Who drove the Mongol Tatar yoke out of Russia. Tatar-Mongol yoke in Russia. The strangeness of the geography of movement of Batu

The Tatar-Mongol yoke is called the system of political dependence of the Russian principalities on the Mongol Empire. In 2013, in textbooks on the history of Russia, the period of the Tatar- Mongolian yoke began to be called "Horde dominion".

In this article, we will briefly consider the features of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, its influence on the development of Russia, and also in general - a place in.

Years of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

The years of the Tatar-Mongol yoke amounted to almost 250 years: from 1237 to 1480.

Tatar-Mongol yoke in Russia

Story Kievan Rus full of many cases when its princes, who ruled different cities, fought among themselves for the right to own a larger territory.

As a result, this led to fragmentation, the depletion of human resources and the weakening of the state. In addition, Pechenegs or Polovtsy periodically attacked Russia, which further worsened the position of the state.

An interesting fact is that shortly before the invasion of the Mongol-Tatar yoke, Russian princes could turn the tide of history. Around 1219, the Mongols found themselves near Russia for the first time, as they were about to attack the Polovtsy.

To increase their chances of winning, they asked for help from Kyiv princes and assured them that they were not going to fight them. Moreover, the Mongols asked for peace with the Russian princes, as a result of which they sent their ambassadors to them.

Having gathered at the veche, the rulers of the Kyiv principalities decided not to enter into any agreements with the Mongols, because they did not trust them. They killed the ambassadors and thereby became the enemies of the Mongols.

The beginning of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

From 1237 to 1243, Batu continuously made raids on Russia. His huge army, numbering 200,000 people, ravaged the cities, killed and captured the Russian inhabitants.

Ultimately, the Horde army managed to subjugate many other Russian principalities.

Perhaps by making peace with the Mongols, Russia would have been able to avoid such sad consequences of the Mongol invasion. However, this would most likely lead to a change in religion, culture and language.

The structure of power under the Tatar-Mongol yoke

Kievan Rus developed on a democratic basis. The main body of power was the veche, which gathered all free men. It discussed any issues related to the life of the townspeople.

Veche was in every city, but with the advent of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, everything changed. People's assemblies ceased to exist almost everywhere, with the exception of Novgorod (see), Pskov and some other cities.

Periodically, the Mongols conducted a census to control the collection of tribute. They also recruited conscripts to serve in their army. An interesting fact is that even after the expulsion of the Tatar-Mongolians in Russia, they continued to carry out a census.

The Mongols introduced a rather important innovation regarding the creation of the so-called "pits". The pits were inns where travelers could get an overnight stay, or a cart. Thanks to this, correspondence between the khans and their governors was accelerated.

Local residents were forced to take care of the needs of caretakers, feed the horses and carry out the orders of high-ranking officials on the road.

Such a system made it possible to effectively control not only the Russian principalities under the Tatar-Mongol yoke, but also the entire territory of the Mongol Empire.

Orthodox Church and the Tatar-Mongol yoke

During their raids, the Tatar-Mongols desecrated and destroyed Orthodox churches. They killed the clergy or took them into slavery.

An interesting fact is that the Horde army believed that it was God's punishment for the Russian people. It is worth noting that the inhabitants of Russia also believed that the Mongol- Tatar yoke is the punishment for their sins. In this regard, they turned to the church even more, seeking support from the priests.

During the reign of Mengu-Timur, the situation changed. The Orthodox Church received the legal concept of a label (charter of immunity). Despite the fact that the temples were under the rule of the Mongols, this label guaranteed them immunity.

He exempted the church from taxation, and also allowed the priests to remain free and not be in the service.

Thus, the church turned out to be practically independent of the princes and was able to retain large territories in its composition. Thanks to the label, none of the Mongol or Russian soldiers had the right to exert physical or spiritual pressure on the church and its representatives.

The monks were given the opportunity to spread Christianity by converting pagans to it. Temples were built in one place after another, thanks to which the situation Orthodox Church strengthened even more.

After the destruction of Kyiv in 1299, the church center was moved to Vladimir, and in 1322 moved to.

Change of language after the Tatar-Mongol yoke

The change in language during the period of the Tatar-Mongolian yoke had a radical effect on the conduct of trade, military affairs and the management of the state apparatus.

Thousands of new words, borrowed from the Mongolian and Turkic languages, appeared in the Russian lexicon. Here are just a few words that came to us from the Eastern peoples:

coachman
money
label
horse
sheepskin coat

Culture during the Mongol-Tatar yoke

During the Tatar-Mongol yoke, many cultural and art figures were deported, which led to an artistic revival.

In 1370, the Suzdalians successfully intervened in the struggle for power in the Horde (on the middle Volga), and in 1376 the Muscovite troops ransomed the Horde governors of the middle Volga and imprisoned Russian customs officers there.

The battle on the Vozha River - a battle between the Russian army under the command and the army of the Golden Horde under the command of Murza Begich (Begish) took place on August 11, 1378. As a result of a fierce battle, the Tatar army was defeated. This event glorified the Russian prince and raised the spirit of the oppressed people.

Battle of Kulikovo

Later, Mamai decided to again go to war against the Russian prince, gathering an army of 150 thousand people. It is worth noting that the united Russian army, led by the Moscow Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy, numbered almost half as many soldiers.

The battle took place near the Don River on the Kulikovo field in 1380. In a bloody battle, the victory went to the Russian army.

Despite the fact that half of the Russian soldiers died on the battlefield, the Horde army was almost completely exterminated, and Grand Duke Dmitry went down in history under the nickname "Donskoy".

Prince Dmitry Donskoy

However, soon Moscow was again devastated by Khan Tokhtamysh, as a result of which she again began to pay tribute to the Tatar-Mongols.

Nevertheless, the decisive victory of the Russian troops was an important step towards the restoration of the unity of Russia and the future overthrow of the Golden Horde yoke.

In the era that followed the Battle of Kulikovo, the Tatar-Mongol yoke significantly changed its character in the direction of greater independence of the great Moscow princes.

The end of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

Every year Moscow strengthened its position and exerted a serious influence on other principalities, including Novgorod.

Later, Moscow forever threw off the shackles of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, in which it had been for almost 250 years.

The official date of the end of the Tatar-Mongol yoke is considered to be 1480.

The results of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

The result of the Tatar-Mongolian yoke in Russia was political, religious and social changes.

According to some historians, the Tatar-Mongol yoke led the Russian state to decline. Supporters of this point of view believe that it is precisely for this reason that Russia has begun to lag behind the countries of the West.

Important crafts practically disappeared in it, as a result of which Russia was thrown back several centuries ago. According to experts, the Tatar-Mongols destroyed approximately 2.5 million people, which was about a third of the entire population of Ancient Russia.

Other historians (including and) believe that the Tatar-Mongol yoke, on the contrary, played a positive role in the evolution of Russian statehood.

The Horde contributed to its development, as it served as a pretext for the end of civil wars and civil strife.

Be that as it may, but the Tatar-Mongolian yoke in Russia is major event in the history of Russia.

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It has long been no secret that there was no "Tatar-Mongol yoke", and no Tatars with Mongols conquered Russia. But who falsified history and why? What was hidden behind the Tatar-Mongol yoke? Bloody Christianization of Russia...

There are a large number of facts that not only unambiguously refute the hypothesis of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, but also indicate that history was deliberately distorted, and that this was done with a very specific purpose ... But who and why deliberately distorted history? What real events did they want to hide and why?

If we analyze historical facts, it becomes obvious that the "Tatar-Mongol yoke" was invented in order to hide the consequences of the "baptism" of Kievan Rus. After all, this religion was imposed in a far from peaceful way ... In the process of "baptism" most of the population of the Kyiv principality was destroyed! It definitely becomes clear that those forces that were behind the imposition of this religion later fabricated history, juggling historical facts for themselves and their goals ...

These facts are known to historians and are not secret, they are publicly available, and anyone can easily find them on the Internet. Omitting scientific research and justification, which have already been described quite extensively, let's summarize the main facts that refute the big lie about the "Tatar-Mongol yoke".

French engraving by Pierre Duflos (1742-1816)

1. Genghis Khan

Previously, in Russia, 2 people were responsible for governing the state: the Prince and the Khan. The prince was responsible for governing the state in peacetime. Khan or "war prince" took over the reins of government during the war, in peacetime he was responsible for the formation of the horde (army) and maintaining it in combat readiness.

Genghis Khan is not a name, but the title of "war prince", which, in modern world, close to the position of Commander-in-Chief of the Army. And there were several people who bore such a title. The most prominent of them was Timur, it is about him that they usually talk about when they talk about Genghis Khan.

In the surviving historical documents, this man is described as a tall warrior with blue eyes, very white skin, powerful reddish hair and a thick beard. Which clearly does not correspond to the signs of a representative of the Mongoloid race, but fully fits the description of the Slavic appearance (L.N. Gumilyov - “ Ancient Russia and the Great Steppe).

In modern "Mongolia" there is not a single folk tale that would say that this country once conquered almost all of Eurasia in ancient times, just like there is nothing about the great conqueror Genghis Khan ... (N.V. Levashov "Visible and invisible genocide).

Reconstruction of the throne of Genghis Khan with a family tamga with a swastika

2. Mongolia

The state of Mongolia appeared only in the 1930s, when the Bolsheviks came to the nomads living in the Gobi desert and informed them that they were the descendants of the great Mongols, and their “compatriot” created the Great Empire at one time, which they were very surprised and delighted with . The word "Mogul" is of Greek origin and means "Great". This word the Greeks called our ancestors - the Slavs. It has nothing to do with the name of any people (N.V. Levashov "Visible and invisible genocide").

3. The composition of the army "Tatar-Mongols"

70-80% of the army of the "Tatar-Mongols" were Russians, the remaining 20-30% were other small peoples of Russia, in fact, as now. This fact is clearly confirmed by a fragment of the icon of Sergius of Radonezh "The Battle of Kulikovo". It clearly shows that the same warriors are fighting on both sides. And this fight is more like civil war than to go to war with a foreign conqueror.

The museum description of the icon reads: “... In the 1680s. an attachment with a picturesque legend about the “Mamaev Battle” was added. On the left side of the composition, cities and villages are depicted that sent their soldiers to help Dmitry Donskoy - Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Rostov, Novgorod, Ryazan, the village of Kurba near Yaroslavl and others. On the right is Mamaia's camp. In the center of the composition is the scene of the Battle of Kulikovo with the duel between Peresvet and Chelubey. On the lower field - a meeting of the victorious Russian troops, burial fallen heroes and the death of Mamai.

All these pictures, taken from both Russian and European sources, depict the battles of the Russians with the Mongol-Tatars, but nowhere is it possible to determine who is Russian and who is Tatar. Moreover, in the latter case, both the Russians and the "Mongol-Tatars" are dressed in almost the same gilded armor and helmets, and fight under the same banners with the image of the Savior Not Made by Hands. Another thing is that the "Spas" of the two warring parties, most likely, was different.

4. What did the "Tatar-Mongols" look like?

Pay attention to the drawing of the tomb of Henry II the Pious, who was killed on the Legnica field.

The inscription is as follows: “The figure of a Tatar under the feet of Henry II, Duke of Silesia, Krakow and Poland, placed on the grave in Breslau of this prince, who was killed in the battle with the Tatars at Liegnitz on April 9, 1241.” As we can see, this "Tatar" has a completely Russian appearance, clothes and weapons.

In the next image - "the Khan's palace in the capital of the Mongol Empire, Khanbalik" (it is believed that Khanbalik is allegedly Beijing).

What is "Mongolian" and what is "Chinese" here? Again, as in the case of the tomb of Henry II, before us are people of a clearly Slavic appearance. Russian caftans, archer caps, the same broad beards, the same characteristic blades of sabers called "elman". The roof on the left is almost an exact copy of the roofs of the old Russian towers ... (A. Bushkov, "Russia, which was not").

5. Genetic expertise

According to the latest data obtained as a result of genetic research, it turned out that Tatars and Russians have very similar genetics. Whereas the differences between the genetics of Russians and Tatars from the genetics of the Mongols are colossal: “The differences between the Russian gene pool (almost completely European) and the Mongolian (almost completely Central Asian) are really great - it’s like two different worlds ...”

6. Documents during the Tatar-Mongol yoke

During the existence of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, not a single document in the Tatar or Mongolian language has been preserved. But there are many documents of this time in Russian.

7. Lack of objective evidence supporting the hypothesis of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

On the this moment no originals of any historical documents, which would objectively prove that there was a Tatar-Mongol yoke. But on the other hand, there are many fakes designed to convince us of the existence of a fiction called the "Tatar-Mongol yoke." Here is one of those fakes. This text is called "The Word about the Destruction of the Russian Land" and in each publication it is announced as "an excerpt from a poetic work that has not come down to us in its entirety ... About the Tatar-Mongol invasion":

“Oh, bright and beautifully decorated Russian land! You are glorified by many beauties: you are famous for many lakes, locally revered rivers and springs, mountains, steep hills, high oak forests, clear fields, marvelous animals, various birds, countless great cities, glorious villages, monastery gardens, temples of God and formidable princes, honest boyars and many nobles. You are full of everything, Russian land, O Orthodox Christian faith! .. "

There is not even a hint of the "Tatar-Mongol yoke" in this text. But on the other hand, in this “ancient” document there is such a line: “You are full of everything, the Russian land, about the Orthodox Christian faith!”

Before Nikon's church reform, which was carried out in the middle of the 17th century, Christianity in Russia was called "orthodox". It began to be called Orthodox only after this reform... Therefore, this document could have been written no earlier than the middle of the 17th century and has nothing to do with the era of the "Tatar-Mongol yoke"...

On all maps that were published before 1772 and were not corrected in the future, you can see the following picture.

The western part of Russia is called Muscovy, or Moscow Tartaria ... In this small part of Russia, the Romanov dynasty ruled. Until the end of the 18th century, the Moscow Tsar was called the ruler of Moscow Tartaria or the Duke (Prince) of Moscow. The rest of Russia, which occupied almost the entire continent of Eurasia in the east and south of Muscovy at that time, is called Tartaria or the Russian Empire (see map).

In the 1st edition of the British Encyclopedia of 1771, the following is written about this part of Russia:

“Tartaria, a huge country in the northern part of Asia, bordering Siberia in the north and west: which is called Great Tartaria. Those Tartars living south of Muscovy and Siberia are called Astrakhan, Cherkasy and Dagestan, living in the north-west of the Caspian Sea are called Kalmyk Tartars and which occupy the territory between Siberia and the Caspian Sea; Uzbek Tartars and Mongols, who live north of Persia and India, and, finally, Tibetan, living northwest of China ... "

Where did the name Tartaria come from

Our ancestors knew the laws of nature and the real structure of the world, life, and man. But, as now, the level of development of each person was not the same in those days. People who in their development went much further than others, and who could control space and matter (control the weather, heal diseases, see the future, etc.), were called Magi. Those of the Magi who knew how to control space at the planetary level and above were called Gods.

That is, the meaning of the word God, among our ancestors, was not at all the same as it is now. The gods were people who had gone much further in their development than the vast majority of people. For ordinary person their abilities seemed incredible, however, the gods were also people, and the possibilities of each god had their own limit.

Our ancestors had patrons - God Tarkh, he was also called Dazhdbog (giving God) and his sister - Goddess Tara. These Gods helped people in solving such problems that our ancestors could not solve on their own. So, the gods Tarkh and Tara taught our ancestors how to build houses, cultivate the land, write and much more, which was necessary in order to survive after the catastrophe and eventually restore civilization.

Therefore, more recently, our ancestors told strangers "We are the children of Tarkh and Tara ...". They said this because in their development, they really were children in relation to Tarkh and Tara, who had significantly departed in development. And the inhabitants of other countries called our ancestors "Tarkhtars", and later, because of the difficulty in pronunciation - "Tartars". Hence the name of the country - Tartaria ...

Baptism of Russia

And here the baptism of Russia? some may ask. As it turned out, very much so. After all, baptism did not take place in a peaceful way ... Before baptism, people in Russia were educated, almost everyone knew how to read, write, count (see the article “Russian culture is older than European”).

Let us recall from the school curriculum on history, at least, the same "Birch bark letters" - letters that peasants wrote to each other on birch bark from one village to another.

Our ancestors had a Vedic world view as described above, it was not a religion. Since the essence of any religion comes down to the blind acceptance of any dogmas and rules, without a deep understanding of why it is necessary to do it this way and not otherwise. The Vedic worldview, on the other hand, gave people precisely the understanding real laws nature, understanding how the world works, what is good and what is bad.

People saw what happened after the “baptism” in neighboring countries, when, under the influence of religion, a successful, highly developed country with an educated population, in a matter of years, plunged into ignorance and chaos, where only representatives of the aristocracy could read and write, and then not all of them. ..

Everyone perfectly understood what the “Greek religion” carried in itself, into which Prince Vladimir the Bloody and those who stood behind him were going to baptize Kievan Rus. Therefore, none of the inhabitants of the then Kyiv principality (a province that broke away from Great Tartary) accepted this religion. But there were large forces behind Vladimir, and they were not going to retreat.

In the process of "baptism" for 12 years of forced Christianization, with rare exceptions, almost the entire adult population of Kievan Rus was destroyed. Because such a “teaching” could only be imposed on unreasonable children, who, due to their youth, could not yet understand that such a religion turned them into slaves both in the physical and spiritual sense of the word. All those who refused to accept the new "faith" were killed. This is confirmed by the facts that have come down to us. If before the "baptism" on the territory of Kievan Rus there were 300 cities and 12 million inhabitants, then after the "baptism" there were only 30 cities and 3 million people! 270 cities were destroyed! 9 million people were killed! (Diy Vladimir, "Orthodox Russia before the adoption of Christianity and after").

But despite the fact that almost the entire adult population of Kievan Rus was destroyed by the "holy" baptists, the Vedic tradition did not disappear. On the lands of Kievan Rus, the so-called dual faith was established. Most of the population purely formally recognized the imposed religion of slaves, while they themselves continued to live according to the Vedic tradition, though without showing it off. And this phenomenon was observed not only among the masses, but also among part of the ruling elite. And this state of affairs continued until the reform of Patriarch Nikon, who figured out how to deceive everyone.

But the Vedic Slavic-Aryan Empire (Great Tartary) could not calmly look at the intrigues of its enemies, which destroyed three-quarters of the population of the Kyiv Principality. Only her response could not be instantaneous, due to the fact that the army of the Great Tartary was busy with conflicts on its Far Eastern borders. But these retaliatory actions of the Vedic Empire were carried out and entered modern history in a distorted form, under the name of the Mongol-Tatar invasion of the hordes of Khan Batu into Kievan Rus.

Only by the summer of 1223 did the troops of the Vedic Empire appear on the Kalka River. And the united army of the Polovtsians and Russian princes was completely defeated. So they beat us into history lessons, and no one could really explain why the Russian princes fought with the "enemies" so sluggishly, and many of them even went over to the side of the "Mongols"?

The reason for such absurdity was that the Russian princes, who had adopted an alien religion, knew perfectly well who came and why ...

So, there was no Mongol-Tatar invasion and yoke, but there was a return of the rebellious provinces under the wing of the metropolis, the restoration of the integrity of the state. Batu Khan had the task of returning the Western European province-states under the wing of the Vedic Empire, and stopping the invasion of Christians in Russia. But the strong resistance of some princes, who felt the taste of the still limited, but very large power of the principalities of Kievan Rus, and new unrest on the Far Eastern border did not allow these plans to be completed (N.V. Levashov "Russia in Crooked Mirrors", Volume 2.).

conclusions

In fact, after baptism in the principality of Kiev, only children and a very small part of the adult population survived, who adopted the Greek religion - 3 million people out of a population of 12 million before baptism. The principality was completely devastated, most of the cities, villages and villages were looted and burned. But exactly the same picture is drawn to us by the authors of the version of the “Tatar-Mongol yoke”, the only difference is that the same cruel actions were allegedly carried out there by the “Tatar-Mongols”!

As always, the winner writes history. And it becomes obvious that in order to hide all the cruelty with which the Kiev principality was baptized, and in order to stop all possible questions, the “Tatar-Mongol yoke” was subsequently invented. Children were brought up in the traditions of the Greek religion (the cult of Dionysius, and later Christianity) and history was rewritten, where all the cruelty was blamed on “wild nomads”…

The famous statement of President V.V. Putin about the Battle of Kulikovo, in which the Russians allegedly fought against the Tatars with the Mongols ...

Tatar-Mongol yoke- the biggest myth of history

In the section: News of Korenovsk

July 28, 2015 marks the 1000th anniversary of the memory of Grand Duke Vladimir the Red Sun. On this day in Korenovsk passed festive events on this occasion. Read more on...

The myth of the Mongol-Tatar yoke is so firmly planted in the minds of each of us by official historiography that it is extremely difficult to prove that there really was no yoke. But still I'll try. In this case, I will use not speculative statements, but the facts cited in my books by the great historian Lev Nikolaevich Gumilyov.

Let's start with the fact that the word "yoke" was not familiar to the ancient Russians themselves. For the first time it was used in the letter of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks to Peter I, containing a complaint against one of the governors.

Further. Historical facts testify that the Mongols never intended to conquer Russia. The appearance of the Mongols in Russia is connected with their war with the Polovtsy, whom the Mongols, ensuring the security of their borders, drove beyond the Carpathians. For the sake of this, a deep cavalry raid through Russia was made. But the Mongols did not annex the Russian lands to their state and did not leave garrisons in the cities.

Not critically perceiving the anti-Mongol annals, historians argue about the terrible devastation caused by the Tatars, but cannot explain why the churches in Vladimir, Kyiv and many other cities were not destroyed and survived to this day.

Little is known that Alexander Nevsky was the adopted son of Batu Khan. It is even less known that it was the alliance of Alexander Nevsky with Batu, and later with Batu's son Berku, that stopped the onslaught of the crusaders on Russia. Alexander's treaty with the Mongols was, in fact, a military-political alliance, and "tribute" was a contribution to the general treasury for the maintenance of the army.

It is also little known that Batu (Batu) emerged victorious from the confrontation with another Mongol khan, Guyuk, largely due to the support he received from the sons of Grand Duke Yaroslav - Alexander Nevsky and Andrei. This support was dictated by a deep political calculation. From the beginning of the 13th century, the Catholic Church began a crusade against the Orthodox: Greeks and Russians. In 1204, the Crusaders captured the capital of Byzantium, Constantinople. Latvians and Estonians were subjugated and turned into serfs. A similar fate awaited Russia, but Alexander Nevsky managed to defeat the crusaders in 1240 on the Neva, in 1242 on Lake Peipus, and thereby stop the first onslaught. But the war continued, and in order to have reliable allies, Alexander fraternized with Batu's son, Spartak, received Mongolian troops to fight the Germans. This union was preserved even after the death of Alexander Nevsky. In 1269, the Germans, having learned about the appearance of a Mongol detachment in Novgorod, sued for peace: "The Germans, having reconciled according to the will of Novogorod, are very afraid of the name of the Tatar." So, thanks to the support of the Mongols, the Russian land was saved from the invasion of the crusaders.

It should be noted that the first so-called campaign of the Mongols against Russia was in 1237, and the Russian princes began to pay tribute only twenty years later, when the Pope announced a crusade against the Orthodox. To protect Russia from the onslaught of the Germans, Alexander Nevsky recognized the sovereignty of the Khan of the Golden Horde and agreed to pay a kind of tax on the military assistance of the Tatars, which was called a tribute.

It is indisputable that where the Russian princes entered into an alliance with the Mongols, a great power, Russia, grew up. Where the princes refused such an alliance, and these are White Russia, Galicia, Volyn, Kyiv and Chernigov, their principalities became victims of Lithuania and Poland.

A little later, during the so-called Mongol-Tatar yoke, Russia experienced a threat both from the East from the Great Lame (Timur) and from the West from Vitovt, and only an alliance with the Mongols made it possible to protect Russia from invasion.

Mongol-Tatars are to blame for the desolation of Russia

Here is the generally accepted version. In the XII century, Kievan Rus was a rich country, with magnificent crafts and brilliant architecture. By the XIV century, this country was so desolated that in the XV century it began to be re-populated by people from the north. In the interval between the eras of prosperity and decline, Batu's army passed through these lands, therefore, it is the Mongol-Tatars who are responsible for the decline of Kievan Rus.

But in fact, everything is not so simple. The fact is that the decline of Kievan Rus began in the second half of the 12th century or even in the 11th century, when the trade route “from the Varangians to the Greeks” lost its significance due to the fact that the Crusades opened an easier road to the riches of the East. And the invasion of the Tatars only contributed to the desolation of the region, which began 200 years ago.

The widely held belief that almost all the cities (“they are innumerable”) in Russia were taken by the Tatars is also incorrect. The Tatars could not stop at every city to destroy it. They bypassed many fortresses, and forests, ravines, rivers, swamps sheltered both villages and people from the Tatar cavalry.

Mongol-Tatars are a primitive, uncivilized people

The opinion that the Tatars were savage and uncivilized is widely held due to the fact that this was the official opinion of Soviet historiography. But, as we have seen more than once, the official is not at all identical to the correct.

To debunk the myth of the backwardness and primitiveness of the Mongol-Tatars, we will once again use the works of Lev Nikolaevich Gumilyov. He notes that the Mongols did indeed kill, rob, drive away livestock, take away brides, and commit many of those acts that are customarily condemned in any anthology for young children.

Their actions were far from unreasonable. With the expansion of the habitat, the Mongols ran into rivals. The war with them was a completely natural rivalry. Driving away livestock is a kind of sport associated with a risk to life, first of all, a horse thief. The kidnapping of brides was explained by concern for offspring, since the stolen wives were treated no less delicately than those married with the consent of both families.

All this, of course, brought a lot of blood and grief, but, as Gumilyov notes, unlike other regions called civilized, in Great Steppe there were no lies and deceit of those who trusted.

Speaking about the uncivilization of the Mongols, we “reproach” them for the fact that they did not have cities and castles. In fact, the fact that people lived in felt yurts - gers, cannot in any way be considered a sign of uncivilization, because this is an economy of the gifts of nature, from which they took only what was necessary. It is worth noting that the animals were killed exactly as much as was necessary to satisfy hunger (unlike the "civilized" Europeans, who hunted for fun). It is also important that clothes, houses, saddles and horse harnesses were made of unstable materials that returned back to Nature along with the bodies of the Mongols. The culture of the Mongols, according to L.N. Gumilyov, "crystallized not in things, but in the word, in information about ancestors."

A thorough study of the way of life of the Mongols allows Gumilyov to draw, perhaps somewhat exaggerated, but essentially the correct conclusion: “Just think ... the Mongols lived in the sphere of earthly sin, but outside the sphere of otherworldly evil! And other peoples drowned in both.

The Mongols - the destroyers of the cultural oases of Central Asia

According to the established opinion, the cruel Mongol-Tatars destroyed the cultural oases of the agricultural cities. But was it really so? After all, the official version is based on legends created by Muslim court historiographers. About what these legends are worth, Lev Nikolaevich Gumilyov tells in his book “From Russia to Russia”. He writes that Islamic historians reported the fall of Herat as a disaster in which the entire population was exterminated in the city, except for a few men who managed to escape in the mosque. The city was completely devastated, and only wild animals roamed the streets and tormented the dead. After sitting out for some time and recovering, the surviving residents of Herat went to distant lands to rob caravans, guided by a “noble” goal - to regain their lost wealth.

Further Gumilev continues: “This is a typical example of myth-making. After all, if the entire population of a large city were exterminated and lay corpses on the streets, then inside the city, in particular in the mosque, the air would be contaminated with ptomaine, and those who hid there would simply die. No predators, except for jackals, live near the city, and they very rarely penetrate the city. It was simply impossible for exhausted people to move to rob caravans a few hundred kilometers from Herat, since they would have to walk, carrying burdens - water and provisions. Such a “robber”, having met a caravan, would not be able to rob it, since he would only have enough strength to ask for water.

Even more absurd are the reports of Islamic historians about the fall of Merv. The Mongols took it in 1219 and allegedly exterminated all the inhabitants of the city there to the last man. Nevertheless, already in 1220, Merv rebelled, and the Mongols had to take the city again (and again exterminate everyone). But two years later, Merv sent a detachment of 10 thousand people to fight the Mongols.

There are many such examples. They once again demonstrate how much you can trust historical sources.

Today we will talk about a very "slippery" from the point of view of modern history and science, but no less interesting topic. This is the question raised ihoraksjuta “Now let’s move on, the so-called Tatar-Mongol yoke, I don’t remember where I read it, but there was no yoke, these were all the consequences of the baptism of Russia, the bearers of the faith of Christ fought with those who did not want to, well, as usual, with a sword and blood, remember the cross trips, can you tell me more about this period?”

Invasion history controversy Tatar-Mongol and about the consequences of their invasion, the so-called yoke, do not disappear, probably never will disappear. Under the influence of numerous critics, including Gumilyov's supporters, new, interesting facts began to be woven into the traditional version of Russian history. Mongolian yoke that would like to be developed. As we all remember from the school history course, the point of view still prevails, which is as follows:

In the first half of the 13th century, Russia was invaded by the Tatars, who came to Europe from Central Asia, in particular China and Central Asia, which they had already captured by this time. The dates are exactly known to our historians of Russia: 1223 - the Battle of the Kalka, 1237 - the fall of Ryazan, in 1238 - the defeat of the combined forces of the Russian princes on the banks of the City River, in 1240 - the fall of Kyiv. Tatar-Mongolian troops destroyed individual squads of the princes of Kievan Rus and subjected it to a monstrous defeat. The military power of the Tatars was so irresistible that their dominance lasted for two and a half centuries - until the "Standing on the Ugra" in 1480, when the consequences of the yoke were finally completely eliminated, the end came.

250 years, that's how many years, Russia paid tribute to the Horde with money and blood. In 1380, for the first time since the invasion of Batu Khan, Russia gathered forces and gave battle to the Tatar Horde on the Kulikovo field, in which Dmitry Donskoy defeated the temnik Mamai, but from this defeat all the Tatars - the Mongols did not happen at all, this is, so to speak, a won battle in lost war. Although even the traditional version of Russian history suggests that there were practically no Tatar-Mongol in Mamai's army, only local nomads and Genoese mercenaries from the Don. By the way, the participation of the Genoese, suggests the participation of the Vatican in this matter. Today, in the well-known version of the history of Russia, they began to add, as it were, fresh data, but intended to add credibility and reliability to an already existing version. In particular, there are extensive discussions on the number of nomadic Tatars - Mongols, the specifics of their martial art and weapons.

Let's evaluate the versions that exist today:

I propose to start with a very interesting fact. Such a nation as Mongol-Tatars does not exist, and did not exist at all. Mongols and Tatars the only thing in common is that they roamed the Central Asian steppe, which, as we know, is quite large to accommodate any nomadic people, and at the same time give them the opportunity not to intersect in one territory at all.

The Mongol tribes lived in the southern tip of the Asian steppe and often hunted for raids on China and its provinces, which is often confirmed by the history of China. While other nomadic Turkic tribes, called from time immemorial in Russia Bulgars (Volga Bulgaria), settled in the lower reaches of the Volga River. In those days they were called Tatars in Europe, or TatAriev(the strongest of the nomadic tribes, inflexible and invincible). And the Tatars, the closest neighbors of the Mongols, lived in the northeastern part of modern Mongolia, mainly in the area of \u200b\u200bLake Buir-Nor and up to the borders of China. There were 70 thousand families, which made up 6 tribes: Tutukulyut Tatars, Alchi Tatars, Chagan Tatars, Kuin Tatars, Terat Tatars, Barkui Tatars. The second parts of the names, apparently, are the self-names of these tribes. Among them there is not a single word that would sound close to the Turkic language - they are more in tune with the Mongolian names.

Two kindred peoples - the Tatars and the Mongols - waged a war for a long time with varying success for mutual extermination, until Genghis Khan did not seize power in all of Mongolia. The fate of the Tatars was sealed. Since the Tatars were the murderers of the father of Genghis Khan, they exterminated many tribes and clans close to him, constantly supported the tribes opposing him, “then Genghis Khan (Tei-mu-Chin) ordered to carry out a general slaughter of the Tatars and not to leave not one of them alive to the limit that is determined by law (Yasak); that the women and little children should also be slaughtered, and that the wombs of the pregnant women should be cut open in order to completely destroy them. …”.

That is why such a nationality could not threaten the freedom of Russia. Moreover, many historians and cartographers of that time, especially Eastern European ones, “sinned” to name all indestructible (from the point of view of Europeans) and invincible peoples, TatAriev or just in latin TatArie.
This can be easily traced from ancient maps, for example, Map of Russia 1594 in the Atlas of Gerhard Mercator, or Maps of Russia and Tartarii Ortelius.

One of the fundamental axioms of Russian historiography is the assertion that for almost 250 years, the so-called “Mongol-Tatar yoke” existed on the lands inhabited by the ancestors of the modern East Slavic peoples - Russians, Belarusians and Ukrainians. Allegedly in the 30s - 40s of the XIII century, the ancient Russian principalities were subjected to the Mongol-Tatar invasion led by the legendary Batu Khan.

The fact is that there are numerous historical facts that contradict the historical version of the "Mongol-Tatar yoke".

First of all, even in the canonical version, the fact of the conquest of the northeastern ancient Russian principalities by the Mongol-Tatar invaders is not directly confirmed - supposedly these principalities were in vassal dependence on the Golden Horde ( public education, which occupied a large territory in the southeast of Eastern Europe and Western Siberia, founded by the Mongol prince Batu). They say that the army of Batu Khan made several bloody predatory raids on these very northeastern ancient Russian principalities, as a result of which our distant ancestors decided to go “under the arm” of Batu and his Golden Horde.

However, historical information is known that the personal guard of Batu Khan consisted exclusively of Russian soldiers. A very strange circumstance for the lackeys-vassals of the great Mongol conquerors, especially for the newly conquered people.

There is indirect evidence of the existence of a letter from Batu to the legendary Russian prince Alexander Nevsky, in which the all-powerful khan of the Golden Horde asks the Russian prince to take his son to raise him and make him a real warrior and commander.

Also, some sources claim that Tatar mothers in the Golden Horde frightened their disobedient children with the name of Alexander Nevsky.

Due to all these inconsistencies, the author of these lines in his book “2013. Memories of the Future” (“Olma-Press”) puts forward a completely different version of the events of the first half and the middle of the 13th century on the territory of the European part of the future Russian Empire.

According to this version, when the Mongols at the head of nomadic tribes (later called Tatars) went to the northeastern old Russian principalities, they really entered into quite bloody combat clashes with them. But only a crushing victory for Batu Khan did not work out, most likely, the matter ended in a kind of “combat draw”. And then Batu offered the Russian princes an equal military alliance. Otherwise, it is difficult to explain why his guards consisted of Russian knights, and Tatar mothers frightened their children with the name of Alexander Nevsky.

All these horror stories about the "Tatar-Mongol yoke" were composed much later, when the Moscow tsars had to create myths about their exclusivity and superiority over the conquered peoples (the same Tatars, for example).

Even in modern school curriculum, this historical moment is briefly described as follows: “At the beginning of the 13th century, Genghis Khan gathered a large army from nomadic peoples, and having subjected them to strict discipline, decided to conquer the whole world. Having defeated China, he sent his army to Russia. In the winter of 1237, the army of the "Mongol-Tatars" invaded the territory of Russia, and subsequently defeated Russian army on the Kalka River, went further, through Poland and the Czech Republic. As a result, having reached the shores of the Adriatic Sea, the army suddenly stops, and without completing its task, turns back. From this period begins the so-called " Mongol-Tatar yoke» over Russia.

But wait, they were going to take over the world...so why didn't they go further? Historians answered that they were afraid of an attack from the back, defeated and plundered, but still strong Russia. But this is just ridiculous. A plundered state, will it run to protect other people's cities and villages? Rather, they will rebuild their borders, and wait for the return of the enemy troops in order to fully fight back.
But the oddities don't end there. For some unimaginable reason, during the reign of the Romanov dynasty, dozens of chronicles describing the events of the "Horde times" disappear. For example, "The Word about the destruction of the Russian land", historians believe that this is a document from which everything that would testify to the Yoke was carefully removed. They left only fragments telling about some kind of "trouble" that befell Russia. But there is not a word about the "invasion of the Mongols."

There are many more oddities. In the story "About the Evil Tatars" Khan from Golden Horde orders to execute a Russian Christian prince ... for refusing to bow to the "pagan god of the Slavs!" And some chronicles contain amazing phrases, for example, these: “ Well, with God!" - said the Khan and, crossing himself, galloped at the enemy.
So what really happened?

At that time, the “new faith” was already flourishing in Europe, namely Faith in Christ. Catholicism was widespread everywhere, and ruled everything, from the way of life and system, to the state system and legislation. At that time, crusades against the Gentiles were still relevant, but along with military methods, “tactical tricks” were often used, akin to bribing powerful persons and inclining them to their faith. And after receiving power through a purchased person, the conversion of all his “subordinates” to the faith. It was precisely such a secret crusade that was then carried out against Russia. Through bribery and other promises, the ministers of the church were able to seize power over Kyiv and nearby areas. Just relatively recently, by the standards of history, the baptism of Russia took place, but history is silent about the civil war that arose on this basis immediately after the forced baptism. And the ancient Slavic chronicle describes this moment as follows:

« And the Vorogs came from the Overseas, and they brought faith in alien gods. With fire and sword, they began to instill in us an alien faith, Showering the Russian princes with gold and silver, bribing their will, and misleading the true path. They promised them an idle life, full of wealth and happiness, and the remission of any sins, for their dashing deeds.

And then Ros broke up into different states. The Russian clans retreated to the north to the great Asgard, And they named their state by the names of the gods of their patrons, Tarkh Dazhdbog the Great and Tara, his Sister of Light. (They called her Great Tartaria). Leaving foreigners with princes bought in the principality of Kiev and its environs. Volga Bulgaria also did not bow before the enemies, and did not accept their alien faith as their own.
But the principality of Kiev did not live in peace with Tartary. They began to conquer the Russian land with fire and sword and impose their alien faith. And then the army rose up, for a fierce battle. In order to keep their faith and win back their lands. Both old and young then went to the Warriors in order to restore order to the Russian Lands.

And so the war began, in which the Russian army, the lands Great Aria (tatAria) defeated the enemy, and drove him out of the original Slavic lands. It drove the alien army, with their fierce faith, from their stately lands.

By the way, the word Horde is spelled Old Slavonic alphabet, means Order. That is Golden Horde, this is not a separate state, this is a system. "Political" system of the Golden Order. Under which Princes reigned locally, planted with the approval of the Commander-in-Chief of the Defense Army, or in one word they called him KHAN(our protector).
So there was not more than two hundred years of oppression, but there was a time of peace and prosperity Great Aria or Tartarii. By the way, in modern history there is also confirmation of this, but for some reason no one pays attention to it. But we will definitely pay attention, and very close:

The Mongol-Tatar yoke is a system of political and tributary dependence of the Russian principalities on the Mongol-Tatar khans (until the beginning of the 60s of the XIII century, the Mongol khans, after the khans of the Golden Horde) in the XIII-XV centuries. The establishment of the yoke became possible as a result of the Mongol invasion of Russia in 1237-1241 and took place for two decades after it, including in the lands that were not devastated. In North-Eastern Russia it lasted until 1480. (Wikipedia)

Battle of the Neva (July 15, 1240) - a battle on the Neva River between the Novgorod militia under the command of Prince Alexander Yaroslavich and the Swedish army. After the victory of the Novgorodians, Alexander Yaroslavich received the honorary nickname "Nevsky" for his skillful management of the campaign and courage in battle. (Wikipedia)

Doesn't it seem strange to you that the battle with the Swedes takes place right in the middle of the invasion? Mongol-Tatars» to Russia? Blazing in fires and plundered Mongols» Russia is attacked by the Swedish army, which safely sinks in the waters of the Neva, and the Swedish crusaders never encounter the Mongols. And the victorious are strong Swedish army Russians losing to Mongols? In my opinion, it's just Brad. Two huge armies at the same time are fighting on the same territory and never intersect. But if we turn to the ancient Slavonic chronicle, then everything becomes clear.

From 1237 Rat Great Tartaria began to win back their ancestral lands, and when the war was coming to an end, the representatives of the church, who were losing ground, asked for help, and the Swedish crusaders were launched into battle. Since it was not possible to take the country by bribery, then they will take it by force. Just in 1240, the army Hordes(that is, the army of Prince Alexander Yaroslavovich, one of the princes of the ancient Slavic family) clashed in battle with the army of the Crusaders that came to the rescue of their henchmen. Having won the battle on the Neva, Alexander received the title of the Neva prince and remained to reign in Novgorod, and the Horde Army went further to drive the adversary from the Russian lands completely. So she persecuted the “church and alien faith” until she reached the Adriatic Sea, thereby restoring her original ancient borders. And having reached them, the army turned around and again left not the north. By setting 300 years of peace.

Again, confirmation of this is the so-called end of yoke « Battle of Kulikovo» before which 2 knights participated in the match Peresvet and Chelubey. Two Russian knights, Andrei Peresvet (superior to the world) and Chelubey (beating, Telling, narrating, asking) Information about which was cruelly cut out from the pages of history. It was the loss of Chelubey that foreshadowed the victory of the army of Kievan Rus, restored with the money of all the same "Churchmen", who nevertheless penetrated into Russia from under the floor, albeit more than 150 years later. This is later, when all of Russia will plunge into the abyss of chaos, all sources confirming the events of the past will be burned. And after the coming to power of the Romanov family, many documents will take on the form we know.

By the way, this is not the first time that the Slavic army defends its lands and expels the Gentiles from their territories. Another extremely interesting and confusing moment in History tells us about this.
Army of Alexander the Great, consisting of many professional warriors, was defeated by a small army of some nomads in the mountains north of India (Alexander's last campaign). And for some reason, no one is surprised by the fact that a large trained army, which traveled half the world and redrawn the world map, was so easily broken by an army of simple and uneducated nomads.
But everything becomes clear if you look at the maps of that time and just even think about who the nomads who came from the north (from India) could be. These are just our territories that originally belonged to the Slavs, and where to this day they find the remains of civilization EtRusskov.

The Macedonian army was pushed back by the army Slavyan-Ariev who defended their territories. It was at that time that the Slavs "for the first time" went to the Adriatic Sea, and left a huge mark on the territories of Europe. Thus, it turns out that we are not the first to conquer "half of the globe."

So how did it happen that even now we do not know our history? Everything is very simple. The Europeans, trembling with fear and horror, did not cease to be afraid of the Rusichs, even when their plans were crowned with success and they enslaved the Slavic peoples, they were still afraid that one day Russia would rise and shine again with its former strength.

At the beginning of the 18th century, Peter the Great founded Russian Academy Sciences. For 120 years of its existence, there were 33 academicians-historians at the historical department of the Academy. Of these, only three were Russians (including M.V. Lomonosov), the rest were Germans. So it turns out that the history of Ancient Russia was written by the Germans, and many of them did not know not only the ways of life and traditions, they did not even know the Russian language. This fact is well known to many historians, but they do not make any effort to carefully study the history that the Germans wrote and get to the bottom of the truth.
Lomonosov wrote a work on the history of Russia, and in this field he often had disputes with his German colleagues. After his death, the archives disappeared without a trace, but somehow his works on the history of Russia were published, but under the editorship of Miller. At the same time, it was Miller who oppressed Lomonosov in every possible way during his lifetime. Computer analysis confirmed that the works of Lomonosov published by Miller on the history of Russia are a falsification. Little is left of Lomonosov's works.

This concept can be found on the Omsk State University website:

We will formulate our concept, hypothesis immediately, without
preliminary preparation of the reader.

Let us pay attention to the following strange and very interesting
data. However, their strangeness is based only on the generally accepted
chronology and inspired to us since childhood version of the ancient Russian
stories. It turns out that changing the chronology removes many oddities and
<>.

One of the highlights in the history of ancient Russia is so
called the Tatar-Mongol conquest by the Horde. Traditionally
it is believed that the Horde came from the East (China? Mongolia?),
captured many countries, conquered Russia, swept to the West and
even reached Egypt.

But if Russia had been conquered in the XIII century with any
was from the side - or from the east, as modern
historians, or from the West, as Morozov believed, they should have
remain information about the clashes between the conquerors and
Cossacks who lived both on the western borders of Russia and in the lower reaches
Don and Volga. That is, just where they were supposed to go
conquerors.

Of course, in the school courses of Russian history, we are strenuously
they convince that the Cossack troops allegedly arose only in the 17th century,
allegedly due to the fact that the serfs fled from the power of the landowners to
Don. However, it is known - although textbooks do not usually mention this,
- that, for example, the Don Cossack state existed IN
XVI century, had its own laws and history.

Moreover, it turns out that the beginning of the history of the Cossacks refers to
to the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. See, for example, Sukhorukov's work<>in DON magazine, 1989.

In this way,<>, wherever it comes from,
moving along the natural path of colonization and conquest,
would inevitably come into conflict with the Cossack
areas.
This is not noted.

What's the matter?

A natural hypothesis arises:
NO FOREIGN
THERE WAS NO CONQUEST OF RUSSIA. THE HORDE DID NOT FIGHT WITH THE COSSACKS THAT
COSSACKS WERE A PART OF THE HORDE. This hypothesis was
not formulated by us. It is very convincingly substantiated,
for example, A. A. Gordeev in his<>.

BUT WE ARE APPROVING SOMETHING MORE.

One of our main hypotheses is that the Cossacks
troops were not only part of the Horde - they were regular
troops of the Russian state. Thus, the HORDE - IT WAS
JUST A REGULAR RUSSIAN ARMY.

According to our hypothesis, the modern terms ARMY and VOIN,
- Church Slavonic in origin - were not Old Russian
terms. They came into constant use in Russia only with
XVII century. And the old Russian terminology was as follows: Horde,
Cossack, Khan

Then the terminology changed. Incidentally, in the 19th century
Russian folk proverbs<>and<>were
interchangeable. This is evident from the many examples given
in Dahl's dictionary. For example:<>etc.

Don still has famous city Semikarakorum, and on
Kuban - the village of Khanskaya. Recall that the Karakorum is considered
THE CAPITAL OF GENGHIS KHAN. At the same time, as is well known, in those
places where archaeologists are still stubbornly looking for Karakoram, no
For some reason there is no Karakorum.

Desperately, they hypothesized that<>. This monastery, which existed in the 19th century, was surrounded
an earthen rampart only about one English mile long. Historians
believe that the famous capital of Karakoram was entirely placed on
territory subsequently occupied by this monastery.

According to our hypothesis, the Horde is not a foreign entity,
captured Russia from the outside, but there is just an Eastern Russian regular
army, which was an integral part of the Old Russian
state.
Our hypothesis is this.

1) <>IT WAS JUST A MILITARY PERIOD
MANAGEMENT IN THE RUSSIAN STATE. NO FOREIGNERS RUSSIA
CONQUERED.

2) THE SUPREME RULER WAS THE COMMANDER-KHAN = KING, A B
THE CITIES WERE CIVIL GOVERNORS — PRINCES WHO ARE OBLIGED
WERE TO COLLECT TRIBUTE IN FAVOR OF THIS RUSSIAN TROOP, ON ITS
CONTENT.

3) THUS, THE OLD RUSSIAN STATE PRESENTS
A UNIFIED EMPIRE IN WHICH THERE WAS A PERMANENT ARMY CONSISTING OF
PROFESSIONAL MILITARY (HORDE) AND CIVIL UNIT WITHOUT
OF THEIR REGULAR TROOPS. BECAUSE SUCH TROOPS HAVE ALREADY ENTERED
COMPOSITION OF THE HORDE.

4) THIS RUSSIAN-HORDE EMPIRE HAD EXISTED FROM THE XIV CENTURY
BEFORE THE BEGINNING OF THE XVII CENTURY. ITS STORY ENDED WITH THE FAMOUS GREAT
TROUBLES IN RUSSIA IN THE BEGINNING OF THE XVII CENTURY. AS A RESULT OF THE CIVIL WAR
RUSSIAN HORDE TSARS - THE LAST OF WHICH WAS BORIS
<>, — HAVE BEEN PHYSICALLY EXTERMINATED. A FORMER RUSSIAN
THE ARMY-HORDA ACTUALLY DEFEATED IN THE FIGHT WITH<>. RESULTS
NEW PRO-WESTERN ROMANOV DYNASTY. SHE TAKE POWER AND
IN THE RUSSIAN CHURCH (FILARET).

5) NEW DYNASTY REQUIRED<>,
IDEOLOGICALLY JUSTIFYING ITS POWER. THIS NEW POWER FROM THE POINT
THE VIEW OF THE FORMER RUSSIAN HORDE HISTORY WAS ILLEGAL. THAT'S WHY
THE ROMANOVS NEEDED TO CHANGE THE LIGHTING OF THE PREVIOUS
RUSSIAN HISTORY. HAVE TO TELL THEM - IT WAS DONE
COMPETENTLY. WITHOUT CHANGING MOST OF THE FACTS IN SUBSTANCE, THEY COULD
UNRECOGNIZABILITY TO DISTORT THE WHOLE RUSSIAN HISTORY. SO, PREVIOUS
HISTORY OF RUSSIA-HORDA WITH ITS ESTATE OF FARMERS AND MILITARY
THE ESTATE IS A HORDE, WAS ANNOUNCED BY THEM AN AGE<>. AT THE SAME TIME, YOUR OWN RUSSIAN HORDE-ARMY
TURNED - UNDER THE PEN OF ROMANOV HISTORIANS - INTO MYTHICAL
ALIENS FROM A FAR UNKNOWN COUNTRY.

notorious<>, familiar to us from Romanovsky
storytelling was just STATE TAX inside
Russia for the maintenance of the Cossack army - the Horde. famous<>, - every tenth person taken into the Horde is just
state MILITARY SET. Like conscription into the army, but only
since childhood and for life.

Further, the so-called<>, in our opinion,
were simply punitive expeditions to those Russian regions,
who, for some reason, refused to pay tribute =
state tax. Then regular troops punished
civil rioters.

1. Genghis Khan

Previously, in Russia, 2 people were responsible for governing the state: Prince and Khan. The prince was responsible for governing the state in peacetime. Khan or "war prince" took over the reins of government during the war, in peacetime he was responsible for the formation of the horde (army) and maintaining it in combat readiness.

Genghis Khan is not a name, but the title of a "military prince", which, in the modern world, is close to the position of the Commander-in-Chief of the Army. And there were several people who bore such a title. The most prominent of them was Timur, it is about him that they usually talk about when they talk about Genghis Khan.

2. Mongolia

3. The composition of the army "Tatar-Mongols"

70-80% of the army of the "Tatar-Mongols" were Russians, the remaining 20-30% were other small peoples of Russia, in fact, as now. This fact is clearly confirmed by a fragment of the icon of Sergius of Radonezh "The Battle of Kulikovo". It clearly shows that the same warriors are fighting on both sides. And this battle is more like a civil war than a war with a foreign conqueror.

4. What did the "Tatar-Mongols" look like?

Pay attention to the drawing of the tomb of Henry II the Pious, who was killed on the Legnica field. The inscription is as follows: “The figure of a Tatar under the feet of Henry II, Duke of Silesia, Krakow and Poland, placed on the grave in Breslau of this prince, who was killed in the battle with the Tatars at Liegnitz on April 9, 1241.” As we can see, this "Tatar" has a completely Russian appearance, clothes and weapons. In the next image - "Khan's palace in the capital of the Mongol Empire, Khanbalik" (it is believed that Khanbalik is allegedly Beijing). What is "Mongolian" and what is "Chinese" here? Again, as in the case of the tomb of Henry II, before us are people of a clearly Slavic appearance. Russian caftans, archer caps, the same broad beards, the same characteristic blades of sabers called "elman". The roof on the left is almost an exact copy of the roofs of the old Russian towers ... (A. Bushkov, "Russia that was not").

5. Genetic expertise

6. Documents during the Tatar-Mongol yoke

During the existence of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, not a single document in the Tatar or Mongolian language has been preserved. But there are many documents of this time in Russian.

7. Lack of objective evidence supporting the hypothesis of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

At the moment, there are no originals of any historical documents that would objectively prove that there was a Tatar-Mongol yoke. But on the other hand, there are many fakes designed to convince us of the existence of a fiction called the "Tatar-Mongol yoke." Here is one of those fakes. This text is called "The Word about the Destruction of the Russian Land" and in each publication it is announced as "an excerpt from a poetic work that has not come down to us in its entirety ... About the Tatar-Mongol invasion":

There is not even a hint of the "Tatar-Mongol yoke" in this text. But in this "ancient" document there is such a line: “You are full of everything, Russian land, O Orthodox Christian faith!”

More opinions:

The plenipotentiary representative of Tatarstan in Moscow (1999-2010), doctor of political sciences Nazif Mirikhanov spoke in the same spirit: “The term“ yoke ”appeared in general only in the 18th century,” he is sure. “Before that, the Slavs did not even suspect that they were living under oppression, under the yoke of certain conquerors.”

"In fact, Russian empire, and then Soviet Union, and now Russian Federation“These are the heirs of the Golden Horde, that is, the Turkic empire created by Genghis Khan, whom we need to rehabilitate, as they have already done in China,” Mirikhanov continued. And he concluded his reasoning with the following thesis: “The Tatars frightened Europe so much in their time that the rulers of Russia, who chose the European path of development, in every possible way dissociated themselves from the Horde predecessors. Today is the time to restore historical justice.”

The result was summed up by Izmailov:

“The historical period, which is commonly called the time of the Mongol-Tatar yoke, was not a period of terror, ruin and slavery. Yes, the Russian princes paid tribute to the rulers from Sarai and received labels from them for reigning, but this is ordinary feudal rent. At the same time, the Church flourished in those centuries, and beautiful white-stone churches were built everywhere. Which was quite natural: disparate principalities could not afford such construction, but only an actual confederation united under the rule of the Khan of the Golden Horde or the Ulus of Jochi, as it would be more correct to call our common state with the Tatars.

Historian Lev Gumilyov, from the book "From Russia to Russia", 2008:
“Thus, for the tax that Alexander Nevsky undertook to pay to Sarai, Russia received a reliable strong army that defended not only Novgorod and Pskov. Moreover, the Russian principalities that accepted an alliance with the Horde completely retained their ideological independence and political independence. This alone shows that Russia was not
a province of the Mongol ulus, but a country allied to the great khan, which paid a certain tax on the maintenance of the army, which she herself needed. Nevsky. Nevskaya battle (part 1), well, also check out and really The original article is on the website InfoGlaz.rf Link to the article from which this copy is made -

We all know from the school history course that Russia at the beginning of the 13th century was captured by the foreign army of Batu Khan. These invaders came from the steppes of modern Mongolia. Huge hordes fell upon Russia, merciless horse riders, armed with bent sabers, did not know mercy and acted equally well both in the steppes and in Russian forests, and they used the frozen rivers to quickly move along Russian impassability. They spoke in an incomprehensible language, were pagans and had a Mongoloid appearance.

Our fortresses could not resist skilful warriors armed with wall-beating machines. Terrible dark times came for Russia, when not a single prince could rule without a khan's “label”, to obtain which it was necessary to humiliatingly crawl on his knees the last kilometers to the headquarters of the chief khan of the Golden Horde. The “Mongol-Tatar” yoke existed in Russia for about 300 years. And only after the yoke was thrown off, Russia, thrown back centuries ago, was able to continue its development.

However, there is a lot of information that makes you look at the version familiar from school differently. Moreover, we are not talking about some secret or new sources that historians simply did not take into account. We are talking about all the same chronicles and other sources of the Middle Ages, on which the supporters of the version of the “Mongol-Tatar” yoke relied. Often inconvenient facts are justified by the "mistake" of the chronicler or his "ignorance" or "interest".

1. There were no Mongols in the “Mongol-Tatar” horde

It turns out that there is no mention of warriors of the Mongoloid type in the troops of the “Tatar-Mongols”. From the very first battle of the “invaders” with the Russian troops on the Kalka, there were wanderers in the troops of the “Mongol-Tatars”. Brodniki are free Russian warriors who lived in those places (the predecessors of the Cossacks). And at the head of the wanderers in that battle was the governor Ploskin - Russian.

Official historians believe that Russian participation in the Tatar troops was forced. But they have to admit that, “probably, the forced participation of Russian soldiers in the Tatar army stopped later. There were mercenaries who had already voluntarily joined the Tatar troops” (M.D. Poluboyarinova).

Ibn-Batuta wrote: "There were many Russians in Sarai Berke." Moreover: “The bulk of the armed service and labor forces of the Golden Horde were Russian people” (A. A. Gordeev)

“Let's imagine the absurdity of the situation: the victorious Mongols for some reason transfer weapons to the “Russian slaves” they conquered, and those (being armed to the teeth) calmly serve in the conquering troops, making up the “main mass” in them! Let us recall once again that the Russians were allegedly just defeated in an open and armed struggle! Even in traditional history Ancient Rome never armed the slaves he had just conquered. Throughout history, the victors have taken away weapons from the vanquished, and if they later accepted them into service, then they constituted an insignificant minority and were considered, of course, unreliable.

“But what can be said about the composition of Batu’s troops? The Hungarian king wrote to the Pope:

“When the state of Hungary from the invasion of the Mongols, as from the plague, for the most part, was turned into a desert, and like a sheepfold was surrounded by various tribes of infidels, namely: Russians, roamers from the east, Bulgarians and other heretics from the south ...”

“Let us ask a simple question: where are the Mongols here? Russians, wanderers, Bulgarians are mentioned - that is, Slavic tribes. Translating the word “Mongol” from the king’s letter, we get simply that “great (= megalion) peoples invaded”, namely: Russians, wanderers from the east, Bulgarians, etc. Therefore, our recommendation: it is useful every time to replace the Greek word “Mongol = megalion” by its translation = “great”. As a result, a completely meaningful text will be obtained, for the understanding of which one does not need to involve some distant people from the borders of China (there is not a word about China, by the way, in all these reports).” (With)

2. It is not clear how many “Mongol-Tatars” were

And how many Mongols were at the beginning of the Batu campaign? Opinions on this matter vary. There are no exact data, so there are only estimates of historians. In early historical writings, it was assumed that the army of the Mongols was about 500 thousand horsemen. But the more modern the historical work, the smaller the army of Genghis Khan becomes. The problem is that for each rider you need 3 horses, and a herd of 1.5 million horses cannot move, since the front horses will eat all the pasture and the rear ones will simply starve to death. Gradually, historians agreed that the “Tatar-Mongol” army did not exceed 30 thousand, which, in turn, was not enough to capture all of Russia and enslave it (not to mention the other conquests in Asia and Europe).

By the way, the population of modern Mongolia is a little more than 1 million, while even 1000 years before the conquest of China by the Mongols, there were already more than 50 million .. And the population of Russia already in the 10th century was about 1 million. At the same time, nothing is known about targeted genocide in Mongolia. That is, it is not clear how such a small state could conquer such large ones?

3. There were no Mongolian horses in the Mongolian troops

It is believed that the secret of the Mongolian cavalry was a special breed of Mongolian horses - hardy and unpretentious, capable of independently obtaining food even in winter. But it is in their steppe that they can smash the crust with their hooves and profit from grass when they graze, and what can they get in the Russian winter, when everything is swept up by a meter layer of snow, and you also need to carry a rider. It is known that in the Middle Ages there was a small ice age (that is, the climate was harsher than now). In addition, experts in horse breeding, based on miniatures and other sources, almost unanimously assert that the Mongol cavalry fought on Turkmen women - horses of a completely different breed that cannot feed themselves without human help in winter.

4. The Mongols were engaged in the unification of Russian lands

It is known that Batu invaded Russia at the time of permanent internecine struggle. In addition, the question of succession to the throne was acute. All these civil strife were accompanied by pogroms, ruin, murders and violence. For example, Roman Galitsky buried alive in the ground and burned his recalcitrant boyars at the stake, chopped “on the joints”, tore off the skin from the living. A gang of Prince Vladimir, expelled from the Galician table for drunkenness and debauchery, walked around Russia. As the chronicles testify, this daring freewoman “dragged girls and married women for fornication, killed priests during worship, and put horses in the church. That is, there was an ordinary civil strife with a normal medieval level of atrocities, the same as in the West at that time.

And, suddenly, “Mongol-Tatars” appear, who quickly begin to restore order: a strict mechanism of succession to the throne with a label appears, a clear vertical of power is built. Separatist encroachments are now nipped in the bud. It is interesting that nowhere, except for Russia, the Mongols do not show such preoccupation with restoring order. But according to the classical version, half of the then civilized world is in the Mongol empire. For example, during its western campaign, the horde burns, kills, robs, but does not impose tribute, does not try to build a vertical of power, as in Russia.

5. Thanks to the “Mongol-Tatar” yoke, Russia experienced a cultural upsurge

With the advent of the “Mongol-Tatar invaders” in Russia, the Orthodox Church began to flourish: many churches were erected, including in the horde itself, church ranks were elevated, and the church received many benefits.

It is interesting that the written Russian language during the “yoke” brings to a new level. Here is what Karamzin writes:

“Our language,” writes Karamzin, “from the 13th to the 15th centuries acquired more purity and correctness.” Further, according to Karamzin, under the Tatar-Mongols, instead of the former “Russian, uneducated dialect, writers more carefully adhered to the grammar of church books or ancient Serbian, which they followed not only in declensions and conjugations, but also in pronunciation.”

So, in the West, classical Latin appears, and in our country, the Church Slavonic language in its correct classical forms. Applying the same standards as for the West, we must recognize that the Mongol conquest was the heyday of Russian culture. Mongols were strange conquerors!

Interestingly, not everywhere the "invaders" were so indulgent towards the church. In the Polish chronicles there is information about the massacre perpetrated by the Tatars among Catholic priests and monks. Moreover, they were killed after the capture of the city (that is, not in the heat of battle, but intentionally). This is strange, since the classical version tells us about the exceptional religious tolerance of the Mongols. But in the Russian lands, the Mongols tried to rely on the clergy, providing the church with significant concessions, up to complete exemption from taxes. It is interesting that the Russian Church itself showed amazing loyalty to the “foreign invaders”.

6. After great empire nothing left

Classical history tells us that the "Mongol-Tatars" managed to build a huge centralized state. However, this state disappeared and left no traces behind. In 1480, Russia finally threw off the yoke, but already in the second half of the 16th century, Russians began to move eastward - beyond the Urals, to Siberia. And they did not meet any traces of the former empire, although only 200 years had passed. There are no large cities and villages, there is no Yamsky tract thousands of kilometers long. The names of Genghis Khan and Batu are not familiar to anyone. There is only a rare nomadic population, engaged in cattle breeding, fishing, and primitive agriculture. And no legends about great conquests. By the way, the great Karakoram was never found by archaeologists. But it was a huge city, where thousands and tens of thousands of artisans and gardeners were taken away (by the way, it’s interesting how they were driven through the steppes for 4-5 thousand km).

There are also no written sources left after the Mongols. In the Russian archives, no “Mongolian” labels for reigning were found, which should have been many, but there are many documents of that time in Russian. Several labels were found but already in the 19th century:

Two or three labels found in the 19th century And not in state archives, but in the papers of historians. For example, the famous label of Tokhtamysh, according to Prince M.A. were in the hands Polish historian Narushevich” Regarding this label, Obolensky wrote: “He (Tokhtamysh’s label - Auth) positively resolves the question in what language and with what letters the ancient khan’s labels to the Russian Grand Dukes were written. From the acts hitherto known to us, this is the second diploma” It turns out, further, that this the label “is written in diverse Mongolian scripts, infinitely different, not in the least similar to the label of Timur-Kutluy already printed by Mr. Hammer in 1397”

7. Russian and Tatar names are difficult to distinguish

Old Russian names and nicknames did not always resemble our modern ones. These are the old Russian names and nicknames that can be mistaken for Tatar ones: Murza, Saltanko, Tatarinko, Sutorma, Eyancha, Vandysh, Smoga, Sugonai, Saltyr, Suleisha, Sumgur, Sunbul, Suryan, Tashlyk, Temir, Tenbyak, Tursulok, Shaban, Kudiyar , Murad, Nevruy. These names were borne by Russian people. But, for example, the Tatar prince Oleks Nevruy has a Slavic name.

8. Mongol khans fraternized with the Russian nobility

It is often mentioned that Russian princes and “Mongol khans” became brothers, relatives, sons-in-law and father-in-law, went on joint military campaigns. Interestingly, in no other country defeated or captured by them, the Tatars did not behave like this.

Here is another example of the amazing closeness of ours and the Mongol nobility. The capital of the great nomadic empire was in Karakorum. After the death of the Great Khan, the time comes for the election of a new ruler, in which Batu must also take part. But Batu himself does not go to Karakorum, but sends Yaroslav Vsevolodovich there to represent his person. It would seem that a more important reason to go to the capital of the empire could not be imagined. Instead, Batu sends a prince from the occupied lands. Marvelous.

9. Super-Mongol-Tatars

Now let's talk about the capabilities of the "Mongol-Tatars", about their uniqueness in history.

The stumbling block for all nomads was the capture of cities and fortresses. There is only one exception - the army of Genghis Khan. The answer of historians is simple: after the capture of the Chinese Empire, Batu's army took possession of the machines themselves and the technique of using them (or captured specialists).

It is surprising that the nomads managed to create a strong centralized state. The fact is that, unlike the farmer, nomads are not tied to the land. Therefore, with any dissatisfaction, they can simply pick up and leave. For example, when in 1916 the tsarist officials did something to the Kazakh nomads, they took and migrated to neighboring China. But we are told that the Mongols succeeded at the end of the XII century.

It is not clear how Genghis Khan could persuade his fellow tribesmen to go on a trip “to the last sea”, not knowing the maps and nothing at all about those who would have to fight along the way. This is not a raid on neighbors you know well.

All adult and healthy men among the Mongols were considered warriors. In peacetime, they ran their household, and in wartime, they took up arms. But who did the "Mongol-Tatars" leave at home after they went on campaigns for decades? Who tends their flocks? Old people and children? It turns out that in the rear of this army there was no strong economy. Then it is not clear who ensured the uninterrupted supply of food and weapons to the army of the Mongols. This is a difficult task even for large centralized states, not to mention the state of nomads with a weak economy. In addition, the scope of the Mongol conquests is comparable to the theater of operations of World War II (and taking into account the battles with Japan, and not just Germany). The supply of weapons and provisions is simply impossible.

In the 16th century, the “conquest” of Siberia by the Cossacks began, which was not an easy task: it took about 50 years to fight several thousand kilometers to Baikal, leaving behind a chain of fortified fortresses. However, the Cossacks had a strong state in the rear, from where they could draw resources. And the military training of the peoples who lived in those places could not be compared with the Cossack. However, the “Mongol-Tatars” managed to cover twice as much distance in the opposite direction in a couple of decades, conquering states with developed economies. Sounds fantastic. There were other examples as well. For example, in the 19th century, it took Americans about 50 years to travel a distance of 3-4 thousand km: the Indian wars were fierce and the losses of the US army were significant despite the gigantic technical superiority. Similar problems faced European colonizers in Africa in the 19th century. Only the “Mongol-Tatars” succeeded easily and quickly.

Interestingly, all the major campaigns of the Mongols in Russia were winter. This is not typical for nomadic peoples. Historians tell us that this allowed them to move quickly across frozen rivers, but this, in turn, requires good knowledge terrain, which the alien conquerors cannot boast of. They fought equally successfully in the forests, which is also strange for the steppes.

There is evidence that the Horde distributed fake letters on behalf of the Hungarian king Bela IV, which caused great confusion in the camp of the enemy. Not bad for the steppes?

10. Tatars looked like Europeans

A contemporary of the Mongol wars, the Persian historian Rashid-ad-Din writes that in the family of Genghis Khan, children "were born mostly with gray eyes and blond." Chroniclers describe the appearance of Batu in similar expressions: fair-haired, light-bearded, light-eyed. By the way, the title "Genghis" is translated, according to some sources, as "sea" or "ocean". Perhaps this is due to the color of his eyes (in general, it is strange that the Mongolian language of the 13th century has the word “ocean”).

In the Battle of Liegnitz, in the midst of a skirmish, the Polish troops panic, and they take to flight. According to some sources, this panic was provoked by the cunning Mongols, who wormed their way into the battle formations of the Polish squads. It turns out that the “Mongols” looked like Europeans.

And here is what Rubricus, a contemporary of those events, writes:

“In 1252-1253, from Constantinople through the Crimea to the headquarters of Batu and further to Mongolia, the ambassador of King Louis IX, William Rubrikus, traveled with his retinue, who, driving along the lower reaches of the Don, wrote: “Everywhere among the Tatars settlements of the Rus are scattered; Russians mixed with the Tatars ... learned their customs, as well as clothes and lifestyle - Women decorate their heads with headdresses similar to the headdresses of French women, the bottom of the dress is trimmed with furs, otters, squirrels and ermine. Men wear short clothes; caftans, chekminis and lambskin hats… All routes of transportation in the vast country are served by the Rus; at the crossings of the rivers - everywhere the Rus"

Rubricus travels through Russia only 15 years after its conquest by the Mongols. Didn't the Russians mix with the wild Mongols too quickly, adopted their clothes, preserving it until the beginning of the 20th century, as well as their customs and way of life?

On the image in the tomb of Henry II the Pious with the comment: “The figure of a Tatar under the feet of Henry II, Duke of Silesia, Krakow and Poland, placed on the grave in Breslau of this prince, who was killed in the battle with the Tatars at Lingnitz on April 9, 1241,” we see Tatar, no different from Russian:

And here's another example. On the miniatures from the 16th century Facial Code, it is impossible to distinguish a Tatar from a Russian:

Other interesting information

A few more interesting points that are worth paying attention to, but which I did not figure out in which section to include.

At that time, not all of Russia was called “Rus”, but only: Kiev, Pereyaslav and Chernigov principalities. Often there were references to trips from Novgorod or Vladimir to “Rus”. For example, the Smolensk cities were no longer considered "Rus".

The word “horde” is often mentioned not in relation to the “Mongol-Tatars”, but simply to the troops: “Swedish horde”, “German horde”, “Zalesian horde”, “Land of the Cossack Horde”. That is, it simply means - an army and there is no “Mongolian” color in it. By the way, in modern Kazakh “Kzyl-Orda” is translated as “Red Army”.

In 1376, Russian troops entered the Volga Bulgaria, besieged one of its cities and forced the inhabitants to swear allegiance. Russian officials were planted in the city. According to the traditional story, it turned out that Russia, being a vassal and tributary of the “Golden Horde”, organizes a military campaign on the territory of the state that is part of this “Golden Horde” and forces it to take its vassal oath. As for written sources from China. For example, in the period 1774-1782 in China, seizures were made 34 times. A collection of all printed books ever published in China was undertaken. This was due to the political vision of history by the ruling dynasty. By the way, we also had a change of the Rurik dynasty to the Romanovs, so the historical order is quite probable. It is interesting that the theory of the "Mongol-Tatar" enslavement of Russia was born not in Russia, but among German historians much later than the alleged "yoke".

Conclusion

Historical science has a huge number of conflicting sources. Therefore, one way or another, historians have to discard some of the information in order to get a whole version of events. What was presented to us in school course history - was just one of the many versions. And, as we can see, it has many contradictions.