diseases.

Neurotic states and reactions become permanent (or they periodically return). This includes the following types of problems (or adaptations): obsessive fears (phobic neurosis), obsessive-compulsive neurosis (obsessive-compulsive neurosis), hypochondria, hysteria, anxiety disorders, anorexia, bulimia, etc. At the same level of complexity, psychosomatic diseases can be placed, which usually include: asthma, hypertension, stomach ulcers, allergies, headaches, and many others, as well as problems such as alcoholism and smoking. This also includes the phenomenon of post-traumatic stress.

In all these cases, the "diseases" are based on deep psychological fixations, usually associated with the characteristics of the individual's childhood development (with the exception of post-traumatic stress). This may be a castration complex (according to Z. Freud), an incomplete complex A.

ness (according to Apler), non-adaptive life scenario (according to E. Bern) and other psychological factors.

Fixations are strong both in the sense of their rigidity and in the sense of the strength of the fixed feelings themselves. Release from fixation is not amenable to conscious efforts, the person ALARMS his impotence in the face of the problem. He does not allow the true causes of fixation into consciousness, he uses defenses (in the psychoanalytic sense) to avoid understanding himself. May resist therapeutic help if it reveals the truth and is aimed at liberation from fixation.

Subjectivity is damaged in a vast area of ​​life, consciousness is limited, stereotyping increases, muscular and psychological tension increases, and the mass of negative emotions increases. A feeling of impotence, helplessness and hopelessness develops (i.e., a state of objectivity).

6. The level of psychopathy (or personality disorders).

These include painful distortions of character; That is, here the personality itself is already distorted. Schizoid, hysteroid, epileptoid, hyperthymic and other types of psychopathy are prominent. This level also includes sexual perversion and manic types of behavior. There are, for example, pathological liars, gamblers, and so on.

At the level of psychopathy, drug addiction can also be conditionally located.

The consciousness of such individuals is not so much clouded or narrowed as distorted. In their inner world negative emotions dominate: anger, fear, hatred, despair... Sometimes it is outwardly imperceptible, but in a critical situation these emotions erupt in a pathological form. Constant tension is manifested in a specific muscular shell. Medicine relates the problems of this level both to the pathology of the nervous system and to the peculiarities of upbringing in childhood.

Psychologists, of course, see psychological causes rooted in the very early childhood or even in the prenatal period.

Subjectivity is even more affected, fixations are very strong. In beliefs, emotions, behavior and thinking, very rigid, rigid structures can be traced, which do not allow the individual to act freely, subordinating him to himself contrary to logic and his own benefit. The picture of reality is not distorted, but the attitude to certain aspects of reality is distorted. The subject himself is distorted, but may not notice his own curvature or is unwilling to change it. This curvature itself is generated by a very strong and rigid primary fixation.

Drug addicts are characterized by the fact that they break out of their suffering with the help of a drug, artificially getting into a state, like passive objects, but as soon as the effect of the drug ends, they, like hell, are thrown into their former existence, which now seems to them even more terrible. . Drugs turn Them from subjects into objects by allowing them to temporarily compensate for their primary suffering, which is born of an unconscious fixation.

7. The level of psychoses.

These include: acute psychotic illness, schizophrenia, manic-depressive psychosis and other psychoses. This level should include epilepsy, which is not formally related to psychosis, as well as multiple personality splits.

Psychoses are characterized primarily by a distorted perception of reality, which is expressed, for example, in delusions and hallucinations.

The individual largely ceases to control his behavior with the help of consciousness. Tension increases incredibly, for example, there is hypertension (hypertension) of the muscles in schizophrenic patients.

Negative feelings of incredible strength (hatred, fear, despair) are suppressed by a huge effort of will, which on the surface may look like emotional dullness. Subjectivity is affected to an extreme degree, in some patients this is expressed in a complete stupor (schizophrenics-catatonics). Problems of this level of medicine are defined exclusively as diseases of the brain, although this hypothesis has not yet been proven, just as the hypothesis about the psychological nature of such diseases has not been proven.

All the levels of human problems listed above represent stages of personality. They are characterized by the deterioration of the following vital parameters, if PROCieditn zT6 ()t

To the lower steps up to the level of psychoses:

Consciousness passes from complete clarity to more and more narrowed and obscured states;

The degree of self-understanding (consciousness) and self-regulation also worsens with the transition to each next step;

The emotional state passes from the most joyful and beautiful forms to states that can only be characterized as the intensity of negative emotions increases with the transition from one stage to another;

The flexibility of thinking and behavior decreases with the transition from stage to stage, up to the most rigid options, the ability to be creative decreases;

With the transition from stage to stage, psychological and muscular tension increases from a light and relaxed state at the level of “excess” up to constant muscle overstrain and even catatonia at the level of psychosis;

The feeling of freedom and autonomy of the individual from complete confidence in oneself, one’s capabilities and rights decreases to the point of the conviction that you, like a robot, are commanded by some alien forces.

Thus, all psychological problems can be lined up in one row, which is characterized by the deterioration of certain mental health parameters (this does not apply to the remission period), the most important of which are emotions and feelings. They turn out to be a system-forming factor of psychological problems, since 2). All correspond to the unfulfilled aspirations of the AND "N" Individual (see Fig.

The levels of problems differ from each other primarily in the degree of fixation of the individual on one or another unrealizable goal. It is this fixation that gives rise to the loss of freedom and autonomy, the narrowing of consciousness, the loss of flexibility of thinking, negative emotions, often directed at oneself, muscle strain, etc., i.e., an ever greater loss of subjectivity and the acquisition of the qualities of the Suffering Object. The key factors are the energetic power of the trapped feelings and the mode of adaptation chosen by the individual.

Now we can formulate definitively: psychological and mental health is a full-fledged subjective state of an individual.

All psychological problems represent one form or another of a bound subject state and its approximation to an object state. The associated subjective state is the essence of the psychological problem.

The psychologist-consultant should not and should not treat mentally ill people, he should be able to distinguish the levels and types of psychological problems that he encounters in practice, and not take on tasks that are not within his competence. At the same time, he can advise on psychological problems even those individuals who are outside the mental norm, they also have psychological problems. In all cases, it should contribute to the release of the subject from one or another emotional fixation that limits him.

test questions

1. What is the structure of psychological problems?

2. What is the essence of the psychotherapeutic solution to the problem?

3. What “solutions to a psychological problem should be considered non-therapeutic or even anti-therapeutic?

4. What happens in the case of an adequate therapeutic solution in the subjective world of the client?._

5. What levels of psychological problems can be identified?

6. How do the psychological properties of the subject change in the transition from one level of problems to another?

7. What types of psychological problems at different levels can you name?

1. Blazer A., ​​Heim E., Ringer H., Tommen M. Problem-oriented psychotherapy. M., 1998.

2. Vasulyuk F. E. Psychology of experience. M., 1984.

rof S. Journey in search of yourself. M., 1994.

4. Kaplan r. I, Sadok B. J. Clinical Psychiatry. M., 1994.

5. Karvasarsky B. D. Psychotherapy. From Pb., 2000.

6. Koenig K. When a psychotherapist is needed ... M., 1996.

7. Comer R. Pathopsychology of behavior: Disorders and pathologies of the psyche.

St. Petersburg; M., 2005.

8. Perls F. Gestalt seminars. M., 1998.

9. Rogers K. Counseling and psychotherapy. M., 1999.

10. Sweet K. Jump off the hook. SPb., 1997.

1 1. Stolyarenko L.D. Fundamentals of psychology. Rostov n/a, 1997.

12. Jung K. G. Analytical psychology. SPb., 1994.

CONSULTATIVE IVNA I BES EDA, HER STAGES

Psychological consultation proceeds in the form of a professionally organized conversation, the content of which is psychological, and not everyday or scientific problems that the client wants to solve.

this is a personality-oriented general consultative conversation, in which a general orientation is carried out in the personal characteristics and problems of the client, a partnership style of relationship is established and maintained (on an equal footing), the necessary psychological assistance is provided in accordance with the needs, problem. Depending on the etiquette and the nature of the consultative work at work, the consultative conversation can be initial, procedural, concluding and supporting.

In everyday life, people often provide advice to each other, for example, a friend complains to her friend about her husband, child or boss, talks about her experiences, and she expresses support and gives her advice.

However, professional counseling differs from such an everyday case in a number of important ways:

A professional receives money for his work;

consultation time is precisely defined (usually

The professional plays the role of the leader and the client the follower;

A professional uses a large amount of theoretical knowledge;

During the conversation, he uses professional techniques (see.

below), intended solutions to the problem;

it is aimed at solving the problem, and not at sympathy and approval; / he does not give advice, but helps the client understand himself and change himself.

in accordance with the concept of A. Blaser [1], there are six main stages of advisory work.

1. Building strong interpersonal and constructive working relationships.

2. Detailed description problems from the client's point of view.

3. Problem analysis:

a) the actual conditions for the existence of the problem (What is it here and now? What is the situation? What are the sensations?);

b) biographical conditions of appearance;

c) its functional significance for the client (Why? Why is it necessary?).

Identification of the problem, expression of goals and work plan.

5. Work with the PROQLEMA and fixing the results in real life.

Final phase.

Now we will reveal in more detail the meaning of each stage and the difficulties that the psychologist faces.

Reliable interpersonal relationships suggest not only that the psychologist should like the client as a person. Rather, the psychologist must show his qualifications and seriousness in the performance of his tasks. The client must be sure that he is dealing with a professional high level and his problems can be solved, that he did not come in vain. Many clients test the psychologist with questions to make sure they are actually being helped. They are interested in the method of work, the time needed to get the result, whether the problem is really solvable. The psychologist must be prepared for such a test.

The second aspect of the relationship is the issue of customer security. Most clients would like to make sure that their conversations are confidential so that their secrets will not be revealed. The client needs not to feel tension, not to expect condemnation or neglect.

He must feel that he can trust the psychologist, open up, confess and be accepted for who he is.

suggest that an agreement arises between the client and the psychologist that they work together on common goal. So, sometimes a doctor says to his patient: There are three of us here: we are with you and - yours In psychoanalysis, this is called a working alliance, and more than one meeting is sometimes devoted to developing such relationships.

The trouble is that many clients come to a psychologist with an initially wrong attitude. Some take a childish position towards him, naively hoping that he will do all the work for them. By default, they assume that the psychologist bears all responsibility for solving the problem and must really want to help them, must persuade them.

Others seek to refute the psychologist and implicitly want to once again be convinced of the insolubility of their difficulties. In both cases, the client disclaims responsibility for the result. He does not understand the simple truth that only he is the master of his own psyche, therefore, only he can achieve the goals that he sets for himself. The psychologist provides him with qualified assistance, helps him to realize something, "explains, prompts, teaches and leads to the necessary changes.

The psychologist cannot do anything about the client's problem beyond his will.

It cannot be said that the building of a working alliance always precedes the rest of the work, because it cannot take place outside the discussion of the client's problems. In practice, the first meeting begins with a brief introduction and description of the problem by the client, and a working alliance is developed gradually and strengthened as certain successes are achieved. However, without such an alliance, the work of therapist and client will not be like solving problems, but like a struggle between a psychologist and a client for the good of the latter.

At the stage of the client's description of his problem, he talks about his difficulties, symptoms and assumptions about what are the causes that gave rise to the problem. Already at this stage, the psychologist asks leading questions to clarify the situation, but sometimes he has to just listen for a long time, without interfering in the process of "confession". If the client talks a lot and inconsistently, it is not necessary to guide him with your questions, this can interrupt the flow of open utterance or divert it into another direction. Sooner or later, the client will express everything that is necessary, it is important to listen carefully and “catch” from his M2ZHNO to create a clear key point of speech, based on which the proposition is based.

Some clients literally do not allow the therapist to insert a word, others, on the contrary, get by with a couple of phrases, the rest has to be mined “bit by bit. These clients need to be asked additional clarification questions, but sometimes the psychologist may deliberately pause, provoking the client to take the initiative and openness.

At this stage, mindfulness, attunement to the client and the ability to empathize are especially important. During the speech of the client, natural resonance should be shown to his experiences, for example, listening to the story of the tragic events, it is appropriate to say: “It is really also necessary to separate the subjective distortions or doubtful judgments of the client from those facts that inspire confidence.

It should be understood that a number of facts presented by the client with absolute certainty are in fact the product of his own fantasy or the result of a misinterpretation. Nevertheless, it is recommended to express respect for this subjective picture, since it is precisely this that determines the problematic of the client. First, you should learn more about his point of view on all important aspects of the problem, then you can better understand where he is confused or stuck.

Obvious distortions or omissions usually hide the most important aspects of the problem. The therapist should note exaggerations, projections, over-theorizing, and other signs of defense mechanisms. For example, a parent may complain about their child's misbehavior but say nothing about their behavior towards them. If, however, he is asked to act out a real scene of their interaction, then it may turn out that he himself behaves aggressively and dismissively towards the child, whom he came to complain about to the psychologist.

It is also important to watch for any non-verbal responses from the client that may be incongruent with their own words. For example, he may talk about how many times he was in mortal risk and smile cheerfully, which may mean his desire for his own death and flaunting it.

Problem analysis involves more active intervention on the part of the therapist. It is not only the facts, but also the message1:!. given to him by the client, into some logical system, but also asks additional questions that allow you to clarify this information or obtain other data with which you can complete your hypothesis to the end.

The most typical questions (see above) relate to how the problem manifests itself here and now and how it is connected with the client’s life situation, when this problem first arose and what events preceded it, why the client might need this problem, what function it performs in his life.

The last question is especially important because any problem has an adaptive character. As the poet said: “If the stars light up, it means that this is someone The problem, on the one hand, is inconvenient and creates many difficulties and unpleasant experiences, but, on the other hand, it makes it possible to adapt to some life circumstances. Yes, it is an adaptation with the help of a “disease”, sometimes with the help of an ugly twist of character, but it is an adaptation. The client appears to be wearing a t-shirt that says on the front: "I want to re and on the back: I don't want to solve my problem."

to sew one's own If the therapist deprives him of his habitual adaptation, then he feels completely insecure and disoriented in life, although in fact new paths to achieving a happier life open up before him. Therefore, the client resists such attempts by the psychologist to free him, although in words he really wants to get rid of suffering.

The psychologist must consider a work strategy to help the client find a more positive adaptation.

The problem analysis ends when the therapist's hypothesis is sufficiently clear and convincing that it can be simply stated and explained to the client intelligibly.

This is called5,i ideal"Ifika it can not only be called (depression, phobia, jealousy) the problem:

etc.), but And offer some psychological diagnosis, I.e. 06draw the main psychological factors that determine its emergence and existence at the present time. This psychological concept is usually presented by the psychologist to the client, who confirms or refutes the therapist's point of view. If the client does not agree with the therapist, this does not mean that he is wrong, there may be a discussion between them, during which they must come to an agreement.

In some cases, the psychologist may not explain his reasoning but take further steps to help solve the problem. This is done if the therapist understands for various reasons that the client is not ready for a new point of view, that this can turn him against the therapist and therapy, that it is better to conduct therapy bypassing the client. But more often than not, the critically minded “filters” psychologist expresses his Ideas and comes to an agreement with the client, without which it is difficult to carry on further work.

After reaching an agreement, the therapist agrees with the client on the goals that they must jointly achieve in the work, and discusses the main ways to achieve them and the time frame for work. However, a full discussion of all the details of the work is not always appropriate, it can disappoint the client, deprive him of sincere and spontaneous manifestations, or create the illusion that if he understands all the details, then the work has already been done. Much in working with a psychologist should happen “here” and not be discussed in advance.

However, at this stage, a contract (usually verbal) should be concluded with the client, which focuses the work on the main task 8).

che (for details, see Chap.

After reaching agreement on the hypothesis and the conclusion of the contract, the working stage begins, which takes up most of the consulting time. It is clear that the hypothesis in the course of the work can be refined or modified, and the contract can be renegotiated.

This is the most complex and non-formalizable stage of work. First, the style of the consultant's work depends on his basic theoretical preferences. If he has developed as a psychoanalyst, then his work will inevitably be psychoanalytic in nature, he will fixate on the experiences of the client's childhood, identify resistances and transferences and achieve awareness. If he is a humanistic psychotherapist, he will use Rogerian conversation methods for self-acceptance and self-healing of the client. If he is a Gestaltist, he will strive to find unfinished Gestalts from the past and complete them here and now. The behaviorist will develop useful habits in the client to replace the pathogenic ones. The cognitive therapist will identify the automatic thoughts that determine the erroneous emotional response.

Each consultant has a preferred working style and corresponding theoretical beliefs. Unfortunately, the qualifications of many practicing psychologists today are such that they consult based on worldly concepts and intuition, OR use some of their favorite techniques and ideas. Most consultants rely on a spontaneous mixture of theories and methods. Their work is eclectic, the set of methods can be varied and borrowed from a wide variety of schools. The true systematic nature of the work of a psychologist is determined, firstly, by accurate psychological diagnostics and, secondly, by the confident possession of one or another holistic method of correction.

In all cases, the therapist finds such rigid psychological elements that need to be rebuilt or even destroyed, his work is aimed at realizing this task.

Whatever method the psychotherapist uses, he solves two interrelated tasks:

1) leads the process of self-knowledge of the client;

2) helps him in his work of self-change.

Most often, it is necessary for the client to realize what he wants to change in himself, and his consent to these changes; but in a number of cases, an effect imperceptible to the client is also possible, as, for example, in Ericksonian hypnosis. The main thing is that these changes are aimed at saving the client from his psychological difficulties and suffering and expanding his sphere of life, restoring his psychological health. The results must comply with the principles of psychological ecology, that is, they must not create other problems and suffering.

Finally comes the final stage. If the results of therapy satisfy the client and the therapist, then it remains only to sum up and express to each other satisfaction from successful work. You can give the client some advice for the future and talk about general topics of psychology or philosophy of life. If the client wants to leave therapy early, then the reasons for this should be discussed and the therapy should be shown to be necessary, although it is sometimes necessary to touch on topics that are unpleasant for the client.

If the result is not achieved, the client should be redirected to other specialists or clearly identify the true, from the point of view of the therapist, reasons for the failure, for example, the client’s stubborn unwillingness to follow the psychologist’s recommendations, and offer his help in solving this blocking problem.

Unfortunately, some clients just come out of therapy without explaining why, as they begin to realize that they need to change in a way that they don't want to. Either they feel that their self-image is suffering, they are forced to learn something unpleasant about themselves, or therapy touches their secrets and hidden feelings that they would not like to touch. This outcome is undesirable, but cannot be guaranteed to be avoided. It is acceptable to negotiate with the client that if he is going to quit therapy, he should still come to the last session and explain himself. therapy It is you who needs the client to explain the reasons for leaving.

In some cases, the psychologist may terminate therapy at his own discretion, for example, if the case is clearly more suitable for the work of a psychiatrist than a psychologist. Or when the client seeks to manipulate the psychologist himself rather than solve the stated problem, or the therapist realizes that the problem is not his profile, for example, CLI "" it is better to contact a body-oriented therapist or visit a therapy group.

In all cases, it is desirable to end classes kindly and honestly announce the true reasons for completing the work.

CONTROL QUESTION

1. Define a counseling conversation.

2. How is professional advice different from "household"?

3. What stages of a consultative conversation do you know?

4. What is a constructive working relationship?

5. What factors ensure the client's trust and security?

6. What is the problem "through the eyes of the client,"?

7. How is problem analysis carried out?

8. What does “problem identification” mean?

9. What is "working on a problem"?

10. What is the meaning of the final phase?

1. Blaser A., ​​Heim E., Ringer H, Tommen M. Problem-oriented psychotherapy. M., 1998.

2. Bondarenko A. F. Psychological help: Theory and practice. Kyiv, 1997.

3. Vaskovskaya S. V., Gornostai P. P. Psychological counseling.

Kyiv, 1996.

Ulding M., Goulding R. Psychotherapy of a new solution. M., 1997.

5. Kociunas R. Fundamentals of psychological counseling. M., 1999.

6. Loseva V. K., Lunkov A. I. Solving the problem ... M., 1 995.

7. Nelson-Jones R. Theory and practice of counseling. SPb., 2000.

8. Petrushin S. V. Workshop of psychological counseling. M., 2003.

COLLECTION OF INFORMATION IN THE PROCESS OF CONSULTING

General Principles for Gathering Information Gathering information about the client during the counseling process has the sole purpose of expanding our understanding of the client's personality, personal history and life situation in order to facilitate the formation of a psychotherapeutic hypothesis in the future.

All this information is confidential, should not be distributed and should be used only for the benefit of the client, to help him in solving psychological problems.

It can be said that there are four URO61lI of collecting information:

1) preliminary information;

2) testing and questioning;

3) collection of preliminary information by a psychotherapist;

4) search for in-depth information in the course of psychological counseling.

Even before the start of the consultation, preliminary information about the client is collected.

If the psychologist works in a counseling center, then it is better for someone else to receive this information, for example, a secretary when making an appointment, but in other cases you should do it yourself. The list of primary information includes the following items:

Name and surname (due to confidentiality, you can not write down the surname);

Address (also optional) and phone number (preferably, but the client also has the right not to disclose it);

Age;

Profession and education;

Family status;

directed by whom;

Have you had experience working with a psychologist or psychiatrist;

The preliminary subject of the request.

Further, it is possible to conduct a client preliminary test examination of the ent to obtain the necessary information about the features of his personal HocT and "problem" zones in it. In the tradition of Western psychotherapy, carefully test the client, first with a general questionnaire, and then with a specialized one, in order to correctly determine the profile of the problem and refer him to the appropriate specialist. Such a preliminary survey may take two sessions or even more. However, for our country this is hardly a realistic scheme of work, especially in those cases (and most of them) when the client pays for consultations out of his own pocket. In addition, most domestic psychologists do not have such carefully designed questionnaires in their arsenal.

You can use some kind of test developed for the study of personality: a test for determining character accentuation, a Luscher test, a test of thematic apperception, one or another projective drawing. The information obtained in this way is not always available. tells the psychologist something important that he could not learn with the help of a clinical conversation. Therefore, most psychologists in our country do not pre-test the client or use very short tests. For children, projective etc. are often used.

Techniques: “Figure A more specialized questioning occurs at the beginning of the therapeutic conversation. Its goal is to obtain the most important, from the psychologist's point of view, information that may be necessary to create a therapeutic hypothesis. The psychologist's questions are motivated by the type of problem to be solved, by the client's request, but always broader in scope than may seem necessary, since it is never known in advance where the main factor that determines the occurrence of the problem may lie. Sometimes the most important information is learned in the fifth, tenth or other session, after which suddenly everything becomes absolutely clear.

We list the most important topics on which you should usually interview a client.

Relationships with parents, siblings, and other immediate family members during childhood.

Features of the parental family and the principles of education (for example, authoritarianism, ignoring or spoiled, parental directives).

The presence of certain psychological traumas. This list can include a variety of events that left a strong emotional mark on the soul of a child or an adult. To the most important

HM include:

a) threat to life as a result of an accident, catastrophe, attack or illness;

b) divorce of parents;

c) physical defects;

d) isolation from parents or peers (for example, was brought up for three years by a grandmother or peers teased, felt like an outcast);

e) physical or sexual violence;

f) death of significant relatives;

g) trauma at birth;

h) humiliation, experiencing some kind of inferiority;

i) unhappy love, etc.

Life goals, desired future, ambitions.

Sexual and family life.

Religious beliefs, philosophy of life.

It is clear that it is impossible to interrogate the client in detail on all points, and there is no need to touch on some topics if they clearly do not relate to the problem of concern to the client. You can ask OTKpbIThle questions like: “Tell me about your childhood... If something serious happened at this time, the person will remember about it. Or: "How are you yourself?" What kind of life are you, etc. In a number of cases it is possible to ask specific questions, but the psychologist already understands in many ways what should be asked in the first place.

For example, a client seems to have come to solve the problem of relationships with her young man, but by some signs I understand that this story is only an episode in her long life misadventures YAH, that for some reason she always finds herself in trouble and herself I ask questions about the attitude of her parents towards her, and it turns out that it wasn’t even, and her mother didn’t love her and reproached that she was “all in T.D. As a child, she often had suicidal thoughts. It is clear that in the light of this information, the problem acquires completely different features.

In the course of counseling, the psychologist is also looking for deep information CSI, which could explain the origin of certain problems of the client, but which is not realized or hidden by the latter. Awareness and even just this knowledge in the course of therapy can have a decisive impact on the solution of the client's problems. The therapist sometimes cannot even guess what secret is hidden in the depths of the client's psyche, but he systematically searches for this information using various methods. In psychoanalysis, for example, the method of free associations can be used, and in emotional-figurative therapy - a mental dialogue with a part of the personality, etc. As a result, accurate psychological diagnostics causes that gave rise to the client's problem, which creates the conditions for a quick and effective correction of this problem.

Discussing with a young girl her irrational fear of death, I found many reasons that could give rise to that phobia, but still something didn’t work out ... Just try Suddenly, she suddenly remembered that when she was three years old and she first came to kindergarten, she went into the kitchen, and an unfamiliar Caucasian boy took a huge knife, which cut bread, put it to her throat and said: “Now I will kill you and you will die ... After discussing this episode and applying the appropriate corrective procedures, her phobia disappeared.

not collecting non-verbal information about the client A huge amount of information the therapist receives not from questions and answers, but from observing various non-verbal manifestations of the client. This means not only gestures, posture and facial expressions, but also many other data that are usually not written about in manuals.

The collection of non-verbal information occurs not only at the beginning of the conversation, but throughout the entire therapeutic work. Non-verbal information can be both preliminary and deep; it must be characterized as a special and extremely important channel of information. Non-verbal data is meaningful only in the context of the client's character and the issue under discussion. They confirm or do not confirm the primary therapeutic hypothesis.

Already by the first movements and general appearance, the therapist understands what social stratum the client belongs to, which means what basic values ​​and aspirations he may have. Nationality, religious beliefs or lack of them, wealth or poverty are sometimes immediately visible.

Posture, intonation and facial expressions can indicate how rigid or, conversely, how flexible his thinking is, how aware he is of his emotions and bodily states. The character and temperament of the client are holistically perceived by the psychologist through many small details of appearance, physique, communication style of clothing, expression of the eyes, etc. It helps to determine the characteristics of the client by knowing those types of personality that the psychologist has studied well theoretically and is now able to recognize in the client sometimes by insignificant signs.

Most often, the psychologist does not reflect his own process of perceiving the personality of the person who turns to him. He simply feels the client, but any professional would do well to practice in the ability to quickly identify people and their conditions. In order to set forth all the principles of nonverbal diagnostics, it is necessary to write a separate manual, so here we will limit ourselves to a brief description of the most fundamental provisions.

Physique and Body Armor Evaluation modern science does not confirm the theory of conformity of physique and character, but nevertheless, in some cases, the classifications of Kretschmer or Eleldon turn out to be quite accurate and we can learn them TyBaTy. Let me remind you that, in accordance with the concept of Kretschmer, people with an asthenic physique are characterized by features of a schizoid character, people with an athletic build are closer to the features of an epileptoid, and people of a picnic type are more like features of a cycloid.

For example, I told a very handsome man with a picnic body, similar to a fat kind bear cub, that he probably had periodic changes in his emotional state: at one time or another he was depressed and During the period he is optimistic and full of energy, he falls into everything and out of his hands. Oh n b b m amazed! What guess?! It turns out that periodic depressions had already completely tormented him, these days his self-esteem fell catastrophically and he experienced despair, up to suicidal thoughts. I explained to him that people of his physique are characterized by cyclic changes in mood, and having a fairly stable periodicity, and I named a number of other characteristic features of people of the cycloid type, which were also confirmed, to his amazement. I think that this information did him an important service: he realized that he was normal, that his typological features could not be completely changed and that he had to take care of himself during periods of depressed mood.

It is clear that such I1Nformation is useful for the psychologist himself:

if the personality type is clearly manifested, this can be of significant importance in the conduct of therapy. Of course, personality type can also be determined by tests, but there is not always time for testing, and besides, the therapist's insight makes a strong impression on the client.

Temperaments are also sometimes clearly reflected in the physique. Hu-.

a short, tense man of small stature is most likely a melancholic: he is anxious, suspicious and pessimistic, but has a heightened sensitivity. He probably has low self-esteem, he is close to other people in the sense of deep feelings, he is afraid to trust, he gives up in case of conflict, he is very worried about failures.

Thin, tall and strong - most likely a choleric. He is sharp, under VizheH "irritable and aggressive. He is fond of work: he works to exhaustion, then - a breakdown.

A phlegmatic person is more likely to be a full, slow person with inexpressive facial expressions. He loves stability, does not get used to change well, is loyal to friends, peaceful, restrained, calm.

A sanguine person is also usually of a dense physique, but mobile, energetic, he is given out by large, shining eyes. He easily adapts to new conditions and endures difficulties. He is open, lively, carefree and enterprising. Those psychologists who do not know temperament differences well enough should refer to the relevant literature.

The client's obesity may mean that he has an oral food addiction and is likely to compensate for deficit satisfaction in other areas, such as sexuality, with food. He may be using obesity as a kind of defense against anxiety. Obese children most often experience a lack of motherly love and limitations in independent activity.

The constantly tense shoulder girdle with powerful muscles gives the impression of a characteristic stoop, which corresponds to the type of at for such a client: the character of the lanta, who “holds the sky on us feelings of doge and guilt, he is a perfectionist who does not forgive himself for mistakes. He is inclined to be responsible for other people, but has a hidden desire to dominate, he works hard and wants praise for his WORK, most likely, his parents brought him up in strictness and wanted FROM him high results and responsibility.

In order to adequately judge a person's character by some small verbal and non-verbal signs, it is useful for a psychologist to know the psychoanalytic theory of characters [1], a typology based on the ideas of C. G. Jung, as well as a typology of character accentuations. A lot of useful information is provided by the classifications of V. Reich and A. Lowe, which make it possible to distinguish between schizoid, oral, psychopathic, masochistic, rigid, hysterical and other types of personality. If the therapist notices that the client falls into one of the types described, then he can direct the therapy in a more precise direction.

For example, an individual with a short, dense and muscular body, giving the impression that he is constantly holding back internal pressure, which can lead to an explosion, most likely belongs to the masochistic type. He suppresses his feelings, has great difficulties in those situations where it is necessary to take the initiative, IS ANGRY at himself, his self-esteem is underestimated. Hypotheses may already emerge that explain the conditions of childhood from which these character traits were born.

W. Reich's theory of bodily armor can give us clues to the best points of the client. The nature of the client from understanding the main ones is reflected in the typical tensions of certain muscles, the rigidity of the corresponding areas of the body is sometimes simply striking.

If the client speaks of strong tensions in the area of ​​the diaphragm, which can also be seen from the outside, then he has a lot of unexpressed anger, which blocks the process of breathing with the stomach and causes dyskinesia of the biliary tract. Suppressed breathing indicates a tendency to hold back any feelings, to be afraid of spontaneous manifestations.

Clenched jaws indicate restrictions in the field of speech expression or containment of aggression. Helplessly dangling hands and a drooping head mean the inability to achieve the goal, the displacement of strong desires, despair. With strong tension in the eye area, a person's forehead can give the impression of a forehead of a marble statue.

This is a sign of reluctance for anyone to penetrate the content of consciousness, or the result of holding back tears. Therapists are able to read these and other bodily symptoms without special education, but you need to notice them and introduce your observations into the general context of the analysis of a psychological problem.

FEATURES OF THE FACE Although facial features tell us a lot about a person, we perceive most of this information unconsciously. A person can be beautiful and ugly, intelligent and stupid, noble and vile, strong-willed and weak-willed, etc. A face can be simply tired or suffering, and we judge this not only by facial expressions (which will be discussed below), but by the circles under the eyes, darkened or pale skin of the face, dull or feverishly shining eyes. Strong sharp facial features testify to determination and independence, a masculine character. Soft rounded shapes speak of a passive, gentle, feminine character.

The psychologist knows that it is naive to judge a person solely by appearance, strong and vicious passions are hidden behind the angelic face of MOgyr, but he takes into account and analyzes these signs. Particularly interesting are the contradictions between the appearance and the claimed. / Problems.

At present, there are many manuals on physiognomy on the book market [10-12], and it is useful to read them, but we would recommend to psychologists the classic domestic work of Professor I. G. Sikorsky [8].

Facial expressions and pantomimics Facial expressions serve as an extremely meaningful channel of information about the emotional states and character of the client. Reading emotions from facial expressions occurs largely unconsciously, and the ability to do this is inherent in each of us, but a psychologist should pay special attention to this. If the psychologist is not sure of his conclusions, he has the right to ask: “I think you are depressed about something?” Or “Your face is written with disappointment, am I right?”.

Everyone knows how joy, anger or grief is expressed on a human face, so we will not give banal examples. It is more important to describe some non-trivial cases.

For example, the therapist touches on some emotionally significant issues for the client, and no reaction is reflected on his face, which can be confusing. At the same time, the client is not an augist or a psychotic at all.

It turns out that since childhood he was proud that he was impenetrable in terms of emotions FOR other people, he systematically trained so that his emotional reaction was not available to anyone. This speaks of a strong distrust of people, of closeness, perhaps of parenthood, but this is not a pathology at all. The injunction “not to tell the client the reasons for this phenomenon and to help him unblock his emotional reactions should be discussed.

Emotional reactions show the importance for the client of certain topics discussed. If the client avoids showing emotions, THEN this may mean that they are just very strong and he is afraid to touch them. The therapist monitors the reactions that accompany the client's story or answers to questions, and judges the true experiences of the client by the delay in the reaction or other manifestations, sometimes the smallest, sometimes strong. Particularly important are the moments of incongruity between the meaning of words and their accompanying emotional reaction. For example, a client may talk with a sad face about how well he is doing. Words lie, direct bodily reactions - never.

Sometimes it happens that the client fakes his primary emotional reaction by giving a fake secondary one instead. This is noticeable, and he should be asked why he hides the truth if he came to a psychologist to solve his problem.

Pantomime includes holistic bodily behavior, postures and movements. Usually, students are told about the typical manifestations of pantomime in a session: a closed posture (crossed arms and legs, turning sideways towards the therapist) and an open posture. Also quite obvious are such manifestations of pantomime as timidity or decisiveness, softness or impetuosity. General stiffness, disharmony of MOgyr movements speak of depression, shyness or guilt.

Something else is more important. When a strong trusting relationship is created between the client and the therapist, the client involuntarily copies the therapist's posture, changes it involuntarily when the therapist's posture changes. When the client is opposed to the therapist, does not trust him, he contradicts the therapist with his posture, does not react syntonously to changes in his posture.

Psychologists have learned to adapt to the client in order to find a common language with him, they imperceptibly take a pose similar to the client's position, and even try to breathe, In the same rhythm with him, which creates a feeling of closeness. Taking the client's posture, copying his gestures allows you to better understand his emotional state, the true meaning of what he says, develop the ability to penetrate into his inner world. Therefore, the main approach to the analysis of pantomime is not a formal analysis of certain movements or postures, but external or internal imitation of the behavior or posture of the client, as if modeling movements or postures on oneself.

Gestures There are many tutorials out there that teach you how to read gestures.

person. The most famous in Russia belongs to Alan Pease However, everyone knows that a shrug of the shoulders indicates that the person does not know the answer to the question, scratching the nose means embarrassment, the desire to hide the truth, clenching fists - pent-up anger, The true meaning of the gesture can actually be comprehend only when observing it in the context of the whole situation, so the formal laws of their interpretation can fail if you do not take into account all other factors.

If the gestures are not sufficiently shown, then the therapist asks the client to strengthen them so that the meaning of the gestures becomes obvious not only to him, but also to the client himself.

For example, in the course of the session, it comes to parental prohibitions. I have the client imagine that they are in the chair across from her.

Her legs are crossed under the chair, one leg begins to twitch visibly, while the other holds it back. Then I will ask the client to let her leg do what she wants. At first she resists, but then she still kicks the chair with parental and inhibitions.

Again, it is important to pay attention to the incongruence of gestures with the words that are being spoken. The client can speak negatively, shaking his head, assuring his calmness, nervously drumming his fingers on his knee.

Eyes Eye contact is very important in communication between the client and the psychologist.

It creates a feeling of intimacy and understanding. It is believed that eye contact should be maintained throughout the therapy process, but the therapist may sometimes look away if he needs to think. Eye contact can be so saturated with emotional energy that continuous eye contact is difficult to sustain. The therapist is not obligated to take on an excessive emotional burden or play peepers with the client. If the therapist continuously looks into the eyes of the client, then gradually he begins to look away and look somewhat to the side. Therefore, it is wrong to insist on continuous eye contact. More importantly, if the eyes are fluttering, they express boredom, depression, fatigue, if they are deprived of liveliness, strength and emotional response, then the client notices this and ceases to trust such a therapist.

Experiments also showed that the eyes alone, if one hides the whole face behind a mask, cannot convey emotions, but nevertheless, during a conversation, the expression of the eyes is very noticeable and tells the psychologist a lot. The look can be absent, frozen, lively, piercing, joyful, shining, full of tenderness or sadness... Bulging eyes usually indicate a desire to dominate, as if hiding and inexpressive eyes - about the fear of contact. All people can read feelings in the expression of the eyes, but the psychologist must be especially attentive to this.

If necessary, the psychologist can report his observations to the client: “When I mentioned these events, horror flashed in your eyes, is this true?” or “Now your eyes are shining, you know about Again, the moments of discrepancy between the expression of the eyes and the content of the words are the most important.

Intonation and voice Intonation gives words an emotional coloring and indicates the true meaning, emphasizing, emphasizing or hiding certain words. Intonations can completely negate the meaning of spoken phrases, reveal some kind of subtext, hint, etc. All people are sensitive to intonations, although they cannot always express their impressions in clear terms. They understand when a person says something ironically, angrily, harshly, restrainedly, affectionately, tenderly, plaintively, etc. However, the therapist must be able not only to notice intonations, but also to interpret them clearly, to point out their true meaning.

The voice is a more generalized characteristic of intonation, it can tell a lot about the client. It can be expressive, melodic, insinuating, bewitching, loud or quiet, even barely audible HM" harsh or soft. The voice therapist may conclude that the client is an auditory personality type, or may manipulate the psychological"M, etc.

Dressing style, hairstyle, perfume and cosmetics All these manifestations of personality indicate the client's way of presenting himself in communication, the degree of self-respect, disregard for some aspects of life and respect for others. The therapist pays attention not so much to fashion and style of clothing as to their emotional meaning, to the reflection of the character of this person in them. The manner of dressing can be vulgar, demonstrative, modest, intelligent, without taste, not appropriate for age, etc.

For example, a young girl may dress like an older schoolteacher and wear the same hairstyle. During therapy, it turns out that since her teenage years she wanted to dress “when she wanted to impress, but her parents' opinion was the opposite, modesty was required of her. As a result, she developed psoriasis as a reaction to a suppressed desire to please.

The therapist pays attention, first of all, to the discrepancy between desires, words, character and manner of presenting oneself. A sharp change in the style of clothing, hairstyle, etc. is of particular importance. She can talk about the desire to please the therapist, shock him or even seduce him, or she can talk about the awakened sense of self-esteem, the awakening of repressed femininity, etc.

Smell can also matter. Some clients use perfume so immoderately that they make an unpleasant impression on them. This may indicate excessive anxiety of the psychologist, “breathing, the desire to look good, the feeling of some internal defect, simply a lack of taste, or protection from predictable unpleasant discoveries in his inner world. It also happens vice versa, the client smells of sweat. This indicates his level of culture and inability to respect the opinion of the interlocutor CONTROL QUESTIONbl

1. What are the goals of collecting information in the process of counseling?

2. What levels of information gathering do you know?

3. What types of non-verbal information can you name?

4. What is the incongruence of non-verbal information?

5. What information should be trusted more: verbal or non-verbal?

1. Blum G. Psychoanalytic theories of personality. M., 1996.

2. Valkoe P. Psychological treatment book. M., 2004.

L'in E. P. Emotions and feelings. SPb., 2002.

4. Kreger O., Tewson J. Types of people. M., 1995.

5. Lowen A. Psychology of the body. M., 1997.

6. Liz A. Body language. N. Novgorod, 1992.

7. Reich V. Analysis of personality. M.; SPb., 1999.

8. Sikorsky I. G. General psychology with physiognomy. Kyiv, 1908.

9. Stolyarenko L. D. Fundamentals of psychology. Rostov n / a, 1997.

10. Secrets of personality: Determining the character of a person by hand, by face, by handwriting. M., 1994.

1 1. Tenneraine K The face is a mirror of health. SPb., 1995.

Aitsaya R. What faces say. SPb., 1996.

12. Chapter b

I N INSTRUMENT RI Y P SYCHOLOGIST

A psychologist's conversation with a client is highly professional work, although from the outside it may look like an easy and casual conversation or just attentive listening. This conversation is professional not only because the therapist is armed with a lot of knowledge in the field of theory and practice of psychology, not only thanks to his intense intellectual and emotional work, but also thanks to the techniques and techniques that he uses in the course of communication with the client. Outside of the counseling situation, the therapist remains the same ordinary person, like all. He does not use any special techniques when communicating with people in everyday life, but in a therapeutic situation he uses special methods, not in order to manipulate or manipulate a person, but in order to help him solve his problem and return to a state of psychological health and success.

Of course, no techniques can replace living human understanding, wisdom and an open heart, but nevertheless, knowledge of these techniques enriches the possibilities of a psychologist in his work. Psychotherapy has accumulated a huge set of such techniques, they number literally in the hundreds, but it is not their number that is important, but their mastery. The main thing is to be able to apply them to the place at the right time, taking into account the characteristics of the client as a person.

All methods can be combined into six main classes (a number of methods belong to several classes at once).

1. Analytical methods. They are designed to reveal the true causes of the difficulties that the Client expects from the psychologist. Often a therapy session is compared to a confession. There is something in common between them. However, the difference can be expressed in the following aphorism: during confession, a person tells the priest what he allegedly knows about himself, and in the course of psychotherapy, he tells himself what he does not yet know about himself.

Therapy is largely a process of self-knowledge and only then about self-correction, although sometimes correction is possible without self-knowledge. In any case, the psychologist himself needs to understand, if not the whole personality of the client as a whole (which is hardly possible), then UZh, of course, all the components of the psychological conflict under discussion.

to do this, it is necessary to skillfully search for all the elements of the psychological "mosaic" until a clear and convincing picture emerges from them.

This category includes: the method of free association and the method of dream analysis h. Freud, the method of directed associations of C. G. Jung and his method active imagination, analysis of various projective drawings and methods of art therapy, analysis of family photographs, but now it is used in various areas of therapy and in various forms (group form of work). This also includes the method of living sculptures by Virginia Satir and the Hellinger placement method [1-1, 1-7], the method of emotional-figurative therapy, the method of metaphors, etc. and tl.

Once I took an exam from students who already had a higher 06 swarm "n", pass, w, n.sh, m inon") "T" po, ysh "IN" qualification, And

–  –  –

3. Teaching methods. The client often needs to be taught something so that he can cope with the tasks that lie ahead of him.

These methods are especially vividly presented in behavioral psychotherapy [1-3, 1-5], where the client is taught very specific behavioral skills. In cognitive therapy, his thinking errors are found and taught the right thoughts. In A. Adler's psychotherapy [1, 15), the client is taught cooperative feelings and ways of cooperating with other people. In V. Frankl's logotherapy [16], the client is taught to find the meaning of his life. Training can be direct or indirect, sometimes it is necessary to openly expose the client's delusions and provide specific knowledge, sometimes training occurs through parables and anecdotes, examples and allusions.

One businessman went bankrupt and after that ended up in a clinic in a state of deep depression. He didn't do anything, didn't talk to anyone, but just stood and moved his hands back and forth. Conventional therapy is nothing ry.e yes shaft. The famous Milton Erickson was invited to join him. He came up and said: “There were many ups and downs in your life ... Could you He obeyed and began to methodically move his hands up and mother and lower his hands. Then M. Erickson told the doctor who was in charge of occupational therapy to put a sheet of sandpaper in each hand of the patient, and put a board between the hands. The patient stood and polished the board. He sanded it for about a week, and the board was perfectly smooth. Then the patient thought about what to do next. He decided to cut out a chessboard and pieces from the board. When he did THIS, he suddenly realized that he was good for something else in this life. He left the clinic and a year later he was rich again.

It turns out that with the help of grinding the board, M. Erickson indirectly explained to the patient that take off! and falls polish your character and that you can get creative and succeed again.

4. Developmental methods. The previous example can also be interpreted as a case of the patient's personal development. Sometimes it is difficult to separate learning from development. However, when people talk about developmental methods, they usually mean personal growth trainings, art classes (art therapy, for example), meditation, spiritual and religious training (yoga, Orthodox therapy, etc.). For children, participation in sports, technical, dance, theater and other circles can be a decisive factor in their therapy. Developmental methods can be included as part of the work in the process of traditional talking therapy, when some philosophical problems of life are discussed, for example, the question of the meaning of life.

Solving local problems can also lead to powerful personal development. The obstacle holding back her energy disappears and she moves on to the process of self-realization. Character therapy also leads to personal growth.

In my practice, there was one case of two years of therapy. At the starting point of the work, the client had a serious personality disorder, which was expressed, in particular, in depression, insomnia, suicidal thoughts, suppression of her femininity, she cut her hands with a razor (not for suicide, but to calm down), etc. As a result of two years of therapy, she said: “Of course, I still have problems, but I remember what I used to be, it's just terrible! I am so much more worthy. It is clear that she was able to say this about herself only due to the fact that she had grown as a person and was able to see her past limitations and shortcomings in a new light.

5. Incentive methods. Although the client comes to the session with a definite intention to get rid of painful problems, at the same time he does not want to get rid of them, or he would like "someone, as if by magic, to get rid of them, but to be aware of his feelings, his shortcomings." and he usually does not want to work on overcoming them.Therefore, therapists resort to various methods, trying to find positive motivation that would stimulate the client to frank reflection and work on himself.

It is important that he not only wants to get rid of the unpleasant consequences of his problem, but also has a specific interest in getting something valuable FOR himself:. No matter how cynical it may seem, but practice shows that the most convincing motivation is money. If the client understands that his problem is preventing him from earning money, then he will put a lot of effort into his healing and will be able to achieve success very quickly. A powerful motivation can be the desire to have a family, get someone's approval, feel loved, prestige, etc. As the axis has already noted, the so-called disease most often has its own strong motivation that supports the disease processes in the client. conscious, but more importantly - find this motive motivation for health.

The therapist's authority, positive transference, trust, attentive listening can all stimulate work. Despair, reproaches of conscience, fear of the future, responsibility for other people are usually a good stimulus only at the initial stage. Praise and support can stimulate insecure people, but they must be sensibly dosed, otherwise they can become a drug, for the sake of KOToporo the client goes to sessions. You can put the client face to face with his problem so that he makes a breakthrough, but with a lack of energy, he tends to give in to difficulties.

The choice of stimulation is critical and is made according to the circumstances and nature of the client. In special cases, therapists can also resort to potent means, ridiculing the client, rpo closely parodying ero, or persuading him not to solve his problem, provoking ero to show anger and determination. Here is an amazing case.

Once, a patient paralyzed after a stroke was brought to Milton Erickson. He was a proud German who was accustomed to always feel like a master, dispose of and command. For a year he lay in bed, he could not walk or talk, and he clearly suffered from his impotence, from the fact that the nurses carried the ship out from under him. Erickson's sons with difficulty dragged him under the arms to the second floor in the office. Ericson told the patient's wife that she would not understand his actions, but that she should not interfere.

After that, he began: “You arrogant boshi! You wanted to conquer the whole world, but led to the complete collapse of your own country! You are worse than the last criminal Jew! Useful only for fertilizer for the fields!,) He went on and on insulting the German, his wife tried to jump up from the sofa and sew up her husband, but Erickson fixed her with a menacing look. The German turned purple, his eyes sparkled, he tried to get up, but he could neither say nor do anything. After an hour of insults, Erickson said: “I have not told you everything, not everything that I think about you.

Tomorrow at the same time you will come to me again, and I will express new insults to you, and you will listen to this!,) Here the paralyzed German suddenly yelled:

“No, no, no!,) He jumped up on his “paralyzed,) legs and ran to the doors. There, Erickson's sons picked him up and helped him down and into the car. With his wife, Erickson conveyed an apology to the German and said that they would continue to work in a different “style”.

6. Transforming methods. It is CLEAR that in the course of therapy it is necessary to achieve the required changes in character, emotional state, thinking, behavior or psychosomatic symptoms.

Therefore, all methods are ultimately aimed at achieving transformation in one area or another, but a separate class of methods can be distinguished that are directly intended for these purposes.

These include methods of bodily therapy, or rebirthing, which allow you to directly change the psychological state, V. Frankl's method of paradoxical intention [1-6], which allows you to get rid of phobias or obsessive thoughts, NLP methods or emotional-figurative therapy, which are aimed before. all

–  –  –

ut. Look, - she rolled up her sleeve, - every time I have such big pink spots,).

I asked her to sit in the center of the circle and describe her condition. “It’s hard for me to breathe, and it feels like the bones of the skull have gone over each other, my head is squeezed, it seems that I’m about to lose consciousness,” she replied. It is fairly obvious that this is a picture of the baby getting stuck in the birth canal. “What do you want right now?” I asked. (For someone to pull my head), she said. So we did. Several times in a row, very carefully and slowly, either one member of the circle or another pulled her by the head, helping her to pass through the imaginary birth canal. She moved, bending over with the participant pulling her, until there was a sense of release, release. After each pass, she got better, but the climax occurred on the fifth time, when, after walking four meters behind the leader, she suddenly. she sighed deeply and with obvious relief, her hands hung freely and, blissfully closing her eyes, she lay her head on the leader's shoulder. We covered her with a blanket and waited for the moment when she opens her eyes to look into her eyes with tenderness and love. After about two minutes, she opened her eyes - they shone with happiness and peace. Headache and suffocation completely disappeared, the complexion became normal. All the members of the group approached her and touched her body so that she would feel accepted in this world. For another half an hour she lay in the center of the circle under the covers, and we discussed such cases.

A week has passed... At the next lesson (I confess, I was looking forward to the results of the last work), this woman beamed, “as if She said that her birthday passed without any excesses and she feels great, even the spots on her body have almost disappeared. But the most interesting thing is that her relationship with her mother has improved. Previously, she could not even understand why their relationship was so tense, she simply hated her, but now she began to treat her completely calmly.

in this case a method of physical simulation of birth has been used, and it requires assistants and an experienced therapist. for control. He allowed to transform From the moment of childbirth the negative experience of the client. It is clear that analysis and training would not give such a result.

A number of therapeutic methods, such as the response method or the relaxation method, are difficult to attribute to one of the listed classes, some belong to several classes at once.

However, despite the fact that the range of possible methods is extremely wide, most counseling psychologists, regardless of their main theoretical school, use a rather narrow basic set of techniques. For example, A. Blaser [ 3 ] points to ten main ones that the therapist uses. These are perhaps the most important techniques, although their list can be greatly expanded.

These are the interventions of a psychotherapist who

cognitive understanding.

These lead to the clarification of the content of the client's thinking, the analysis of cognitive structures, and the development of views.

“It seems to me that you are now thinking not about what you are talking about, but about something Or:“ What thoughts come to your mind at moments of depression

–  –  –

Experience of emotions. The therapist does not analyze feelings, but tries to encourage the client to experience them, to discover them for himself.

“Let that feeling come out.” Or: Why do YOU ​​hide your tears?

He who does not allow himself to cry tears is going to cry forever... "

Education. Favoring desirable or discouraging undesirable behaviors using models, assertions, hypotheses, clarifications or didactic statements.

“You did well. You have also noticed that the relationship is now better. Or: “You repeat the same mistakes again. If you do not change your actions, you will receive the same Support. Any influences of the therapist that express support, acceptance of the client, care for him, indicate understanding.

“What you are saying is simply terrible, it causes great sympathy. Or: “I understand you, this is not easy to survive. But whatever happens, you can

Activation. Psychotherapeutic influence that contributes to the manifestation of one or another activity of the client.

“Think about how you could answer this question ?, Or:“ What would you advise your friend if he was in a similar situation ?, “How could you do otherwise ?,

–  –  –

to yourself, you will be able to give more to others,). Or: “Postpartum depression in women is sometimes associated with the fact that with the birth of a child, problems of their own

Body experiences. Psychotherapeutic influence that draws the client's attention to bodily sensations, causing certain movements or relaxation.

“Breathe deeply and calmly, sit comfortably in a chair and relax your Or: “What do you feel in your body when you experience a seizure? To this arsenal, you can add modeling a critical situation in your imagination, and a dialogue with an imaginary partner, and role play in group work, and drawing, and bioenergetic exercises, and the use of parables and anecdotes, and training in the implementation of correct behavior, etc.

(meaning techniques, Another classification “general which are used by most consultants, regardless of the main theoretical school to which they belong) was created by the Russian PSYCHOLOGIST K. V. Ya Gnyuk (it is presented in accordance with [1 5]).

Encouragement is the minimum means of maintaining the client's exposition. own history, confirming what he has said and ensuring the smooth flow of the conversation. Rewards include statements that demonstrate recognition that the therapist acknowledges and understands the client's words.

this is an almost literal reproduction of what was said

Repeating go by the client or selective emphasis on certain elements of his message. Bringing back what has been said gives the client the feeling that the counselor is trying to understand and feel what was being expressed. In addition, repetition focuses attention on the client's message, allowing him to become aware of additional meanings and express what is not said.

this is an invitation to talk about something, a means of collecting

The question of information of interest, clarification or research of the client's experience. The literature on psychological counseling often distinguishes between open and closed questions.

A closed question is a clarification or clarification of specific facts mentioned by the client or assumed by the consultant. Closed question - a question that requires a short answer or confirmation of the consultant's assumption. Most often, such questions are answered with “yes, or an open question is an opportunity to focus the client’s attention on a certain aspect of his experience, to set the direction of a certain segment of the conversation, but within this direction the client is given complete freedom. Such a question encourages the interlocutor to express his point of view, his own vision of the situation. Often “why”, “kayu” And such questions begin with the words

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