Domestic policy in the years. Plan: 1. Nicholas II: historical portrait. 2. Political transformations: for and against. 3. The policy of Nicholas II in the national outskirts. 4. Chronicle of events..

Objectives: 1. To introduce students to the political system of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century. 2. Bring students to an understanding of the main contradiction of the political system: between the existing power of the emperor and the beginning of the formation of civil society. 3. Continue the formation of skills to work with historical documents, state "cross-cutting" questions of the topic, analyze, generalize.

Emperor Nicholas II. On October 20, 1894 Emperor Alexander III died. His son Nicholas II ascended the throne. Nicholas II never expressed his views in the form of any concepts. He was considered a weak ruler, influenced first by his mother, and then by his wife Alexandra Feodorovna. It was also said that the last councilor with whom he spoke always had the last word. In fact, the last word was left to those who shared the views of the emperor. At the same time, defining their own positions,

Nicholas was guided by only one criterion: what would his father have done in such a situation? People who knew the emperor closely believed that if he had been born in an ordinary environment, he would have lived a life full of harmony. Everyone unanimously noted that Nikolai was an ideal family man, well-mannered, restrained in showing emotions. At the same time, he was characterized by "Byzantine cunning", insincerity and stubbornness. Contemporaries accused him of being a "medium-sized man" who was burdened by state affairs and the events that filled his reign.

The Struggle between Conservative and Liberal Forces In the immediate environment of the emperor, there were different points of view on the prospects for the development of Russia. S.Yu. Witte considered economic transformations to be the priority, and among them - reforms in the field of industrial production and finance. He believed that the industrialization of the country is not only an economic but also a political task, since its implementation will allow, on the one hand, to accumulate funds for the implementation of urgent social reforms, to engage in agriculture, and on the other, to gradually oust the nobility from the political scene, replacing its representatives of big capital, who will correct the political structure of the country.

1. Encouragement of industrial progress d. - Minister of Finance d. - monopoly on the sale of wine and vodka products. "Drunken Money" 4. Increasing indirect taxes, duties on imports of manufactured goods. 5. "Great tasks require great sacrifices" - finance reform. Golden money circulation accelerated capital inflow. Sergei Yulievich Witte - The Trans-Siberian Railway of the city - Witte offers agrarian reorganization: the liquidation of the community, the elimination of mutual responsibility, the equalization of the rights of peasants with other estates. 9. Witte: Russia will repeat the path of Western Europe. But there are many opponents 10. The community is the basis of the old regime: tax collection, control. 11.V.K.Pleve, Ministry of Internal Affairs: Russia has a special path. Social conflicts – repressions Mr. Witte resigned

Vyacheslav Konstantinovich Pleve V.K. Pleve. He believed that Russia has its own history and its own social system. Plehve agreed with the need for reforms in local self-government, but proposed that they be carried out gradually and under the control of the tsarist government. Plehve in his activities focused on the system of protection of public order. Okhrana at the beginning of the century expanded its network and covered the whole country.

The son of a school teacher from German nobles. Orthodox. He had 300 acres of an estate acquired from his wife in the Kaluga province. From 1851 he lived with his family in Warsaw, studied at the Warsaw Gymnasium, participated in policing the streets during the Polish uprising. Then he studied at the Kaluga Nikolaev Gymnasium, which he graduated with a gold medal. He continued his education at the Imperial Moscow University law faculty. In 1867 he graduated from the university with a degree in law. (According to other sources, St. Petersburg University). Vyacheslav Konstantinovich Plehve 1867 was appointed to serve as a candidate for judicial positions at the prosecutor of the Moscow District Court with the rank of collegiate secretary and served in the Ministry of Justice for the next 14 years. Alternately, he held the positions of assistant (deputy) prosecutor at the Vladimir and Tula district courts, prosecutor in Vologda, deputy prosecutor of the Court of Justice in Warsaw, appointed prosecutor of the Petersburg Court of Justice. Alexander II noticed Plehve and pointed to him. M. T. Loris-Melikov was appointed acting prosecutor in the Special Presence of the Senate to conduct cases of state crimes and the atrocity of March 1 (the assassination of Alexander II).

He served as director of the State Police Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs; carried out energetic and successful actions to defeat the Narodnaya Volya organization, he developed a system of provocative actions that did not know such a scale in Russia, for the first time the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bdouble agents was put into practice, etc. state guard appointed senator; was present in the 1st department of the Senate, took the post of Comrade (Deputy) Minister of the Interior. In 1894 he was appointed Secretary of State and Chief Executive of the codification section of the State Council. On August 17, 1899, he was appointed to the post of Minister of State Secretary of the Grand Duchy of Finland, leaving the post of Secretary of State; served as chairman of the Commission to discuss issues of changing the institution of the Finnish Senate. He pursued a policy of Russification in Finland. With his active participation, a new Charter of conscription in Finland, a manifesto was issued on the introduction of the Russian language into the clerical work of the Senate and administrative institutions of the region, the influence of the governor-general on the resolution of cases in the local Senate was strengthened on April 4, after the murder of D. S. Sipyagin, he was appointed Minister of the Interior and chief of the Gendarme Corps . In this post, he consistently pursued a tough policy against opposition movements.

"Zubatovshchina". Following the policy pursued by P.K. Plehve, head of the Moscow security department S.V. Zubatov tried to wrest the workers from the growing revolutionary movement. With the support of the Moscow governor-general VK Sergey Alexandrovich, legal trade unions were created in Moscow. Benefits were provided to their members, Sunday schools and medical institutions were arranged for them. The leaders of "police socialism" did not forbid the workers to participate in economic strikes. After a wave of strikes, manufacturers complained to the government and the trade unions were dissolved. And in 1904 Plehve was killed by the Socialist-Revolutionaries.

P.D. Svyatolpolk-Mirsky The situation in the country continued to worsen under the influence of the economic crisis and defeats in the Russo-Japanese War. Zemstvo liberals sharply criticized the authorities, student protests began to grow. P. Svyatopolk-Mirsky, known for his liberal views, became the new Minister of Internal Affairs. In a note to the tsar, he proposed a plan for state reorganization: to include in the State Council elected representatives from zemstvos and dumas, to expand the circle of voters, to extend zemstvos to the entire territory of Russia, to gradually equalize the rights of peasants with other estates, to improve the position of the Old Believers and foreigners. Nikolai issued a decree on imminent transformations, but the matter did not come to real measures.

National Policy. In the field of national politics, Nicholas launched an offensive against the national regions. In the years the rights of the Finnish Sejm were limited, the Finns began to serve in the Russian army on general terms, office work (as in Poland) had to be conducted in Russian. The persecution of the Jews continued and the Jewish youth, seeing no prospects for themselves, joined the ranks of revolutionary organizations. At the same time, the influence of Jewish capital increased in the country. In the early 20th century, a wave of Jewish pogroms swept across the country.

In 1903, there were unrest in Armenia after the authorities seized the property from the Armenian Church. Tsarism often provoked clashes in Transcaucasia on ethnic grounds. The policy towards Muslims was more flexible. They had Sharia courts and elective lower administration. In Belarus and Ukraine, the authorities carried out forced Russification, which provoked resistance from local liberals.

gg. - 180 strikes - 850 strikes - 905 strikes - Petersburg industrial war law on the reduction of the working day to 11.5 hours, But the reduction in the number of holidays. End of the 19th century – economic demands: shorter working hours, better working conditions, higher wages, insurance. Strengthening the strike movement. The rise of a political crisis. Mayevkas - celebrations international day workers' solidarity of the city - "Obukhov defense". 3.5 thousand workers of the Obukhov plant - in a fight with the soldiers of the city - a strike in Rostov-on-Don 1903 - the execution of a workers' deputation in Zlatoust. Summer 1903 - a general political strike in the south of the country. Tiflis, Batum, Odessa, Kyiv, Kharkov and other people in the city, Baku - a repetition of the strike.

"Factory" do not lose touch with the village: parents, relatives, land. They bring protests to the peasant milieu of the Messrs. - 82 peasant performances of the years. - 670 peasant protests - an open uprising in the Left-Bank Ukraine (Poltava, Kharkov). Growth of peasant uprisings

Dispersal of the demonstration of St. Petersburg students in 1899 - a general student strike. Since 1900 - the openly political nature of the student movement. There is an oppositional spirit in legal intellectual organizations. L.N. Tolstoy, V.G. Korolenko, Maxim Gorky (A.M. Peshkov). Student unrest in 1900 - student P. Karpovich mortally wounds the Minister of Education N. P. Bogolepov. Finland - mass demonstrations against restrictions on autonomy. Transcaucasia - unrest because of the decree on the transfer of the property of the Armenian church to the authorities.

1. Read § 3 of the textbook 1 or § 3 of the textbook Prepare an oral detailed answer to the question: What domestic policy did Nicholas II pursue at the beginning of the 20th century? 1. Complete tasks from workbook. Homework:

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Presentation on the topic: Nicholas ΙΙ Historical portrait

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General information Nicholas II Alexandrovich (May 6, 1868, Tsarskoye Selo - July 17, 1918, Yekaterinburg) - Emperor of All Russia, Tsar of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland, the last Emperor Russian Empire (October 20, 1894 - March 2, 1917). From the Imperial House of the Romanovs. Colonel (1892); in addition, he had the ranks from the British monarchs: admiral of the fleet (1908) and field marshal of the British army (1915). The reign of Nicholas II was marked by the economic development of Russia and at the same time by the growth of socio-political contradictions in it, the revolutionary movement that resulted in the revolution of 1905-1907 years and the revolution of 1917; in foreign policy - expansion into Far East, the war with Japan, as well as Russia's participation in the military blocs of European powers and World War I. Nicholas II abdicated during February Revolution 1917 and was with his family under house arrest in the Tsarskoye Selo Palace. In the summer of 1917, by decision of the Provisional Government, he was sent into exile with his family to Tobolsk, and in the spring of 1918 he was moved by the Bolsheviks to Yekaterinburg, where he was shot in July 1918, along with his family and close associates.

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Childhood In his early childhood, Nikolai's tutor was the Englishman Karl Osipovich His, who lived in Russia; General G. G. Danilovich was appointed his official tutor as heir in 1877. Nikolai was educated at home as part of a large gymnasium course. Training sessions were conducted for 13 years: the first eight years were devoted to the subjects of the extended gymnasium course, where special attention was paid to the study political history, Russian literature, English, German and French(Nicholas Alexandrovich spoke English like a native); the next five years were devoted to the study of military affairs, legal and economic sciences, necessary for a statesman.

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Education, service For the first two years, Nikolai served as a junior officer in the ranks of the Preobrazhensky Regiment. For two summer seasons, he served in the ranks of the Life Guards Hussar Regiment as a squadron commander, and then camp duty in the ranks of the artillery. On August 6, 1892, he was promoted to colonel. At the same time, his father introduces him to the affairs of the country, inviting him to participate in meetings of the State Council and the Cabinet of Ministers. At the suggestion of the Minister of Railways S. Yu. Witte, Nikolai in 1892, in order to gain experience in public affairs, was appointed chairman of the committee for the construction of the Trans-Siberian railway. By the age of 23, the Heir was a man who had received extensive information in various fields of knowledge. The education program included trips to various provinces of Russia, which he made with his father. To complete his education, his father placed at his disposal the cruiser "Memory of Azov" as part of a squadron to travel to the Far East. For nine months, he visited Austria-Hungary, Greece, Egypt, India, China, Japan with his retinue, and later returned by land from Vladivostok through all of Siberia to the capital of Russia. Opposition politician, member of the State Duma V.P. Obninsky, in his anti-monarchist essay “The Last Autocrat”, argued that Nicholas “at one time stubbornly renounced the throne”, but was forced to yield to the demand of Alexander III and “sign during his father’s lifetime a manifesto on his accession to throne".

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Moral imageModern Russian historian, Doctor of History. A. N. Bokhanov, describing the moral character and demeanor of the last Russian Tsar, regards as very accurate the following description of him by the maid of honor Baroness S. K. Buksgevden: “Easy to handle, without any affectation, He had an innate dignity that never allowed him to forget , who is he. At the same time, Nicholas II had a slightly sentimental, very conscientious and sometimes very simple-minded worldview of an old Russian nobleman ... He treated His duty mystically, but was also indulgent to human weaknesses and had an innate sympathy for ordinary people- in particular to the peasants. But He never forgave what He called "dark money matters."

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For more than twenty years of his reign, Nicholas II did a lot for the Russian Empire: 1) First of all, it is worth noting that during his reign the population of the Russian Empire increased by almost 50,000,000 people, that is, by 40%. And the natural population growth increased to 3,000,000 people a year. At the same time, there has been a significant increase general level life.2) Thanks to the active development of agriculture, as well as more thoughtful communication routes, the so-called "hungry years" at the beginning of the twentieth century were quickly eliminated. Crop failure now did not mean that there would be famine, since a poor harvest in some areas was offset by a good harvest in others. Under Nicholas II, the harvest of cereals increased significantly. 3) Coal mining increased significantly. During the reign of Nicholas II, it increased almost four times.

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4) Also, under the reign of Nicholas II, the metallurgical industry increased very significantly. For example, iron smelting has increased almost four times, and copper mining five times. Thanks to this, quite a start fast growth in the field of mechanical engineering. Consequently, the number of workers also increased from 2,000,000 to 5,000,000 people. 5) The length of railways and telegraph poles increased significantly. It is also worth noting that under Nicholas II the army of the Russian Empire increased significantly. Nicholas II managed to create the most powerful river fleet in the world. 6) Under Nicholas II, the level of education of the population increased significantly. The production of books also increased. 7) Finally, it is worth saying that during the entire reign of Nicholas II, the treasury of the Russian Empire increased significantly. At the beginning of his reign, it was 1,200,000,000 rubles, and at the end - 3,500,000,000 rubles. All this indicates that Nicholas II was a very talented ruler. According to his contemporaries, if everything continued like this, then by the 1950s Russian empire become the most developed country in all of Europe.

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Emperor Nicholas II

Nikolai Aleksandrovich Romanov was born on May 6, 1868, the day of St. John the Long-suffering, and therefore considered himself doomed to failure and torment. And there were grounds for such a belief.
In 1891, in Japan, he was assassinated.
The coronation of Nicholas II in May 1896 went down in history with the tragedy that happened on that day.
His long-awaited only son suffered from an incurable serious illness.

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Many hoped that the new emperor would complete the reforms conceived by his grandfather, Alexander II, they hoped that he would undertake the restructuring of the political system.
The main idea of ​​a liberal-minded society was the introduction of "people's representatives" into government bodies.
But on January 17, 1895, in his first public speech, Nikolai declared that he would protect the foundations of autocracy as firmly and steadily as her "unforgettable late parent" had done.

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Struggle in the higher echelons of power

In the immediate environment of the emperor, there were different points of view on the prospects for the development of Russia.

1. 1893-1903 - Minister of Finance.
2. 1895 - monopoly on the sale of wine and vodka products. "Drunken Money"
3. Increasing indirect taxes, duties on imports of manufactured goods.
4. 1897 - finance reform. Golden money circulation - accelerated capital inflow.

“The same thing is happening in Russia now that happened in its time in the West: it is moving over to the capitalist system ... This is an immutable world law.”

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The main political opponent of S.Yu. Witte was addressed by the Minister of the Interior, V. K. Plehve, who had a reputation as a firm defender of the "Russian foundations."
Plehve was convinced that Russia "had its own separate history and special system." Without denying the need for reforms in the country, he considered it impossible for these reforms to be carried out too rapidly, under pressure "from immature youth, students ... and notorious revolutionaries."
On July 15, 1904, the socialist revolutionary Yegor Sazonov killed the Minister of the Interior, Vyacheslav Konstantinovich Plehve.

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Growing influence of the Ministry of the Interior

Only 125 officials served in the police department, but it was only the headquarters of a whole army of police officers, filers, secret agents. In all provinces, counties, on the railways there were gendarme departments.
Only a hereditary nobleman who successfully graduated from a military or cadet school and served in military service for at least six years could become a gendarme.
There were other requirements: not to have debts, not to profess Catholicism, it was necessary to pass preliminary tests at the headquarters of the gendarme corps, attend four-month courses in St. Petersburg and successfully pass the final exam.

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V. K. Plehve considered the opening of letters to be one of the most effective methods of detective work.
To intercept letters, there were technical means that made it possible to discreetly open and copy a message, forge any seal, develop sympathetic ink, decipher cryptography, etc.
The Minister of the Interior was aware of private correspondence and foreign diplomatic representatives. Only two people in the empire - the king and the minister of the interior - could be calm about their correspondence.

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"Zubatovsky socialism"

Zubatovism is a policy pursued by the tsarist government at the beginning of the 20th century, the essence of which was the desire to bring the labor movement under control.
Establishment of legal workers' organizations built along professional lines.

• Law "On the Establishment of Headmen in Factory Enterprises" (June 1903).
• "Society for Mutual Aid of Mechanical Workers" (1901).

The meaning of politics: to divert workers from the political struggle by organizing their struggle for economic rights, reducing the working day, reducing fines, increasing wages, etc.

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The short "spring" of P. D. Svyatopolk-Mirsky

In the very first public speaking in September 1904, the new minister spoke about trust between the government and society as a decisive condition for state policy.
In November 1904, Svyatopolk-Mirsky handed a note to the tsar. He offered:

1. to include in the composition of the State Council a certain number of elected representatives from zemstvos and city dumas;
2. it was necessary to significantly expand the circle of voters in the zemstvo and city governments;
3. intended to spread zemstvos throughout the empire;
4. to create conditions for the rapprochement of the peasants in property rights with other estates;
5. expand the rights of the Old Believers;
6. issue a law on the rights of the Jewish population.

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National politics

Nicholas II continued the course of his father in the national question. The process of modernization of the country required uniformity in the administrative, legal and social structure of all territories of Russia, the introduction of a single language and educational standards.
In 1899, a manifesto was issued that gave the emperor the right to legislate for Finland without the consent of the Diet.
In 1901, the national military units were disbanded, and the Finns were to serve in the Russian army.
Office work in public institutions in Finland was to be conducted only in Russian. The Saeima of Finland refused to approve these laws, and Finnish officials boycotted them.
In 1903, the Governor-General of Finland was given emergency powers. This significantly aggravated the political situation in the region.

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The Jewish population, who lived in the so-called Pale of Settlement (western provinces of Russia), also experienced national oppression.
Only Jews who had converted to the Orthodox faith and had a higher education, or merchants of the first guild and their clerks, were allowed to live in other places.
A significant increase in the economic influence of Jewish capital.
This caused an increase in anti-Semitic, anti-Jewish sentiments, which often led to pogroms.
The first major Jewish pogrom took place in April 1903 in Chisinau. During it, about 500 people were injured, 700 residential buildings and 600 shops were destroyed. At the end of August 1903 bloody events took place in Gomel.

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It was also restless in the Caucasus. In 1903 there were unrest among the Armenian population. They were provoked by a decree transferring the property of the Armenian Gregorian Church to the authorities.
During the inventory of church and monastery property, clashes broke out, often ending in bloody battles.
The government of Nicholas II continued the policy of settling the national outskirts with the Russian population.
By the beginning of the XX century. Russians lived here mainly in the cities and made up a significant part of the industrial workers. The Russian population prevailed in the cities of Belarus, the Left-bank Ukraine, Novorossia (Black Sea region).

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Domestic politics

The internal policy of Nicholas II was a direct continuation of the previous reign and did not meet the mood of the majority of Russian society, which was waiting for decisive reforms from the new tsar.

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Homework

• Complete the tasks in the workbook.

(1868 – 1918)
(1894 – 1917)
Features of the political system
At the beginning of the twentieth century. Russia was an absolute monarchy (in Europe, all
constitutional). The emperor directed the work of the Council of Ministers
(since 1857 the body coordinating the activities of ministers); to him
subordinated to the Senate (court), Synod (since 1721 ROC), ministries (1802).
The highest legislative body under the emperor was
State Council (1810 - 1906). Those. no separation of powers
representative bodies, a unified government.
Eldest son of Alexander
III and Maria Feodorovna;
the last Emperor.
After the February
revolution was with
family under arrest
Tobolsk, and in July 1918
was shot at
Yekaterinburg. In 2000
canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church.
Conflicting estimates
personality and activities.
High degree of bureaucracy. Reliance on the army, police,
gendarmerie (although there are fewer police officers per capita than in a number of
European states)
From the end of the 19th century illegal political parties formed
(especially on the national outskirts). Acted legally
non-political associations monitored by
police.
His educators and teachers were outstanding representatives of the Russian national
science and culture: the teacher of law and the fundamentals of theology was the Chief Procurator of His Holiness
Synod of K.P. Pobedonostsev and Professor E.E. Zamyslovsky, course of economics and finance
read by Academician I.Kh. Bunge, historical disciplines were taught by Academicians S.M. Solovyov and V.O.
Klyuchevsky, geography and statistics were read by the Chief of the General Staff, General N.N.
Obruchev, the course of the Academy of the General Staff - prominent military theorists M.I.
Dragomirov, G.A. Leer and A.F. Rediger.

Tragedy on the Khodynka field in Moscow - May 1896
Mass crush on the outskirts of Moscow during the days of celebrations for
occasion of the coronation of Emperor Nicholas II, in which
1389 people were killed and more than 900 were maimed,
began because of the fear that there would not be gifts at all
enough.
The Imperial family donated in favor of the victims
90 thousand rubles, the imperial couple, together with the Governor General, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich
visited hospitals where the wounded were placed on
Khodynka field; emperor appointed personal
pensions for the families of the dead and injured.
mass grave
who died on May 18, 1896
Vagankovsky cemetery
Moscow.

Economic policy
The reign of Nicholas II was a period of economic growth:
by 1913 the country reaches the highest point of economic growth (in subsequent
decade will not be able to surpass the indicators economic development 1913)
5th place in the world in terms of industrial growth and Russia has constantly increased this
share due to the rapid pace of development
1st place in the world in terms of concentration of production (share of large modern
enterprises)
If this had continued further, then in less than 10-12 years it would have been
already a world leader
Successfully developed:
Agriculture
Metallurgy
Oil industry
Forest industry
Chemical industry
electrical engineering
Mechanical engineering (from 1909 to 1913 production of internal combustion engines
increased by 283.5%)
Aircraft industry (the world's most powerful aircraft "Vityaz" and "Ilya Muromets" I.I.
Sikorsky)
finance minister from
1892 to 1903
Developed the main
agricultural
reforms (1903 - 1904),
implemented
Stolypin
Witte's economic policy
Goals:
Accelerating the industrialization of the country
Creation of a market economy
Integration of the Russian economy into the world economy

Economic policy
Witte's economic policy
Economic policy:
Speeding up railroad construction
Active state intervention in the financial and economic
life of the country (protection of industry, issuance of cash
credits)
Attracting foreign capital
financial reform
Financial reform:
indirect taxes were increased (1895 the introduction of a state monopoly on
trade in alcoholic beverages, increased the revenues of the treasury, in 1914
state sales of alcohol were closed), but taxes in
empires were significantly lower than in other countries
1891 - a new customs tariff (policy of protectionism,
increased customs duties, encouraged the development of heavy
industry, as a result of the almost complete rejection of imports of metals)
finance minister from
1892 to 1903
Developed the main
agricultural
reforms (1903 - 1904),
implemented
Stolypin
1897 - the gold backing of the ruble, which increased the convertibility and
the solvency of the ruble (Russia's gold reserves are more than 100%
covered paper money, while in Germany and Austria-Hungary,
gold plating was only about 50%)

Ministers
internal affairs
Goremykin
1895 – 1899
Sipyagin
1900 – 1902
Plehve
1902 – 1904
Killed by SRs
National politics
The process of modernizing the country required uniformity in
administrative, legal and social structure of all territories
Russia, the introduction of a single language and educational standards.
In Finland (restrictions on autonomy) a manifesto was published in 1899,
who gave the emperor the right to legislate for Finland without
the consent of her Seimas (Seimas restrictions); in 1901 national military
the unit was disbanded, and the Finns were supposed to serve in the Russian
army. Office work in public institutions in Finland
should have been conducted only in Russian. The Finnish Diet refused
approve these laws, and Finnish officials boycotted them. In 1903 the Governor General
Finland was given emergency powers. This sharpened the political
situation in the region. Finnish territory has become a base for revolutionary groups, where
terrorists were preparing their assassination attempts, while revolutionaries and liberals held congresses and
conferences.
In 1903 there were unrest among the Armenian population (the decree on the transfer
property of the Armenian Gregorian Church in the jurisdiction of the authorities, tk. part of the income, according to
police, was used to support the Armenian national revolutionary organizations;
the Armenian population perceived this decree as an encroachment on national values ​​and
religious traditions).
Restoration of the Pale of Settlement for Jews (you can only live in
western provinces), limiting the number of Jews in educational
establishments. Jewish youth actively joined the ranks of the revolutionary
organizations, often holding senior positions in them. At the same time in the country
there was a significant increase in the economic influence of Jewish capital. All
Svyatopolk-Mirsky
1904 – 1905
this caused an increase in anti-Semitic sentiments, often leading to
pogroms (the first major Jewish pogrom took place in April 1903 in
Chisinau, then was in Gomel).

Worker policy
expansion of factory legislation: in 1897 a law was passed on
limiting the working day to 11.5 hours;
Bulygin
January–October 1905
expanded the rights of the factory inspection, designed to monitor violations
laws by entrepreneurs, put out possible reasons strikes;
in 1903, a law was passed on compensation by factory owners to workers,
injured at work; workers were allowed to choose
factory elders who monitored the entrepreneur's compliance with the conditions
hiring.
Stolypin
1906 – 1911
S.V. Zubatov
The politics of "police socialism": the creation of legal workers
organizations under police supervision and guide the labor movement
exclusively to the struggle for economic interests (“Zubatovshchina”),
improving the situation of the workers in a timely manner. The goal was to distract
the proletariat from the anti-government struggle. For a while part
workers became fascinated with the idea of ​​cooperation with the authorities and began to participate in
"Zubatov" organizations, named after their initiator, head
Moscow security department S.V. Zubatov, but this caused
the resistance of the manufacturers who decided that the police were setting them on
workers (under their pressure, the "trade unions" were dissolved), and distrust of the
workers who are tired of waiting for the promised reforms; social democrats
realized the danger posed by the Zubatov movement, and began to fight against
him: the Zubatov movement received the definition of "provocation", as a result
and the masses of workers recoiled from the new Society.

After the assassination of Plehve in 1904, the new Minister of the Interior
Affairs was appointed Svyatopolk-Mirsky, a liberal.
P. D. Svyatopolk-Mirsky
At the end of 1904, in a note to the emperor, he proposed a plan
state reorganization:
include in the State Council elected from zemstvos and
doom,
expand the circle of voters and extend the zemstvos to
the entire territory of Russia.
It was supposed to gradually equalize the rights of the peasants with
other estates and improve the position of the Old Believers and
foreigners.
Nicholas II in December 1904 issued a decree on ambulances.
transformations.
At the end of 1904, the political struggle intensified in the country.
The course proclaimed by the government of P. D. Svyatopolk-Mirsky
trust in society led to the intensification of the opposition
(the liberal Union of Liberation proposed to G. Gapon
head of the "Assembly of Russian factory workers
Petersburg” to launch a political petition).

Revolution 1905 - 1907

Revolution 1905 - 1907

The revolution lasted 2.5 years (from January 9, 1905 to June 3, 1907).
It has gone through 3 stages in its development.

The goals of the revolution
the overthrow of the autocracy and the establishment of a democratic republic;
elimination of class inequality;
introduction of freedom of speech, assembly, parties and associations;
the abolition of landownership and the allocation of land to the peasants;
reduction of the working day to 8 hours;
recognition of the right of workers to strike and form trade unions;
establishing the equality of the peoples of Russia.
Participated in the revolution:
most of the medium and small
bourgeoisie
intelligentsia,
workers,
peasants,
soldiers,
sailors,
employees.
Therefore, it was popular
goals and composition of participants had
bourgeois-democratic
character.

The prologue of the revolution was the events in St. Petersburg:
general strike (due to the unfair dismissal of 4 workers began
strike of workers of the Putilov factory January 3, January 7 and 8 strike
spread to all the enterprises of the city and turned to the general public) and
G. Gapon and I. A. Fullon
"Meetings of Russian factory workers in St. Petersburg"
Striking workers at
gate of the Putilov factory.
January 1905.
Bloody Sunday: On January 9, workers who were going to
to the tsar with a petition (it was compiled by the participants of the "Meeting of Russian Factory Workers" under the leadership of G. Gapon).
The petition contained a request from workers to improve their material
provisions and political demands - convocation of the Constituent Assembly
on the basis of universal, equal and secret suffrage, introduction
democratic freedoms, the responsibility of ministers to the people.
As the columns approached the military outposts, the officers demanded
workers stop, but they continued to move forward. To
prevent the access of 150,000 people in the city center to Zimny
palace, the troops were forced to fire rifle volleys. In reply
workers began to take up arms and build barricades. Overclocking
unarmed procession of workers made a shocking impression on
society. The traditional faith of the working masses in the tsar was shaken, and
the influence of the revolutionary parties began to grow. The number of party
ranks quickly replenished. The slogan "Down with
autocracy!". Shortly after the events of January 9, Minister Svyatopolk-Mirsky was
dismissed and replaced by Bulygin; the post of St. Petersburg Governor-General was established, to which on January 10 General
D. F. Trepov.

The bogey of revolution. Drawing by B. Kustodiev

First stage: from January 9 to the end of September 1905
January-February strikes and protest demonstrations in response to Bloody Sunday
under the slogan "Down with autocracy!"; a wave of strikes swept across the country (including
railway, student, etc.), peasant movement. The Socialist-Revolutionaries killed the leader. book. Sergey Aleksandrovich.
On February 18, Nicholas II signed a rescript addressed to the Minister of the Interior A. G. Bulygin with
an order on the preparation of a law on an elected representative body: a legislative
Duma.
spring-summer demonstrations of workers in Moscow, Odessa, Warsaw, Lodz, Riga and Baku;
April - III Congress of the RSDLP: a course towards an armed uprising.
Decree on religious tolerance.
May - the strike of Ivanovo-Voznesensk weavers, the creation of a new body in Ivanovo-Voznesensk
authorities (the Council of Authorized Deputies (spring-summer 1905), in order to lead the strike and
negotiations with the authorities and manufacturers, as well as to arrange propaganda among the workers for Marxism and
revolutionary ideas;
The formation of the All-Russian Peasant Union, which came out with political
requirements. The movement of peasants and agricultural workers in 1/5 of the districts of the central
Russia, Georgia and Latvia;
uprising of sailors on the battleship "Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky" (during spontaneous
the armed uprising that began because of poor-quality food, the sailors seized the ship in their
hands, killing some of the officers, took the ship to Odessa, after 11 days surrendered to the Romanian
troops).
On August 6, the State Duma (Bulyginskaya) was established by the Manifesto of Nicholas II as
legislative body and published Regulations on elections with secret ballot (no
universal, neither direct nor equal). The organization of elections to the State Duma was entrusted to the Minister
Internal Affairs Bulygin.

Second stage: October - December 1905
the highest rise of the revolution
October - the beginning of the All-Russian political strike (more than 2 million participants), during
month the strike movement swept Moscow, St. Petersburg and other industrial centers of the empire.
October 17, 1905 Nicholas II signed the Supreme Manifesto "On the improvement
state order": the introduction of certain political freedoms and the convening of a legislative
State Duma on the basis of the new electoral law, the Manifesto served as an impetus for
the formation of two influential political parties.
October 19 reform of the supreme executive power: the introduction of the post of chairman of the Council of Ministers in
led by Witte.
Under the influence of peasant uprisings, a manifesto was signed to reduce redemption
payments and their complete abolition from January 1907.
the uprising of sailors in Sevastopol and on the cruiser "Ochakov", led by Lieutenant P.P.
Schmidt. The uprising was suppressed, Schmidt and three sailors were shot, more than 300 people were convicted
or exiled to hard labor and settlements.
The liberals, frightened by the magnitude of the movement, recoiled from the revolution. They welcomed the publication
Manifesto and the new electoral law. They decided that they managed to achieve a weakening of the autocracy
and, using the promised freedoms, began to create their own political parties.
October - November: the formation of the Soviets of Workers' Deputies in St. Petersburg (Khrustalev-Nosar chairman,
then Trotsky), and in Moscow.
December: armed uprising in Moscow (performance of the 2nd Grenadier Regiment. Uprising
supported by a general strike of workers).
A new electoral law for elections to the First State Duma, developed by
S.Yu. Witte.

Elections to it were not universal (in
they did not include laborers, women,
soldiers, sailors, students and workers,
employed in small businesses).
Each class had its own
Representation norms: 1 vote
landowner was equated to 3 votes
bourgeoisie, 15 peasant votes and 25
the voices of the workers.
The outcome of the elections was determined
ratio of the number of electors.
The government is still counting on
monarchist commitment and Duma
illusions of the peasants, so for them it was
relatively high standard
representations.
Elections were not direct
peasants - four-degree, for workers
- three-degree, for the nobility and the bourgeoisie
- two-stage.
An age limit was introduced (25 years) and for
townspeople high property
qualification to secure the election
advantage of the big bourgeoisie.

Third stage: January 1906 to June 3, 1907
recession and retreat of the revolution
January 1906 - cancellation of redemption payments
February 1906 - Manifesto on the transformation of the State Council into the upper house
parliament
April - July 1906 - I State Duma (dissolution on July 9)
April 1906 - publication of the "Basic Laws of the Russian Empire"
July 1906 - the uprising of soldiers and sailors in Revel, Kronstadt
August 1906 - an attempt on the life of Prime Minister P. A. Stolypin (Socialist-Revolutionaries blew up the cottage); introduction
courts-martial
November 1906 - the beginning of Stolypin's agrarian reform
February - June 3, 1907 - II State Duma
June 3, 1907 - a manifesto on the dissolution of the II State Duma, a new electoral law;
Police arrested members of the Social Democratic faction in the State Duma
accused of preparing a military conspiracy. Promulgated at the same time as the manifesto
the new electoral law gave preference in new elections to representatives
nobility and the big bourgeoisie.

I State Duma (72 days - from April to July 1906)
Chairman - Muromtsev (cadet). The leading role of the liberals (34% Cadets, 14% Octobrists, 23%
the Trudoviks, close to the Social Revolutionaries and expressing the interests of the peasantry; social democrats were represented
the Mensheviks (about 4% of the seats); the Black Hundreds did not enter the Duma; The Bolsheviks boycotted the elections.
Contemporaries called the First State Duma "The Duma of people's hopes for a peaceful path."
However, its legislative rights were curtailed even before the convocation. Advisory Council of State was
transformed into the upper legislative chamber. New "Basic Laws of the Russian Empire",
published before the opening of the Duma, left the tsar the right to issue decrees without its approval, which
contrary to the promises of the October 17 Manifesto. However, some limitation of autocracy
was achieved, since the State Duma received the right of legislative initiative and had to
approve the state budget.
The Duma proposed a program for the democratization of Russia: the introduction of ministerial responsibility to
Duma; the guarantee of all civil liberties; the establishment of universal free education; conducting
agrarian reform; meeting the demands of national minorities; abolition of the death penalty and
full political amnesty. The government did not accept this program, which strengthened it
confrontation with the Duma.
The main issue in the Duma was the agrarian question. Two bills were discussed: the Cadets (at the expense of
peasants) and Trudoviks (alienation of all privately owned lands free of charge, leaving them to the owners
only "labor standard").
The government, supported by conservative landlords, rejected all projects. Through 72
days after the opening of the Duma, the tsar dismissed it, declaring that it did not calm the people, but kindled passions.

II State Duma (February - June 1907)
Chairman - Golovin (Cadet), the leading role of the left forces (Trudoviks, Socialist-Revolutionaries and Social Democrats
formed a "left" bloc with 222 seats (43%); Cadets (19% seats), 10% Black Hundreds, 15%
Octobrists and bourgeois-nationalist deputies).
The central issue is agrarian, various projects: the Social Democrats demanded a complete
confiscation of landlords' land and the creation of local committees for its distribution among the peasants.
Projects for the expropriation of landed estates frightened the government. It was
decided to disperse the Duma. She lasted 102 days. pretext for dissolution
was the accusation of the deputies of the Social Democratic faction of preparing
state coup.
On June 3, 1907, simultaneously with the Manifesto on the dissolution of the II State Duma,
new electoral law published. Issuing a law by will alone
government was a direct violation of the Manifesto of October 17, 1905, since in
In it, the king promised that "no new law can follow without the approval of
State Duma".
June 3 is considered the last day of the revolution of 1905-1907.

Reasons for incompleteness
revolutions:
The disunity of the revolutionary
forces.
The Liberal Party's Rejection
struggle, transition to parliamentary
activity.
Preservation of the army and navy as a whole
as a pillar of autocracy.
The beginning of agrarian reform
Stolypin.
The main result was
that the supreme power was
forced to change
socio-political system
Russia. It has developed new
state structures,
testifying to the beginning
development of parliamentarism.
During the revolution were created
preconditions for
agrarian reform that
further
development of bourgeois relations in
village.

The socio-political situation of Russian citizens has changed:
introduced democratic freedoms,
canceled censorship,
allowed to organize trade unions and legal political
parties.
The bourgeoisie received a wide opportunity to participate in political life
countries.
The material and legal situation of the working people has improved. In a number of industries
industry wages increased and decreased
working hours.
The peasants achieved the abolition of redemption payments.
The end of the revolution led to the establishment of a temporary internal political
stabilization in Russia.

JUNE THREE POLITICAL SYSTEM (1907-1914)
After the revolution in Russia, new system political organization of the state
known as the "June Third Monarchy".
The internal policy of the government during this period was determined by objective
post-revolutionary conditions:
it was aimed at suppressing the anti-government movement
(the onset of reaction in all areas of public life; the impact
administrative and ideological measures: police and bureaucratic
the press and the church helped the apparatus).
The conduct of the counter-revolutionary line was based on the "Regulations on
enhanced and emergency security” (local authorities received the right
search the premises of any institutions and organizations, arrest their members;
many organizations of peasants, students, democratic
intellectuals, part of the trade unions was closed, the publication of a number of
democratic newspapers and magazines).
The electoral law of June 3 changed the order of the Duma elections
(the workers lost half of the electors, and the peasants - more than half; the number
deputies from national regions (Caucasus, Poland) decreased three times,
8 million inhabitants of the Urals, Siberia and Central Asia were deprived of the right to vote).
The ideological offensive was most clearly reflected in the collection of articles on
Russian intelligentsia "Milestones" (1909), in which the authors defended the uselessness,
harmfulness of revolutionary actions. The Church called for Christian humility
and cooperation with the government. Representatives of the Black Hundred organizations went
even further, demanding the death of all revolutionaries, the cessation of activities
Duma.
revolution
testified to
need
reforms
for expansion
social support
supreme power
(manoeuvring between
different social
forces, by taking
and implementation of new
laws)
The largest
internal political
reform was
Stolypinskaya

P. A. Stolypin
Since 1906 Chairman of the Council
ministers. supporter
united and strong
States: his words,
towards the left
to the deputies of the Duma: “... you
need a big upheaval
we need a great Russia!”
combined the policy of repression
against the revolutionary
movement ("Stolypin
tie") with reforms,
aimed at developing
capitalism and strengthening
states
Killed by the Socialist-Revolutionaries in 1911
Stolypin's reforms
agrarian reform (1906 - 1911)
local government reform (creation
non-estate volost institutions)
educational reform (construction of schools on
village and the transition to compulsory primary
education)
measures to improve the lives of workers
(insurance, reduction of the working day,
introduction of employment rules, etc.)

Stolypin agrarian reform
Central location in domestic politics occupied the agrarian question: the struggle of the peasants
(November 1905) forced the government to cancel redemption payments by half from 1906, and from 1907
fully
But this was not enough: the peasants demanded land, so the government was forced to
was to return to the idea of ​​abandoning the communal and moving to a private peasant
land ownership (it was expressed as early as 1902 by Witte, but then the government refused to implement it, and
Stolypin insisted on carrying out the reform and therefore it was called "Stolypin")
Stolypin agrarian reform
The goal of the reform:
keep landownership
accelerate the bourgeois evolution of agriculture
relieve social tension in the countryside and create a strong social base for the government in
face of the rural bourgeoisie
1) The decree of November 9, 1906 allowed the peasant to leave the community,
and the law of June 14, 1910 made it mandatory
2) The peasant could demand the unification of allotment plots into a single cut (in the village) and even
move to a separate farm (outside the village)
3) A fund was created from part of state and imperial lands for sale to peasants
4) For the purchase of these and landlord lands, the Peasant Bank gave money loans
5) Given the "land hunger" in the center of Russia, the government encouraged the resettlement of peasants for
Ural: migrants were given loans for settling in a new place, state-owned warehouses were created
agricultural machinery, provided agronomic advice, medical and
veterinary care

Significance and results of the Stolypin agrarian reform
Contributed to the rise of the country's economy:
agriculture is sustainable
increased the purchasing power of the population and foreign exchange earnings associated with
grain export
The reform accelerated social stratification:
the formation of the rural bourgeoisie and the proletariat
The government did not find a strong social base in the countryside, because it did not satisfy
the needs of the peasants in the land
Social goals were not achieved:
only 20-35% of the peasants left the community in different areas, since the majority
preserved collectivist psychology and traditions
farming has only 10% of households
The kulaks left the community more often than the poor; they bought land from landlords and
impoverished fellow villagers, started a profitable commodity economy
The poor went to the cities or became agricultural workers (laborers)
20% of peasants who received loans from the Peasant Bank went bankrupt
About 16% of migrants could not settle in a new place, returned to the central
regions of the country and joined the ranks of the proletarians
The development of cooperation is intensifying (the cooperatives supplied the peasants with machines, fertilizers,
clothes; cooperatives appeared in the field of production: butter-making, pig-breeding,
cheese, etc.)

III State Duma (5 years from November 1907 to June 1912)
Chairman - Khomyakov (until 1910, Octobrist), Guchkov (1910, Octobrist), Rodzianko (Octobrist),
none of the factions won a majority: 32% of the "right" deputies; 33% of the Octobrists were
center; 12% Cadets, 3% Trudoviks, 4.2% Social Democrats and 6% from national parties occupied the left
wing. The results of the vote depended on where the "center" would swing. If to the "right", then it formed
"Right-Octobrist" majority that supported the government. If to the "left", then it was created
"Cadet-Octobrist" majority, ready for liberal-democratic reforms. So
the mechanism of the parliamentary Octobrist pendulum was formed (when the Duma adopted
reactionary law, the Octobrists voted together with the monarchists, when the
draft reforms, they voted together with the left deputies)
In post-revolutionary conditions, the three former
question: workers, national and agrarian.
The Duma discussed the main 4 bills on the length of the working day, on insurance and
workers' pensions.
In 1912, a law was passed on state insurance against accidents and sickness. Total
passed more than 2000 laws. Support for the Stolypin reform, rearmament of the fleet, etc.

Lena execution of workers (April 1912)
In April 1912, during a strike at the mines of the Lena gold mining partnership
"Lenzoloto", located in the Irkutsk province along the Lena River, government troops opened
fire on workers
According to one version, the reasons for the strike were extremely difficult working and living conditions.
Attempts of the Irkutsk Governor F. A. Bantysh to resolve the conflict between the administration
mines and strikers did not give a positive result
By order of the gendarmerie captain N.V. Treshchenkov, 11 activists were arrested, because of which
several thousand workers went to ask for the release of those arrested, but on orders
Treshchenkova, the soldiers opened fire on them
There are no official data on the number of victims of the execution of the demonstration (in various sources
is called from 83 to 270 killed and from 100 to 250 wounded)
The Lena massacre marked the beginning of the rise of the revolutionary movement of 1912-1914:
in 1912 1 million people went on strike
in 1914 more than 2 million people
prepared armed uprisings in the Baltic and Black Sea Fleets who raise
failed
in the summer of 1912, the sappers of the Tashkent garrison rebelled, 14 rebels were

IV State Duma (5 years from November 1912 to October 1917)
Chairman - Rodzianko (Octobrist). Its party composition has hardly changed and in it
two majorities were preserved (Right-Octobrist and Octobrist-Cadet). A new
liberal Progressive Party, which in its program advocated a constitutional monarchy
system, expansion of the rights of the Duma and the responsibility of ministers to it. Progressives occupied
an intermediate position between the Octobrists and the Cadets, tried to achieve the consolidation of the liberals.
Russia's entry into the first world war in 1914 caused a great patriotic upsurge. For some
time, opposition speeches subsided, almost all parties (except the Bolsheviks) supported
government. However, defeats at the front, the deterioration of the material situation of the workers, strikes
workers, the inability of the government to stabilize the situation in the country - all this caused a new
revival of the opposition movement. In 1915, some of the deputies of the State Duma and
The State Council formed the Progressive Bloc. It included Octobrists, Progressives,
Cadets, representatives of nationalist parties. They demanded a government
having the confidence of society and responsible to the Duma.

Foreign policy
International situation at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries.
the struggle of the great powers for the redivision of the world
an increasing trend towards the direct annexation of various territories and their transformation into colonies
The German Empire, created in 1870 and skipped the stage of the initial division of the world
between the capitalist states, sought to make up for lost time: sharply
aggravated its contradictions with Britain and France
On the world stage, the United States and Japan began to act more actively, wishing to expand
spheres of its economic and political influence
The Russian Empire turned by the end of the 19th century. into a powerful Eurasian power,
with significant international prestige
The choice of allies and the definition of priority areas of foreign policy
part of the ruling circles occupied expansionist positions, advocated further
territorial acquisitions (A.M. Bezobrazov, A.P. Izvolsky, S.D. Sazonov)
part of the ruling elite (S.Yu. Witte, P.A. Stolypin) understood the danger of armed
conflicts for the internal modernization of the country, so they insisted on resolving
contradictions by peaceful diplomatic means: Russia took the initiative in
questions of disarmament, war and peace (The Hague Conference 1899)

Foreign policy

The Hague Conference 1899
It was convened on the initiative of Nicholas II, it was attended by representatives of 26
states of Europe, Asia, America
The task of its participants was to develop measures to limit armaments and ensure
lasting peace
Projects put forward by Russia:
1) suspension of armaments
2) the prohibition of cruel methods of struggle (the use of new, especially strong explosive
substances, asphyxiating gases, explosive bullets, throwing destructive projectiles from aeronautical
machines and the actions of submarine destroyers)
3) the establishment of an arbitration court to resolve disputes between the powers
The work of the conference can be considered a failure, since it was limited to only
the prohibition of explosive bullets, asphyxiating gases and the throwing of projectiles from the air
The conference had no concrete results in arms limitation, but
led to the conclusion of three conventions:
on the peaceful settlement of international disputes
on the laws and customs of land war
on the application of the Geneva Convention for the Wounded and Sick in Naval Warfare
Rejection on the merits of the main points on which the conference was convened,
took place as a result of the protests of the Commissioner of Germany; his arguments clearly showed
that Germany is pursuing goals that are directly opposed to the desire to stop or even
weaken the wars in Europe

Main Directions of Foreign Policy
The main direction remained the Middle East: Black Sea Straits and the Balkans
(Balkan peoples who gained independence and remained under the rule of the Ottoman Empire,
continued to see Russia as their patroness and ally, but the strengthening of friendly relations with
they encountered opposition from many European countries)
In the European direction, traditional allied relations with the Central European powers (Germany and Austria-Hungary) cooled more and more (this was not possible
prevent repeated "kindred" meetings of the Russian and German emperors). Russia strengthened
alliance with France, concluded in 1891-1893, and was forced to move closer to England.
This was facilitated by the new alignment of forces in Europe (in 1904 France and Great Britain,
having settled disputes in Africa, they signed an agreement (from the French "entente cordiale" -
cordial agreement, entente), which created the basis for their international political and military
cooperation; Russia joined the Anglo-French alliance. However, in some conflict situations
early 20th century France and England were in no hurry to support Russia. This forced her to seek agreements with
German government).
At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. Russia has stepped up the Far Eastern direction of its foreign
politicians. At the end of the XIX century. The Far East has become a place of attraction for the interests of all the great powers. Weak and
backward China was subjected to imperialist aggression from many countries. Own zones of influence (colonies)
acquired by England, Germany, France. The United States proclaimed the doctrine of "open doors and equal
opportunities”, which in practice led to the economic enslavement of China. Japan took away
him Korea, Taiwan, the Pescadores Islands. She claimed a leading role in the Pacific region and
under the slogan of creating "Great Asia" was preparing an invasion of Manchuria - the northeastern province
China. The assertion of Japan near the borders of Russia threatened the security of the eastern regions
empire.

Far East
1895 - The Russian-Chinese Bank was established.
1896 - negotiations with China: between Russia and China was concluded
defensive alliance against Japan, the construction of the China East
railway (CER) through Manchuria.
1898 - agreement with China: Russia received the lease of the Liaodong Peninsula
military base of Port Arthur for 25 years. Russian naval presence in the bay
Qinhuangdao allowed her to pursue an active policy both in China and in Korean
peninsula.
1900 Russian troops were brought into Manchuria (during the Sino-Japanese War in
1895 Japan conquered Korea, part of Manchuria with Liaodong, but under pressure from European
powers refused it, as a result Russia received it).
1903 Russian-Japanese negotiations on the fate of Manchuria and Korea reached an impasse,
since both sides sought complete domination in China (Japan was supported
England, which in 1902 concluded an alliance with her).
1904 started Russo-Japanese War. According to the plan of the Russian ministers (Plehve,
Bezobrazov) it was supposed to distract the masses from participating in
anti-government protests.

Russo-Japanese War (1904 - 1905)
Reasons - confrontation between Russia and Japan in the Far East
Lease of the Liaodong Peninsula and construction of Port Arthur
CER and economic expansion into Manchuria
The struggle for spheres of influence in China and Korea
War as a means of diverting the people from the revolutionary movement
(Bezobrazov and the environment - "a small victorious war")
the use of the latest weapons: long-range artillery,
battleships, destroyers
balance of power
Russia
huge military potential (hoped for a quick victory);
military resources in the Far East turned out to be significantly weak

Beginning of XX century. Reign of Nicholas II.

The territory of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century was about 24 million km² . 80% population lived in rural areas. In England at the same time 78% population lived in cities.

Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century

Most of the population - 72% - lived in the European part of the country, in Siberia - only 5% . The largest cities are Moscow and St. Petersburg: almost 2 million. residents.

The population census conducted in 1897 showed such a distribution according to estates :

merchants

clergy

nobles

tradesmen

peasants

Nobles and clergy belonged to privileged classes: they were exempted from part of taxes, conscription into the army, corporal punishment, their offenses were considered by separate courts.

Philistines (urban population: small traders, artisans, wage earners) and peasants(village residents engaged in agricultural labor) belonged to unprivileged estates. They are

paid all taxes and fees,

were subjected to corporal punishment.

Merchants - semi-privileged class. Instead of a poll tax, they paid a special contribution to the treasury, were exempted from corporal punishment and from

conscription into the army.

The population of the national outskirts of the Russian Empire was called "foreigners" and amounted to 6.6%.

Russia was absolute hereditary monarchy. All branches of government belonged to the emperor.

The coat of arms of the state was a double-headed eagle. The anthem is "God Save the Tsar", the flag is white and blue red.

After the death of Alexander III Emperor Russia becomes his eldest son Nikolai. He was crowned on October 20 1894 , at 26 years old. reigned Nicholas II 23 years old. During the coronation celebrations, tragic events took place on the Khodynka field. Among the people, Nikolai received the nickname "bloody".

Full title of Nicholas II as emperor:

« By God's hastening mercy Nicholas II, emperor and autocrat of All Russia, Moscow, Kyiv,

Vladimirsky, Novgorodsky; king of Kazan

Tsar of Astrakhan, Tsar of Poland, Tsar of Siberia, Tsar of Tauric Chersonese, Tsar of Georgia; Sovereign of Pskov and Grand Duke of Smolensk, Lithuania, Volyn,

Podolsky and Finnish; Prince of Estonia, Livonia, Courland and Semigalsky, Samogitsky, Bialystok,

Korelsky, Tversky, Yugorsky, Permsky,

Vyatka, Bulgarian and others; Sovereign and Grand Duke of Novgorod of the Nizovsky lands,

Chernigov, Ryazan, Polotsk,

Rostov, Yaroslavl, Belozersky,

Udorsky, Obdorsky, Kondinsky, Vitebsky,

Mstislav and all Northern countries ruler; and sovereign of Iversky,

Kartalinsky and Kabardian lands and regions of Armenia; Cherkasy and Mountain princes and other hereditary sovereign and owner, the sovereign of Turkestan; heir of Norway, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, Stormarn,

Ditmarsen and Oldenburg and others, and others, and others ».

Nicholas II

Nicholas at the age of 5

Tsesarevich Nikolai Alexandrovich. 1889

Grand Duke Nikolai Alexandrovich aged

Nikolai's training began when he was 8 years old. Among his teachers were scientists, politicians,

statesmen. He knew several languages, studied Russian and world history.

Unlike his father Alexander III, Nicholas did not give the impression of a strong personality. In the pursuit of state affairs, the king showed "extraordinary perseverance" and accuracy,

although in general the rule of a vast empire was a "heavy burden" for him.

Contemporaries noted that Nikolai had a tenacious memory, keen powers of observation,

humble, kind and gentle person.

Most of all, he valued his peace, habits, health

and especially the well-being of his family, who were his

main support.

When filling out the census sheets in 1897. Nicholas II in the column "Occupation" indicated: "The owner of the Russian Land."

Alexandra Fedorovna and after 20 years of marriage called Nikolai "My boy, my sunshine."

Rumors began to spread throughout the capital about the orgies organized by Rasputin, about his drunkenness and debauchery. In December 1916, he was assassinated as a result of a "high society conspiracy."

Export of eggs

Flax export

Grain export

Export of butter

At the beginning of the 20th century, the Russian Empire was mainly agricultural country. It ranked 1st in the world in the cultivation and sale of rye, wheat, barley, oats, 2nd in the collection of potatoes and sugar beet, as well as in the number of cattle. Russia exported a lot of timber, wood products, meat, poultry, leather.

At the same time, actively developed industry, the extraction of coal, oil, gold, copper, iron, iron and steel production grew rapidly.

In 1900, Russia comes out on top in oil production.

By 1913 5th-6th place in the world in terms of total industrial production, 4th-5th place in terms of the absolute size of iron ore, coal and steel production.

Trans-Siberian Railway

In the late 19th - early 20th century, rapidly growing length of railway(from 21,226 versts to 33,869 versts), increases the number of industrial enterprises and the number of workers(from 38,401 people to 1,742,181).

The Russian economy was changing rapidly, and changes in laws were also needed.

When Nicholas came to power, many hoped that the new emperor would complete the reforms conceived by his grandfather, Alexander II, but in his first public speech, Nicholas declared that he would guard the foundations of autocracy as firmly and steadily as did his "unforgettable deceased parent.

Page 11 Strike, strike -

In society, dissatisfaction with the policy of the emperor was growing. The nobility wanted more rights in government, the peasants suffered from lack of land and poverty, the workers began to fight for their rights with the help of strikes.

The demands of the workers presented to the leadership of the Vladikavkaz railway during the strike in 1902.

1. 9-hour working day.

2. Full cancellation of any fines.

3. Polite and human treatment of workers

4. Establishment of a free school for the children of workers as needed.

5. Posting of price sheets in all shops.

6. Immediate issuance of benefits to workers, wounded and sick.

7. Issuance of government tools to carpenters and joiners.

8. Working at lunchtime pay for 2 hours

9. At the birth of a child, give the worker 15 rubles each, also in the event of the death of one of the members of the worker's family.