Annexation of the Novgorod land of Tver. Gumelev V.Yu. The birth of the Russian kingdom. Accession of the Tver land. The overthrow of the Mongol-Tatar yoke

In the 11th century Old Russian state disintegrated into several independent principalities. After the invasion of the Tatars and the establishment Mongolian yoke Moscow's influence began to grow. This small town became the political center of all Russian lands. Moscow princes led the fight against the steppes. After Dmitry Donskoy defeated Mamai in the Battle of Kulikovo, this leadership position was further strengthened.

Annexation of Novgorod

However, in addition to Moscow, there were still a few rich and important cities that enjoyed independence. First of all, these were Novgorod and Tver. They were annexed to Moscow in the years (1462-1505).

Mr. Veliky Novgorod has always stood out against the background of other Russian cities. In the XII century, a republican system of government was established here. Power in the city in the first place belonged to the veche. It was a meeting of the townspeople, at which the key issues of managing Novgorod were decided by voting. Such a democracy existed only in Pskov. Novgorodians chose a prince for themselves. As a rule, these were the rulers from the Prince could not transfer his power by inheritance, as was done in other ancient Russian cities.

The accession of Novgorod and Tver to the Moscow principality led to the breaking of traditions familiar to local residents. Ivan III did not like the love of freedom that reigned on the banks of the Volkhov. In the first years of his reign, an agreement was in force, according to which the Novgorodians recognized the Moscow autocrat as their patron. However, there was a party of aristocrats that did not want to increase Ivan's influence. This group of boyars, led by a posadnik, made an alliance with Lithuania. Ivan regarded this act as a betrayal. He declared war on the disobedient. In 1478, his troops finally entered Novgorod and annexed it to the possessions of the Moscow prince. The main symbol of the freedom of local residents, the veche bell, was dismantled.

The position of Mikhail Borisovich

At that time, Tver was still independent from Moscow. It was ruled by the young prince Mikhail Borisovich. Ivan III was temporarily distracted from his relationship with Tver because of the war with the Mongols. In 1480, a standing was held. After him, Ivan Vasilyevich finally got rid of the status of a tributary of the Golden Horde.

After that, the accession to the Moscow principality of Tver began. On the side of Ivan III there was influence and a large army. Tver became a new victim of the policy of "collecting Russian lands" also because the possessions of Mikhail Borisovich were driven into a wedge between Moscow and Novgorod.

History of Tver

Prior to that, in the XIV century, Tver had every chance to become the center of the unification of all the East Slavic principalities. For some time, the rulers of the city even took possession of Vladimir, the ancient capital of the region. However, the rapid rise of the princes of Tver alarmed the Tatars and other Russian rulers. As a result, the city fell victim to several wars, during which all the neighbors united against it. Three Tver princes different time lost their heads in the Horde. Thanks to this, Moscow won the fight for supremacy over the Russian lands. Ivan III only finished the work that his predecessors had begun.

Union of Moscow and Tver

The rulers of Tver, having lost their former influence, tried to conclude an alliance with Moscow in which they would be equal members. Under the father of Ivan III, Vasily the Dark, turmoil began in his possessions. The war between the grandchildren of Dmitry Donskoy (contenders for the throne) led to the fact that the then Prince of Tver Boris decided to help one of them. His choice fell on Vasily the Dark. The rulers agreed that Ivan III would marry the daughter of the prince of Tver. When Basil finally secured the throne (despite the fact that he was blinded), this alliance was finally formalized.

However, it was the marriage of Ivan III that made it possible to join the Moscow principality of Tver. His first son (also Ivan), thanks to his mother, had all the rights to his grandfather's throne.

Cooling relations

A crack in relations between neighbors appeared when the wife of the Moscow prince Maria Borisovna suddenly died. After this event, the ambitious and far-sighted Tver boyars began to move to Moscow, foreseeing a future war. Among them was, for example, Daniil Kholmsky - the famous governor and commander. Accession to the Moscow Principality of Tver had to happen for inevitable historical reasons, and the appearance of a pretext turned out to be only a matter of time. Ivan III elevated the defectors, making it clear to other boyars that it would be best for them to go into the service of him. These measures made joining the Moscow Principality of Tver an easy undertaking. The elite of the absorbed city did not resist the inevitable event.

The next blow to Mikhail Borisovich was the appointment of Vassian as Bishop of Tver. In the world, it was the son of one of the commanders of Ivan III. The new bishop became the sovereign's eye in the neighboring town. He did a lot to make Tver join the Moscow principality. Year after year, the bishop sent dispatches to Ivan about the state of mind of the local aristocracy.

Michael's New Allies

Mikhail Borisovich's last hope for maintaining independence could be an alliance with the Polish-Lithuanian state. The accession of Tver to the Muscovite principality would have been more difficult if its western neighbors stood up for it. At first, Michael was guided by the Orthodox magnates and descendants of Gediminas. He entered into dynastic marriages, but they did not bring any dividends.

In 1483 Michael was widowed. He decided to send a secret embassy to Polish king Casimir. The prince wanted to marry his granddaughter and get a reliable ally. The Poles were Catholics, and in Moscow they were treated more than coolly. Soon Ivan III found out about the secret relations of Mikhail. After that, he decided to start joining Tver to the Moscow principality. The date of this event was inexorably approaching.

Fall of Tver

At the end of August 1485, Ivan III gathered loyal regiments. With them, he went to Tver, declaring war on Mikhail Borisovich. There was nothing to resist the principality. Michael fled to Poland. The boyars who remained in the city asked Ivan to take them into his service, which completed the annexation of Tver to the Moscow principality. Year after year, Ivan gradually left his neighbor without supporters and resources. In the end, there was an accession to the Moscow principality of Tver. With whomever the townspeople lived now, they could not resist the central government. Moscow expansion was the natural result of centuries of struggle between specific principalities in which one had to win. Under the son of Ivan III, Vasily, Pskov and Ryazan were also annexed, which completed the unification of Russia. Moscow became a national political center, which was no longer disputed by anyone.

The last prince of Tver, Mikhail Borisovich, remained in Poland, where he died peacefully in 1505 (the same year as Ivan III). From Casimir, he received several estates, in which he lived until his death.

The annexation of the lands of Veliky Novgorod became the most important task facing Ivan III.

The Novgorod boyars, being under constant pressure from two powerful powers - Moscow and Lithuania, competing with each other, understood that it was possible to preserve the independence of Novgorod only by entering into an alliance with one of them. The boyars were leaning toward an alliance with Lithuania, while the Moscow party was made up mainly of ordinary Novgorodians, who saw in the Moscow prince the pr. of the entire Orthodox sovereign.

The reason for the campaign in 1471 was the rumors that part of the Novgorod boyars, led by the mayor's widow Marfa Boretskaya (Marfa Posadnitsa), concluded an agreement on vassalage with Lithuania. In addition, Novgorod sought to create a church independent of Moscow.

The war with Novgorod was proclaimed as a campaign for the Orthodox faith, against apostates. The Moscow army was led by Prince Daniel Kholmsky. The Polish-Lithuanian king Casimir IV did not dare to open war with Moscow.

The removal of the veche bell - Miniature of the Obverse Chronicle. XVI century

In the battle on the river Shelon On July 14, 1471, the Novgorod militia was defeated, and the posadnik Dmitry Boretsky was executed.

Novgorodians abandoned the alliance with the Polish-Lithuanian king Casimir IV and paid Muscovites 15.5 thousand rubles for military expenses. (the price of peasant households at that time was 2-3 rubles). Novgorod from that time recognized itself as the fatherland of Ivan III, who was given the right to judge Novgorodians. However, unrest in Novgorod continued.

In 1475 Ivan III made a long trip with his retinue around the Novgorod land. November 23, 1475 Ivan III entered Novgorod, accompanied by a large retinue, and acted as a fair judge, protecting the offended. As a result, many boyars were arrested, and some of them were sent to Moscow.

In 1477, the Novgorod ambassadors recognized Ivan III as their sovereign, which meant the unconditional submission of Novgorod to the power of Moscow. Thereafter Grand Duke demanded direct control of Novgorod and liquidation of its independence.

A split occurred in Novgorod: the townspeople spoke in favor of joining Moscow, the boyars defended the inviolability of their estates and rights. At the veche, some of Moscow's supporters were killed, and the Novgorod ambassadors refused to call Ivan III "sovereign."

As a result, a new campaign against Novgorod was undertaken. On January 15, 1478, the Novgorod authorities surrendered, and the Novgorodians swore allegiance to Ivan III.

Klavdy Lebedev - Martha Posadnitsa. Destruction of the Novogorodsky Vech.

Veche was canceled, the symbol of Novgorod independence - the veche bell, as well as Martha Boretskaya - were sent to Moscow. Ivan III confiscated the estates of the bishop and 6 large monasteries.

In 1484-1499 the boyar lands were confiscated. Supporters of independence were executed, several thousand Novgorod families were transferred to other regions of the country. Instead of posadniks and thousandths, Moscow governors began to rule the city. With the annexation of Novgorod, the territory of Muscovy increased by 2 times.

History in faces

In the Novgorod monastery on the suburban tract of Klopsk in the 40s of the 15th century, blessed Michael labored, known in our saints under the name of Klopsky. In 1440, the local archbishop Evfimy visited him. The blessed one said to Vladyka: "And today there is great joy in Moscow." - "What, father, joy?" - "A son was born to the Grand Duke of Moscow, who was given the name Ivan; he will destroy the customs of the Novgorod land and bring death to our City."

Shortly before the fall of Novgorod, the founder of Solovetsky Monastery teacher Zosima to intercede with the authorities about the needs of his monastery. He also went to the noblewoman Martha Boretskaya, the widow of the posadnik, who enjoyed great influence in Novgorod society; but she did not accept the old man and ordered the serfs to drive him away. Leaving the courtyard of the arrogant boyar, Zosima shook his head and said to his companions: “The days will come when those who live in this courtyard will not step on it with their feet, when its gates will be closed and will not open again and this courtyard will become empty,” which happened, the biographer adds. teacher Zosima.

Marfa later changed her mind, having learned how cordially the Novgorod boyars receive the hermit offended by her. She earnestly asked Zosima to come to her and bless her. Zosima agreed. Marfa arranged a dinner for him with distinguished guests, the first Novgorod dignitaries, leaders of the Lithuanian party, of which Marfa was the soul. In the middle of dinner, Zosima glanced at the guests and suddenly, in amazement, silently lowered his eyes to the ground. Glancing another time, he did the same again; looked a third time - and again, bending down, shook his head and shed tears. From that moment on, he did not touch the food, despite the requests of the hostess.

Upon leaving the house, Zosima's disciple asked him what his behavior at the table meant. Zosima answered: "I looked at the boyars and I see - some of them are sitting without heads." These were those Novgorod boyars whom Ivan III in 1471 after the Battle of Shelon ordered to cut off their heads as their main opponents.

Thinking of turning themselves over to the Lithuanian king, the Novgorodians begged for his lieutenant, Prince Mikhail Olelkovich, from him as governors. Prepared to fight with Moscow. The posadnik Nemir, who belonged to the Lithuanian party, came to the Klopsky monastery to the aforementioned blessed Michael. Mikhail asked the posadnik where he was from. "He was, father, with his great-mother-in-law (mother-in-law)." - "What do you have, son, for a thought, what are you all going to think about with women?" “I hear,” the mayor said, “the prince of Moscow is going to attack us in the summer, and we have our own prince Mikhail.” “That, son, is not a prince, but mud,” the blessed one objected, “send ambassadors to Moscow as soon as possible, finish off the Moscow prince with your forehead for your fault, otherwise he will come to Novgorod with all his strength, you will go out against him, and God will not help you, and he will kill many of you, and even more will bring you to Moscow, and Prince Michael will leave you for Lithuania and will not help you in anything. Everything happened just as the blessed one predicted.

The world at this time

In Spain, the Inquisition is resurgent with renewed vigor. Torquemada becomes Grand Inquisitor.

A systematic persecution of "suspicious Christians" begins. The soul of the new Inquisition is the confessor of Queen Isabella of Castile, the Dominican monk Torquemada.

Tomás Torquemada, founder of the Spanish Inquisition

In 1478, the "Catholic kings" Philip and Isabella received a special bull from Pope Sixtus IV, authorizing the establishment of a new inquisition. in 1480, the first tribunal was established in Seville. By the end of the following year, he had already sentenced 298 heretics to execution.

The result of this was a general panic and a number of complaints against the actions of the tribunal addressed to the pope, mainly from the bishops. In response to these complaints, Sixtus IV in 1483 ordered the inquisitors to adhere to the same severity in relation to heretics, and entrusted the consideration of appeals against the actions of the Inquisition to the Archbishop of Seville, Iñigo Manriques. A few months later, he appointed the great gene. Inquisitor of Castile and Aragon Torquemada, who completed the work of transforming the Spanish Inquisition

As a result of the activities of the Spanish Inquisition under Torquemada, from 1481 to 1498, about 8,800 people were burned at the stake; 90,000 people were subject to confiscation of property and ecclesiastical punishments; 6,500 people were given the opportunity to escape from execution by flight or or die without waiting for the verdict of their death.

In Florence, Sandro Botticelli creates the painting "Spring"

Banks belonging to Duke Lorenzo de Medici the Magnificent are going bankrupt and closing all over Europe.

1477 - the branch in London declares bankruptcy, 1478 - in Bruges and Milan, and in 1479 - in Avignon.

After that, he set about the principalities remaining outside Moscow. In 1483, Mikhail Borisovich, prince of the Tver principality, strengthened his alliance with Lithuania by marrying a relative of Casimir the 4th. Having received news of what had happened, Ivan the 3rd went to war on the Tver lands. Mikhail was defeated, and he had no choice but to submit to Ivan.

Pretending that he resigned himself, Mikhail secretly made attempts to contact Lithuania, wanting to disconnect from Moscow. Ivan again went to Tver, and in 1485 the Tver principality finally surrendered. Residents and boyars gladly went over to the side of Moscow, and Mikhail fled to Lithuania.

As in Novgorod, Ivan settled the Moscow nobles and boyars in the Tver lands, creating a strong support for himself, and at the same time exiled the Tver feudal lords to various regions of the Muscovite state. In the same year, Ivan annexed the last inheritance - Vereisky.

In 1489, the second feudal republic of Vyatka was added to the territory of the Moscow lands. From a legal point of view, Pskov and Ryazan remained independent from Moscow. But Ivan's governor was in Pskov, with the help of him Pskovskaya was realized, and Ivan felt like a complete master there.

In Ryazan, Ivan was actually considered the ruler, since the last Ryazan princes were his own nephews. One of them died, he had no children, and half of Ryazan went to Moscow. The other half retained its independence until 1521.

summary of other presentations

"Formation of a single Russian state" - Localism. Feudal wars in Russia. Russian church. Seal of Ivan III. Ideology “Moscow is the third Rome”. Creation new system management. Grand Duke. The consequence of the struggle of two tendencies. Horde Khan Mahmet. hereditary monarchy. Feudal War. Reasons and prerequisites for the unification of Russian lands. Ivan III Vasilyevich. Sudebnik 1497 Formation of a single state of Russia. The end of the unification of the Russian lands.

"Ivan III the Great" - Ivan III advanced his army towards the enemy. Ivan the Great. What is the role of the era of Ivan. The double-headed eagle was required by the Grand Duke in the last decade of the 15th century. Rebuilding the Kremlin. Fight against the Horde. Raising Moscow, Ivan III emphasized the inheritance of power by him. Ivan III became the sole ruler. Epigraph to the lesson. Moscow is the third Rome. Ivan III the Great. Russian craftsmen built the Cathedral of the Annunciation and the Church of the Deposition of the Robe.

"The reign of Ivan III" - the Conquest of Novgorod. Feeders are representatives of local authorities. The Moscow army is a single military organization. Palace, Treasury - central government. The merging process has been completed. Russian coat of arms. state ideology. Liberation from the Mongol yoke in 1480. Gathering lands. Relations with the Horde. The reign of Ivan III 1462-1505 Management system, legal proceedings. Standing on the river Ugra 1480

"The reign of Ivan 3" - The fight against the Tatars. "Moscow-Third Rome" ( early XVI in.). Description of Ivan III. Accession to the throne. Russian state during the reign of Ivan III. Annexation of Novgorod and Tver. War with Lithuania. Gathering land around Moscow. Amazed Europe. Domestic politics, Judicial Code of Ivan III. Ivan III Vasilievich. Relations with the church. 1480 - standing on the river Ugra. Rule of the country.

"The era of Ivan III" - Time of reign. Russian church. Russian masters. Little Ivan. Illustrations. Italian architect. Dormition Church in Vladimir. Byzantine coat of arms. Veche bell. Volny Novgorod. Cathedral of the Archangel. Khan's army. Board results. S. Ivanov. Consolidation of lands around Moscow. Troubled childhood events. Russian army. Symbols of royal power. The greatness of the Moscow state. The overthrow of the Mongol-Tatar yoke.

"Grand Duke Ivan III" - Akhmat. What was Ivan the third. Ivan the Third is far-sighted. Interior of the Assumption Cathedral. Ivan III. Who threw open call Horde. Rebuilding the Kremlin. Grand Duke Ivan III. Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. Mamai. What changes took place under Ivan III. Moscow. Did the Russian lands gain full independence. Changes under Ivan III. The eagle landed on the state seal for the first time. Celebration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God.

By the beginning of the reign of Ivan III, the Grand Duchy of Moscow was the largest, but not the only one. For a quarter of a century, the Moscow prince significantly changed the political map of Northeastern Russia, annexing vast territories. For the medieval pace of development, this was a genuine explosion in political relations, turning Ivan III into the sovereign of all Russia in the eyes of his subjects.

The territorial growth of the Moscow principality began from the first years

reign of Ivan III. In the mid-second half of the 60s, finally

the Yaroslavl Principality lost its sovereignty, the princes of which have long been

were "handmaids" of the Moscow rulers. In 1474, the remnants of the independence of the Rostov Principality were liquidated even more calmly: the remnants of their princely rights were bought from the local princes.

A difficult task was the annexation of the Novgorod land, where the traditions of independence were very strong. Part of Novgorod

boyars led by the mayor's widow Marfa Boretskaya and her sons

strove for an open break with Moscow and sought help from the Great

the principality of Lithuania in order to keep their liberties. Other boyars

hoped that good relations with the Grand Duke would help to maintain

independence of Novgorod. In 1471, the Boretskys gained the upper hand. Novgorod

concluded an agreement with the Grand Duke of Lithuania and the King of Poland

Casimir IV. Novgorod recognized Casimir as its prince, accepted him

viceroy, and the "honest king" Casimir took an obligation if "goes

prince of Moscow is great on Veliki Novgorod", "mount a horse ... against

Grand Duke and boronites Veliki Novgorod.

Such an agreement was a legitimate pretext for war against Novgorod.

Ivan III gathered the troops of all the princes subordinate to him, including

Tver, and set off on a campaign. On the Shelon River in July 1471 Novgorodians

were defeated. Kazimir, realizing that he does not have in Novgorod

full support, did not fulfill the contract. Archbishop of Novgorod

allowed his regiment to participate in the battle, and this was a considerable part

militia. This position of Casimir and the archbishop was explained by the fact that

among the boyars, and especially among the urban lower classes, were common

anti-Lithuanian sentiments. Victory in the Battle of Shelon strengthened power

Ivan III over Novgorod. The anti-Moscow group suffered damage:

the son of Marfa, the mayor Dmitry Boretsky, who was taken prisoner, was executed. But

Novgorod remained independent for the time being.

Ivan III did not seek to strengthen the dependence of Novgorod, but to completely annex it. To do this, he first decided his positions in the Novgorod land. In 1475, he undertook a trip there with a large armed force. On November 21, 1475, Ivan arrived in the capital of the veche republic in peace. Everywhere he accepted gifts from the inhabitants, and with them complaints about the arbitrariness of the authorities. Thus, he simultaneously solved two problems: before the black people he acted as a defender of the people, and he weakened the group of boyars hostile to him. Many boyars were arrested, some of them were sent to Moscow for further investigation, which was a gross violation of Novgorod law. In February 1476, the Grand Duke returned to Moscow, but, nevertheless, continued to receive petitions and summon the boyars for trial, acting not as a traditional Novgorod prince, but as a feudal monarch.

The star of Novgorod the Great was inexorably approaching sunset.

The society of the veche republic has long been divided into parts. In February

In 1477, Novgorod ambassadors arrived in Moscow. Welcoming Ivan

Vasilievich, they did not call him "master", as usual, but

"sovereign". At that time, such an appeal expressed the complete

subordination. To the question of Ivan III: “What do the states want their fatherland

their Veliky Novgorod? - the Novgorod authorities replied that the ambassadors did not

had the authority to do so. In Novgorod they were killed at a veche

some of Moscow's supporters. So there was a reason to go to

Novgorod. In the fall, Ivan's troops moved towards the city. Grand Duke with

army marched on the ice of Lake Ilmen and stood under the very walls

Novgorod. Reinforcements arrived every now and then. Veche authorities did not dare

resist, and Ivan III presented them with a tough ultimatum: “we want

dominion in their fatherland Veliky Novgorod is such as ours

state in the Nizovsky land on Moscow”, which meant the liquidation

features of the political system in Novgorod. Ivan further explained that

specifically, he means: “I am singing the bell in our fatherland in Novgorod

not to be, but to keep our dominion.”

In January 1478, the Novgorod authorities capitulated, the veche was

canceled, the veche bell was taken to Moscow, instead of posadniks and thousand

the city was now ruled by Moscow governors. Land near the most

boyars hostile to Ivan were confiscated, but other boyar estates

Ivan III promised not to touch. He did not keep this promise: soon began

new confiscations. In total for 1484 - 1499. 87% of the lands have changed their

owners; except for the smallest proprietors - "own-landers", all

Novgorod estates lost their possessions. The lands of the evicted

Novgorodians were given to Moscow service people.

Thus, the annexation of Novgorod can be attributed to one of the

the most important results of the activities of Ivan III, Grand Duke of Moscow and

all Russia.

Following Novgorod, the time has come for the liquidation of independence

Tver land. After the annexation of Novgorod, she was squeezed

between Moscow possessions, only in the west bordering on a small

stretch with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Prince of Tver Mikhail

Borisovich felt that his power was coming to an end. This prince is nothing

did not teach the experience of the Novgorod boyars, who waited in vain for the promised

help from Casimir IV. Mikhail Borisovich made an alliance with the king. Then

Ivan III threw his troops into the principality, and Mikhail Borisovich quickly

capitulated. Apparently not fully understanding the situation, he

soon sent a messenger with letters to Casimir, but he was intercepted by

road by the people of Ivan III. It was a welcome occasion for Ivan to finally

boyars loyal to him fled to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. On September 15, Ivan III and his son Ivan solemnly entered the city. Ivan Ivanovich, former

maternal grandson of the Tver Grand Duke Boris Alexandrovich,

became the Grand Duke of Tver. Independent Grand Duchy of Tver

ceased to exist.

In 1489, Vyatka was annexed to the Russian state - a remote and largely mysterious land for modern historians beyond

Volga. With the annexation of Vyatka, the matter of collecting Russian lands did not

which were part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, was completed.

Formally, only Pskov and the Grand Duchy of Ryazan remained independent. However, they were dependent on Moscow, because. often needed the help of the Grand Duke.

The peoples of the North were also included in the Russian state.

In 1472, "Great Perm", inhabited by Komi, was annexed,

Karelian lands. The Russian centralized state was becoming

multinational superethnos.

Thus, the unification successfully carried out by Ivan III

Russian lands contributed not only to the development of productive forces

state, but also strengthened the international position of Russia.