Start in science. Research project on ecology "We are for a clean city" Project on the topic of an environmentally friendly school
Morozova O.I.
The relevance of research. AT last years in the education system, close attention is paid to the safety of the educational process, including the safety of the workplace, since their favorable condition becomes a prerequisite and one of the criteria for the effectiveness of the activities of primary, secondary and higher educational institutions. Most of the time a person spends within the walls of an educational institution. Now it is relevant to study the ecological state of the school ecosystem and human health, since for a further healthy life a person must know and follow a number of rules to avoid exposure to harmful factors environment. According to experts from the World Health Organization, a person spends more than 80% of his time in a residential building, so the microclimate of the premises has a great influence on well-being, working capacity, and general morbidity of a person.
Object of study- BU "Nizhnevartovsk Social and Humanitarian College".
Subject of study classrooms, corridors, dining room, assembly hall.
Purpose of the study- identify favorable and unfavorable factors in the college ecosystem, eliminate or reduce the impact of negative impacts on the health of students and teachers
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Budgetary institution of vocational education
Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous region- Ugra
Nizhnevartovsk Social and Humanitarian College
Research work on the topic:
"Environmentally friendly school"
Performed:
2nd year student
Morozova O.I.
Leaders:
Sbitneva E.A. biology teacher
Nigmatullina A.R. Ecology teacher
Nizhnevartovsk, 2017
INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………….3
- College as a heterotrophic system. Real and possible.4
- Construction and finishing materials in the college. Benefits and harms.8
- The microclimate of the college and its characteristics ……………..……….10
2. Methodology and research results …………………………………………………………12
2.1 Determination of the light factor ………………………………………………………………………………………………12
2.2 Depth factor …………………………………………...12
2.3. Assessment of the parameters of the microclimate of the office ………………….……13
2.3.1 Measurement of air temperature …………………………………..13
2.3.2 Relative humidity measurement …………………………………………………………………………13
Conclusion ………………………………………………………………..15
List of used literature ……………………………………16
INTRODUCTION
The relevance of research. In recent years, the education system has paid close attention to the safety of the educational process, including the safety of the workplace, since their favorable condition has become a prerequisite and one of the criteria for the effectiveness of the activities of primary, secondary and higher educational institutions. Most of the time a person spends within the walls of an educational institution. Now it is relevant to study the ecological state of the school ecosystem and human health, since for a further healthy life a person must know and follow a number of rules to avoid exposure to harmful environmental factors. According to experts from the World Health Organization, a person spends more than 80% of his time in a residential building, so the microclimate of the premises has a great influence on well-being, working capacity, and general morbidity of a person.
Object of study- BU "Nizhnevartovsk Social and Humanitarian College".
Subject of studyclassrooms, corridors, dining room, assembly hall.
Purpose of the study- identify favorable and unfavorable factors in the college ecosystem, eliminate or reduce the impact of negative impacts on the health of students and teachers.
Research objectives:
- Inspect the college classrooms for the presence of building and finishing materials used in its construction and interior decoration, which can adversely affect the human body
- Examine the natural light in the office. Conduct an analysis of the data from measurements of illumination in classrooms, with calculated data for compliance with SanPiN 2.4.2.2821-10 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the conditions and organization of education in educational institutions"
- To measure and evaluate the parameters of the microclimate of the office.
- Monitor electromagnetic radiation college classrooms
Practical significance -learn how to use the acquired knowledge to predict further changes in the human environment and design solutions environmental issues in college in accordance with the norms of SanPiN 2.4.2.2821-10 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the conditions and organization of education in educational institutions."
- College as a heterotrophic system. real and possible.
“Eco” means home, our habitat. And the sphere of habitation is, first of all, our apartment and school office. The well-being, attention, development of fatigue and the general state of health of students largely depend on the quality of the environment in the classrooms. Human health depends on many factors:
Biological (hereditary) -20%
Human lifestyle -50 - 55%
Ecological - 20 - 25%
Health organizations - 10%
One of the environmental factors influencing a person is the visual environment. The color scheme, illumination, the location of individual interior items, wall decoration, landscaping - all this creates a favorable and unfavorable environment.
College as a system exists at the expense of energy and resources coming from outside, and its main inhabitants are students and teachers.
Every ecosystem is characterized by the presence of autotrophs. Autotrophs in college are represented by indoor plants. As you know, plants play not only an aesthetic role, but also a hygienic one, namely: they improve mood, moisturize the atmosphere and release into it useful material- phytoncides that kill microorganisms.All plants significantly improve the indoor climate, and some have strong healing properties.In our college we have that minimum of plants that anyone who cares a little about himself and his family would like to have. Plants in the workplace have a positive effect on creative process and the ability to focus.
Having studied the material on the influence of indoor plants in the college and their healing effect, we summarized the data and compiled several tables.
"The main groups of plants according to their impact on the environment"
plant group | Kinds | Meaning |
Filter feeders | Chlorophytum | Absorbs formaldehyde, carbon monoxide, benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, xylene from the air. |
dieffenbachia | Purifies the air of toxins coming from the roads; absorbs formaldehyde, xylene, trichlorethylene, benzene |
|
Dracaena | Absorbs benzene, xylene, trichlorethylene, formaldehyde from the air. |
|
Aloe | Absorbs formaldehyde from the air. |
|
absorbs about 10 liters per day carbon dioxide, releasing 2-3 times more oxygen. Pollution neutralizes not only the leaves, but also the earth |
||
ficuses | effectively purify the air from toxic formaldehydes, and they not only bind toxic substances, but also feed on them, turning them into sugars and amino acids. filter from the air evaporation products of benzene, trichlorethylene, pentachlorophenol |
|
Ivy | successfully cope with benzene: |
|
Vacuum cleaners | Asparagus | absorbs heavy metal particles. |
Aloe tree | Absorbs dust, formaldehyde and phenol from new furniture |
|
Dracaena |
||
Chlorophytum |
||
ficus |
||
Ivy |
||
Ionizers | Cereus | Improve the ionic composition of the air, fill the atmosphere with negatively charged ionsoxygen. But it is these ions that supply energy to the human body. |
Pelargonium |
||
Conifers |
||
Ozonators | ferns | Give off ozone |
Phytoncidal | Lemon | Phytoncidal properties are very strong |
Geranium (pelargonium) | Phytoncidal properties are not very strong, however, in the presence of geranium, the number of colonies of the simplest microorganisms is reduced by approximately 46%. |
|
Aloe | Significantly reduces the number of protozoa in the air (up to 3.5 times) |
|
ficuses | some bacteria die faster from antibacterial properties than from garlic phytoncides. |
|
Asparagus |
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Chlorophytum | it also has a significant bactericidal effect, in 24 hours this flower almost completely purifies the air of harmful microorganisms |
"Special plants and their effect on the human body"
plant name | Impact on the human body |
Aloe (agave) | |
Geranium | Helps with stress, neurosis |
Golden mustache ("homemade ginseng") | Energy donor with high medicinal properties |
Cactus | Protects against electromagnetic radiation. The longer the needles, the stronger the protection. |
Kalanchoe | Helps to cope with despondency, protects against a breakdown. |
ficus | Gives resistance to anxiety, doubts, worries |
Chlorophytum | Purifies the air. But it has poor bioenergetic properties, so it is better not to place it near or in the workplace, especially close to the head. |
cyperus | Absorbs human energy. At the same time, it perfectly cleans and moisturizes the air. |
"Plants whose volatile secretions have a medicinal effect"
plant type | Therapeutic action |
monstera attractive | Favorably affects people with disorders of the nervous system, eliminates headache and heart rhythm disturbance |
Pelargonium | Favorably affects the body with functional morbidity of the nervous system, insomnia, neurosis of various etiologies, helps to optimize blood circulation |
Rosemary officinalis | It has an anti-inflammatory and calming effect, stimulates and normalizes the activity of the cardiovascular system, increases the body's immunological reactivity. Indicated for diseases of the respiratory system, chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma |
Laurel noble | It has a positive effect on patients with angina pectoris, other diseases of the cardiovascular system, and is useful for mental fatigue when cerebral blood flow is disturbed. |
Lemon | The smell of lemon leaves gives a feeling of cheerfulness, improves general condition, eliminates heaviness in the chest, reduces heart rate, lowers blood pressure |
1.2 Building and finishing materials in college. Benefit and harm
Energy in the college, as well as in the city system, comes from outside - in the form of electricity, hot water. As with any system in the college ecosystem, it is important to keep track of resource consumption, especially electricity.
Currently, the safety of the built environment - the place where many people spend most of their lives - is becoming increasingly important. Building and finishing materials used in the college are very hazardous to health. So over the past few decades, many new materials have firmly entered everyday life - from pressed boards to plastic and artificial carpeting.
Materials used in the construction and finishing works in the college:
Material name | The degree of harmful effects on the human body |
Wood | environmentally friendly material |
iron fittings | environmentally friendly material |
Glass | environmentally friendly material |
water-based paint | All water-based paints, without exception, do not emit toxins and do not affect the human body in any way. They do not even have a pungent odor inherent in paints based on alkyd resins and solvents. |
Oil paint | Toxic effects of heavy metals and organic solvents. |
Plastic panels | |
Linoleum flooring | PVC and plasticizers can cause poisoning. |
Energy-saving, fluorescent lamps |
Polymer linoleum has the main danger to human health - these are toxic resins that are used in production. Even in the finished product, they can be released into the atmosphere and are dangerous. PVC - emits, at normal room temperature and, especially at sunlight, volatile unsaturated and aromatic hydrocarbons, esters, hydrogen chloride and foreign smell. Also, phenol formaldehyde is often found in the composition of linoleum, which harms the respiratory system, causes nausea, headaches and can cause the development of malignant neoplasms.
Energy-saving light bulbs contain a highly toxic chemical that is very dangerous - mercury. Mercury vapor can cause poisoning due to the fact that it is poisonous. Mercury contains compounds such as mercury cyanide, calomel, sublimate - they can cause severe harm to the human nervous system, kidneys, liver, gastrointestinal tract, and respiratory tract. The spent energy-saving and fluorescent lamps are disposed of by the college in the company Kommunalnik LLC, Nizhnevartovsk
All premises with a permanent stay of people should, as a rule, have natural lighting. During the assessment of the interior decoration of the classrooms, the following building materials were observed that may adversely affect the health of students and teachers: plastic panels were observed in the classrooms: 313, 306 a, 301; the college's small hall is covered with linoleum. The college gym is painted with oil paint, which has a toxic effect. Almost all college classrooms are painted with water-based paint, which is an environmentally friendly building material.
1.3 The microclimate of the college and its characteristics.
Compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards is especially important in our time. Especially in educational organizations. Visiting the place of study every day and spending most of their time in these buildings, students rarely think about health problems.
Temperature, humidity, air ventilation are components of the microclimate. A favorable microclimate is one of the conditions for comfortable well-being and productive work.
Illumination is the luminous flux incident on a unit area of a given surface. Illumination is a characteristic of the illuminated surface, and not of the emitter. In addition to the characteristics of the emitter, illumination also depends on the geometry and reflective characteristics of objects surrounding a given surface, as well as on the relative position of the emitter and the given surface. Illuminance refers to how much light falls on a particular surface. Illumination is equal to the ratio of the luminous flux that fell on the surface to the area of this surface. The unit of measure for illumination is 1 lux (lx). 1 lux = 1 lm/m2.
First of all, the state of the visual analyzer - the eyes - depends on the illumination of school classrooms. Vision gives us the most information about the world around us (about 90%). In low light, visual fatigue quickly sets in, and overall performance decreases. So, during a three-hour visual work at an illumination of 30-50 lux, the stability of clear vision decreases by 37%, and at an illumination of 200 lux it decreases only by 10-15%, so the illumination of the room should correspond to the physiological characteristics of the visual analyzer. Proper lighting protects our eyes, creates the so-called visual comfort. Insufficient illumination causes excessive eye strain, high brightness also tires and irritates the eye. In classrooms, lateral left-hand lighting should be designed.
The illumination of classrooms and offices is influenced by the reflection coefficient of the surface of walls, ceilings and school furniture. It has great importance their coloring. Therefore, the desks are painted in bluish gray or light brown.
Light coefficient - the ratio of the area of the glazed surface of windows to the area of the floor. However, this coefficient does not take into account climatic conditions, architectural features of the building and other factors affecting the intensity of lighting. So, the intensity of natural lighting largely depends on the arrangement and location of windows, their orientation to the cardinal points, the shading of windows by nearby buildings, green spaces.
Air temperature has a great influence on human heat exchange. The influence of high air temperature has a very negative effect on such functions of higher nervous activity as attention, accuracy and coordination of movements, reaction speed, the ability to switch, and disruption of the body's mental activity.
Particularly harmful to health are rapid and sharp fluctuations (decreases) in air temperature, since the body does not always have time to adapt to them. As a result, they can experience the so-called colds.
To maintain optimal conditions for the microclimate of the premises, various systems heating. The most widely used central low-pressure water heating with a water temperature of the heat carrier for educational institutions is 95 degrees Celsius. The cleanliness of the indoor air is achieved by proper organization of ventilation of classrooms during breaks. Cross-ventilation is recommended prior to the start of classes.
Air humidity should not exceed 40-60%.
Humidity is determined by the content of water vapor in it, it shows the degree of saturation of the air with moisture vapor. There are absolute, maximum and relative humidity. Normal relative humidity in educational institutions 30-60% is considered.
2. Methodology and research results
2.1 Determining the light factor
To assess natural lighting, a geometric method of lighting normalization was used - the determination of the light coefficient.
Equipment: tape measure or measuring tape.
Progress. In the examined room, using a tape measure or centimeter tape, measure the glazed surface of all windows (without frames and bindings) and calculate its area in m 2
. Take a measurement and determine the floor area in m 2
.
Calculate the light factor according to the formula:
SK \u003d So / Sp,
where CK is the luminous coefficient, So is the area of the glazed surface of the windows, Sp is the floor area.
The value of the light coefficient is expressed as a ratio or fraction, where the numerator is always one, the denominator is the resulting quotient.
Light coefficient in classrooms 1:4-1:6.
2.2 Burial factor
Deepening coefficient (KZ) - the ratio of the distance from the floor to top edge windows to the depth of the room, i.e. to the distance from the light-bearing wall to the opposite wall. When calculating the short circuit, both the numerator and the denominator are also divided by the value of the numerator. The recommended depth ratio for classrooms is 1:2.
room | Light coefficient | Depth factor |
|||
Measurement result | Measurement result | Sanitary and hygienic norm |
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Cabinet Biology (102) | 1/4 - 1/6 | ||||
Mathematics room (202) | 1/4 - 1/6 | ||||
Physics room (309) | 1/4 - 1/6 | ||||
Informatics cabinet (404) | 1/4 - 1/6 | ||||
Canteen | 1/4 - 1/6 | ||||
Gym | 1/4 – 1/6 | ||||
All classrooms have optimal lighting conditions, which corresponds to the norm.
2.3. Assessment of the parameters of the microclimate of the cabinet
2.3.1 Air temperature measurement
Equipment and materials: dry thermometer.
Measurement of air temperature.
- Take a thermometer reading at a height of 1.5 m from the floor in three points diagonally: at a distance of 0.2 m from the outer wall, in the center of the room and at a distance of 0.25 m from the inner corner of the cabinet. The thermometer is set for 15 minutes at each point.
- Calculate the average room temperature. Determine the vertical temperature difference by measuring at a distance of 0.25 m from the floor and ceiling.
2.3.2 Relative humidity measurement
Equipment: aspiration psychrometer, ball catathermometer, electric stove, chemical beaker with water, stopwatch, dry thermometer.
- Moisten the end of the wet bulb thermometer wrapped in cloth with distilled water.
- Turn on the fan.
- 3-4 minutes after the start of the fan at a height of 1.5 m from the floor, take the readings of dry (t) and wet (t1) thermometers.
- Calculate the absolute humidity according to the formula:
K \u003d F - 0.5 (t-t 1) B: 755
where K is absolute humidity, g/m³;
f - maximum humidity at the temperature of the wet bulb (determined according to the table attached to the device);
t - dry bulb temperature
t1 - wet bulb temperature
B - barometric pressure at the time of the study.
- Calculate the relative humidity of the air using the formula: R= K: F 100, where R is the relative humidity, %; K – absolute humidity, g/m³; F - maximum humidity at dry bulb temperature (according to the instrument table).
Room microclimate indicators
Cabinets | Temperature, ° С | Relative humidity, % |
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Measurement result | Measurement result | Sanitary and hygienic norm |
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Biology (102) | 20 – 25 | 60 – 70 |
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Mathematicians (202) | 20 – 25 | 60 – 70 |
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Physics (309) | 20 – 25 | 60 – 70 |
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Informatics (404) | 20 – 25 | 60 – 70 |
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Canteen | 20 – 25 | 60 - 70 |
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Gym | 20 – 25 | 60 - 70 |
||
The table data show that the air temperature in the dining room does not meet the requirements of SanPiN 2.4.2. 1178-02 "Hygienic requirements for the conditions of education in educational institutions" and this temperature is below the limit level, and with a long stay in this room without movement, the body can cool down, which will lead to colds.
The air temperature in the rest of the rooms meets the requirements of SanPiN.
The table shows that the air humidity indicators comply with SanPiN 2.4.2. 1178-02 "Hygienic requirements for the conditions of education in educational institutions" in the biology room and in the dining room.
In the rest of the rooms and rooms, the air humidity does not meet the requirements of SanPiN 2.4.2. 1178-02 "Hygienic requirements for the conditions of education in educational institutions", it is below the maximum permissible levels, but the adverse effect of dry air is manifested only in extreme dryness (at a relative humidity of less than 20%), the effect of excessively dry air on physiological processes in the human body is not as dangerous as the influence of moist air.
Conclusion
Often it seems to us that we are faced with environmental pollution only on the street, and therefore we pay little attention to the ecology of our college. But college is not only a shelter from the unfavorable conditions of the outside world, but also a powerful factor affecting a person, which largely determines the state of his health. The quality of the college environment can be affected by:
Outside air;
Products of incomplete combustion of gas;
Substances that occur during the cooking process;
Substances emitted by furniture, books, clothing, etc.;
Household chemicals and hygiene products;
Houseplants;
Compliance with sanitary standards of training (number of people);
electromagnetic pollution.
Starting to work on this topic, we did not think that the microclimate in the premises can have such a huge impact on human health. For example, that sufficient lighting has a tonic effect, creates a cheerful mood, improves the course of the main processes of the higher nervous system, and a lack of lighting depresses nervous system, leads to a deterioration in the performance of the body, impairs vision. Comparing the measurement results with the maximum permissible levels established in the sanitary norms and rules, we came to the conclusion that the audiences we studied in our college correspond to the current norms and rules. Basically, the lighting standards in our classrooms are observed. The temperature in the dining room does not comply with sanitary standards and rules, but these deviations are insignificant and do not lead to serious consequences.
List of used literature
- Ashikhmina, Yu. E., School environmental monitoring. - M .: "Agar", 2000.
- Velichkovsky, B. T., Kirpichev, V. I., Suravegina, I. T. Human health and the environment: tutorial. - M .: " New school", 1997.
- Hygienic requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises. Sanitary rules and norms SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96. Ministry of Health of Russia Moscow 1997.
- Kitaeva, L. A. Decorative - medicinal plants // Biology at school. - 1997. - No. 3
5. Kosykh A.V. Materials Science. Modern building and finishing materials: Educational and methodological manual. 2000.
6. Novikov Yu.V. Ecology, environment and man: textbook for secondary schools and colleges. M.; FAIR PRESS, 2000
7. Decree of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor Russian Federation dated December 29, 2010 N 189 Moscow "On the approval of SanPiN 2.4.2.2821-10 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the conditions and organization of education in educational institutions""
"Use of indicators" - Use of indicators in state reports on the state of the environment in Turkmenistan. The Center maintains statistics on the consumption of ozone-depleting substances. SOE Indicators.
"Ecology of the city" - What diseases could you name caused by environmental pollution? We create teams! You know? Can the city be made safe? What can you suggest to improve the ecology of the city? What is ecology? Can the impact of the environment be changed? Ecologists: suggest actions to preserve biodiversity.
"Man and Nature" - How does the polar day affect health? Air pollution. Soil pollution. Aftermath of the earthquake in Mexico. Irrigation. Water management. Tornado in the north America. Thunderstorm. The influence of the sun. Volcanic eruption in the Hawaiian Islands. How does polar night affect health? Dams and reservoirs. Pollution.
"Chemistry of the environment" - Impact profile of a chemical product. Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy and Geochemistry. Green chemistry and problems of sustainable development. Obtaining Crystal Meth. Catalytic processes (with as much selectivity as possible) are preferred over stoichiometric reactions. ten.
"Clean city" - We summed up. We learned: Hypothesis. How to make our city clean? We've done a study. We have learned to do: "What can we do to make the city cleaner?". The amount of household waste in our school. Conference "Clean city". We held an action: Plan of the project.
"Geographical environment" - Medical geography. Disclosure of the relationship of geography to the problems of human health. The lesson is sociological research. Cardiovascular diseases. Radioactive pollution of the natural environment. Noise pollution of the natural environment. Diseases of the psycho-emotional sphere. The natural state of the natural environment.
In total there are 13 presentations in the topic
Municipal community educational institution
"Kuvshinovskaya secondary school No. 2"
Teaching and research environmental project
Ecology of school space
Project type: creative, research
Project Hypothesis : holding environmental monitoring, analysis of their results, environmental educationall participants in the educational process will contribute to the preservation of their health, improve learning conditions.
Objective of the project: maintaining the health of students, creating favorable conditions for learning.
Tasks:
Educational
expand and deepen students' knowledge about the role of nature in human life;
to acquaint students with the diversity, living conditions of indoor plants, their importance for human health.
developing:
develop the ability to analyze, reason, prove one's opinion;
educational:
ensure the relationship between educational and educational processes;
bring up careful attitude to indoor plants, a sense of belonging, personal responsibility for what is happening around.
to form research skills, the ability to work with various types of information sources;
develop the ability to analyze, select, classify the information received;
develop the ability to creatively apply the acquired knowledge
Predicted results:
The student will know:
the names of indoor plants and the living conditions of these plants at home;
rules for the care of indoor plants;
the effects of natural factors (light, heat, moisture, soil composition) on the vital activity of indoor plants;
The student will be able to:
work with additional literature;
observe and care for indoor plants;
work in a group;
formalize the results of their activities according to the plan.
The student will develop:
curiosity;
independence;
tolerance;
organization.
Formulation of the problem :
Insufficient or incorrect gardening of school classrooms contributes to the creation of unfavorable conditions for learning.
Design :
formation of groups, distribution of tasks, definition of tasks.
Search for information:
study of reference, scientific popular literature holding
monitorings.
intermediate product: consultations, preparation of presentations, preparation of speeches.
Project presentation.
School ecology is an activity in space school life consistent with human nature.
School is the place where children spend most of their time, and therefore it must be responsible certain requirements. If we talk about the ecology of the school, then the main requirement here is the preservation of health.
What are the benefits of indoor plants, and whether they are only beneficial, or do they bloom within the walls of our school solely for beauty.
Taking into account the trend of a sharp decline in the population, the problem of creating and maintaining a healthy society is put forward. This increases the responsibility of the education system not only for the spiritual, but also for the physical development of the new generation, strengthening the health of students, introducing them to the value of a healthy lifestyle. The state of health of children, adolescents and young people causes reasonable concern for the whole society as a whole. In this regard, such a direction of work as health protection and the introduction of health-saving teaching technologies becomes the most important for the school and all participants in the educational process.
Indoor plants came to us from distant countries. Decorating our interior, they invite us to escape from the routine whirlwind. The most amazing of them take us on trips, making us forget about the banal everyday life.
Choosing "green friends", we focus on our own aesthetic taste, listen to the advice of relatives and friends. As a rule, everything is limited to this, but in vain, because plants have a number of wonderful properties, the existence of which we do not suspect! By settling in our house, "green lodgers" contribute tosound absorption, humidify the air, saturate it with oxygen and purify it from harmful impurities. Special biogenic substances secreted by plants increase efficiency, normalize sleep, and increase the adaptive abilities of a person.
"Green friends" bring harmony and tranquility into our lives, next to them we feel a surge of energy and at the same time relax. When choosing plants, many of us do not think about what effect they will have on our health, both physical and psychological. Plants act on us with their aroma, the color of leaves and flowers, and the shape of the crown.
Indoor plants are an obligatory component of the school office. They decorate the room and create comfort. Plants perform various functions, have an aesthetic, psychological impact, improve the air environment. In recent years, another important function of plants has become more and more clear - cleaning the environment from various pollutants. Like a filter, they purify the air from dust and harmful gases.
Plants with volatile properties: increase the amount of oxygen, increase the content of negative light ions. They have a positive effect on respiratory processes, lower blood pressure, increase muscle strength and endurance: tachycardia and arrhythmia decrease; serve as a means of prevention in dystonia and hypertension. - Reduce by 70-80% the number of microorganisms in the air.
Conifers - cryptomeria, cypress, Olsandr cypress, laurel, fortunella, prickly pear cactus. Citrus cactus - prickly pear - reduces the number of mold fungi by 6-7 times, has healing properties (heals wounds). Euphorbia, citrus. With microbes (staphylococcus) "cope" Cissus Hibiscus, cissus, ficus, akalifa, aglaonema. For a therapeutic effect, it is necessary to place one copy of plants per 1 m3 of the room.
Plants that can relieve stress. If possible, it is a good idea to arrange a relaxation room in the school. It is best to plant in it: pelargonium, oregano, myrtle, lemon balm medicinal fragrant geranium (take into account the tendency to an allergic reaction) Plants purify the air not only from bacteria, but also from dust. More than 300 species have such properties. In addition, another 160 species are intended for open ground. These are mainly coniferous plant species. In addition to dust retention, some of them are also capable of absorbing sound, it is useful to plant them in school yards located near roads, and this is important due to the increasing number of vehicles. The air environment contains toxins emanating from synthetic materials used in finishing work.
As part of the continuous environmental education and education, it is possible to implement an independent project to study the species composition of indoor plants in the school. This work is accessible and interesting to students.
The purpose of the project is to determine the name of each plant, its family, homeland from reference books; study of the ecological and medicinal functions of plants; landscaping of school classrooms.
The project is intended for students in grades 5-9. Depending on the age of the students, the "Indoor Plants at School" project can be divided into several stages, each of which includes both theoretical and practical parts.
5-6 grades
- The study of the species composition of indoor plants in the classrooms of the school.
- School gardening group.
- Messages at biology lessons.
7th grade
- Creation of the map "Map of the world on the window sills of the school (class)".
-"Traveling with Houseplants"
8-9 grades
- The study of the ecological and medicinal functions of plants.
- Landscaping of school classrooms, taking into account the air-thermal conditions of detention.
- Speech at the ecological scientific-practical conference.
The work on determining the species composition of plants was divided into two stages.
At the first stage ( 5th grade ) students identify and describe the plants of the base cabinet. For these purposes, special reference literature is used. The most successful in this regard is Hession's reference book "All about indoor plants" (M .: Kladez, 1996).
At the second stage ( 6th grade ), working in groups, students determine and describe the species composition of indoor plants in the classrooms of the school. It should be noted that work in groups, where students jointly perform tasks, contributes to the improvement of communication skills, better assimilation of knowledge and intellectual development of children.
Data on the species composition of plants are placed in cool corner or on a separate stand. In addition, a plate is placed in a container with plants, where the name, species, and homeland of the plant are indicated. You can also hold a meeting of the school's gardeners, at which they can give recommendations on working with reference books, indicate which plants, depending on the exposure of windows, it is advisable to grow in a particular office. It is also important to connect the experimental activity of students with educational process, which is established through the objects of the natural cycle. So, for example, in the 6th grade biology course, students study the morphology of plants, and the knowledge about plants gained in the process of working on the project not only serves as a good addition, but can also be applied in the geography course, in particular, when studying continents. On the basis of knowledge about the species composition of indoor plants of the school, a map of the vegetation of the world is created, on which the homeland of each plant is indicated.
AT this case carried outleading education. To prepare such a lesson, the children work through a fairly large amount of literature, both reference and scientific, offered by the teacher or found on their own. Such lessons are undoubtedly more interesting both for the children preparing the material and for the whole class as a whole.
Working on a vegetation map, students will learn that the homeland of most indoor plants of the school is the humid forests of America and Africa, since the humidity and temperature conditions in the classrooms of the school are quite consistent with the natural conditions of this natural area(monitoring of the ecological state of the school classrooms is carried out under the guidance of a chemistry teacher). For students, it becomes obvious that in central Russia at the latitude of Moscow, these plants require certain conditions of detention. This applies to moderate watering in winter and abundant in summer, shading plants in the hot season and highlighting in the cold, “wintering” for cacti, etc. The results of the work can be presented in the form of mini abstracts or shown on a stand in the classroom.
The final stage of the second stage project is the presentation of the results of research and practical work. For students in grades 5-7, this is best done in the form of a holiday "Traveling with indoor plants." Leading students, using a world vegetation map, talk about the living conditions of plants found in school.
For students in grades 8-9, the study of the ecological and medicinal functions of plants is of particular interest. From reference and popular scientific literature, we learned that the school has plants that determine the sanitary condition of the air in the classrooms, i.e. acting as bioindicators. These include tradescantia, begonia, asparagus, violet. In addition, there are detoxifying plants in the classrooms that can neutralize toxic substances in the air. These are tufted chlorophytum, common myrtle, fern, geranium, Chinese hibiscus, coleus, royal begonia, dracaena, ivy, dieffenbachia, succulent cacti.
As part of the school's greening program, students selected plants for each classroom, taking into account environmental factors.
In addition, we have been working to identify plants with medicinal properties. At school, these plants include: agave, aloe, aspidistra, aucuba, hibiscus, zephyranthes, kalanchoe, saxifrage, passionflower, pelargonium, ivy, sanseviera, thuja, fatsia, ficuses. We presented the results in the form of a catalog "Medicinal plants at school", indicating the species composition, the use of plants at home, and pharmacological properties. For each plant of the healer, an annotation of the therapeutic effect, methods of application has been compiled.
results students presented their project work at the school scientific and practical conference, which was attended by representatives of all classes of middle and high schools. Thus, the achievements of individual groups of schoolchildren become known to almost the entire school and can be claimed by everyone.
Most interesting work were presented at the ecological scientific-practical conference.
I have an idea creating an office of indoor plants. The idea of its creation appeared because the school collected a large number of indoor plants.
Indoor plants are used in the classroom and in extracurricular activities as a demonstration and handout, when conducting observations and setting up simple experiments. Living objects should be unpretentious in maintenance and care. Sanitary and hygienic requirements, lighting standards, safety precautions must be observed. Plants that do not cause allergic reactions are selected.
When selecting plants in the office, it is possible to take into account their use in the classroom and in extracurricular activities, given their role in the design of the office. Plants are placed on racks, mounted in piers or on stands. Two or three large plants create a unique interior.
Work in mode project activities becomes a source of creating the necessary equipment for the office. It is necessary to highlight those tasks in which students can take part. Creative in its essence, including research, search, problem situations, project activities fill the life of each office with interesting things.
Analyzing the available resources and opportunities for children, we gave preference to the following types of project activities:
research
applied
informational
Research the project requires a certain work algorithm:
Identification and formulation of the problem;
- formulation of the hypothesis;
- setting goals and objectives;
- action planning;
- data collection, their analysis and synthesis, comparison with known information;
- preparation and writing of the project, its effectiveness;
- defense, presentation of the project.
Applied the project from the very beginning clearly indicates the result of the activities of its participants.
Informational the project is aimed at analyzing and summarizing, for a wide audience, any information.
"Ecology and phytodesign of the school office"
Target: get acquainted with the laws of arranging indoor plants, with the profession of a flower grower-decorator.
Tasks:
1. Study the species composition of indoor plants in the office
2. Establish which indoor plants are most popular in landscaping school premises
3. What requirements are taken into account when breeding plants at school.
Methods:
Observation
Experiment
Expected results: acquisition of knowledge, flowers in the school office
We decided to equip our school office and do phytodesign of the office:
Plant it in such a way that it is aesthetically pleasing, comfortable for work; and the conditions for keeping plants were observed.
Using the literature on indoor floriculture, we found that plants belonging to 5 groups are used in indoor landscaping:
Group 1 - decorative and deciduous (palms, ferns, dracaena)
Group 2 - flowering (begonias, cacti, roses)
Group 3 - hanging (chlorophytum, tradescantia)
Group 4 - curly or clinging (ivy, monstera, asparagus)
Group 5 - bulbous or tuberous (cyclomen, gloxinia)
In schools, it is best to grow simple, undemanding plants (Tradescantia, Chlorophytum), blooming easily and profusely, for which care is available to children. Plants that cause irritation of the skin and mucous membranes or have bright fruits are completely excluded.
To make people's lives more beautiful and cleaner, we use plants. But you also need to take care of the flowers. Before breeding plants, you need to find out the basic requirements of each of them for
Humidity
illumination
temperature
Plants need light for normal development. According to the requirement for illumination, all plants can be divided into three groups:
1 group - photophilous
Group 2 - shade-loving
Group 3 - shade-tolerant
Of no small importance for the development of plants is the air temperature in the room, especially in winter.
Sufficient moisture is necessary for the normal development of plants.
In addition, in the offices it is necessary to increase the number of medicinal indoor plants, such as aloe, kalanchoe. These plants increase immunity, have bactericidal properties. Chlorophytum is the most popular plant in the school. It is said about him: the worse the air for us, the better for him. For landscaping, we recommend light-loving and shade-tolerant plants.
When compiling compositions, the following rules and methods for placing plants should be taken into account. There are several basic techniques for placing indoor plants indoors.
1. A free-standing plant can be evergreen or flowering.
A well-composed composition of several plants pleases the eye and turns the room into an oasis, where beauty and comfort reign, where the harmony of nature and man reigns.
2.Very effective in the interior are climbing plants suspended in a specially made planter.
3. Very beautiful small gardens on the rocks
4. Groups of plants planted together are very effective.
Flowers ennoble our lives, caress the eyes, give people joy, soften morals, bring peace and relaxation. Giving flowers means expressing feelings of love, respect, location, respect. (See presentation).
Additional information on career guidance.
The creation of green interiors is a special area of architecture that requires versatile knowledge and great artistic taste. Therefore, a florist-decorator is working on the creation of the most complex modern projects.
Florist - decorator - an indispensable consultant who will give advice on indoor floriculture in various rooms, in a large and small apartment, in a study room, in a large hall, in recreation. At the same time, he will take into account the influence of plants on human health. In addition, he can make a bouquet or flower arrangement. People of this profession know how to make bouquets not only from fresh flowers, but also from dry or artificial ones. Flower growers work in greenhouses, greenhouses, nurseries and in the open field, in experimental plots, in parks, squares. Flower growers-decorators reveal the beauty of nature to man. Flower growers implement landscaping projects. They participate in the planning of green spaces, make ridges, loosen the soil, and apply fertilizers. To maintain a clear pattern of flower beds and lawns, they are trimmed, thinned, cut off faded inflorescences, and fragile plants are tied to pegs. Choose this profession better people who love nature and have a good aesthetic taste. Aesthetically designed parks, squares, sidewalks are pleasing to the eye and create a festive mood for people. In addition, green spaces play a hygienic and protective role, delay the spread of dust, mitigate noise, and help restore the normal composition of the surrounding air.
Nature is rich in amazing colors. We will definitely meet them at our school.
RESEARCH WORK ON THE TOPIC: "Our school is an environmentally friendly system" Author: 8th grade students Aliya Levchenko, Alexandra Marinchenko Supervisor: Elena Viktorovna Khokhlova, teacher of biology and chemistry
ABSTRACT This research work devoted to the problem of a healthy home. Ecologically dirty houses are not the fantasies of scientists and specialists, but real fact from which many people suffer. The ideal home is not only a building for shelter. The home should be a place free from harmful influences that supports physical, mental and social well-being.
The main habitat of a person is his home. We spend a lot of time at school, so we can say that it is also our home. We study here, we do extracurricular activities. The school is our "fortress", in which conditions for work and rest must be provided.
GOALS AND OBJECTIVES: Find out whether the school is an ecological system. Determine the composition and structure of the ecosystem. Identify favorable and unfavorable factors in the school ecosystem. To get acquainted with the methods of obtaining qualitative and quantitative indicators of the ecological state of the school environment. Learn to use the acquired knowledge to predict further changes in the human environment and design solutions to environmental problems.
The theoretical part "Eco" means "home", our habitat. And the sphere of habitation is, first of all, our apartment and school office. Health starts at home and at school, and our goal is to turn them into impregnable fortress for all diseases. School, home. What do we know about them and their impact on health?
The problem of the ecological state of the premises, its so-called health, is quite relevant today, since we spend a lot of time at school, and in order to avoid harm to health, it is necessary to follow a number of rules to avoid exposure to harmful environmental factors.
Practical part Research 1. Is the school an ecosystem? The school has indoor plants - PRODUCERS. There is a person in the school, "uninvited guests" mice (this is our assumption, because we did not find them) - CONSUMERS. The school has bacteria, saprophytic mites, mold fungi - REDUCERS.
Influence of plant odors on some body functions related to the maintenance of working capacity. Functions Stimulating effect Depressing effect Vision Rosemary, citrus fruits, geranium Rotting plants. Cardiovascular system (pulse rate, blood pressure) Hawthorn, bison, lilac, poplar, pine and spruce in summer, camphor laurel Oak, birch, vanilla, oregano, lavender, thyme, pine and spruce in winter, lemon, lemon balm, valerian Respiratory system (vital capacity, bronchial patency) Birch, linden, thyme, heather, oregano, lemon, eucalyptus Poplar, lilac, valerian, cudweed Gas exchange TansyRose, lemon
Name of material Degree of harmful effects on the human body WoodEnvironmentally friendly material Iron fittingsEnvironmentally friendly material GlassEnvironmentally friendly material Oil paintToxic effects of heavy metals and organic solvents Chipboards and wood fiber boards Formaldehyde with mutagenic properties Mounting foamExposure to toxic substances LinoleumChlorovinyl and plasticizers can cause poisoning ConcreteRadiation source Wallpaper with washable coatedA source of styrene that causes headaches, nausea, spasms and fainting
Conclusion: After analyzing the state of our school from an environmental point of view, we decided that it is necessary to make some replacement of finishing materials. In particular, the wallpaper should be replaced with whitewashing with lime, which has a remarkable quality - with a slightly increased humidity, lime "takes" excess moisture, with high dryness of the air - "gives" water (in three classrooms such a replacement was made). We decided that it was necessary to replace the linoleum in the biology classroom, but, having come to the administration with this proposal, we found out that this linoleum has a quality certificate and is allowed to be used in educational institutions.
Research 4. The results of the assessment of the natural illumination of the classrooms. Natural lighting in classrooms. Premises Light coefficient Coefficient of depth Result Sanitary and hygienic standard Result Sanitary and hygienic norm 0.180.25–0.160.450.5 CabinetsResult Sanitary and hygienic norm Result Sanitary and hygienic norm Room 0.180.25–0.160.450.5 Result Sanitary norm Result Sanitary and hygienic norm
Study 5. Results of the study of water quality. Polluted water, entering our body, causes 80% of known diseases and accelerates the aging of the body by 30%. Characteristics of the water of our school: the color is very slightly yellow (color in degrees was 45o); water is clear; turbidity is not marked; earthy smell.
The study of dust was carried out in the biology room using a light microscope. Conclusion: The research was carried out after the lessons, so the dust was found on the stands, books and the floor. Classroom attendants should more carefully carry out wet cleaning of the premises.
Research 8. Research of computers. Basic requirements of the standard of any monitor Characteristics of the monitor. GOST requirements - Frame rate when working with a positive contrast of at least 60 Hz Frame rate in text processing mode. not less than 72 Hz Jitter of image elements not more than 0.1 mm Permissible noise level not more than 50 dB Dose rate x-ray radiation at a distance of 5 cm from the screen Not more than 0.03 µR/s
We took the results of the study by the Territorial Department of the Office of Rospotrebnadzor for the Kaliningrad Region in Chernyakhovsky, Ozersky and Gvardeysky districts. Only three computers out of 25 (12%) were found to be substandard. Conclusion: Recommend the school administration to replace computers that do not comply with GOST.
CONCLUSIONS MBOU OOSH pos. Krasny Yar is an environmentally friendly system. The school complies with all the necessary rules to preserve the health of students, teachers, staff. "Uninvited guests" (consumers) were not found in the school (the premises are regularly derattized).
RECOMMENDATIONS Ventilate rooms as often as possible. Try to maintain a constant temperature in the school, corresponding to the thermal comfort or cool category. Use natural materials for decoration. Comply with the rules for using computers. Plants are living beings with a strong biofield that can affect a person. And the general atmosphere of the school and the well-being of its inhabitants depend on whether we are able to choose the right indoor plants. Regularly carry out wet cleaning. Substances that pollute outerwear are air pollutants, so you need to use a wardrobe. Air pollution in the school depends on the state of the air outside (external sources). It is necessary to continue work on landscaping the school site.
