1. Psychology of activity safety……………………………………………..3

2. Human behavior in extreme situations………………………………...4

3. Management of the emotional state in extreme situations…………6

4. Threat assessment and diagnostics based on physical data and signs of a person’s mental state……………………………………………………...16

5. Panic………………………………………………………………………………27

List of used literature………………………………...………………...28

1. Psychology of activity safety

While a person is in a familiar environment, he behaves normally, as always. But with the onset of a complex, personally significant, and even more dangerous, extreme situation, psychological stress increases many times, behavior changes, critical thinking decreases, there is a violation of coordination of movements, perception and attention decrease, changes emotional reactions and much more.

In an extreme situation, in other words, in a situation of a real threat, one of three forms of response is possible:

• a sharp decrease in organization (affective disorganization) of behavior
• sharp deceleration of active actions;
• improving the efficiency of actions.

The disorganization of behavior can manifest itself in the sudden loss of acquired skills that seemed to be brought to automatism. The situation is also fraught with the fact that the reliability of actions can sharply decrease: movements become impulsive, chaotic, fussy. The logical thinking is violated, and the realization of the fallacy of one's actions only exacerbates the matter.

A sharp inhibition of actions and movements leads to a state of stupor (stupor), which in no way contributes to the search for an effective solution and behavior appropriate to a given situation.

Increasing the effectiveness of actions in the event of an extreme situation is expressed in the mobilization of all the resources of the human psyche to overcome it. This is increased self-control, clarity of perception and assessment of what is happening, the performance of actions and deeds adequate to the situation. This form of response is, of course, the most desirable, but is it always possible for everyone and always? This requires certain individual psychological qualities and special preparation for action in an extreme situation - there must be an awareness of the causes of what is happening and an adequate choice of real methods of action, forms of response.

2. Human behavior in extreme situations

To demonstrate the significance of this factor in the personality profile, let's give the following example: a timid, modest, insecure person with a sense of guilt and not always aware of his inferiority complex, internally disharmonious, silent and pessimistic, most often indecisive, hired mainly for the qualities of diligence, subordination, analytical mindset, accuracy and thoroughness, pedantry, diligence. He does not get tired when performing monotonous, stereotypical work, and, as a rule, performs the functions of secondary roles. There is no doubt about its decency and reliability.

A person's condition can change up to the appearance of signs of an affectively narrowed consciousness - stress is so unbearable for him. The internal reserve of resistance to any external pressure on his psyche is fragile and short-term. And if we assume that this person is burdened with confidential information and threatening factors are applied to him (in his address, or in the address of his relatives ...), it is not difficult to foresee the fate of this person who has attracted the attention of a competing company or, even worse, criminal elements well versed in human psychology.

In this case, one can unequivocally say about the security of a trade secret: if it is enough to report some “information” to save their loved ones, such a person will certainly take advantage of this, it would not even occur to him to maneuver, gain time, bargain.

When a person is in a state of psychological decompensation and is fixed on the only thought that his vital interests are under threat, information loses its significance.

Evaluation of this act, as well as recognition, repentance, self-flagellation, will come later.

Personality of a different plan, in the nature of which there is a high ability to predict possible consequences of their behavior, a high ability to choose the optimal behavior in an extreme situation, of course, will not be in a helpless state.

This example leads to the conclusion that, in addition to the reliability factor, personal qualities in the form of resistance to stress play an important role in "initiating" a person into the area of ​​trade secrets.

You can also consider a variant of a personality subject to such a phenomenon as increased suggestibility, which in a hypnotic state can perform certain actions dictated by interested parties, and without any benefit to itself. This is not a theoretical hypothesis, but a specific negative fact, as well as an adventurous story with writing blackmailing and threatening letters to one's own address by the director of a commercial company in order to justify an imaginary ransom from a blackmailer instead of confessing to the theft committed by him for entertainment in the society of "priestesses of love" ".

Such situations can be avoided if the scientific tools of psychological services are used in time, while at the same time making the work of business security services more efficient and effective.

3. Management of the emotional state in extreme situations

It is impossible to dwell on all aspects of diagnosing extreme situations. Much will depend on the ability to maintain self-control, since only under this condition is it possible to adequately assess what is happening and make an appropriate decision. There are many different methods that make it possible to manage your condition.

Consider not indisputable, but nevertheless effective express relaxation techniques that do not require much effort, special equipment and a long time.

In the event of a sudden occurrence of an extreme situation associated with the threat of an attack or the attack itself, you can look up, while taking a full deep breath and lowering your eyes to the horizon, exhale the air smoothly, freeing your lungs from it as much as possible and at the same time relaxing all the muscles. You can relax the muscles only when the breathing is in order. It is worth breathing evenly and calmly in an extreme situation, as the muscles relax too, and calmness sets in.

You can use another trick. When an extreme situation arises, you should look at something blue, and if this is not possible, imagine a blue background that is very deep in saturation. In ancient India, this color was not without reason considered the color of peace, rest, relaxation.

If you feel that fear is fettering and preventing you from acting according to the situation, you should say to yourself, but very firmly and confidently, any exclamation that is not related to the situation, such as: "Not two!" This will help you get back to normal. In the same situation, you can loudly ask yourself: "Vasya, are you here?" - and confidently answer: "Yes, I'm here!"

If, having assessed the threat as real, and your chances of confrontation as hopeless, but there is still an opportunity to retreat, maybe this should be done as soon as possible.

Most often, one has to communicate with persistent criminal elements, and it is desirable to keep this communication on a verbal level as long as possible. This will either buy time, or smooth out the severity of the situation, and it is not excluded, and completely avert the threat.

The main thing is the choice of tactics of behavior depending on the assessment of the situation. You can choose the tactics of a person who is not afraid of physical attack; in this case, it is necessary first of all to demonstrate to the partner your calmness. If, for example, the attacker is angry, then the calmness with which he is met can somewhat reduce his intensity. At the same time, the best form of response to an attacker who demonstrates contempt is to maintain self-esteem. If the fear of the threat is noticeable, one should show not only calmness, self-confidence, but possibly aggressive intentions.

But in any case, you should talk to the attacker. First of all, it is necessary to find out: the current situation is his initiative or he is fulfilling someone's order. If the threatening person is pursuing some of his personal interests, you need to find out which ones.

For example, an attack on the street. Here, most likely, you can encounter a robber, although it may be a drunk who thought that he was "not respected." If the attacker is alone, then aggressive behavior towards him can give a positive result in an extreme situation. The main thing is that he understands that he is not afraid and you can get a rebuff. This has a sobering effect on many, except for those who are drunk or mentally disturbed. A positive result is also possible if, realizing the physical superiority of the attacker, the person begins to actively call for help. Shouting can paralyze the attacker's activity for a moment, and it is possible that it will lead to the refusal of the attack.

If the attack is not spontaneous, but is "custom", then you should try to apply the same little tricks, but in this situation they can not always give a positive result. Still, one should try to talk to the one who threatens in order to establish the reality of the threat. In any case, we must try to maintain composure in order to reduce the negative impact of fear on our own actions. It may be possible to deceive the attacker, convincing him that this is not the one he needs. This approach can work if the attacker was shown a person briefly and long before the attack. By the way, when an unknown person comes up on the street and clarifies the name, one should not rush to answer, it would be more useful to find out why he is asking this.

So, after making sure that the attacker did not make a mistake with the "address", that he is acting on someone's order, and that undesirable consequences are about to occur, you should speak to find out if the attacker has a weapon and what it is. If he reaches into his pocket, perhaps this is a chance, since for a moment one of his hands is already blocked. If a person does not know the techniques of self-defense or did not have time to react in time, then perhaps it is not worth taking active actions for some time, but waiting for the development of the situation, keeping it under control.

It is necessary to try to persuade the attacker to refuse to inflict bodily harm. But this can hardly be achieved by tearfully pleading, and even kneeling. Such behavior will give a positive result if the attacker just needs to humiliate the person and nothing more. The conversation can be conducted on the principle of persuasion: "And what will personally give you good if you hurt me?" Some of these questions can be confusing. Others claim they were paid for it. If so, you should find out who paid and, most importantly, how much; it is possible that by offering a slightly larger amount, it will be possible to get out of the situation.

When communicating with the attacker, you should look into his eyes and not turn your back on him in order to leave yourself a path for retreat; if he pointed the weapon, try to induce him to lower it at least for a while.

When there are several attackers, the possibilities for confrontation are sharply reduced: with several aggressive people it is extremely difficult, if not impossible. That is why it is necessary to determine as soon as possible who is the leader in the group of attackers and concentrate all attention on him.

Everything that was said in relation to the attack of the "loner", in relation to the conversation with the leader, but one should not forget that he will focus not so much on the object of the attack, but on "his own". If one on one he could behave differently, then in a group it is more difficult for him, and sometimes even impossible. But nevertheless, it is necessary to enter into a dialogue, if only in order to determine whether all members of the group are configured in the same way. Any replica of any of the members of the group, even a gesture, movement, nod, can play a big role here. Having noticed sympathy from any of the members of the group, one should start a dialogue with him, or involve him in a dialogue with the leader, or use his remark in the argument addressed to the leader. Of particular note is a member of the group who expressed a "particularly favorable disposition". Perhaps this is a method of lulling vigilance, and it is from him that danger should be expected.

The attacker should be spoken to in his language and in his tone. If he uses obscene language, then often understanding can only be achieved by switching to the language he loves so much. Some people, especially those with a low level of intelligence, are simply annoyed by being treated politely in conflict situations, which means that the words "comrade", "respected", "citizen", intelligent floridities such as "would you be so kind ...", etc., should be avoided.

Sometimes it is recommended to divert the attacker's attention to a foreign object. To do this, it is enough to peer somewhere behind the back of a threat or wave invitingly. Most often, an involuntary reaction immediately follows - a turn of the head. Here is a moment that you can use.

It is impossible to give a detailed description of all the options for "street scenes", and therefore we emphasize: success will largely depend on the ability of self-control, flexibility and the ability to communicate effectively in an extreme situation.

Extreme situations can also occur indoors. Here the probability of a pre-planned action is much greater. The room also sharply limits a person's ability to move, and it is unlikely that anyone will respond to a call for help, especially if there is no one nearby.

If the attacker entered the house, then the situation can be sharply complicated by the presence of loved ones - they are also in danger. Measures should be taken in advance to prevent unauthorized access to housing by unauthorized persons. Especially often children are in a hurry to open the door, so it is recommended to explain to the child the need to find out who is behind the door before opening it.

If, despite all precautions, a stranger still entered the house, you should immediately enter into a conversation with him, if there is no direct attack. First of all, find out if he has a weapon, how ready he is to use it, try to persuade him to sit down and talk peacefully, listen to all his demands. As a rule, in such situations, it is important to decide what is really threatening, what specific actions the visitor can take, whether these actions will affect loved ones who are in the room, whether it is possible to give a signal for help and wait for it.

If several people entered the house, the situation escalates many times over. But everything that was said above regarding negotiations with a group of attackers in the street can be used in this case as well.

If the assailant is under the influence of alcohol and demands more to drink, do not comply with his demand, since it is not known how an additional dose of alcohol will affect him. Well, if after alcohol the “guest” has a good mood, he will be drawn to a long conversation, at the end of which he will also fall asleep. But this is unlikely. More often, alcohol enhances aggressiveness and can induce to commit even those actions that the attacker was not going to carry out.

What to do when the attacker is a mentally ill person? Therefore, one must be extremely careful in statements and actions if something in his behavior seemed suspicious. The best tactic is to accept his statements as perfectly true. You should not try to argue or convince such a person, all the more so to argue that he is wrong, on the contrary, it should be emphasized that his feelings and experiences are understandable, but in no case should you "play along" with him - these people are sensitive to falsehood, being extremely suspicious .

If it is necessary to interrupt him, then this should be done as gently as possible, it would be nice to transfer the conversation to the topic of his personal interests, hobbies, about something positive. As soon as you manage to get a direct answer, you should develop this plot and through it reach a positive conclusion to the situation.

And a few more recommendations. If the attack is made in the house, you should protect those present in the house from threats by taking the blow on yourself. If this is not possible, you should reassure them as much as possible so that their statements or, moreover, actions do not provoke the attacker to sharp aggression, try to keep the initiative and anticipate answers to questions addressed to relatives and relatives. This can help them figure out how to respond and what not to say.

You can try to offer the attacker a snack. This is a winning pause and a means of reducing aggressiveness, especially if the attacker is hungry. Well, the very fact of taking food in the house can affect it, since the stereotypes of past generations embedded in the subconscious can work.

If you are sure that you can physically resist the attacker, you should not hesitate. However, under a plausible pretext, it is required to reduce the distance to the partner, to exclude harm to loved ones, to distract the attacker immediately before physical impact on him.

Well, as for whether it is worth waiting for the start of a real attack in order to successfully repel it, we will cite one of the rules of the time of Peter I as an argument: "But you should not wait for the first strike, since it may turn out to be such that you will forget to resist."

In situations where the attacker immediately demands money, it is necessary to convince him of the fundamental readiness to satisfy this demand, but since such an amount is not currently available, the demand can only be fulfilled if a delay is granted. In general, in situations where money is required, it is difficult to predict the course of events.

For example, someone demanding money, it turns out, knows well how much and where it is. If conditions permit, it is necessary to find out the source of his knowledge.

If the threatening person is perfectly informed and attempts to delay or buy time are not successful, perhaps the best option would be to satisfy his "request", no matter how pathetic it may be, because life and health are most precious.

It should be borne in mind that even if the extortionist agrees to give a deferred payment, then he can take someone as a hostage while waiting.

It should be noted that a person who threatens in one way or another may also feel out of place, although he tries to seem like the master of the situation, not experiencing the slightest doubt about a favorable outcome for him. In fact, the extreme nature of the situation affects everyone.

Having noted the emotion of fear in the attacker, threatening or extortionist, it should be strengthened. But the main thing is a sense of proportion. After all, you can intimidate him to such an extent that he will commit an obviously undesirable action.

It may be important not only to increase the extortionist's fear, but also to reduce it. If he has calmed down, therefore, in his opinion, the circumstances that caused this state have disappeared, and he has nothing to fear. You can take actions or statements that may frighten him again, but it is possible that he has made a final decision and it is now that he has become dangerous.

It is not easy to communicate with a person in a state of anger. It is especially important to remain calm and be able to demonstrate this to him. A person in a state of anger is extremely excited, which is reflected in his thinking. Therefore, it is important from the very beginning to try to find out what made him so angry. The dialogue is being conducted carefully. Just talking about it can have a calming effect, similar to the "steam blowoff" effect. The state of the ransomware must be monitored in dynamics. If there is an increase in anger (the face becomes more red, the vessels on the face, neck, hands swell, the volume of the voice increases or it turns into a scream, the fists are clenched tighter, the body leans forward) - he has reached a state of readiness to attack physically. If the muscles relax, the redness disappears, the fists open, the voice becomes normal volume and the threat and hatred disappear in it, then the likelihood of an attack decreases.

When you have to deal with a person who expresses his contempt, one should be very careful - one can expect the worst from him, and he can do this quite calmly, experiencing a feeling of clear superiority over others. If such a person notices even a drop of fear or servility on the part of the "victim" - it is unlikely that he will be able to positively resolve the extreme situation. It would be nice to try to "bring down arrogance" from him - a demonstration of self-confidence and self-esteem, and possibly superiority. True, it may happen that the emotion of anger is superimposed on contempt and the attacker becomes even more dangerous. It is very difficult to start a dialogue with such a person, and it is even more difficult to conduct it. He speaks through his teeth, as if doing a favor by joining the conversation at all. If you find a topic that would allow him to "talk", you can appeal to him as a person, showing that his occupation undermines his human dignity. If you attract the gaze of such a person, and even without contempt, we can assume that the conversation is being conducted correctly.

When the attacker, due to unknown circumstances, shows disgust, it is necessary to determine what is the cause of this emotion, you can even ask a direct question: "Am I somehow disgusted with you?" It is possible that this emotion does not directly concern the "victim" or is caused by the fact that something was said about her to the threatening person, which caused disgust. Sometimes the introduction of clarity in itself dramatically reduces the possibility of aggressive behavior towards you.

In cases where the threat is carried out in the form of blackmail (they threaten to compromise), then, as a rule, they do not proceed to active actions.

First of all, it is necessary to understand the specific content of the information that served as material for blackmail. It is advisable to build a conversation with such an adversary in such a way as to show him that this information is not at all perceived as compromising. If you start to take a detailed interest in the content, form, source of receipt and other details of this information, he will not believe that it is neutral for you. On the contrary, treating this information as some kind of misunderstanding, which is not worthy of attention, you can encourage him to touch on the details in more detail.

If the information is still compromising, then you need to familiarize yourself with its content. Often the blackmailer tries to convey something in words, without documenting it. In this case, the position should be as firm as possible: "Until I see the information in its entirety, I do not intend to continue the conversation." In what form this information will be presented is essential, since there can be no talk of originals, it is necessary to demand a copy, and not someone refereed material. Not knowing how complete information the extortionist has, you, even after fulfilling his conditions, can meet him again after a while and on the same occasion.

It is also necessary to clarify to whom the compromising material is addressed, to what authority. And here the question is also appropriate: "To whom do you intend to transfer these materials in case of my refusal?" This question is subject to receive only a specific answer, that is, the name of this person (people). This will allow you to state that he can transmit these materials and you should not worry about this anymore. If such a technique proves to be ineffective, it is necessary to find out when the blackmailer intends to carry out his plan. This will allow you to evaluate your time resource and decide what can and cannot be done.

After receiving the initial information and evaluating it, you can ask the blackmailer for time to think. With his consent, it is necessary to use it productively: think over all possible options that could give a chance to avoid the onset of harmful consequences, if there is anyone, consult. It should be assessed what losses can be if the blackmailer, in response to a refusal, implements his threat and how significant this is today, since information about the past tends to depreciate.

It should be carefully assessed whether undesirable consequences for oneself will be prevented and whether an agreement with a blackmailer will not be even more compromising evidence. Maybe it's really better to lose something today by refusing the "deal" than to acquire an even more serious threat to one's own security in the future.

4. Assessment and diagnosis of the threat based on physical data and signs of a person’s mental state

In order to make the right decision in an extreme situation, it is necessary, as far as possible, to understand what situation you are in.

For example, in a situation of a threat to use force, one should first of all decide how real it is, whether it is possible to avoid the onset of undesirable consequences, given what is happening. If this is an office or living quarters, then it should be taken into account that the threatening person is much worse oriented in the environment - the owner knows where everything is, how convenient it is to take this or that thing. There may be relatives in the living quarters, and the threat may, under certain circumstances, turn against them. If the action takes place in a room where the threat is the owner, then the initiative is on his side.

Another situation is the street. In the dark, any threat is perceived differently than during the day. Here the installation may work that violence is committed mainly at night, and darkness itself can keep a person in increased tension. For the object to which the threat is directed, the presence of people on the street is important, since their absence increases the chances of the attackers and, accordingly, reduces (limits) the capabilities of the defender.

No less important is the number of people "accompanying" the threatening, their organization, and the nature of the relationship between them can orient in who is the leader among them. This makes sense if:

• the intentions of the attackers are to "recruit", receive/transmit information (threats) through the victim;
• the outgoing threat is of an indirect nature, i.e. "hanging" over the relatives or friends of the victim and their release depends on his further actions.

The nature of clothing to a certain extent may indicate whether the threatening person was preparing for this "meeting", whether it (clothing) corresponds to his intentions (for example, in loose-fitting clothes it is easier to hide the instruments of violence).

It is important to find out in a timely manner how real the possibility of avoiding the onset of undesirable consequences is, whether it is possible to retire without tangible moral, physical and material losses.

Apparently, in a direct attack, one should also take into account one's own physical condition.

When analyzing the situation, you should pay special attention to the following points:

• whether the event that the blackmailer uses actually took place. If the information that is used for the purpose of blackmail is not based on real grounds, then you should not immediately notify the blackmailer about this. But sometimes a situation may arise when the event itself took place, but it looked completely different than it is stated in the threat. In this situation, it is necessary to quickly assess whether it will be possible to prove what this event actually looked like;
• how real is the compromise in case of refusal to comply with the demands of the blackmailer, what are the consequences, in what way will they try to implement it;
• is there time to neutralize possible harmful effects, is it possible to get a delay;
• whether the threat hurts relatives or concerns at the moment only a specific person (these are different situations when they are blackmailed by the onset of harmful consequences for a specific person and immediately, or when the threat is directed at the relatives of the victim, but in the future);
• whether the blackmail is carried out by phone, in writing or in person with the blackmailer.

It is necessary to analyze not only the situation, but also the blackmailer, who is an essential element of the situation.

Diagnosis of the blackmailer, from whom the threat comes, can be very fragmentary, and maybe quite deep - it all depends on the situation. It is hardly advisable to find out the level of intelligence or the presence of a sense of humor in a person who has swung to strike.

Persons who pose a threat of attack or blackmail can be divided into three large groups:

1. Mentally normal people, which are in a state where there are no deviations in behavior.

2. Mentally normal people who are under the influence of alcohol or drugs.

3. People with mental pathology.

If there is a threat of a physical attack or it is already being carried out, then first of all it is necessary to focus on the physical data of the attacker: height, weight, physique, characteristic features that may indicate that he underwent special training.

How is this person standing?

• the boxer, as a rule, takes an open, but still boxing stance, involuntarily clenching his fists, often tapping the open palm of the other with the fist of the leading hand, as if playing with himself (this way you can get information about whether he is left-handed or right-handed). Often, boxers can observe characteristic changes in the structure of the nose - as a result of repeated injury to the bridge of the nose.
• the wrestler usually stands with his shoulders somewhat lowered, arms along the body or half-bent, fingers as if ready to grab something, legs shoulder-width apart or slightly wider, the stance can be perceived as threatening, while the movements are smoother than those of a boxer.
• a person practicing karate can involuntarily take one of the stances of this type of martial arts, legs and arms occupy a characteristic position, fingers are not always clenched into a fist, but if they are clenched, then much tighter than boxers do.

As a rule, all these people have a good physique, developed muscles, flexibility in movements, they look at their partner, fixing the slightest changes in his behavior.

By the way, the fixation of external signs of a threatening, attacking, blackmailing is extremely important, since any little thing noticed can be useful in case of further contacts. If time and conditions allow, it is advisable to pay attention to height, body type, hair color and hairstyle features, eye color, shape of the forehead, nose, lips, chin, ears, you should pay attention to what the blackmailer is wearing, but most importantly - special signs that distinguish this person. Special signs include not only moles, scars, tattoos, any physical flaws, but also demeanor, gestures, voice features, pronunciation, vocabulary, and much more that is characteristic only for this person. After the situation is over in one way or another, it is advisable to record everything on paper, without waiting for the arrival of law enforcement officials, while many details are still fresh in memory.

If the threatening person made a phone call, you should pay attention to the nature of the call - local or out of town, how the subscriber introduced himself, immediately spoke about the merits of the case, without asking who he was talking to, or first specified who he was talking to. The characteristic of his speech is fast or slow, intelligibility, the presence of stuttering, accent, clarity and other features of pronunciation. Voice - loudness, timbre (hoarse, soft), drunk. The manner of speaking is calm, confident, coherent, unhurried, hurried, decent, or vice versa. The presence of noise accompanying the conversation is another voice that tells the subscriber what to say, silence or loud noise, the sound of transport (train, subway, car, plane), the noise of machine tools, office machines, telephone calls, music, street noise.

When coming into direct contact with a threatening person, one should also pay attention to the degree of aggressiveness and focus on a specific person, which may indicate personal motives, or this is aggressiveness of a “general” nature, and a specific person is an object over which it is entrusted to produce violence. The reality of the threat should be distinguished from the situation of "taking on a fright."

It is important to determine the emotional state of the blackmailer - the nature and speed of his actions, the degree of aggressiveness, and the possibility of conducting a dialogue with him depend on this. Let us describe some emotional states that are characteristic of the situation being analyzed, and show how, by external signs, it is possible to determine what (what) emotions the threatening person is experiencing.

Fear - sometimes you may encounter a situation where the threatening or attacker is afraid himself.

With fear, as a rule, a sharp contraction of muscles occurs, due to which a person has stiffness, uncoordinated movements, trembling of fingers or hands can be fixed, tapping of teeth can not only be seen, but sometimes heard. The eyebrows are almost straight, somewhat raised, their inner corners are shifted towards each other, wrinkles cover the forehead. The eyes are opened wide enough, the pupils are often dilated, the lower eyelid is tense, and the upper one is slightly raised. The mouth is open, the lips are tense and slightly stretched. The gaze is perceived as running.

There is more active sweating in the following areas: forehead, above the upper and under the lower lip, neck, armpits, palms, back.

Anger is an indicator of the degree of aggressiveness of the blackmailer. His posture becomes menacing, the man looks as if he is preparing to throw. The muscles are tense, but there is no tremor characteristic of fear. The face is frowning, the gaze can be fixed on the source of anger and express a threat. The nostrils dilate, the wings of the nostrils tremble, the lips are drawn back, sometimes so much that they reveal clenched teeth. The face either turns pale or reddens. Sometimes you can see how convulsions run across the face of a person experiencing anger. The volume of the voice rises sharply (the threatening one breaks into a cry), the fists are clenched, there are sharp vertical wrinkles on the bridge of the nose, the eyes are screwed up. With intense anger, a person looks like he is about to explode.

Speech with notes of threat, "through the teeth", very rude words, turns and obscene language can take place. Characteristically, when angry, a person feels a surge of strength, becomes much more energetic and impulsive. In this state, he feels the need for physical action, and the greater the anger, the greater this need. Self-control is reduced. Therefore, the attackers strive by any means to "excite themselves", to quickly bring their state to anger, since the trigger mechanism for aggressive actions is facilitated.

Contempt - unlike anger, this emotion rarely causes impulsive behavior of the threatening, but it is possible that this is why a person demonstrating contempt is in some way more dangerous than an angry one.

Outwardly, it looks something like this: the head is raised, and even if the person demonstrating contempt is shorter than you, it seems that he is looking at you from above. You can observe the posture of "detachment" and a smug facial expression. In posture, facial expressions, pantomime, speech - superiority. The particular danger of this emotion lies in the fact that it is "cold" and a despising person can commit an aggressive act calmly, in cold blood. But if something from the plan does not work out, then anger may appear. The pairing of these two emotions is even more dangerous.

Disgust is an emotion that can also stimulate aggression. A person who is disgusted looks as if something disgusting has entered his mouth or he has smelled an extremely unpleasant smell. The nose is wrinkled, the upper lip is pulled up, sometimes it seems that such a person has squinted eyes. As with contempt - a posture of "detachment", but without a pronounced superiority.

In combination with anger, it can cause very aggressive behavior, since anger "motivates" the attack, and disgust - the need to get rid of the unpleasant.

Often the threat of attack, the attack itself or blackmail is carried out by a person who is in a state of alcoholic or drug intoxication. Alcohol and drugs bring the psyche of the attacker or threatening to a state of increased excitability, sharply reduce the level of self-control. That is why it is sometimes important to determine what "dope" and how much the partner has taken and what can be expected from him.

The most dangerous are the light and medium stages of alcohol intoxication, which often cause an increase in aggressiveness. Some take alcohol "for courage", thereby overcoming the feeling of fear. With alcohol intoxication, the criticality of the perception of what is happening decreases, such a person hardly perceives or does not perceive any argument at all. Movements are activated and can quickly turn into aggressive ones. As a rule, a physical attack in such situations is preceded by swearing, abuse, threats.

A person who is in a state of drug intoxication outwardly looks like any normal person, and therefore this state is difficult to recognize.

Narcotic intoxication is characterized, as a rule, by increased activity in movements; fast, excessively lively speech, not entirely adequate response to questions, a kind of "shine" in the eyes, sometimes causeless laughter, high spirits. Some people in this state have reduced sensitivity to pain, lack of empathy for others. You can take responsibility for your actions. All this is typical for mild drug intoxication, which acts excitingly.

In a chronic drug addict, you can fix injection marks, bags under the eyes. By the way, it should be borne in mind that the reaction to a drug can be quite short-term, and the end of its action in an extreme situation for a drug addict can cause him to withdraw, which will result in a sharp deterioration in his condition, he can become depressed, angry, even more excited and aggressive. He may have an irresistible desire to remove the obstacle to the next dose of the drug as soon as possible. For some drug addicts, this period of "activation" lasts a short time, after which a period of sharp depression may set in, up to epileptic seizures, when he becomes practically helpless.

Aggression can come from a person:

• suffering from a mental disorder (paranoid schizophrenia, manic-depressive psychosis, and other diseases);
• mentally healthy, but with an anomaly of character (psychopathy, especially excitable, epileptoid forms);
• with accentuation of character, when under certain conditions there is a disadaptation of the personality according to one of the forms or types of psychopathy;
• mentally healthy, but in a state of temporary mental disorder (psychogeny, reactive states, exogeny).

Any person can give an aggressive reaction under certain conditions, but the emphasis is on persons suffering from a mental illness (chronic or temporary), since aggression can be an expression of a mental state, regardless of external factors or any special conditions. Moreover, when an aggressive state is not directly or indirectly dependent on external circumstances or on external motivating motives (it is not provoked by anyone), this means that it is impossible to influence or modify the reaction of others in a non-drug way.

Particularly dangerous are patients suffering from auditory or visual hallucinations, when they lose all connection with reality and subordinate their actions only to their driven motives. Often their actions are completely incomprehensible to others: there is no sequence of actions, they are not subject to the laws of logic, cause-and-effect relationships between phenomena and facts, they cannot be predicted, and most often the true causes of aggressive reactions are hidden by them even from their closest ones (parents, friends, if you can call them friends are criminal elements, in which they enjoy "respect" because of their aggressiveness and cruelty). But, as a rule, such patients prefer criminal behavior alone and aggression can be directed at a completely random person. Due to the lack of logic and the apparent reason that prompted a person to commit a crime, it becomes extremely difficult to detect a criminal.

They do not know the state of fear that a person without mental disorders can experience, a feeling of compassion, pity.

Outwardly, they look tense, their gaze seems to be turned inwards, they "listen" to something, their facial expressions change regardless of external circumstances, most often malicious, as well as the expression of their eyes, a smile is more similar to a grin. Such patients attract attention with slovenliness, the smell of an unwashed body and dirty clothes.

There are options when aggression is directed against oneself, patients consider themselves unworthy of life, but are ready to "take others with them", being sincerely sure that they will render a service, saving a person from the "horrors of earthly existence."

Patients with epilepsy, psychopaths of the epileptoid circle and accentuated personalities according to the epileptoid type are no less aggressive. They also share cruelty. As a rule, they are distinguished by extreme touchiness, vindictiveness, vindictiveness, stubbornness, inability to yield in a dispute, although they themselves are its initiators. Of course, there are differences in these options: if for an accentuated personality there are nevertheless limits that they will not cross in a dispute, in a conflict, then a patient with epilepsy, how slowly, how deeply and deeply gets stuck in the conflict and cannot stop, loses control in his arousal, rage and aggression. If he crossed the line, then the reaction will necessarily be accompanied by destructive actions (multiple and of the same type). For all options, vindictiveness, bearing revenge is characteristic. And before the implementation of revenge - their behavior is distinguished by flattery and obsequiousness, it is not for nothing that they are said about them: "with a bible in their hands and a dagger in their bosom."

Since they are pedantic, thorough and scrupulous, they plan revenge in this vein. Fanaticism in religion, politics and ideology is more often a property of epileptoid psychopaths; most terrorists, under the slogan of "fighting for justice," surround themselves with the same types and ruthlessly destroy a lot of innocent people. Negotiations with them are impossible, they cannot be persuaded, they are not suggestible, they do not love anyone, even themselves - "I will die, but I will not yield."

Psychopathic faces of the hysterical circle are the most common among swindlers, "swindlers" and various "flight" of adventurers. Their distinguishing feature is artistry, a high ability to play social roles, the presence of their own rules of the "game" - a complete disregard for generally accepted moral norms, the absence of remorse, which creates the impression of originality and courage. There are very gifted "in their field" types, with good intellect, memory and manners, but character! The character is aimed at achieving (and immediately!) one's needs, whims, often base desires, without stopping at anything. Sometimes among them there are good speakers who know how to control and inspire the whole audience, superbly manipulating people and their destinies. They are more likely than others to use stimulants to enhance their activity and sensations (alcoholism, drug addiction).

5. Panic

Panic (from the Greek panikon- unaccountable horror), a psychological state caused by the threatening influence of external conditions and expressed in a feeling of acute fear, embracing a person or many people, an uncontrollable uncontrollable desire to avoid a dangerous situation.

The psychophysiological mechanism of panic consists in the induction inhibition of large areas of the cerebral cortex, which predetermines a decrease in conscious activity.

Panic is "a very atypical response" and that it is "a statistically infrequent behavior". For the occurrence of panic, several conditions must be met, the main of which is the fear of not having time to leave the premises, the lack of social communication between the participants (panic cases were not recorded in residential buildings), mistakes and failures in attempts to evacuate.

Older people (over 42) show a panic reaction more often than younger people. No differences were found between the responses of men and women. There is evidence suggesting cultural and nationalistic differences in people's responses to panic. About 35% percent of people show a desire to protect themselves at the expense of others.

Bibliography

1. Ardaseneva V.N. "Personal protective equipment" - M .: Profizdat, 1998.

2. Belov S.V. "Life Safety" - Textbook, M .: Higher School, NMC SPO, 2000.

3. Devisilov V.A. "Life safety" - Textbook, M .: Higher school, 1999.

4. Litvak I. "BZD". - Textbook, M., 2000.

5. Roik V.D. "Social protection of workers from occupational risks" - Publishing house of the Research Institute of Labor of the Ministry of Labor, 1994.

Many scientists, psychologists and psychophysiologists paid attention to the description of extreme situations. (So, for example, L. A. Kandybovich and V. A. Ponomarenko talk about “tense situations” that people of certain professions have to face; “abnormal conditions” are mentioned in their works by S. A. Shapkin and L. G. Wild; sometimes this kind of situation is called stressful, based on the teachings of Hans Selye.) Regardless of the name, this situation is characterized by the fact that, getting into it, a person goes beyond the usual state and "loses the ground under his feet."

Even a situation of conflict in which there is no threat to life can become extreme. Working as a psychologist in one of the Russian airlines, I was faced with the fact that flight attendants, as well as airport employees, literally fall off their feet after a work shift spent communicating with passengers. A work situation in which there was no direct threat to life, but there were many conflicts up to insults, may well turn out to be extreme, in terms of danger to health, both psychological and physical.

What happens to a person in an emergency situation?

If a person, on duty, often has to deal with so-called emergency situations, he knows that the main enemy of rational action is fear. Fear makes inexperienced firefighters flee from a burning house, it forces pilots to make irreparable mistakes. It interferes with thinking and solving tasks necessary for survival.

Fear can manifest itself in flight or panic, it is often accompanied by narrowing of consciousness, distortion of perception and loss of control over one's own actions and even aggressive outbursts. Another unpleasant manifestation of fear is a stupor, during which a person cannot move from his place *.

Another “enemy” of ours is emotional stress. Even if we were able to suppress our fear or insecurity, this does not mean that it has disappeared. In fact, we keep it inside, spending an incredible amount of soul energy. And restraint sooner or later leads to breakdowns, mistakes and even illnesses.

Is it possible to predict human behavior in an extreme situation? How do you know if you can overcome fear? To answer this question, psychologists have found that people who lose their minds in difficult situations are anxious, emotionally unstable, with low or too much high self-esteem and weak nervous system. However, even people with all these traits can pull themselves together and overcome their weaknesses. And strong and self-confident often lose their heads. It also does not guarantee the experience of a person.

In 1987, an incredible incident occurred in the skies over England. In a passenger plane, the windshield flew out during the flight, as a result of which the commander of the aircraft, who was not wearing his seat belt, fell out and was pressed by the air stream to the nose of the aircraft. His assistant, a very young pilot who had no experience in solo flights, was forced to land the liner alone in conditions of lack of oxygen, while a tornado raged in the cockpit. He brilliantly coped with his task, the flight ended without casualties.

How to explain these and other similar cases? What allows a person to gather and not fall into a stupor or panic? There is no single answer.

No one can give an accurate prediction of the behavior of a person in an acute situation. So what about those who recruit employees for difficult or dangerous work? What should a person do who is going to connect life with a difficult profession and wants to know if he can maintain a sober mind if there is a risk to his life? The answer is simple. You need to prepare for extreme situations, you need to learn to control yourself and your behavior. Such training can be called ensuring one's own psychological security.

Ensuring psychological safety

Psychologists of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, who daily face extremely difficult situations, pay great attention to the ability to manage emotions. Let's look at some techniques that can help you take control of your own emotional sphere.

1. Intentional relaxation. This exercise allows you to learn to consciously relax certain muscle groups, and since our emotions are connected with the body, we learn to control them too. To perform this exercise, you need to sit or lie down as comfortably as possible and begin to relax the body from the legs to the head.
2. Awareness of emotions and drains. You need to take a piece of paper and a pen, and then start writing down the feelings that overwhelm you at the moment. It is important not to hold back and write "without censorship", releasing on paper what has accumulated inside. Then the sheet must be discarded. Some recommend burning it. This method allows you to learn how to cope with fear, insecurity, anxiety and other unpleasant conditions. At the same time, it relieves restraint and tension.
3. Suspension. In conflict situations, you can use the following technique. Imagine that your opponent is behind a wall, and his insults and attacks do not reach you. This method allows you to "close" from someone else's aggression, divert attention and not be offended. This method is good for service workers who understand that they should not waste their energy on sorting out the relationship in a conflict.

How to act in a difficult situation?

In conclusion, I would like to give some advice to those readers who, on duty, may find themselves in difficult conflict situations. How to act? How to protect yourself if you find yourself alone with an angry mob or an aggressive person and are not going to fight with them?

When dealing with a crowd, it must be remembered that a person in a crowd loses his individuality. The crowd is a kind of organism, sensitively reacting to the change of states of the opponent. Try to stand in such a way that there is a wall behind your back. Better, between you and the crowd there will be a table or other barrier. Never show fear or anxiety. Avoid aggressive tone and threatening gestures. Speak clearly plain language, in short sentences, without emotion. Try to let people see that you are calm and confident. In this case, you can enter into negotiations, and if you're lucky, even direct the actions of the crowd.

As Antoine de Saint-Exupery wrote, action saves from fear. Often the aggression of the crowd or individuals is caused precisely by fear or uncertainty. If your position allows it, try to channel people's energy into specific actions that can be beneficial. This will change their state.

If you have entered into a difficult conflict, try not to insist on your own. Use the techniques of "psychological aikido" created by M. E. Litvak. Remember that an aggressive person expects resistance and indignation from you. Don't let him drag you into his game. Remain detached and do not show irritation or aggression. Very quickly, his fuse will dry up, and he will stop the skirmish.

Perhaps these recommendations will help you learn not to lose yourself even in the most difficult conditions. If you learn to manage emotions and build your behavior correctly, many situations will cease to be extreme for you.

Psychologist Natalia Chirkova

*Details about fear: the book by Malkina-Pykh "Psychological assistance in crisis situations."

During the fire, saving the belongings acquired over a lifetime, a wizened, slender old woman dragged a huge chest from the second floor of the burning house. After the fire, two young guys with difficulty managed to put it back in its original place. One polar explorer, while repairing an aircraft, saw a polar bear behind him, gently pushing him with his paw, as if inviting him to turn around. In the next second, a man was standing (!) On the wing of the plane. Didn't climb on it, didn't pull up, no. Stood.

WHAT the body will not do when it comes to life and death. Fear and self-preservation are great stimulants. They can make our spine withstand a load of 10 tons, the respiratory rate will increase 4 times, instead of 35 capillaries per centimeter in a calm state, 3,000 will earn in an extreme one. What about our brain? It functions only at 5 - 7% of its capabilities. What do the other 95% do and in general why does a person need such a physical and mental reserve and why not use it all the time?

No, experts say, you can't. This reserve is a guarantee of our survival, the biological protection of the body, which is very carefully guarded and can be used once or twice in a lifetime in order to save us from death in an extreme situation, or may even turn out to be unclaimed. After all, extreme situations are also different. On the one hand, we all now live in an extreme situation - stress, uncertainty, nervous strain. British scientists have recently applied to the Association of Independent Science at Moscow State University. In their opinion, the experience of survival in our country is unique. A person does not constantly pull tons of cargo on himself, does not overheat at a 100-degree temperature. But no Western citizen could live long in conditions like ours without harming his health. Are we wasting our stock? Certainly. But this happens somehow imperceptibly, but if we take a situation where everything changes suddenly, unexpectedly, instantly. The threat to life is colossal, death is inevitable, and now ...

MIRACLES OF SILENTNESS

A WOMAN lifts a car with her child under it. An elderly man jumps over a two-meter fence, although he was not an athlete even in his younger years. There is a known case when in flight under the pedal in the cockpit a nail fell out of nowhere, the control jammed. Saving himself and the car, the pilot pressed the pedal so hard that he cut off the bolt. Where do forces come from? And unprecedented speed in movements? Many are capable of incredible things at such moments and manage to do such a gigantic amount of work in a few moments, which is simply unrealistic to perform or repeat under normal conditions. True, people who found themselves in such situations, when everything can be decided by a moment, testified that time seemed to stretch, slow down, allowing a person to save a life. For example, in a man who worked on a drilling flock, the mitten slightly touched the drill, it began to be tightened, and with it, of course, his hand. The partner who was at that moment nearby said later that the worker tried to press the button with his shoulder to stop the machine, but missed. The drill continued to "slowly" rotate and twist his arm. Then the partner again slowly raised his hand and pressed the button. "Immediately the noise and roar of the shop broke in (and he somehow left imperceptibly) ... All this took 1 / 8-1 / 9 seconds, and subjectively lasted 25-30 seconds."

According to experts, one should not assume that people stimulated by a sense of fear showed miracles of quickness and repeatedly increased the speed of their movements. There are several versions of why this happens. For example, this: if there is a biofield around every person, then why not assume that in a moment of mortal danger, we, without realizing it, are able to use its energy reserve. What if the instantaneous release of this energy will lead to a change in the environment, space, even time, as in the case of a machine tool?

It is likely that the organism reacts to such situations with instantaneous behavior. So why can't this energy also change the environment?

THE SUBCONSCIOUSNESS WILL SAVE

IF this theory is adhered to, it is likely that, having once used up its reserve, the body needs to restore it. Even at the beginning of the century, psychiatrist G. Shumkov believed that this would take at least a day, and a meeting with danger at that time was death. Doesn't this explain why we suddenly don't want to do something or go somewhere? Maybe this is how we subconsciously try to avoid danger. There is, for example, evidence of the paradoxical behavior of the military, impeccable professionals and fearless people, suddenly, without explanation, at some point felt a categorical impossibility to fulfill their professional duty. The regimental commander saw action many times and was considered a brave officer. Once having received an order: “Tomorrow come forward and take such and such a position,” the colonel came to the brigade infirmary and said: “I want to lie down, I can’t go to the position.” The temperature is normal internal organs without changes. Night slept well. The next day ... calmly went to the position. The question is, what was he ill with?.. And was it a manifestation of cowardice or the result of a sober subconscious assessment of his capabilities?

Ordinary people resort to their emergency reserve quite rarely. And if this person is healthy, the body will cope with unusual loads, but if some kind of pathology is dormant in you, they can provoke a disease. Any extreme exposure is stress, and stress tends to leave its mark. It is very difficult to determine exactly what the body is capable of in stressful situations with the help of experiments. Whatever burdens a person endures, it is likely that in mortal danger, new opportunities will appear in him. In addition, each person inherits from his parents certain inclinations, the range of which can be quite large and vary by 10-20 times.

Nevertheless, it is pleasant to realize that somewhere in the depths of you lurk unprecedented forces, that you have a colossal memory and unlimited possibilities that, in an incredibly difficult, tense situation of mortal danger, will save your life. But if in order to find out what the reserve of these possibilities is, one has to get into just such a situation, let it be better to be inviolable ...

It has been established that the behavioral reactions of a person in extreme conditions, their temporal characteristics, and the psychophysiological capabilities of people in general are extremely variable values, depending on the characteristics of the nervous system, life experience, professional knowledge, skills, motivation, and style of activity.

At present, it is almost impossible to derive an integral form of human behavior in a tense situation. Nevertheless, there is more and more evidence that psychological factors - individual qualities, abilities of a person, his skills, readiness, attitudes, general and special training, his character and temperament - in a difficult environment are not summed arithmetically, but form a certain complex that ultimately realized either in right or wrong action.

In general, an extreme situation is a set of obligations and conditions that have a strong psychological impact on a person.

Style of behavior in an extreme situation

Behavior in a state of affect.

Affect is characterized by a high degree of emotional experiences, which leads to the mobilization of a person's physical and psychological resources. In practice, quite often there are cases when physically weak people in a state of strong emotional excitement perform actions that they could not perform in a calm environment. For example, they inflict a large amount of lethal damage or plant an oak door with one blow. Another manifestation of affect is a partial loss of memory, which characterizes not every affective reaction. In some cases, the subject does not remember the events preceding the affect, and the events that occurred during the latter.

The affect is accompanied by the excitation of all mental activity. As a result, the person has a decrease in control over their behavior. This circumstance leads to the fact that the commission of a crime in a state of passion entails specific legal consequences.

The Criminal Code does not say anything about the fact that a person in a state of passion has a limited ability to realize the nature of his actions or control them. This is not necessary, since strong emotional excitement is characterized by a limitation of consciousness and will. It is the “narrowing” of the latter that allows us to say that the state of passion has a certain legal significance. “From the position of criminal law, such emotional states of the accused can be recognized as legally significant, which significantly limited his volitional purposeful behavior.”

Affect has a significant impact on a person's mental activity, disorganizing it and affecting higher mental functions. Thinking loses its flexibility, the quality of thought processes decreases, which causes a person to realize only the immediate goals of his actions, and not the final ones. Attention is entirely concentrated on the source of irritation. That is, a person's ability to choose a behavior model is limited due to strong emotional stress. Because of this, there is a sharp decrease in control over actions, which leads to a violation of the expediency, purposefulness and sequence of actions.

A sudden strong emotional disturbance is preceded by one of the following situations described in the law.

Violence, bullying, grave insult, other illegal or immoral actions (inaction) of the victim. Here, the state of passion is formed under the influence of a one-time and very significant event for the culprit. For example: a spouse who suddenly returned from a business trip discovers with his own eyes the fact of adultery.

A long-term psychotraumatic situation arising in connection with the systematic illegal or immoral behavior of the victim. An affective reaction is formed as a result of a long-term "accumulation" of negative emotions, which leads to emotional stress. In this case, another fact of unlawful or immoral behavior is enough for an affect to arise.

According to the meaning of the law, affect arises in connection with certain actions or inaction of the victim. But in practice there are cases when a sudden strong emotional excitement causes illegal or immoral behavior of several people. At the same time, for the development of an affective reaction, a combination of actions (inaction) of two or more persons is necessary, that is, the behavior of one of them, in isolation from the behavior of the other, might not be the reason for the onset of affect.

Behavior under stress

Stress is an emotional state that suddenly arises in a person under the influence of an extreme situation associated with a danger to life or an activity that requires great stress. Stress, like affect, is the same strong and short-term emotional experience. Therefore, some psychologists consider stress as one of the types of affect. But this is far from the case, since they have their own distinctive features. Stress, first of all, occurs only in the presence of an extreme situation, while affect can arise for any reason. The second difference is that affect disorganizes the psyche and behavior, while stress not only disorganizes, but also mobilizes the organization's defenses to get out of an extreme situation.

Stress can have both positive and negative effects on personality. A positive role is played by stress, performing a mobilization function, a negative role is having a harmful effect on the nervous system, causing mental disorders and various diseases of the body.

Stress affects people's behavior in different ways. Some, under the influence of stress, show complete helplessness and are unable to withstand stressful influences, while others, on the contrary, are stress-resistant individuals and show themselves best in moments of danger and in activities that require the exertion of all forces.

Frustrated Behavior

A special place in the consideration of stress is occupied by a psychological state that arises as a result of a real or imagined obstacle that prevents the achievement of a goal, called frustration.

Defensive reactions during frustration are associated with the appearance of aggressiveness or avoiding a difficult situation (transferring actions to an imaginary plan), and it is also possible to reduce the complexity of behavior. Frustration can lead to a number of characterological changes associated with self-doubt or fixation of rigid forms of behavior.

The mechanism of frustration is quite simple: first, a stressful situation arises, leading to an overstrain of the nervous system, and then this tension is “discharged” into one or another of the most vulnerable systems.

Distinguish positive and negative reactions to frustration.

Level of anxiety in extreme situations

Anxiety is an emotional experience in which a person experiences discomfort from the uncertainty of perspective.

The evolutionary significance of anxiety lies in the mobilization of the body in extreme situations. A certain level of anxiety is necessary for the normal functioning and productivity of a person.

Normal anxiety helps to adapt to different situations. It increases in conditions of high subjective significance of the choice, an external threat with a lack of information and time.

Pathological anxiety, although it can be provoked by external circumstances, is due to internal psychological and physiological causes. It is disproportionate to the real threat or not related to it, and most importantly, it is not adequate to the significance of the situation and drastically reduces productivity and adaptive capacity. The clinical manifestations of pathological anxiety are diverse and can be paroxysmal or permanent in nature, manifesting both mental and - even predominantly - somatic symptoms.

Most often, anxiety is considered as a negative state associated with the experience of stress. The state of anxiety can vary in intensity and change over time as a function of the level of stress to which the individual is exposed, but the experience of anxiety is inherent in any person in adequate situations.

The causes that cause anxiety and affect the change in its level are diverse and can lie in all spheres of human life. Conventionally, they are divided into subjective and objective reasons. Subjective reasons include informational reasons associated with an incorrect idea of ​​the outcome of the upcoming nature, leading to an overestimation of the subjective significance of the outcome of the upcoming event. Among the objective causes of anxiety, there are extreme conditions that place high demands on the human psyche and are associated with the uncertainty of the outcome of the situation.

Post-stress anxiety develops after extreme, usually unexpected situations - fires, floods, participation in hostilities, rape, kidnapping of a child. Also commonly observed are anxiety, irritability, headache, increased quadrigeminal reflex (reaction to a sudden stimulus), sleep disturbances and nightmares, including pictures of the experienced situation, feelings of loneliness and distrust, feelings of inferiority, avoidance of communication and any activities that may recall what happened. events. If this whole complex develops after a certain latent period after an extreme situation and leads to significant impairment of life, then a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder is made. Post-stress anxiety is less likely to develop if a person is active during an extreme situation.

emergency behavior

FEATURES OF PEOPLE'S BEHAVIOR IN EXTREME SITUATIONS
Content

FEATURES OF PEOPLE'S BEHAVIOR IN EXTREME SITUATIONS

The concept of an extreme situation

In our today's not at all calm life, anyone can find themselves in an extreme situation at any time. Natural disasters, catastrophes, explosions, fires, sudden threats and many other phenomena have imperceptibly become part of our lives, and have begun to have a noticeable impact on the psyche and human behavior.
In a short time there is a collision with a real threat, sometimes with the threat of death (in ordinary life, the psyche creates protection, allowing one to perceive death as something distant or even unreal). The image of the world is changing, reality seems to be filled with fatal accidents. A person begins to divide his life into two parts - before the event and after it. There is a feeling that others cannot understand his feelings and experiences.
E An extreme situation is a situation that affects a person in its most extreme, unfavorable manifestations. Any situation associated with a threat to life and damage to human health, which has developed as a result of a natural disaster, an accident, a catastrophe, a dangerous natural phenomenon, becomes extreme. Each such situation has only its characteristic causes, features and character of development.

Classification of extreme situations (ES)

ES can be classified according to the following criteria:

by the degree of suddenness: sudden (unpredictable) and expected (predictable). It is easier to predict social, political, economic situations, more difficult - natural disasters. Timely forecasting of ES and correct actions allow avoiding significant losses and, in some cases, preventing ES;
according to the speed of propagation: ES can be explosive, rapid, rapidly spreading or moderate, smooth. The majority of military conflicts, man-made accidents, and natural disasters often belong to the rapid ones. Ecological situations develop relatively smoothly;
by the scale of distribution: local, local, territorial, regional, federal. Local, local and territorial include ES that do not go beyond one functional unit, production, settlement. Regional and federal ECs cover entire regions, states or several states;
by duration of action: may be short-term or have a protracted course;
by nature: intentional (intentional) and unintentional (unintentional). The former include most national, social and military conflicts, terrorist acts and others. Natural disasters by the nature of their origin are unintentional, this group also includes the majority of man-made accidents and disasters.

According to the source of origin, extreme situations are divided into:

ES of technogenic character;
ES of natural origin;
ES of a biological and social nature.

Types of man-made ES: transport accidents and disasters, fires and explosions, accidents with the release of various and toxic substances, sudden collapse of structures, accidents in electrical and energy systems or utility life support systems.
Types of ES of natural origin: geophysical, geological, meteorological, dangerous marine hydrological phenomena, natural fires.
Types of ES of a biological and social nature: terrorism, civil unrest and various acts of violence.

The influence of an extreme situation on the mental and psychophysiological state of a person

An extreme situation leaves a mark on the soul of absolutely any person who was involved in it, and affects his beliefs, lifestyle, states and feelings. ES can cause stress for everyone, regardless of their life and professional experience, social status. A person becomes a victim of circumstances.
Victims of natural disasters and catastrophes suffer from the following factors caused by an extreme situation:
1. Surprise. Few disasters wait for potential victims to be warned - for example, gradually reaching a critical phase of flooding or an impending hurricane, storm. The more sudden the event, the more devastating it is for the victims.
2. Lack of such experience. Because disasters and catastrophes are fortunately rare, people often learn to deal with them when they are stressed.
3. Duration. This factor varies from case to case. For example, a gradually developing flood can subside just as slowly, while an earthquake lasts a few seconds and brings much more destruction. However, in the victims of some long-term extreme situations (for example, in cases of hijacking), traumatic effects can multiply with each subsequent day.
4. Lack of control. No one is able to control events during disasters; it may take a long time before a person can control the most ordinary events of everyday life. If this loss of control persists for a long time, even competent and independent people may show signs of "learned helplessness."
5. Grief and loss. Disaster victims may be separated from loved ones or lose someone close to them; the worst thing is to wait for news of all possible losses. In addition, the victim may lose his social role and position due to the disaster. In the case of prolonged traumatic events, a person may lose all hope of restoring what has been lost.
6. Constant change. The destruction caused by a disaster may be irreversible: the victim may find himself in completely new and hostile conditions.
7. Exposition of death. Even short life-threatening situations can change a person's personality structure. Repeated encounters with death can lead to profound changes at the regulatory level. In a close encounter with death, a severe existential crisis is very likely.
8. Moral uncertainty. The victim of a disaster may be faced with having to make life-changing value-based decisions, such as who to save, how much to risk, who to blame.
9. Behavior during the event. Everyone would like to look their best in a difficult situation, but few succeed. What a person did or didn't do during a disaster can haunt him long after other wounds have healed.
10. Scale of destruction. After the disaster, the survivor will most likely be amazed at what she has done to his environment and social structure. Changes in cultural norms force a person to adapt to them or remain an outsider; in the latter case, emotional damage is combined with social maladaptation.
The sudden occurrence of an event that has a strong impact on the emotional, cognitive, personal spheres of a person.
Most people in an emergency situation may experience the following symptoms:

rave;
hallucinations;
apathy;
stupor;
motor excitation;
aggression;
fear;
hysterics;
nervous trembling;
cry.

Delusions and hallucinations . A critical situation causes powerful stress in a person, leads to strong nervous tension, disrupts the balance in the body, and negatively affects health in general - not only physical, but mental too. This can exacerbate an already existing mental illness.
The main signs of delirium include false ideas or conclusions, in the fallacy of which the victim cannot be dissuaded.
Hallucinations are characterized by the fact that the victim experiences a sensation of the presence of imaginary objects that do not currently affect the corresponding sense organs (hears voices, sees people, smells, etc.).
Apathy may occur after a long hard, but unsuccessful work; or in a situation where a person suffers a serious setback, ceases to see the meaning of his activity; or when it was not possible to save someone, and a loved one who got into trouble died.
There is a feeling of fatigue - such that you do not want to move or speak, movements and words are given with great difficulty.
In the soul - emptiness, indifference, no strength even to express feelings. If a person is left without support and help in this state, then apathy can turn into depression (heavy and painful emotions, passivity of behavior, guilt, a sense of helplessness in the face of life's difficulties, hopelessness, etc.).
A person can be in a state of apathy from several hours to several weeks.
The main signs of apathy are:

indifferent attitude to the environment;
lethargy, lethargy;
slow, with long pauses, speech.

Stupor . Stupor is one of the most powerful defensive reactions of the body. It comes after the strongest nervous shocks (explosion, attack, brutal violence), when a person has spent so much energy on survival that he no longer has the strength to contact the outside world.
Stupor can last from several minutes to several hours. Therefore, if help is not provided and the victim stays in this state for a long time, this will lead to his physical exhaustion. Since there is no contact with the outside world, the victim will not notice the danger and will not take action to avoid it.
The main signs of stupor are:

a sharp decrease or absence of voluntary movements and speech;
lack of reactions to external stimuli (noise, light, touch, tweaks);
“freezing” in a certain position, numbing, a state of complete immobility;
possible tension of individual muscle groups.

motor excitation . Sometimes the shock from a critical situation (explosions, natural disasters) is so strong that a person simply ceases to understand what is happening around him. He is not able to determine where are the enemies and where are the helpers, where is the danger and where is the salvation. A person loses the ability to think logically and make decisions, becomes like an animal rushing about in a cage.
Aggression . Aggressive behavior is one of the involuntary ways in which the human body "tries" to reduce high internal stress. The manifestation of anger or aggression can persist for quite a long time and interfere with the victim himself and those around him.
The main signs of aggression are:

irritation, discontent, anger (for any, even a minor reason);
inflicting blows to others with hands or any objects;
verbal abuse, abuse;
muscle tension;
increase in blood pressure.

Cry . When a person cries, substances that have a calming effect are secreted inside him. It is good if there is someone nearby with whom you can share grief.
The main signs of this condition:

the person is already crying or ready to burst into tears;
lips tremble;
there is a feeling of depression;
unlike hysterics, there are no signs of arousal.

If a person holds back tears, then there is no emotional discharge, relief. When the situation drags on, internal tension can harm a person's physical and mental health.
Hysterics . A hysterical fit lasts a few minutes or a few hours.
Main features:

consciousness is preserved;
excessive excitement, many movements, theatrical poses;
speech emotionally rich, fast;
screams, sobs.

Traumatic stress and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Any extreme situation (accident, accident, war, catastrophe, terrorist act, loss, death of loved ones) leaves its mark on the souls of people. Disorders that develop after an experienced psychological trauma affect all levels of human functioning: physiological (the appearance of fatigue, impaired appetite, sleep, exacerbation of chronic diseases, etc.), psychological and the level of interpersonal interaction (the appearance of aggressiveness, resentment in behavior). Immediately after an emergency, it leaves behind a disorganization of human activity, functional disorders of all cognitive processes (thinking, perception, memory, speech).
In most cases, an extreme situation can cause traumatic stress.
Traumatic stress is an experience of a special kind, the result of a special interaction between a person and the world around him. This is a normal reaction to abnormal circumstances, a condition that occurs in a person who has experienced something that goes beyond the normal human experience, such as a threat to the life, death or injury of another person, participation in hostilities, violence, natural disasters and catastrophes, etc. .
The range of phenomena that cause traumatic stress disorders is quite wide and covers many situations when there is a threat to one's own life or the life of a loved one, a threat to physical health or the image of the "I".
The following types of traumatic situations are distinguished:
1. A short-term, unexpected traumatic event (such as a natural or man-made disaster).
2. Constant and repeated exposure to a traumatic stressor - serial traumatization or a prolonged traumatic event. For example, the Chernobyl accident is an example of a prolonged traumatic impact.
The consequence of mental trauma may be a change in attitude towards oneself, to the world in which a person lives, to the place that a person occupies in this world. These changes are so dramatic that they are called "the collapse of basic illusions" (the main basic illusions: one's own immortality, justice and simplicity of the world).
Illusion of own immortality . The tragic events of our lives undermine the illusion of our own immortality, leading our lives to chaos, to meaninglessness: why make plans, make any efforts to implement them, if there is only one thing ahead - death.
Illusion of justice in the arrangement of the world . In a situation of a traumatic event, a person is outraged by the very fact of the appearance of evil in his normal life, he wants to get an answer to the question: “What did I do or did not do that, for which these troubles fell upon me?”
Violation of the principle of justice leads to the feeling that we live in a madhouse. How can you adapt to this? The easiest way is to become crazy yourself. You can take the path of regression, use the means that lead to trance states, become a robot, a machine that does not know how to love and pity, finally.
The collapse of basic illusions is a painful tragic process that makes our life meaningless.
What happens to a person in a situation where he himself was subjected to an unexpected attack or saw that his loved ones were in mortal danger, or at night the walls collapsed near his house? Usually, the following processes take place with it:
1. Decreased mood, sometimes to complete indifference and suicidal thoughts, pronounced tearfulness at the mention of loss, or other neurotic symptoms.
2. Stressful influences can cause all levels of mental maladaptation. Starting from a person’s hyperactivity, reminiscent of ineffectual fussiness and exhausting physical capabilities to the limit, after which various disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular system, sexual sphere, etc. can occur, and ending with complete apathy for everything and deep depression.
The dynamics of experiencing a traumatic situation includes four stages.
1. At the first stage, which occurs immediately after the action of the traumatic factor, the person refuses to perceive what happened. This is phase of denial or shock - disbelief that the picture of the world has changed, that it will never be the same. Denial up to the formation of psychotic states. The person seems to be saying to the world: “I don’t believe”, trying to build life according to the old principles. This means that a person does not have enough resources to survive parting with the deceased and organize life anew at the mental level. He is afraid to take the risk of admitting that his life is destroyed, and that he must take the risk and accept the new reality. He hopes for a "miraculous restoration" of his former life, and sees little prospect of building a new life in the future, abandoning the old one.
2. The second stage is called " phases of aggression and guilt ". Gradually starting to worry about what happened, the person begins to blame those who directly or indirectly were involved in the traumatic event. Often after this, the person turns aggression on himself and experiences an intense feeling of guilt ("if I had acted differently, this would not happened"). A person is trying in this way to find justice in an "unfair world." "I don't want it to be like this" - these words can express a protest against reality. Resentment, guilt - where it will be projected - on the departed, on oneself or on the world , on doctors, on friends - this cannot be said in advance.
3. The third stage - depression phase . After a person realizes that circumstances are stronger than him, depression sets in. It is accompanied by feelings of helplessness, abandonment, loneliness, own uselessness. A person does not see a way out of this situation, it seems to him that the pain will intensify day by day. At this point, the sense of purpose is lost and life becomes meaningless. "No matter what I do, nothing will change." It often happens that in an attempt to find meaning, a person begins to engage in charity (“my life is over, I will live for others”), becomes a religious person to the point of fanaticism. These solutions help relieve pain, but do not cure depression, which becomes chronic.
At this stage, the unobtrusive support of loved ones is very important. However, a person experiencing trauma rarely gets it, because others are unconsciously afraid of "infecting" his condition. In addition, a person in a depressed mood quickly loses interest in communication (“no one understands me”), the interlocutor begins to tire him, and communication is interrupted. People do not know how to behave, and avoid communication, which increases the feeling of loneliness.
Explosions of grief, which are replaced by sadness, peace. A person goes through contact with emptiness, recognizing his helplessness, impotence to change something.
4. The fourth stage is healing phase . It is characterized by a complete (conscious and emotional) acceptance of its past and the acquisition of a new meaning in life. “What happened really happened, I can’t change it; I can change myself and continue life despite the injury.” A person is able to extract useful life experience from what happened. A plan for the future and a new picture of the world are being built. Building a time perspective: what, in what sequence, for what exactly he will do. On the ruins of the old world, a new one is being built.
Another classification of successive phases or stages in the dynamics of the state of people after psychotraumatic situations is proposed in the work of Reshetnikov et al. (1989):
one. " Acute emotional shock ". It develops after the state of torpor and lasts from 3 to 5 hours; characterized by general mental stress, extreme mobilization of psychophysiological reserves, sharpening of perception and an increase in the speed of thought processes, manifestations of reckless courage (especially when saving loved ones) while reducing the critical assessment of the situation, but maintaining the ability to expedient activity. The emotional state during this period is dominated by a feeling of despair, accompanied by sensations of dizziness and headache, palpitations, dry mouth, thirst and shortness of breath. Up to 30% of those surveyed, with a subjective assessment of the deterioration of their condition, simultaneously note an increase in working capacity by 1.5–2 times or more.
2. " Psychophysiological demobilization ". Duration up to three days. For the vast majority of those surveyed, the onset of this stage is associated with the first contacts with those who were injured and with the bodies of the dead, with an understanding of the scale of the tragedy (“stress of awareness”). It is characterized by a sharp deterioration in well-being and psycho-emotional state with a predominance of a feeling of confusion, panic reactions (often irrational), a decrease in the moral normative behavior, a decrease in the level of efficiency of activity and motivation for it, depressive tendencies, some changes in the functions of attention and memory (as a rule, those examined are not can clearly remember what they did during those days). Most of the respondents complain in this phase of nausea, "heaviness" in the head, discomfort from the gastrointestinal tract, a decrease (even lack) of appetite. The same period includes the first refusals to perform rescue and "clearing" works (especially those related to the removal of the bodies of the dead), a significant increase in the number of erroneous actions when driving vehicles and special equipment, up to the creation of emergency situations.
3. " Resolution stage » - 3-12 days after the natural disaster. According to the subjective assessment, the mood and well-being are gradually stabilizing. However, according to the results of observations, the absolute majority of the surveyed retain a reduced emotional background, limited contacts with others, hypomia (masque face), a decrease in the intonation coloring of speech, and slowness of movements. By the end of this period, there is a desire to “speak out”, implemented selectively, directed mainly at persons who were not eyewitnesses of the natural disaster, and accompanied by some agitation. At the same time, dreams appear that were absent in the two previous phases, including disturbing and nightmare dreams, in various ways reflecting the impressions of tragic events.
Against the background of subjective signs of some improvement in the condition, a further decrease in physiological reserves (by type of hyperactivation) is objectively noted. Overwork phenomena are progressively increasing. The average indicators of physical strength and performance (in comparison with the normative data for the studied age group) are reduced by 30%, and in terms of carpal dynamometry - by 50% (in some cases - up to 10–20 kg). On average, mental performance decreases by 30%, signs of pyramidal interhemispheric asymmetry syndrome appear.
4. " recovery stage ". It begins approximately from the 12th day after the catastrophe and is most clearly manifested in behavioral reactions: interpersonal communication is activated, the emotional coloring of speech and facial reactions begins to normalize, for the first time after the catastrophe, jokes that evoke an emotional response from others can be noted, normal dreams are restored. Taking into account foreign experience, it can also be assumed that people who were in the focus of a natural disaster develop various forms of psychosomatic disorders associated with disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular, immune and endocrine systems. Another classification (Aleksandrovsky et al., 1991) distinguishes three phases:

1. Pre-impact, which includes a sense of threat and anxiety. This phase usually exists in seismically hazardous areas and areas where hurricanes and floods are frequent; often the threat is ignored or not recognized.

2. The impact phase lasts from the onset of a natural disaster until the moment when rescue operations are organized. During this period, fear is the dominant emotion. The increase in activity, the manifestation of self-help and mutual help immediately after the end of the impact is often referred to as the "heroic phase". Panic behavior is almost non-existent - it is possible if escape routes are blocked.

3. The post-impact phase, starting a few days after the disaster, is characterized by the continuation of rescue operations and the assessment of the problems that have arisen. New problems arising in connection with social disorganization, evacuation, separation of families, etc., allow a number of authors to consider this period as the "second natural disaster."

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Stressors that go beyond ordinary human experience include those events that can injure the psyche of almost any healthy person: natural disasters, man-made disasters, as well as events that are the result of targeted, often criminal activities: sabotage, terrorist acts, mass violence, military actions, getting into a "hostage situation", the destruction of one's own house.
PTSD is a complex of human reactions to trauma, where trauma is defined as an experience, a shock that causes fear, horror, helplessness in most people. These are, first of all, situations when a person himself experienced a threat to his own life, death or injury to another person. It is also assumed that symptoms can appear both immediately after being in a traumatic situation, and appear many years later - this is a special tricky post-traumatic stress disorder. Cases are described when PTSD symptoms appeared in veterans of the Second World War forty years after the end of hostilities.
PTSD occurs when:

a person has experienced or witnessed an event associated with death or serious injury - a threat to the physical integrity of oneself or other people;
etc.................

Imagine a group of athletes preparing for a major running event. In training, they show approximately the same results, their functionality is equal - one wonders why some are doomed to win, while others always lose, even

having higher results shown on the control estimates?
When all the runners line up at the preliminary start line, it is clear that almost everyone is worried and nervous. But at the same time, some blush, while others turn pale. We know from history that when Julius Caesar selected soldiers from recruits for his invincible legions, he tried at first to confuse the person properly. Fear appears in different people but in different ways - in some, the skin of the face turns pale, while in others, on the contrary, due to a rush of blood to the skin, it turns red. Think and tell me - did Caesar try to get those who were turning pale or blushing into his army?
This means that there is a huge, fundamental difference between activity under normal conditions (say, at a training session, at a regular lesson) and the same activity, but at major competitions or at an entrance exam, on the results of which, perhaps, all life depends.
such signs as “difficult”, “difficult”, “special”, “critical”, “emergency”, “emergency”, “extreme”, “supereketremal”, “hyperstress”, etc. are called. It turns out that in one case, the emphasis is on the characteristics of the objective conditions of activity (difficult" conditions), in the other, on the person's attitude to the situation that has arisen ("difficult" conditions), in the third, the emphasis is on the state that has arisen in a person ("hyperstress" conditions).
The very concept of extreme conditions is defined by some experts as "unfavorable for life", others as "conditions requiring the mobilization of the body's emergency capabilities." It is known that everyone can run fast if a growling shepherd dog rushes behind. Recall the story that happened in KiiTae on the eve of the Tokyo Olympics. The police pursued one robber and drove him into a dead end from which there was no way out. Tall fences lined the street on three sides.
The police triumphed - the fate of the thief was a foregone conclusion. Ho the thief continued to rush forward, increasing his speed
height; they turned on the siren and the searchlight - this finally frightened the unfortunate. Having uttered a heartbreaking cry, he took off from a straight run, with a push of his right foot, over a fence 2 m 51 cm high and disappeared. China then needed at least one gold medal at the Olympic Games. It was announced in the newspapers that if this criminal voluntarily appears at the stadium in the high jump sector, then everything will be forgiven him, and besides, he will be included in the Olympic team and paid a solid monetary reward. Seven people showed up at the stadium. The best one jumped 2 m 03 cm. This was below the Olympic standard^ and, just in case, the winner of these "criminal police" competitions was sent to prison.
Or another example closer to us. Ivan Alekseevich Bunin, at the age of 52, was vacationing in Switzerland. He lay on the green grass, on the bank of the stream with his feet to the water and admired the clouds floating across the sky. And suddenly a snake's head swayed before his eyes. And Bunin was terrified of snakes from childhood. Terrified, he jumped up and jumped over the stream. And the width of the stream was 2 m 94 cm. It is known that Bunin was an intelligent man, of short stature, who had never played sports in his life. I am sure that among the readers of this book there are a lot of “cool” guys lm 90 cm. Let them try to jump at least 2 m 50 cm from a place. This means that people under normal conditions use only a small fraction of their potential. Extreme conditions are needed so that a person can show his true capabilities. But it turns out that not all people are able to improve their results in a critical situation for their lives. Some, on the contrary, are lost in a difficult situation and are not able to show even their usual result.
Psychologists know that under the influence of various psychological conditions of activity, there is a weakening of the impact of some and an increase in other properties of temperament. So, performance indicators in training sessions do not show practically any connections with any property of temperament. In familiar conditions and a calm environment, each person can show everything that he is capable of. But the effectiveness of performances at competitions is negatively affected by such personality traits as anxiety and emotional excitability. These properties of temperament in competitions, differently than in training, affect other aspects of activity: the duration of concentration of attention before performing exercises, the level of claims, etc. change. In particular, under conditions of cipecca, the motives of the same activity cause an unequal degree of neuropsychic stress in athletes with a strong and weak nervous system. In people with a strong nervous system, with a high activity of the motive, as a rule, the level of psychological stress is optimal, and this contributes to the improvement of their activity. A classic example of American sprinter and long jumper Jesse Owens at the 1936 Berlin Olympics. Having received a gold medal in the long jump, he began to prepare for the final race of 200 meters. The interval between these views is 30 minutes. All athletes are in a monstrous nervous tension. And Owens calmly wraps himself in a blanket and calmly goes to sleep on the green grass of the stadium. Exactly 20 minutes later, he wakes up and begins to warm up confidently. The sight of Owens sleeping on the eve of the most important start of his life had a devastating effect on his main competitors. For Ifflx it was a demonstration of absolute confidence in their victory.
As for athletes with a weak or unstable nervous system, with active motivation, they usually experience excessive mental stress, leading to a deterioration in performance. I remember how, on the eve of the national athletics championship, I, a young 20 km walker, had an ideological and educational conversation with me: “Tomorrow morning you have a final. The fate of the entire team struggle depends on your successful performance. You have to go all out and show your best." As a responsible person, I took this instruction very seriously. So start at 8 am. You need to get up at 5 o'clock and eat properly. So, you need to go to bed early to get a good night's sleep. And so I went to bed at 21.00 and until 5 o'clock in the morning I could not close my eyes. No matter how much I inspired myself that I needed to sleep, it was all useless. The big responsibility literally crushed me. During the night, at least 20 times, I started and fought with imaginary opponents to the end. In the morning, completely exhausted, I was able to crawl out of bed with great difficulty. It is known that under the influence of stressful pages, the call zzzzzz==rzzz
factors, excitation is stimulated and a dominant is formed with varying degrees of mobility of nervous processes. In a person with a strong nervous system, the dominant is stable and stable, while in athletes with a weak nervous system, it is unstable and easily turns into inhibition, accompanied by a deterioration in motor capabilities. A very important role in human behavior in an extreme situation is played by such qualities as temperament, sensitivity (emotional sensitivity and excitability), anxiety and activity in overcoming obstacles. Sensitivity in the broad sense of the word is an indicator of effectiveness, adaptation of a person to stressful or extreme conditions. High sensitivity is a quality opposite to the stability and stability of the mental state. Practice shows that with an increase in networking, the effectiveness of human activity worsens, especially in a critical situation (say, responsible competitions, exams, an unexpected attack by hooligans on the street).
It is known that almost all Olympic champions have reduced sensitivity. Why is that? Imagine that a log 30-50 cm thick lies on the ground. Will you worry, worry, worry, doubt your abilities, turn pale with fear if you are asked to walk on this log? Well, of course not. After all, the log is very wide and this walk does not pose any danger to you. And if the same log is thrown across a deep gorge, along the bottom of which a river roars in a fierce battle with huge boulders? And you will no longer be asked, but forced to cross the gorge along this log. Some people can die of fear at the mere thought of it. Before such an ordeal, a person turns pale, sweats, his arms and legs tremble. And all why? He doesn't just want to cross this log. And he really wants to! And the more he inspires himself that “it is necessary”, “you need to force yourself”, “by all means”, “I must”, “otherwise shame or death on sharp stones”, the less chances he has for successful completing this task. But one has only to convince oneself that there is no danger, that I ran over this log hundreds of times, that because it was raised to a great height, it did not become thinner, - you will easily complete the task. The main thing is not to look down at the boiling water and sharp rocks at the bottom

gorges. So, in order not to be afraid, you need to really look at things, soberly assess the situation (this is not the last exam in life, it won’t work out - I’ll come again, I won’t win in these competitions - I’ll win in others, in the end both the assessment and the sports result - it's not the most important thing in life. Sometimes it’s even useful to downplay the degree of possible danger (well, what’s wrong with throwing a familiar log across an abyss from childhood, because I ran along it a hundred times while it was lying on the ground). He is by chance the greatest speaker ancient rome Cicero uttered a paradoxical thought: "A good speech can only be delivered in front of a herd of rams." Therefore, anyone preparing for a public speech must treat his audience without excessive Tpeneia and excessive respect, otherwise he will only be able to tremble with fear and babble nonsense. You have to look at the audience from top to bottom. Veda you prepared, you all know what to be afraid of. It's time to enlighten these "rams" as well. The same applies to people with speech impediments. The more a person thinks about his stuttering, the more he tries to get rid of it, the worse his speech will be. First you need to be able to relax and convince yourself that my speech defects have no meaning for life. After all, a smart person is not visible to the eyes. If I could then, many years ago, be able to relax on the night before the start, I would have shown a good result.
According to psychological research, people who, due to a violation of the regulatory functions of the personality, are not able to cope with a difficult situation, show a tendency to avoid it. In particular, it was found that among people with high self-esteem there are more unstable to stress than among people with adequate self-esteem. An athlete is always afraid of getting physically injured. What a shame to stretch the tendon on the eve of the competition! But it is equally important to learn how to avoid mental trauma. Indeed, in difficult conditions, not individual organs or systems of the body, but the whole organism as a whole, participate in the implementation of activities, although any of the systems may be subjected to a predominant load. At the same time, it must be taken into account that the biological structures of the individual, as the personality develops, are increasingly transformed and, at the level of a developed personality, become subject to it. In a mature and developed personality, the biological functions of the body largely depend on psychological determinants. Psychologists emphasize “fine adaptability of the body to various emotional situations; Thus, vegetative, somatic and behavioral reactions in fear are completely different depending on whether the possibility of avoiding danger is real or not. In sports psychology, there are data according to which "biological functions during competitions proceed under the strong influence of mental factors". But mental factors act, firstly, individually, and secondly, selectively. The autonomic nervous system, which is responsible for the internal functions of the body, is practically uncontrolled by consciousness. Therefore, people with a strong balanced and mobile - sanguine temperament, in an extreme situation, there is a "lion stress". It turns out that the more difficult the situation, the more optimally, rationally and reliably such an individual acts. Here he is at the start, reddened, with eyes shining with excitement. A large amount of adrenaline, a hormone that stimulates motor activity, enters his blood at this time. the hormone will help him give it his all and show more high score than in quiet training work, without a large number of spectators and strict judges. And the louder the roar of the stands, the more confident such an athlete feels. Danger, as it were, spurs on such a person, makes him act boldly, confidently, decisively. Napoleon wrote about one of his marshals: “Ney had mental insights only among the nuclei, in the thunder of battle; there his eye, his composure and energy were incomparable, but he did not know how to prepare his operations as well in the quiet of the office, studying the map. But next to our hero is his friend, who in training surprised everyone with his high results. Ho is very pale, agitated and shudders at the shouts from the stands. He also wants to be the first and set a record, but he has a weak nervous system and acetylcholine is released in his blood - a hormone with an action opposite to that of adrenaline. Therefore, in the conditions of the same extreme situation, a person with a weak nervous system has a completely opposite reaction - “rabbit stress” - disorganization of activity, a sharp drop in its efficiency, passivity and general inhibition. Moreover, for a particular athlete, the “stress rabbit” can every time

manifest differently. For two false starts, he can simply be removed from the competition, he stumbles and falls, poorly tied spiked shoes fly off him, etc. After an unsuccessful finish, such an unlucky athlete, explaining his defeat, will each time find different reasons: sudden indigestion (called “bear disease” - a direct consequence of stress), an old injury suddenly ached, he started the distance too quickly and there was no strength left to finish, etc. .d. Other losers in such cases always blame the rivals - they are the ones who are overwritten at the start, beaten with an elbow in the liver, pushed over the edge, etc. It is interesting that if such incidents happen to a person who is confident in his abilities, then, say, a blow to the liver can only anger him and become a new incentive for a brilliant victory. Therefore, the same property of temperament - for example, anxiety (which is understood as a person's tendency to exaggerate the physical or social danger of a situation and experience negative emotional states - fear, anxiety, anxiety, etc.) does not manifest itself in different people in the same way. This personality trait largely determines the intensity of the anxiety reaction among athletes on the eve of important competitions. But the whole point is that without this very anxiety there is no way to show a better result in competitions than in training. The anxiety reaction should therefore be regarded as a natural process of adaptation of the organism to a tense situation. To a certain extent, the intensity of this reaction is positive, and only excessive anxiety is undesirable and leads to a deterioration in performance. Anxiety serves as a trigger for the manifestation of activity in overcoming external and internal obstacles on the way to achieving the goal. Anxiety and excitability in various limits contribute to the emergence of a state of mobilization, mental readiness for activity in stressful conditions, and improvement of its effectiveness.
What is important for us is not that people with a strong nervous system (and this is an innate property given to a person by God) are capable of high results. These people by nature are intended to be winners. It is much more interesting that among athletes of a very high class there are people with weakness, imbalance, inert
Tew nervous processes, overly excitable and mentally unstable. But even such properties of the nervous system and temperament do not prevent them from achieving outstanding success in sports. This is largely facilitated by the formation of an individual style of activity, which is understood as a set of techniques and methods of activity and forms of response determined by the typological properties of the nervous system, which make it possible to achieve success in its implementation. An individual style of activity is one of the significant aspects of self-actualization, something that every person should strive for. The formation of an individual style of activity mainly occurs not by overcoming or correcting negative aspects temperament and properties of the nervous system, but due to the effective use of their positive aspects for this activity. So, the reliability of an athlete in extreme conditions of major competitions depends not only on whether he has a strong or weak type of nervous activity, but also on how much he dominates his psyche. After all, almost any person, with proper preparation and training, has the ability to self-regulate at an involuntary and arbitrary level immediately before a performance. Involuntary regulation of the prelaunch state is carried out by implementing certain programs automated during the preparation process.
Conscious regulation of the pre-launch state is based on the developed ability of an athlete to control its manifestations and causes, purposefully create images-representations, concentrate and switch attention to any objects, distract from the impact of negative psychogenic factors and stimuli, use verbal formulations and special techniques for. effects on the state of muscles, autonomic functions and emotional arousal. Conscious regulation of the mental state can contribute to an increase in the reliability of an athlete only with the daily use of a system of psycho-regulatory influences (autogenic, psycho-regulatory training).
So, practice shows that in the same conditions, different individuals react differently, and these differences relate both to the degree of exposure to influences and the type of observed effects. So, some have you

high resistance to stress, to activities in extreme conditions, while others are low. At the same time, in some, under extreme conditions, activity improves (sometimes quite significantly, while in others it worsens up to a breakdown).
So, we can talk about two types of states associated with activity in an extreme situation: tension, which has a positive mobilizing effect on activity, and tension, which is characterized by a decrease in the stability of mental and motor functions up to the disintegration of activity.
On what does the occurrence of this or that state depend? In many ways, from a subjective assessment of the degree of importance, significance of this or that event for a certain individual. This can be called a potential threat assessment. According to the data obtained by psychologists, a threat is a person's anticipation of the possible consequences of a situation affecting him. This assumption was tested in experiments in which subjects were shown the same movie showing accidents at a sawmill. In the first version of the experiments, the subjects were simply told that the film would show accidents at the sawmill; in the second, that the events are not real, but only imitated by the actors; Finally, in the third case, the experimenters tried to divert the attention of the subjects from the difficult episodes in the film: the audience was asked to observe impartially, for example, how clearly and convincingly the master sets out the safety rules for the workers. Based on the data obtained, it was concluded that in the first case, the majority of viewers had clearly expressed stress reactions, in the second case, stress did not arise, since the events in the film were considered not dangerous. As for the third version of the film, if the subjects interpreted these events as dangerous and thus did not occupy an impartial position of an observer, then a stressful state arose.
The psychological specificity of states of tension, therefore, does not depend on external influences, although they must be strong enough for a person, but also on the personal meaning of the purpose of the activity, assessment of the situation in which he is, etc. In order to solve the problems that arise here, the developed psy

chologists questions about the strength of motives, about their hierarchy, types of such hierarchies, the effectiveness of potential and actual motives, their awareness and unconsciousness, the dependence of the realization of motives on time, on the distance to the goal, on the intensity of needs, on the adequacy of ways to achieve the goal, age features and etc.
However, it remains unclear to what extent the regularities established for ordinary conditions are preserved in difficult situations. Indeed, in situations that create a threat, all motivational processes come into play and the implementation of one of them will depend not only on its strength, place in the hierarchy, etc., but also on various situational factors, the degree of danger, etc. Thus, a person who knows that running away in conditions of physical danger is unworthy of a “real man” may, after being attacked by hooligans, flee, because at this moment maintaining health is more important than maintaining a good opinion of oneself.
Everyone knows that in difficult conditions in a critical situation, the dynamic side (tempo, energy, intensity) of activity and behavior becomes extremely important, since it directly determines the effectiveness and reliability of a person. This means that the innate dynamic characteristics of the course of mental reactions in extreme conditions have a decisive impact on the final effectiveness of human actions. Undoubtedly, the strength of the nervous system plays an important role in the dynamics of mental states. The strength of the nervous system is a physiological prerequisite for the reliability of a person. This factor has always been taken into account in professional selection and career guidance. Therefore, for the work of an air traffic controller, a pilot (and other professions that require instant making the right decision in an extreme situation), people with a strong, balanced and mobile nervous system have always been selected. Means, natural features a person is limited by the possibilities of a person. It is in a critical situation that their functioning can become decisive and affect the process of activity as a whole. The fact is that there are general and individual limits of permissible intensities of biological processes, within which various kinds of biological rearrangements occur, accompanied by the mobilization of the body's reserves, its adaptation to influencing stimuli. At-
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approaching these limits or exceeding them leads to various pathological changes, which are sometimes even irreversible.
The question is, can a person go beyond the limits of his biological capabilities not in extreme, but in the most ordinary conditions? Many amazing facts, which science is still unable to explain, prove that the possibilities of man are truly unlimited. This can be understood only through the unity and interconnection of the natural properties of a person with his properties as a person. And a person, as already mentioned, can be described not only as a biological individual, but also as a limitless field of consciousness, which has unlimited experiential access to various aspects of reality without the mediation of the senses. Thus, the newspaper "Komsomolskaya Pravda" (1996, No. 44) wrote about a 56-year-old strong man from the city of Serpukhov - Anatoly Ivanovich Amodumov. Anatoly Ivanovich is short, strong, but not Stallone. If you meet me on the street, you won't turn back. It lifts 6.5 tons off the ground. In principle, it is impossible to explain how he does this, based on the data of physiology, anatomy, physics, chemistry and other sciences. The limit of human biological capabilities (meaning a super strongman weighing 150 kg) cannot exceed 1.5 tons.
Once Samodumov fell into the hands of Vladimir Shaposhnikov's book "Iron Samson" - about Russian strongmen. After reading it, he was surprised that all the "heroes" in their achievements stopped at 60 pounds (about one thousand three hundred kilograms). "Why not more?" - Anatoly thought and began to solve the riddle, based on his own experience. And also stalled at this mark. When I lifted a ton of three hundred, it seemed that I could add a couple of hundred more kilograms. Ho added fifty, and the bar seemed to grow into the ground. However, training continued, and in the end the bar gave way. After that, Samodumov spent a month and a half in euphoria. “It was an idiotic state,” he recalls. - I was absolutely happy, satisfied with everything, although I understood that from the outside I look crazy. When this state passed, I began to realize that in this way you can achieve a lot and get into an area hitherto unknown.
How does Samodumov himself explain his phenomenal

results? According to him, it’s not about pumped up muscles and monstrous physical strength.
“In addition to gravity, there are a lot of other phenomena in the world that we didn’t know anything about before and are just beginning to comprehend,” he says. - For example, there is an internal energy state of every living being or object. It is important to learn how to manage this state of vie. Doctors have established that if a person is engaged in lifting weights, this has a beneficial effect on him: the body recovers very quickly. When we lift the barbell, all our capabilities are included in the work. The energy capacity of each cell is rebuilt. Our classes are the same natural need as eating, drinking and sleeping.
The trouble with yogis, all martial arts is that he is. develop some centers in a person, but suppress others. Development is one-sided. We achieve harmony - in this;, the uniqueness of the methodology. And all our records are just an effey from self-improvement classes.
Anatoly Ivanovich does not declare his method as a panacea for all diseases. He only cites the facts - a fifty-four-year-old patient had a purely female pathology. Doctors forbade her to carry more than five kilograms, otherwise; - intensive care unit. A complicated operation threatened. After six months of classes in the section, this woman lifted eight centners, the need for surgery disappeared. Almost all the diseases that I tried to treat using my technique have disappeared, says Samodumov. - "Side effect" - weight loss, rejuvenation, overall strengthening of the body. People who work with me stop getting sick. Even a cold, from which it is very difficult to protect themselves, they pass very easily and quickly ... But do not immediately try to grab heavy weights to get rid of sores. Nothing will work. It might get worse. Here, as in studies, training is based on the principle of "teacher-student". This is very important, because, according to the shackles of Anatoly Ivanovich, for the first time it is he who "charges a person with energy drawn from the Cosmos." Without her, all classes are in vain. ”
It is curious that Anatoly Ivanovich deals only with girls. He believes that girls are more open, more trusting, more disciplined. Men question everything, they need to analyze everything and sort it out, and there can be no talk of trust. In addition, the stronger sex very easily squanders the potential accumulated with difficulty.
This means that a person, not only in extreme conditions, but in ordinary ones, when it is necessary to do something beyond the limits of human capabilities, can draw additional energy from an unknown source. Not only this, but also many other unusual results can be explained by obtaining additional energy. How, for example, can a karateka break 10 concrete blocks laid one on top of the other with his bare hand? Even if we assume that his bones and muscles are stronger than steel, it is still impossible in principle, since the power of a heavy artillery shell is needed to perform such work. Or how a karateka extinguishes a candle behind a thick glass with a wave of his hand? Moreover, sometimes such phenomenal opportunities appear in the most ordinary people who find themselves in a critical situation. After all, facts are very stubborn things.
One day, in front of a woman, a wall collapsed on her 15-year-old son. The guy was crushed by a very heavy plate. There was no need to wait for salvation, there was no one in the room, and he was doomed. But the fragile woman did not think that only a crane could lift a slab weighing about three tons. She thought only about saving her only son and knew that no one else would do it except her. Therefore, she was able to jerk this slab up and pull her son out. More well-known examples can be cited. So, the famous yogi Shri Chen Moy lifted a load of 2 tons in weight from mief and above his head in front of numerous spectators. From history, one can recall how 14-year-old American Lulu Hurst in 1885, standing on the scales in the circus arena, lifted a chair over her head with a man weighing 80 kg sitting on it. The most surprising thing is that the scales at the same time showed only her weight. The weight lifted by an unknown force has decreased to 0. Obviously, only in some exceptional conditions a person acquires such incredible strength and gains new unprecedented opportunities. Conventionally, psychologists call these phenomena special states of the psyche. These special states arise, as a rule, in extreme or, more precisely, borderline situations. These are situations of individual existence in which the self-consciousness of the individual becomes aggravated and the person involuntarily cognizes himself. More precisely, he learns something new about his essential powers and capabilities.

According to K. Jaspers, borderline situations arise only in the face of death, unrequited love or trials with an unpredictable outcome. Borderline situations encourage a person to rely on their essential forces and serve as an important source of self-development of the individual. Borderline states do not have a continuous existence, they seem to be interspersed in our everyday experience. Being in this state, a person acts contrary to everything, despite common sense and in spite of everything. A bunch of real facts prove the legitimacy of this purely philosophical abstraction: for example, a person rushes to help another, not only risking his life, but often not realizing whether it is possible to save him at all. A man defends his dignity and man's honor, knowing that no one will ever know about it.
Imagine that you are walking along the Voroshilovsky Bridge and in front of your eyes a five-year-old child is hanging over the railing and rapidly falling down. How to act in such a situation? All men are divided into two categories: some, without thinking about anything, jump from the bridge into the water, while others, convulsively clinging to the railing, think hard about something. But there is something to think about. Does it even make sense to take risks and jump down if the child has already crashed into the water and drowned? What if iron piles or concrete blocks stick out of the water in this place? What if a barge is already coming in from the other side, and I will jump right onto the iron deck? Finally, it would not hurt to take off an expensive leather jacket, etc. etc. It is clear that after such a comprehensive analysis of the current situation, there will be no one to save. But on the other hand, how can a reasonable person commit reckless acts?
Some guy can boast a lot about his "coolness" and courage, but he will never go unarmed against a crowd of twenty people. After all, this is recklessness - the forces are too unequal. But why does another (who falls into the category of "real man") these reasonable arguments never come to mind, and he crashes into a crowd of twenty people with burning eyes? Paradoxically, such recklessness often leads to a convincing victory. There is something in the madness of the brave that puts to flight a stronger and more numerous opponent.
Masculinity is always irrational and paradoxical. Sometimes a person realizes that the act he is doing

not only a steelyard, but also meaningless, but to do otherwise, to restrain himself, he, in principle, cannot. Sometimes the concept of "masculinity" is incorrectly replaced by the concepts of "ideological conviction", "moral maturity", "moral choice in an extreme situation", etc. But this is not entirely true, since the moral choice is still under the control of consciousness, as well as devotion to any ideas or ideals. And masculinity is not controlled by consciousness, logic and common sense.
In an old film about the joint military operations of Soviet and French pilots Normandy-Niemen, one real episode is shown. One French pilot had to take the plane to another airfield. He put a Russian mechanic without a parachute in the bomb bay. But having risen into the air, the pilot lost control as a result of some kind of accident. A critical situation has arisen when he cannot land the plane, help the mechanic too. He reports this to the ground, and he is ordered to eject. But to do so means to violate the code of a real man (“die yourself, but rescue a comrade"). But in this situation he is not only a man with thoughts and feelings, but also a combat unit that needs to be preserved in order to be used for its intended purpose in the next battle. He is strictly ordered to eject, but he cannot do anything with himself The internal code of male honor is above orders and even the desire to live Finally, the mechanic on the internal intercom implores him jump, but it explodes along with the plane.
What is the reason for such actions, if we discard all considerations of prudence and common sense? But they are not unreasonable (moreover, a person in such situations assures that he could not do otherwise). To say that the cause of these actions is irrational and existential is to raise the question of the nature of these causes. Therefore, for psychologists, borderline states are a kind of “windows” into a special dimension of human life - into that “existential space”, the laws of which act on a person as inexorably (it is impossible to do otherwise), like physical laws. The external reasons for the reckless behavior of a person in a borderline state can be very different - religious fanaticism, political beliefs, patriotism,

just generally recognized "coolness", but inside the same reason operates - masculinity. It is the formed masculinity, like a tightly compressed spring (like a constantly cocked trigger), in a critical situation, instantly straightens, pushing (or rather shooting) a person, throwing him into battle against the whole world. The moment of the "shot" in principle cannot be realized and critically comprehended. A person will be burned at the stake, and he, not feeling pain, will enthusiastically shout: “Glorified is the Lord!”. Such masculinity has always been "like a bone in the throat" among the powerful of this world, accustomed to doing business with obedient loyal subjects. For centuries, many have tried to break the courageous man, to force him to change his former position. Ho, even if a mountain runs into a real knight, then he, putting his spear forward, will continue to shout loudly that there is no lady more beautiful and worthy than his beloved.
For 300 years the Holy Inquisition operated in Europe. What has the inquisitive thought of “creatively minded” inquisitors been wrestling with for centuries? How to come up with such torment, torture, such a sophisticated method of execution for a person in order to force him to abandon his former (heretical) views, change his beliefs and principles. Find a way to confuse a man in such a way as to break his masculinity. Not just to make it very painful, but to split the consciousness of a person, like a “rotten nut”. But it turned out that there is no such MjrKH, such torture that a courageous person who is convinced of his rightness could not endure. We respect Archpriest Avvakum not for his views (looks can be both stupid and insane; just as the Dulcinea of ​​the ideal knight Don Quixote can turn out to be a fat, pockmarked and stupid girl in a pose), but for his courage in defending his position.
At the end of the 20th century, it would seem that they found a way to break any person, no matter how courageous he may be. We are talking about a psychotropic weapon, with the help of which specially encoded information, freely passing through the filters of consciousness, invades the subconscious and subordinates a person to someone else's will. I do not want to believe it, because the spread of these weapons can kill the main thing in humanity, its masculinity. It seems that this weapon can not subdue, but simply kill a courageous person. Killing is always much easier.
The author believes that true masculinity, as the core of the personality, permeates not only the consciousness, but also the subconscious of a person, determining his behavior in almost any situation. I would like to tell a story that many years ago I heard from my late grandfather. Now it is not possible to verify the authenticity of individual details of this story, but the principle itself is more important. The bottom line is this - in 1942 in Ukraine, the head of one of the district offices of the Gestapo was a psychologist by education. Even before the war, he wrote in his writings about man as "an animal covered with a thin film of civilization." And since a person is essentially an animal, then such phenomena as honor, conscience, nobility, courage are all husks, empty words of morality that very quickly fly off from any person, as soon as he drives a few needles under his nails. The main thing is to be able to drive them deeper. In peacetime, he did not have the opportunity to test his views in practice, but during the war such an opportunity presented itself. For the experiment, only those prisoners were selected who had already established themselves as a "tough nut". As a rule, they turned out to be red commanders, political officers, former athletes and just ordinary communists and patriots. A man was put into a deaf leather bag with a load at his feet and thrown to the bottom of a deep and cold river. The bag was on a long rope, by which it could always be lifted to the surface. And a thin rope was wound around the man’s fist, passing through the neck of the bag to the surface. Imagine yourself sitting in this leather bag for 30 seconds, feel the hopelessness of the situation, feel the cold water pressing on your ears. These seconds pass very quickly, and there is only one crazy hope to breathe one more time, to live a little more. Here a weak person can pull the string. The bell will ring, and the bag will be quickly pulled to the surface. But our "psychologist's" attitude was not designed for this primitive animal fear. He had a thinner one; vile, as it seemed to him, scientifically substantiated and insidious calculation. After all, when the last breath of air is used up, the consciousness turns off. And when consciousness is turned off, then all attitudes developed by consciousness disappear - communist ideas, patriotism, sacred hatred of enemies, religious principles and everything else. And what remains? Only some animal instincts, and among them the most important - self-preservation. The bet was made on this short period of time, when consciousness turned off, and the body itself is still alive and can act. The dying brain sends the last signal, and the hand itself pulls the string against all the previous beliefs of the person. A bag with a person in a semi-conscious state is immediately pulled to the surface.
He immediately receives a glass of schnapps for warmth and courage, he is dressed in a warm police uniform, given a carbine (to begin with without cartridges) in his hands and forced to participate in a mass execution in this uniform in front of everyone. You can also take a picture of him against the background of the gallows with the hanged and give him this photo with a dedicatory inscription from the boss himself as a keepsake. The enlightened Gestapo wanted to put this case on the conveyor - you put a political officer in a bag, and you pull out a policeman. But the experiment failed. Of the hundreds of people executed, only 2 or 3 were weak and pulled the rope. Ho and they, after a while, laid hands on themselves, since they could not walk on their native land in the role of a traitor. In fact, the experiment did not fail, but confirmed once again that genuine masculinity not only permeates the entire conscious structure of the personality, but also captures the area of ​​the subconscious (and maybe the area of ​​the unconscious, where masculinity is fixed at the level of archetypes). Grandfather also said that a report was compiled on the materials of the experiment and sent to headquarters. Based on this report, relevant decisions were taken. In particular, from the end of 1944, communists were no longer tortured, since an appropriate badge was put in the personal files of prisoners, indicating that this person was a convinced communist (in the context of the problem under consideration, this meant a real man) and torture was a waste of time. Therefore, such a person is only subject to immediate destruction.
From everything, one conclusion can be drawn that true masculinity is not subject to all considerations of prudence and common sense. In the situation of “being a man in the face of death”, a person must cast aside all the arguments generated by modern life and act in accordance with some ancient motivational programs. It was these ancient programs that constantly pushed

men (even against their will) at the forefront of the evolutionary process.
Imagine that people who suffocated in a bag somehow survived. How would the experienced existential state affect their personality? Would they come out of the bag the same or would there be some kind of transformation?
Practice shows that the experience of borderline states leads to the "conversion" of the personality. The person himself begins to feel different, changed. Something opens up to him that does not allow him to lead his former way of life, he really already thinks, feels and understands in a different way. The basic reasons for the main actions of a person are the state discovered and experienced by him in existential experience, and not the usual motives determined by the environment. This means that the existential state experienced by a person (the reasons for which are usually hidden from us) itself becomes the cause of subsequent events.
It is important to emphasize that the influence of the social on biological processes in states of tension is carried out primarily through mental, in particular motivational and emotional components of activity, their specific content. Along with the examples just given, this can also be confirmed by works from the field of prevention and overcoming the negative effects of mental tension, which show the possibility of conscious regulation of certain vegetative processes, which leads to an increase in functionality physiological systems of a disabled person, their compensation and, on this basis, an increase in resistance to influencing stimulation. Moreover, it can be said that under certain conditions a person can restrain the manifestations of his bodily being at their greatest tension, as if to suppress them and, to a certain extent, go beyond the limits of biological laws.
This means that the effect of a stressor is not limited to its specific action, but is also due to the psychological characteristics of a person. Thus, immediate danger to life, severe pain, which are recognized as effective stressors, may not be such in connection with the performance of a certain role or, for example, in connection with religious or ideological motives. Psychology of races
11. The school of burning out believes a large number research showing that. that the motivational, intellectual and other psychological characteristics of a person, his life experience, the amount of knowledge, etc. significantly correct the influence of the objective properties of the stimulus. For example, in works on the study of the mental states of skydivers, it has been repeatedly shown that the degree of fear before a jump positively correlates with a lack of faith in one's strength and lack of experience, in particular, the ability to fight against the wind during the jump.
Even more striking confirmation are the data obtained by American psychologists. The study was conducted on recruit soldiers. The situations of "crash" and forced landing of the aircraft were simulated. The subjects were in a DS-3 twin-engine military aircraft. Each of the passengers had a headphone connection with the cockpit.
Before boarding, each participant in the experiment was given a brochure with instructions for a 10-minute study - a list of necessary actions in case of a possible disaster. In addition, as required by the charter of the Air Force, each participant in the flight, under the control of the aircraft commander, put on a life belt and a parachute. At about 5,000 feet, the plane began to roll as it climbed. All the subjects saw that one of the propellers stopped rotating, and through the headphones they learned about other problems. Then they were told directly that a critical situation had developed. The subjects, as if by chance, hear through the headphones an alarming conversation between the pilot and the ground observation post, which finally leaves no doubt about the reality of the situation. Since the plane was flying near the airfield, the subjects could see trucks and ambulances arriving on the runway, i.e. that on earth they clearly expect a crash and are preparing to provide assistance. A few minutes later, the order came to prepare for splashdown in the open ocean due to the failure of the landing gear. Some time later, the plane landed safely at the airport. In general, the experimental situation was perceived as real, strong emotional experiences were observed associated with the fear of death or injury (“numb with horror”), etc. However, some of the test subjects did not notice these phenomena: some of them had extensive flying experience and were able to determine the staged nature of the danger, while others were confident in their ability to survive the "impending catastrophe", to overcome it.
This gives grounds to believe that the main role in the emergence of a threat belongs not so much to objective danger and objective opportunities to counter this danger, but to how a person perceives the situation, evaluates his capabilities, i.e. subjective factor. If a person believes in himself, in his abilities, he can handle the most difficult and extreme situations.

Threatening your health and life can be various extreme situations in which you may find yourself. At the same time, it is very important to remain calm and competently build your actions. Our tips will help you protect yourself from danger.
Explosion in the street. Unfortunately, this phenomenon is becoming part of our everyday life. But, if you remain vigilant, you can avoid the tragedy. An explosion hazard can be judged by the following signs:
· Unknown package or part inside or outside the car.
Remains of various materials atypical for the site.
· Stretched wire, cord.
· Loose wires or electrical tape.
· In the country - prominent areas of freshly dug or dried land.
· At the apartment - traces of repair work, areas with broken color, the surface of which differs from the general background.
· Ownerless bag, briefcase, box, etc.
If you notice a thing without an owner, contact a police officer or other official, contact the subway driver. Do not touch the find, move away from it as far as possible. If you are in a confined space (such as a subway car), stay within the group.
During a thunderstorm. If a thunderstorm caught you in an open area - sit down or take cover in a hollow, a hole. Never lie down on the ground. Do not open the umbrella, its metal spokes can act as an antenna.
If bad weather caught you in the mountains, hide in the gorge if possible. Under no circumstances should you hide under a rock or a tree. Remember, everything that rises attracts lightning, so the distance from towering trees, poles, buildings to you should be at least 30-50 meters.
If a thunderstorm broke out on the coast of the sea or river, it means that you need to get out of the water as soon as possible and leave the beach. You can not stay under a canopy, fungus or umbrella from the sun. Take cover, if possible, in the nearest building or car and close all windows so you are out of danger. Also, you can not continue to move on a motorcycle or bicycle.
But even if you are at home during a thunderstorm, first of all, turn off all electrical appliances by unplugging the cords from the sockets, then close the windows and doors more tightly so that there is no draft.
Those who are allergic to pollen from flowering plants should not go outside before a thunderstorm and for 3 hours after it. The increased humidity at this time contributes to the increased release of pollen.
Fire in the house. According to the instructions of the firefighters, first you need to call 01, then take the children and the elderly out, and only then put out the fire on your own. But if in the first minute a fire can be extinguished with a glass of water, in the second - with a bucket, then in the third - with a fire reservoir. Therefore, you can choose the option of behavior only on the spot.
If an electrical appliance catches fire, it must be immediately disconnected from the mains, and then put out - with water or throwing a thick blanket. Improvised means when extinguishing a fire in an apartment can be a dense (preferably wet) cloth and water. Burnt curtains, blankets, pillows can be torn off and trampled or thrown into the bath, pouring water. If you extinguish an electrical wiring, be sure to turn off the electricity. Do not open windows or doors, as the fire will flare up with more oxygen. For this reason, you must very carefully open the room where it burns - the flame can blaze towards you.
In a fire, people die mainly not from the flame, but from poisoning by combustion products. Therefore, when extinguishing a fire, protect yourself from smoke, and if this is not possible, leave the apartment (if no one is left there), closing the door to both the burning room and the apartment (without oxygen, the flame will not only decrease, but may also go out). Breathe through the wet cloth. Make your way along the smoky corridors on all fours or crawling - there is less smoke below.
If there is a fire in a multi-storey building, and you do not live on the lower floors, do not try to run out of the house, and even more so go down the elevator - you can get poisoned by combustion products on the flights of stairs, and the elevator can get stuck. Close the door, plug the cracks with wet rags, plug the vents and wait for the firemen. Call the fire department (even if help has already been called), and tell which apartment you are in. If the fire has entered the apartment, go out onto the balcony (closing the door behind you) and give signs to the firemen.
Crowd. The main psychological picture of the crowd looks like this:
1. Decrease in the intellectual beginning and increase in the emotional.
2. A sharp increase in suggestibility and a decrease in the ability to think independently.
3. The crowd needs a leader or an object of hatred, it will gladly obey or smash.
4. The crowd quickly fizzles out, having achieved something.
During panic, the crowd becomes more dangerous than the natural disaster or accident that caused it.
To survive in the crowd:
It's best to bypass it. If this is not possible, by no means go against the crowd. If the crowd has fascinated you, try to avoid both its center and its edge - a dangerous neighborhood of storefronts, bars, embankment, etc. Dodge everything that is stationary on the way - pillars, pedestals, walls, trees, otherwise you can simply be crushed or smeared. Do not cling to anything with your hands: they can be broken. If possible, zip up. High-heeled boots or an untied shoelace can cost you your life.
· Throw away your bag, umbrella, etc. If you have something dropped, in no case do not try to pick it up. In a dense crowd, with the right behavior, the probability of falling is not as great as the probability of squeezing. Therefore, protect the diaphragm with your clasped hands, folding them over your chest. Another trick is to bend your elbows elastically and press them to the body. Shocks from behind should be taken on the elbows, the diaphragm should be protected by arm tension.
· The main task in the crowd is not to fall. But if you still fell, you should protect your head with your hands and immediately get up, which can be very difficult to do. It is unlikely that you will be able to get up from your knees in a dense crowd - you will be knocked down. Therefore, one foot (full sole) must rest on the ground and stand up sharply, using the movement of the crowd.
· At a concert, a stadium, think in advance how you will exit (not necessarily the same way that you entered). Try not to be in the "center of events" - at the stage, locker rooms, etc. Avoid walls (especially glass), partitions, mesh. If panic has begun, try not to succumb to it, try to assess the situation and make the right decision.
Angry dog. A dog's anger is often a natural reaction that should not be provoked. You can’t look into her eyes, smile (in a dog way it means showing teeth and demonstrating strength; running away (the dog develops a hunting instinct), approaching a place guarded by the dog (including puppies, a bowl of food); stroking the dog when she eats ; clapping or grabbing the owner in a friendly manner (the dog may think this is an attack on him).If the dog is ready to attack you:
Stop and firmly give the command "stand", "sit", lie down, "fu";
Turn your face towards the attacking dog, take a stance or rush to meet it if you are sure of yourself: the dog is trained on a fleeing person and, most likely, will bounce to the side;
Using improvised means (umbrella, stick, stones), retreat to the shelter (fence, house) with your back, calling for help from others;
· If the dog is crouched and preparing to jump, to protect the throat, press the chin to the chest and stick out the hand.
If possible, wrap your forearm and arm with a jacket, raincoat, and then, putting it out, provoke the dog to bite and hit the dog's upper jaw with force - it can break from a strong blow.
Pain points in a dog - nose, groin, tongue.
· If the dog is knocked down, fall on the stomach, cover the neck with your hands.
Pickpocketing. Pickpocketing is carefully organized, practiced and takes seconds. To prevent it, you need to take precautions:
· Do not keep all the money in your wallet, but put aside a few bills to pay for a newspaper, ice cream, travel ticket.
· When paying, do not put your wallet on display, do not show the entire amount and the place where it lies, do not feel your pocket with money from time to time.
· Do not try to help the deaf and dumb who want to learn something from you (there is such a school of pickpockets).
· Be on the lookout if there is a traffic jam or crush on the transport (it is possible that it was created specially by pickpockets), try not to put the bag on the floor (one of the group of pickpockets can block your view, while the other can operate in the bag).
· Be careful in stores, especially when trying on clothes or shoes.
· Put your wallet deeper in your bag, and always keep your bag in front, in plain sight (but not in the back).
· Do not carry money in plastic bags and bags, they can be easily cut.
· If you feel something is wrong, move away, make it clear that you are on your guard, the thief will immediately disappear.

Unfortunately, our modern life is so full of events that extreme situations often come across among them. It is quite possible to get into an accident on the road, get into a thunderstorm while somewhere outside the city, a fire may break out. You need to know how to get out of a situation where your life and the lives of other people are endangered.

What to do if you find a suspicious item

In addition to the fact that you need to know what to do in such a situation, you need to be able to maintain (if possible) composure, not to panic, otherwise you will not be able to do anything to save your life. Only a sensible person will be able to start acting correctly, get out of the state of emergency himself, and also help others. It is known that attentive people are much less likely to get into dangerous situations. The fact is that an attentive person will pay attention in time to a suspicious object, a bundle, a bag, which either lies in the wrong place, not in the right place, wires, wires, cords stick out of it.

If you find an ownerless box, bag, diplomat:

• do not touch it, ask for help from the security service, order, policeman,
• call the police
• fire department or the Ministry of Emergency Situations.

Until the arrival of the official, do not allow others to touch the object, even if he claims that it is his thing. Let the police deal with this, than an irreparable misfortune will happen.

Sometimes an extreme situation happens to people through the fault of nature. You need to know how to act if you get into a thunderstorm, fall into a fast mountain river, fall under a landslide in the mountains.

What to do if caught in a thunderstorm

• In a thunderstorm, you can’t stay in open space, for example, in a field, you need to find shelter in a depression, a ravine.
• Do not hide under trees and rocks, especially isolated ones.
• Do not open the umbrella, it is in it that lightning can strike, because it is metal.
• Move away from high-voltage and telegraph poles, at least fifty meters.
• In the event of a lightning strike on a pole and a broken wire, do not put both feet on the ground at once. A step voltage is created on the ground, and with one foot you will step on the phase place, the other will touch the grounded place. As a result, a current will pass through you. You can only move by jumping so that your legs alternately touch the ground.

What to do if the river carries away

When falling into a river with a fast current, you must:

• Roll over on your stomach and swim with the current head first to see where the water is taking you and avoid hitting rocks, wood, and other objects.
• At the same time, trying to catch your hands on any ledge, root.
• If you are in a mountain river, then there is a possibility of rapid hypothermia and you should try to get out as quickly as possible.
• Do not try to cross the current across, move along a gentle curve to the bank, which is lower than the other, slowly and steadily, without wasting strength to overcome the current.

What to do if there is a fire

You should consciously think about the current situation and begin to act. No wonder they say that in the first minute a fire can be put out with a glass of water or a thick, wet rag, the next minute you need one or two buckets of water, and in the next minutes, you need a fire engine and a decent reservoir. Therefore, determine the degree of danger and try to start extinguishing a small fire yourself, or immediately call the fire department and help evacuate people from the building and only then start extinguishing (if this does not put your life at risk).

If the wires caught fire, then you need to disconnect them from the power supply and only then extinguish them. If it is impossible to turn off, then use carbon dioxide fire extinguishers designed to extinguish under voltage. Do not extinguish the wiring with water if it is energized.

You can list the ways and methods of countering natural disasters and emergencies for a long time, you need to independently study them and be prepared for any disaster. Nobody knows what might happen tomorrow.

Anyone can be within a hair's breadth of death. Save the one who was on the verge of death, can only be a hero. The paradox is that anyone can be a hero.

Remember these. They will save you and your friends life in an extreme dangerous situation, which potentially can happen to anyone human.

On fire

The main thing rule: Never attempt to extinguish a fire yourself. Call the fire department.

If you wake up and see a fire, get out of the room immediately. If it is difficult to leave the room, get as close to the window as possible. With a high concentration of smoke, lie down on the floor (hot air with smoke rises to the ceiling) and crawl. Close the door to the burning room, and plug the cracks with a towel.

If suddenly your clothes caught fire, there is no need to panic and jump. So behavior you will only spread the fire even more throughout the body. Lie down on the floor and roll until you put out the flames. You can also use some kind of heavy fabric, such as a blanket or coat, to fight the fire.

It will help to significantly increase the chances of survival in extreme situation preliminary preparation. Set a fire alarm, plan an emergency route, and keep your keys and phone with you at all times.

In water

The main thing rule: do not panic! Better save your strength.

If you feel like you're sinking, raise one hand and scream out loud. Do you feel like you can reach the shore? Remember that the distance is always more than it seems. Yes, and fatigue can only complicate your situation.

Always warn someone that you are going to the river or sea so that loved ones know where to look for you first if you go missing.

If you see someone floundering in the water, be aware that Human is in a state of panic. He can easily drag you down with him. Urgently call a lifeguard or call an ambulance. If you have a surfboard with you, use it to support the victim. Help him stay afloat and gradually drag him to safe place.

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On the ground

The first thing you should do at the scene of the accident is to make sure everything is in order. security. Consider your behavior: how you can help an injured pedestrian or motorcyclist. For example, block the road with a car or turn on the emergency gang, call an ambulance.

In nine out of ten cases, open bleeding can be stopped with a simple dressing. Use clothes, no matter whose. Bandage the wound tightly to stop blood loss. If a Human lost a limb, clothes will be replaced by a belt. This simple procedure can save human life.

If you find yourself near a broken wire, leave this place in small steps. And be sure to report the coordinates of this place to the Ministry of Emergency Situations. Step voltage occurs when the bare end of a wire drops to ground. The danger zone is located within a radius of 8-10 m from the end of the wire. Wet ground provides an additional conductive effect and increases the dangerous area.

Even the most extreme dangerous situation potentially leaves man a chance for salvation. The main thing rule of conduct It's about taking courage and not panicking. We hope that whatever emergency happens in your life, you can handle it!

But always remember safety!