Isolated members of a sentence. Sentences complicated by comparative phrases and phrases with conjunctions like I speak as a writer, is a comma needed?
Comparative turnovers and turnovers with a union How
1. Comparative phrases beginning with conjunctions as if, as if, as if, rather than, than, precisely, that in the meaning “as if”, they are separated by commas. In sentences, comparative phrases are usually adverbs:
There was a dampness coming from somewhere, exactly from the cellar (Mamin-Sibiryak); The wind was blowing towardsas if trying to stop the young criminal (Pushkin); It seemed to me that they[stars] much higherhow in our north (Lermontov); It was safer to fly at nightthan during the day(Perventsev).
2. Commas are not used revolutions with the indicated conjunctions as if, as if, as if, rather than, than, exactly what in the following cases:
- if the phrases are phraseological units:
What stucklike a bath leaf ? (Turgenev);
- if revolutions are part of the predicate:
Lights lanternslike beacons ; Cheerfulsong what a winged bird .
3. Revolutions from How separated by commas in the following cases:
A)if the turnover denotes likening (as it means “like”, how can it be replaced with another comparative conjunction - as if, as if, exactly etc.).
Wed: Her lipsHow roses , blush(Pushkin); At the bottom,How steel mirror , lake streams turn blue (Tyutchev)
b)if there is an index word in the main part so, so, so, so:
Nowhere do they bow when meeting each other So nobly,like on Nevsky Prospekt (Gogol);
V)if the revolution begins with the combination like :
To Moscow,like to the whole country , I feel my filiality, like to an old nanny (Paustovsky);
G)if the phrase, being an application, has a connotation of causal meaning (the phrase can be replaced by a subordinate clause with conjunctions since, since, because or turnover from being):
Wed: As a senior , I order you, gentlemen, to disperse immediately(Kuprin). – Being the eldest Since I'm the eldest , I order you, gentlemen, to disperse immediately;
d)if the turnover is expressed by a combination as a rule, as an exception, as always, as usual, as before, as now, as if on purpose:
I seeas it is now , the owner himself(Pushkin); What a shame!How on purpose , not a soul!(Gogol).
But such phrases are not separated by commas if they are part of the predicate or are closely related to it in meaning (there is no intonation of isolation):
Yesterday went as usual; Everything went as usual;
e)if the turnover is a combination none other than; nothing more than; none other than; nothing more than:
Rhine Falls in front nothing more than low water ledge (Zhukovsky).
4. Revs with how are not separated by commas in the following cases:
A)if the turn has the meaning of the circumstances of the course of action and it can be replaced instrumental case noun.
Wed: Like hail buckshot rained down (Lermontov). – Hail Buckshot rained down;
b)if the turnover has the meaning of equating or identifying.
Wed: He loved meas property (Lermontov). – He loved me, considering me his property; Try to look at me like a patient , possessed by a disease still unknown to you (Lermontov). – Try to look at me, equating me to a patient possessed by a disease still unknown to you;
V)if the conjunction as means “as”:
So I advise you like a friend be careful (Lermontov) – as a friend ;
G)if the phrase is part of the predicate or is closely related in meaning to the predicate (usually in these cases the predicate does not have a complete meaning):
Like the sun she (Seifulina); Poem was said as recognition (Fedin);
d)if the comparative phrase is preceded by the negation of not or the word completely, completely, almost, like, exactly, exactly, simply, directly and so on.:
He talked to him not like with baby ; Children sometimes reason just like adults ;
e)if the turnover has the character of a stable combination, it is a phraseological unit:white as a harrier (like paper, like chalk, like canvas, like snow ), pale as death, shines like a mirror, cherish like the apple of your eye, the disease is gone, feared like fire, wanders like a restless man, mumbles like a sexton, spins like a squirrel in a wheel, squeals like a pig, everything seems to be on the pick, jumped up as if scalded, stupid like a cork, naked like a falcon, hungry like a wolf, dirty like a pig, trembling like an aspen leaf, waiting like manna from heaven, healthy like a bull, angry like a dog, rolled like cheese in butter, beautiful like God, rushes about like mad, flies like an arrow and etc.
Exercise for the topic “Comparative turns and turns with HOW”
Add missing punctuation marks. Justify your answer.
1. Her eyes, sometimes wide open and bright and joyful like day, sometimes half-covered with eyelashes and deep and dark like night, stood before his eyes (Turgenev). 2. Turgenev, like perhaps no other Russian writer, is suited to the title of master (Rylenkov). 3. Kupfer, as one of the stewards with a white bow on the cuff of his coat, fussed and fussed with all his might (Turgenev). 4. The thick foliage, caught in frost, was picturesque: yellow, purple, red like blood, it was pleasing to the eye (Shishkov). 5. She holds and moves as if magnetized, like a somnambulist (Turgenev). 6. He, as a “fatal” person, had to do some extraordinary thing (Turgenev). 7. None of the writers make such festive seas rustle and shimmer on the pages as Green’s (Paustovsky). 8. Most people know Bunin mainly as a prose writer (Paustovsky). 9. She seemed completely petrified (L. Tolstoy). 10. His face, as mobile as an actor’s, became cheerful again (Shishkov). 11. The sounds of a bell came towards me, clean and clear, as if also washed by the morning coolness (Turgenev). 12. Sometimes it seemed like it was about to rain; but the outstretched hand did not feel anything, but looking at the sleeve of the dress one could notice traces of tiny drops, like the smallest beads (Turgenev). 13. The pulse is like a hammer, and the hands are cold (Kuprin). 14. Fine, hard snow was falling, pricking my face like needles (Chekhov). 15. She’s just still like a child (Gerasimov). 16. If not for death, then perhaps A. Green would have entered the ranks of our literature as one of the most original writers who organically merged realism with a free and bold imagination (Paustovsky). 17. The moon rose crimson and gloomy, as if sick (Chekhov). 18. Sometimes you shoot a hare, wound it, and it screams like a child (Chekhov). 19. Panteleimon sits on the box with his straight wooden arms extended forward (Chekhov). 20. But precisely because Alexandra Gavrilovna gets excited, she loses more often than her husband (Saltykov-Shchedrin). 21. Cities are like magnets (Soloukhin). 22. The traitors seemed to have sunk into the water (Nikitin). 23. When I remember old concepts, it’s like I’m doused with varnish (Ostrovsky). 24. And the whole steppe was covered with the fallen, like a swarm of black locusts (Pushkin). 25. As a woman, you loved your homeland (Nekrasov). 26. Valya was called in his case as a witness (N. Ostrovsky). 27. She needs it just like we do (Yevtushenko). 28. It rained like buckets (Prishvin). 29. Since pre-war times, I have been following you as an ordinary moviegoer and appreciate your talent (Krutikov). 30. I speak like a writer. I am used to looking at literature as a revolutionary matter (Fedin). 31. And this little story is nothing more than fragmentary memories of those days of happy closeness to them (S. Nikitin). 32. It was clear that he was trying to get away from this large gray building (Polevoy) as soon as possible. 33. But in front of him was none other than Aigle, a famous collector of songs of legends, legends and fairy tales (Green), traveling on foot. 34. Days run like streams into a foggy river (Yesenin). 35. Gentlemen, I think that you, like all decent people, have been in love at least once during your life (Turgenev). 36. The smell of oil is as strong as in a church (M. Gorky). 37. To Moscow, as well as to the whole country, I feel my filial relationship as to an old nanny (Paustovsky). 38. I now see the owner himself (Pushkin). 39. She has now become again slender and thin as before (M. Gorky). 40. I looked at her like a fool (Turgenev). 41. We treated Vanya as our own person (Prishvin). 42. The robber ripped the man off like a stick (Krylov). 43. After all, she lived with the paramedic like a cat and a dog (Chekhov). 44. I answered him as best I could (Turgenev). 45. Like a telegram the earth flies, the fields ring with an even ringing (Tikhonov). 46. Vera Pavlovna was constantly in the workshop, and they already managed to get to know her closely as a prudent, prudent, judicious woman (Chernyshevsky). 47. Urbenin and the Pole, being heavy people, preferred to wait for us down on the road (Chekhov). 48. He was afraid of familiarity like fire and behaved very dryly (Chernyshevsky). 49. The sunset was clotted like a wound from the blood of the dead (Lugovskoy). 50. The night outside the window is as beautiful as the Snow Maiden (Lugovskoy). 51. Chichikov as an acquirer is no less, if not more, Pechorina is a hero of our time (Belinsky). 52. She was like her father’s least favorite (L. Tolstoy). 53. Vasenda, as a positive and practical person, found a fixed place unprofitable (Pomyalovsky).
Compare the completed task with the example by opening the file attached below.
8. Read an excerpt from Alexander Green’s work “The Brilliant World.” Then return to the beginning of the text and, paying attention to the beginning The arena came to life..., trace which syntactic structures in the text convey the dynamics of circus life.
For this evening, the management released the best forces of the circus.<...>
The arena came to life: gymnasts replaced horses, horses replaced clowns, clowns replaced acrobats; jugglers and magicians followed the lion tamers. Two elephants, tied with napkins, had a decorous dinner, sitting at a set table, and, with a princely movement of their trunk, throwing “for tea”, they rode on wooden balls.<...>Preceded by the sound of a trumpet, the lions came out and sat down, drowning out the orchestra with their roar; a man in a black tailcoat, shooting with a whip, humiliated them as he pleased; foam poured out of their mouths, but they waltzed and jumped into hoops. Four gymnasts, swinging under the dome, were thrown from one trapeze to another in terrible volts. The Japanese magician pulled out from behind the collar of his tights a heavy glass vase full of water and live fish. The juggler proved that there are no objects that cannot be played with, throwing them into the air and catching flies like a swallow, without bruising or missing; seven lighted lamps flew out of his hands with the ease of a fountain stream. The end of the second squad was the rider Richlei, galloping on five red, white-maned horses and crossing, standing, from one to another as easily as we change chairs.
* 3 1. Pay attention to the highlighted part of the last sentence: on what basis is the coordinating conjunction And connects members of the proposal, which you will most likely emphasize differently when analyzing a sentence in writing (... Rishley, galloping... and crossing...)?
2. Think: in what cases is a gerund or participial phrase characterizes the action or state of an object speeches and answer questions circumstances(How? When? Why? etc.), and in which cases it matters additional message and answers questions secondary predicate (doing what? or what did you do?)?
4 How to test yourself? Let's use the technique of transforming structures: depending on the characteristics of their meaning, the methods of transformation will be different. Wed:
...had dinner, sitting behind set table, - had dinner(under what circumstances?) at a set table;
Having left a tip, we rode on wooden balls - we rode on wooden balls (what did we do?), leaving a tip; ...after they gave me a tip...
We discovered the grammatical polysemy of participial phrases: they can be replaced by different syntactic structures, which is one of the manifestations of the richness of the syntax of the Russian language.
3. Let's look at how punctuation marks are placed for gerunds and participial phrases, between which there is a conjunction in the sentence And (in these cases, punctuation errors are most often made).
Find sentences in the text that contain the following paragraphs:
Decipher the diagrams. Remember the rules for placing punctuation marks for homogeneous members.
Give examples for each diagram.
9. 1. Place the missing punctuation marks. Explain your actions.
All night it howled, shook, rattled, the lanterns rattled the outer latch, and by morning it subsided, calmed down, and the owner came. He sat on a stool with his red, swollen hand clasped around his knee and waited for Ruslan to finish the stew. The owner brought his machine gun with him and hung it on a hook in the corner of the cabin - this meant that there was going to be a service that had not happened for a long time, and therefore it was necessary to eat without rushing but also without delay. (G. Vladimov)
2. Does the participle (from the last sentence) retain the meaning of an additional action? What synonymous adverbs can be chosen for them? Which question from the predicate to these gerunds is more natural: How had to eat or what are you doing?
By correctly answering the previous questions, you will thereby explain why the participles in the last sentence are not separate and there is no need to separate them with commas.
10. Comment on the statement of the writer V. Kaverin.
In my youth, I read Dostoevsky without stopping, at a run, and put it aside, as if I felt that for me he was still ahead of me, that I would return to him more than once or twice.
1. Perform a spelling and punctuation analysis of the sentence.
*2. Underline the paragraph that is not indicated by a punctuation mark.
*3. Which punctuation mark in a sentence is optional, author's? What options for solving the punctuation problem are possible here?
11. On what basis are the above extracts from the speech of people different in age, nature of occupation and degree of linguistic literacy combined into one group?
1) Approaching Novosibirsk, there was snow. 2) While leaving, the correspondent remembered the cap on Olezhka’s head. 3) After sunbathing a little, we were allowed to swim. 4) Having become acquainted with this exhibition, a question involuntarily arises... 5) Arriving at the theater, I had a very good impression. 6) Entering the store, you are amazed by the abundance of different products. 7) Each time, holding my breath, knowing every mise-en-scène by heart 5, I encountered a miracle. 8) After graduating from school, a large choice of paths and roads opens up before us. 9) He spoke, gesturing with one hand, and the other in his pocket, walking between the delegates. 10) Basygin remembered that, losing consciousness, his fingers instinctively squeezed the dog’s fur. 11) After reading this novel, Tatyana Larina became my favorite heroine.
1. What mistake in the use of gerunds was made in each case?
Characteristic of gerunds double bond- with subject and predicate. Denoting additional – in relation to predicate- action or state subject of speech, gerund must indicate an additional action or state faces or subject, designated subject. Violation of this connection creates, as you can see, nonsense (and even comic situations).
How to act to make the error obvious and to eliminate it? Let's look at this using the first sentence as an example.
1) Find the subject in the sentence: Flying up to Novosibirsk, I lay snow.
2) Mentally change the order of the words so that the participial phrase stands next to the subject: Snow flying towards Novosibirsk... We discover a distortion of meaning: it is clear that it was not snow that was approaching Novosibirsk... 3) Eliminate the error (options are possible), for example: Approaching Novosibirsk, we saw lying snow; ...passengers saw that there was snow; When we approached Novosibirsk, there was already snow. And etc.
2. Eliminate errors in the use of gerunds (adverbial phrases) and write down the transformed sentences.
12. What feelings does N. Zabolotsky’s poem “Cranes” evoke?
Leaving Africa in April
To the shores of the father's land,
They flew in a long triangle,
Drowning in the sky, cranes.
Stretching out silver wings
Across the wide firmament,
The leader led to the valley of plenty
Its small people.
But when it flashed under the wings
Lake, transparent through and through,
Black gaping barrel
It rose up from the bushes towards us.
A ray of fire struck the bird's heart,
A quick flame flared up and went out,
And a piece of wondrous greatness
It fell on us from above.
Two wings, like two huge griefs,
Embraced the cold wave
And, echoing the sorrowful sob,
The cranes rushed into the heights.
Only where the stars move,
To atone for one's own evil
Nature returned to them again
What death took with it:
Proud spirit, high aspiration,
An unyielding will to fight, -
Everything from the previous generation
Youth passes on to you.
And the leader in a metal shirt
Sank slowly to the bottom,
And the dawn formed over him
Golden glow spot.
*1. What syntactic constructions does the poet use when depicting the flight of cranes “to the shores of their father’s land”? How does the syntactic structure of the poem change as the plot develops?
2. Prepare to write down the poem from memory.
13. *1. What syntactic constructions in the description made it possible to paint a detailed picture of an old, wild, but still beautiful garden?
Behind the large house there was an old garden, already wild, drowned out by weeds and bushes. I walked along the terrace, still strong and beautiful; through the glass door a room with a parquet floor was visible, probably a living room: an antique piano and on the walls engravings in wide mahogany frames - and nothing more. All that remained of the former flower beds were peonies and poppies, which raised their white and bright red heads from the grass; Along the paths, stretching out and interfering with each other, grew young maples and elms, already plucked by cows. It was dense, and the garden seemed impenetrable, but this was only near the house, where poplars, pines and old linden trees of the same age still stood, surviving from the previous alleys, and then the garden was cleared for haymaking, and there was no more hovering, the cobwebs did not get into the mouth and the breeze blew into my eyes; The further inland, the more spacious, and already there were cherries, plums, spreading apple trees, disfigured by supports and gangrene, and pears, so tall that one could not even believe that they were pears.<...>
The garden, thinning out more and more, turning into a real meadow, descended to the river, overgrown with green reeds and willows; near the mill dam there was a stretch, deep and fishy, a small mill with a thatched roof was making an angry noise, frogs were croaking furiously. On the water, smooth as a mirror, circles occasionally moved and river lilies trembled, disturbed by cheerful fish.
<...>The quiet blue reach beckoned, promising coolness and peace. ( A. Chekhov)
2. Prepare to take dictation.
14. Only three proposals were needed by I.S. Turgenev, so that we, the readers, would feel sympathy for the hero of his story. And this is achieved...
*1. Read the text carefully, listen to its intonations, pay attention to syntactic means language, and then try to independently complete the unfinished judgment in the task.
There are such happy faces in the world: everyone loves to look at them, as if they are warming you or stroking you. Gagin had just such a face, sweet, affectionate, with large, affectionate eyes and soft curly hair. He spoke in such a way that, even without seeing his face, you just by the sound of his voice, felt that he was smiling.
2. Pay attention to the highlighted combination: it does not contain the meaning of an additional message; it does not serve as a secondary predicate (it cannot be converted into a predicate). But it is punctuated according to the rules of an isolated member of a sentence. Why?
This combination of words is an example of an optional isolation of a sentence member in order to give it a special meaning and strengthen its communicative role. To make sure that this is so, let’s read the sentence without intonational isolation of this combination of words:
Special group detached members form clarifying members of the sentence, in the isolation and identification of which also important It has intonation of isolation. Compare:
To highlight or not to highlight a member of a sentence in such cases by voice in oral speech and punctuation marks in writing - the right of the speaker or writer.
15. 1. Work through excerpts from N.S.’s book on your own. Valgina “Difficulties of modern punctuation.” Give your own examples.
1) The members of the sentence - specifying and specifying - are correlated as general, indefinite and particular, concrete; generic and specific. Most often, the circumstances of place and time are specified, expressed in words such as there, there, from there; everywhere, everywhere; then, later. The clarifying member of the sentence, standing after such circumstances, specifies their meaning: There, on the horizon, from where a cloud floated into the sky, a pale pink strip of light shone.(M. Gorky)
2) Specific concepts can also be specified: At the bottom, at your very feet, there lay a snag like a catfish with a mustache, which the boys were afraid of.(A. Tolstoy)
3) Nearby circumstances can act as clarification and clarification only in this context: Ten paces from the entrance to the tunnel, right next to the highway, there was a lonely house.(N. Ostrovsky)
4) The definition can be clarifying, more often - inconsistent, less often - agreed: The gray ones glided silently, the color of the earth, lizards.(M. Sholokhov)
5) The application can be clarifying: Both, mother and daughter, were wearing straw hats.(A. Chekhov)
6) Even predicates, usually nominal ones, can be specified: The mines are all in the snow, which is not at all deep here - to the ankle. (V. Bykov) Using a dash, clarification is also isolated in an undivided one-part sentence: There were, however, few monuments - only five or six. (K. Paustovsky)
2. Based on these materials, draw up a plan for their presentation and prepare a message on the topic “Isolated clarifying members of the proposal.”
16. 1. Words of which part of speech often act as qualifying words? (See point 1 in the text of exercise 15.) What feature of their grammatical meaning is this connected with?
2. Imagine that you have to write a receipt... What will be the first sentence?
I, ________________________
17. In the book by A.T. Arsiria “Materials on entertaining grammar of the Russian language” in each section there is a heading “This is interesting”. Check out the contents of one of them.
Remember the lines from the fable by I.A. Krylov’s “Fish Dance”: Here, Leo mercifully licked the headman on the chest... and set off on his further journey. As you can see, this is a rare case where the subject has taken a completely unusual place within the adverbial phrase. However, this is just a “liberty” of colloquial speech.
Think about this sentence: The ant worked in vain, unable to move the baby.
What is this strange isolation? It does not fit any species known to you.
It turns out that this is a “splinter” of an adverbial phrase being unable to in which the participle played an auxiliary role and therefore disappeared without prejudice to the meaning. In the same way, an isolated circumstance was formed, beginning with the words unable to: Unable to work any longer, he decided to go out into the fresh air. But there is no doubt that this is an isolated circumstance (reason): he decided to take a walk Why? – because I was unable to work anymore.
An interesting case is when the participle closely grows together with the conjunctive word of the subordinate clause. In this case, it is, of course, not isolated: From the window one could see fields in dull silver, those winter Russian spaces, looking at which you remember the fate of your country, and the beauty of its nature, and Pushkin, and everything that makes up the wealth of the human soul.(V. Lidin)
Note: the last case is not an episodic occurrence. There is a rule: participial phrases are not isolated “if the gerund has as a dependent word allied wordwhich as part of a subordinate clause, for example: There was a door to the right having passed which you could get into the corridor leading to the stage» 5 .
When reading the above materials, you may have assessed them differently, for example: this is not very important, this can be taken into account, this will come in handy. Tell us about your attitude to what you read, justifying your judgments.
18. You've probably already encountered the fact that it's quite difficult to distinguish when comparative turnover with union How is highlighted with commas in the letter, and when it is not highlighted.
You can read about the most common variants of this punctogram in the supporting materials.
1. Comparative turnover with the union Howstands out commas if
A) How has the meaning like, For example: With fingers as light as a dream, he touched my eyes.(A. Pushkin) The air is clean and fresh, like a child's kiss.(M. Lermontov);
b) comparative turnover has a causal meaning, for example: The commandant friendly advised me to give up poetry, as something contrary to the service and leading to nothing good.(A. Pushkin) She was like a little girl, her father's favorite....(L. Tolstoy);
c) comparative turnover begins with the combination like, For example: To Moscow, as to the whole country, I feel my filial relationship, like to an old nanny.(K. Paustovsky)
2. Comparative turnover with the union Howdoesn't stand out commas if
a) union How has the meaning as, For example: So, I advise you as a friend to be careful.(M. Lermontov) I speak as a writer.(M. Gorky);
b) the phrase forms a nominal part of a compound predicate or is closely related in meaning to the predicate (usually in these cases the predicate does not have a complete meaning without a comparative phrase), for example: Marya Ilyinichna I was sitting on pins and needles.(A. Pushkin) Our garden like a passage yard.(A. Chekhov);
c) the comparative phrase is preceded by a negation Not or words completely, completely, almost, like, exactly, exactly, simply, directly etc., for example: I cultivated this feeling of celebration in myself not like rest... but as a desired goal, the completion of the highest creativity of life.(M. Prishvin) It was light, almost like daylight; Children sometimes reason just like adults; The girl's hair is curly exactly like at the mother's;
d) the turnover has the character of a stable combination, for example: At the lion's It was like a mountain had been lifted off my shoulders. (I. Krylov) The young couple were happy, and their life flowed like clockwork. (A. Chekhov) 6
19. 1. Using supporting materials, explain the punctuation of comparative phrases.
1) Rich, good-looking, Lensky was accepted everywhere as a groom. 2) He sang love, obedient to love, and his song was clear, like the thoughts of a simple-minded maiden, like the dream of a baby, like the moon in the deserts of the serene sky, the goddess of secrets and tender sighs. 3) With his own style, in an important mood, the fiery creator used to show us his hero as a model of perfection. 4) Like a true Frenchman, Triquet brought a verse to Tatyana in his pocket. 5) Rural freedom has its own happy rights, just like arrogant Moscow. 6) As if at an annoying separation, Tatyana grumbles about the stream. 7) Monotonous and crazy, like the whirlwind of a young life, the noisy whirlwind of a waltz whirls. 8) She is still in a hurry to talk with her groves and meadows, as with old friends. 9) He returned and, like Chatsky, got from the ship to the ball. 10) But I, it seems, would like to glorify my sad lot, so that at least a single sound would remind me of me, like a faithful friend. (A. Pushkin)
2. Comment on the remaining paragraphs in these sentences. If you have any difficulties, do not ignore them (discuss the questions in class, try to find the answer in the textbook yourself, contact your teacher.)
*20. Add missing punctuation marks.
1) I will never forget one incident that remains in my memory as an example of the extreme naivety of the first young hares running in a regular circle to lie down. (M. Prishvin) 2) As a hunter, I was well known to myself, but I never thought I knew that there was some other person in me. (M. Prishvin) 3) Take me through the outpost as your servant, I don’t need anything else. (A. Herzen) 4) Savka was as naked as a falcon. (A. Chekhov) 5) Of course, as a kind person, he loved people more than he did not love them. (L. Tolstoy) 6) In the commandant’s house I was received like family. (A. Pushkin) 7) The sun was hiding behind the clouds, the trees and the air were gloomy as before rain, but despite this it was hot and stuffy. (A. Chekhov) 8) Neva tossed about like a sick person in her bed, restless. (A. Pushkin)
*21. In the mentioned book by A.T. Arsiria has sections: “What do you think?”, “Be careful,” “Let’s see.” Try to answer their questions.
1. Here is a proposal: He jumped up and exactly burned, ran around the room...(M. Gorky) What do the highlighted words represent from a syntactic point of view? What happens if you omit the conjunction exactly?
2. Which definitions in the following sentence are isolated and where is the word being defined: The eldest, thin, blue-eyed, with brown hair, held an ax in his hand at the ready(B. Polevoy)? Why might there be difficulties in recognizing the word being defined?
3. Find and identify the isolated member in the sentence: It was wonderful to go like this, to nowhere, which is the land of surprises and happiness.(L. Leonov) Which group of isolated members does he belong to - clarifying or with the meaning of an additional message?
4. Try to explain the placement of a dash in a sentence with a separate definition: Night was falling on the sea—grayish, as if after rain.(K. Paustovsky)
5. Why is the application separated in the sentence: Nikolai's best friend, Victor could not remain indifferent to his fate?
6. What is the highlighted word in a sentence: So, poor guy, I was so scared that I couldn’t say a word? Can an application exist without the word it is attached to?
7. If in a sentence All summer the cattle were grazed on the meadow, that is, high mountain pasture instead of that is consume or, should I keep the comma?
*22. Read the statement by K.G. Paustovsky about the artist I.I. Levitan.
Levitan left about a hundred autumn paintings. They depict things familiar from childhood: haystacks, blackened by dampness; small rivers swirling fallen leaves in slow whirlpools; lonely golden birches; a sky like thin ice; shaggy rains through forest clearings. But in all these landscapes, no matter what they depict, the sadness of farewell days, falling leaves, the quiet, wonderful before the cold, festive sun is best conveyed.
1. What is the semantic role of punctuation marks in this text?
2. Prepare expressively, as required by the syntactic structure of the literary text, to read it out loud.
23. Try to find a reproduction of one of I.I.’s “autumn” landscapes. Levitan and prepare to write an essay on the painting.
Answers to some tasks
5. 1. Rainy and frost-free autumn did not allow the forest to fade or turn yellow. In definitions preceding the word being defined autumn, the significance of the cause is undoubtedly present. (Why did autumn prevent the forest from fading and turning yellow? Because there were rains and there were no frosts).
The causal meaning of definitions would be especially emphasized in this version of the punctuation design of the construction:
But this, as we see, was not the author's intention. And since the author’s version has the right to exist (there is no violation of the mandatory punctuation rule), we must accept what the author proposed in his text.
7. 1. You need to solve 3 problems:
1) two homogeneous participial phrases connected by a single conjunction And, are not separated; 2) a number of homogeneous participial phrases are highlighted on both sides with commas; 3) two pairs of homogeneous participial phrases, connected only by intonation, are separated by a comma.
8.
1. Participial and adverbial phrases are quite rarely perceived as homogeneous members of a sentence, since the first has a determinative meaning, and the second has an adverbial meaning. However, in the position of isolated members associated with the subject, they have the same meaning of the additional message, and it is this that determines them uniformity in relation to the same member of the sentence, which is reflected in their punctuation in the letter. (Let us recall from A.S. Pushkin: But, tired of the noise of the ball And turning morning to midnight, sleeps peacefully in the shade of blissful fun and luxury child).
10. 2. ...read Dostoevsky without looking up... – the gerund has the meaning of a manner of action (not doing what? A How? without interruption), does not have the meaning of an additional action, therefore, is not isolated in speech and is not separated by commas in writing.
3. Dash in this proposal– optional sign, author’s: clarifying circumstance from a running start could be highlighted by paired commas, but the dash more clearly indicates a transition to another action.
12. 1. Isolated participial phrases, verbal predicates, creating a dynamic rhythm of the narrative, give way to less energetic isolated definitions, complex sentences with a conjunction And.
13. 1. Big number isolated members of a sentence forming homogeneous rows; sentences circulated by minor members of varying meaning; complex sentences all types; complex sentences with different types and means of communication.
14. 1. And this is achieved, in addition to very precise vocabulary, with the help syntactic constructions: non-union connection parts; isolated non-common and common definitions in a homogeneous series, a combination of words highlighted by intonation, to which the author attaches special meaning.
20. 1) ...remains in my memory as an example(cf.: as an example);...hares running...; 2) I'm like a hunter(cf.: as a hunter); ...known, but I never thought, I didn’t know that...; 3) spend... like a servant(cf.: as a servant); 4) ...goal like a falcon(phraseologism as a predicate). 5) Of course, as a kind person(cf.: because he was a kind person),He...; 6) was accepted as family(cf.: as a native); 7) ...behind the clouds, the trees and air were gloomy, as if before the rain, but despite this...; 8)I was tossing around like a sick person...
21. 1. A separate consistent definition with a comparison value. If we omit the conjunction exactly, the comparison value will disappear and he's burned... should be perceived as a fact of reality.
2. An adjective is used as a defined word senior, used here as a noun. With it there are homogeneous isolated definitions: two agreed upon and one inconsistent.
3. ...drive like this, to nowhere... – clarifying isolated circumstance.
4. ...Night was falling—grayish, as if after rain. A dash denotes a pause, and with it the meaning of an additional message expressed by a separate definition. IN in this case The dash is the author’s sign (it wouldn’t be a mistake to use a comma).
5. Application with a proper name has the meaning of an additional message about the reason for what is reported in the sentence.
6. In this incomplete sentence (the subject is omitted) the word poor guy is a stand-alone application (with a reason value).
7. ...in combination in a meadow, that is, a high-mountain pasture, ... union that is without prejudice to the meaning can be replaced by a conjunction or: these unions in this sentence have a synonymous meaning (with the second name acting as a clarifying name in relation to the first).
22. 1. In this case, the colon warns that the generalizing word (subject) is specified by the homogeneous members of the sentence following it, allowing us to give detailed description. A semicolon separates common homogeneous subjects, emphasizing the autonomy of each sketch.
1 In acrobatics and circus aerial gymnastics: a 180° turn of an acrobat or gymnast in a jump.
2 A thin suit that fits tightly to the body.
3 This icon marks tasks for which answers have been given.
4 This is how supporting materials are designated.
5 See: Rosenthal D.E. Punctuation and management in Russian. Handbook for print workers. M., 1988. P. 61.
6 In preparing these materials, the relevant articles from the above-mentioned book by D.E. were used. Rosenthal, p. 156–163. Note that the supporting materials do not mention all the conditions for identifying a comparative phrase in writing.
A.Yu. KUPALOVA,
Moscow
You already know that union– this is an auxiliary part of speech, with the help of which a connection is drawn up between parts of sentences, individual sentences in a text, or between words as part of a simple sentence.
Union"HOW"very often requires the isolation of different syntactic structures.
To understand when to put a comma before a conjunction " HOW", and when not, look at the following examples.
Comma before the conjunction "HOW" is put
1. Commas highlight or separate phrases beginning with a conjunction"HOW"
1) if they denote assimilation , without other shades of meaning (" HOW" has the meaning " like»).
For example: Below it is the Caucasus , like the edge of a diamond, shone with eternal snow. Her voice rang , like a bell. Her green eyes sparkled , like gooseberries. And he saw himself rich , like in a dream. (Krylov) His hands were shaking , like mercury. (Gogol) The air is clean and fresh , like kissing a child...(Lermontov) Like a seagull , the sail there is white in height.
Comparative phrases in our language not only convey similarities or differences, but also give beauty and expressiveness to the language.
The punctuation rule about the comparative phrase is not so complicated: it is always separated by commas on both sides.
For example: At the bottom , like a mirror , the water glistened. Around the tall brow , like clouds , the curls turn black. (Pushkin) Below , like a steel mirror, The lake streams turn blue. (Tyutchev) Sparkled brightly in the sky , like a living eye , first star. (Goncharov) Anchar , like a menacing sentry, stands alone in the entire universe (A.S. Pushkin).
What are the difficulties and where do the mistakes come from?
First difficulty- insufficiently thoughtful attitude to the text. If you do not understand that the sentence is comparing something to something else, you will not notice the comparative phrase. Here's a simple conclusion: always try to understand the text you are writing down.
Second difficulty is that among comparisons there are syntactic “dwarfs” and syntactic “giants”. This is what “dwarf” comparisons can look like; they can be accidentally overlooked.
For example: I myself , like a beast , was alien to people and crawled and hid , like a snake(M. Yu. Lermontov).
And here’s what “giants” comparisons might look like: In front of them , like ocean waves petrified during a storm, mountain ranges spread out.
What kind of trouble can be caused with such a proposal?
First, just forget to close the turn with a comma. This misfortune happens with all common phrases: having “caught” its beginning, many do not retain it in memory until the end - and then goodbye, second comma!
Secondly, without thinking about the meaning of the phrase, cut the “giant”, hastening to put a comma ahead of time, for example after the word petrified, and thereby turn the sentence into complete nonsense.
2) If there is an indicative word in the main part of the sentence so, so, so, so.
For example: The Lyceum gave Russia such people , like Pushkin, Pushchin, Delvig. The coachman was equally amazed at his generosity , like the Frenchman himself from Dubrovsky’s proposal. (Pushkin) Nowhere else at a mutual meeting do they bow so nobly and naturally , like on Nevsky Prospekt. (Gogol) His facial features were the same , just like my sister. (L. Tolstoy) Laevsky is certainly harmful and just as dangerous to society , like a cholera microbe... (Chekhov) Everything around is somehow churchy, and the smell of oil is as strong as in a church. (Bitter)
3) If the turnover begins with the combination like.
For example: Trees , just like people , have their own destiny. To Moscow , like the whole country, I feel my sonhood , like an old nanny(Paustovsky). In her eyes , as well as throughout the face, there was something unusual. Just like at last year's competitions, the athletes of the Russian Federation were ahead;
4) If union "HOW" included in the introductory sentence . The following expressions are most often used as introductory sentences:
As I remember now, how they spoke, how we learned, how some people think, as well as combinations like now, as one, as a rule, as an exception, as usual, as always, as before, as now, as now, as on purpose and so on.
For example: It was , as you can guess, our heroine. Residents of the house are all , as one , poured out into the yard. I see , as it is now , the owner himself... (Pushkin) Classes have begun , as usual , at nine o'clock in the morning. I remember , like now , my first teacher at school. How on purpose , there was not a penny in my pocket. Commas , usually , participial phrases are highlighted. Spartakiad , as usual , takes place in the summer.
But! The indicated combinations are not separated by commas if they are part of the predicate or are closely related to it in meaning.
For example: Classes start as usual. Snowfalls occur in December as a rule (=usually). Yesterday went as usual(i.e. as usual);
5) in revolutions none other than and none other than; the same as and the same as.
For example: Rhine Falls in front nothing else , How low water ledge (Zhukovsky). But in front of her was none other , How traveling Aigle, a famous collector of legends, fairy tales, tales. It was none other , How Rylov.
2. If the application is with a union"HOW"has the meaning of causality, it is separated by commas.
For example: Like a true Frenchman, Triquet brought a verse to Tatyana (A.S. Pushkin) in his pocket. Why did he bring the verse to Tatyana? - like a true Frenchman.
If the application has no additional values, it is separated by a comma.
For example: Such a tool , like a screwdriver , always useful on the farm. Neither one nor the other question can be raised here.
3. B complex sentence when adding a subordinate clause:"HOW"acts as subordinating conjunction and connects the subordinate clause with the main one.
For example: He sees , like a field father cleans up. Love jumped out in front of us , like it jumps out of the ground murderer, and amazed us both at once. I looked for a long time , how the candle burns.
(Reminder: how to distinguish a complex sentence from a complex sentence? In a complex sentence, you can ask a question from one part of the sentence to another. Using the example above: " I looked for a long time- for what? - how the candle burns". In complex sentences, the parts are equal).
Comma before conjunction"HOW" not placed
1. Turnovers with a union"HOW"are not separated by commas
1) If the meaning of the circumstance of the course of action comes to the fore in circulation (to the question How?); Usually such phrases can be replaced by the instrumental case of a noun or an adverb.
For example: Buckshot rained down like hail.(Lermontov) (Compare: rained down like hail .) Dreams disappeared like smoke. (Lermontov) Like a demon is insidious and evil(Lermontov) (Compare: demonically insidious.)
The ring burns like heat.(Nekrasov) In anger, he thundered like thunder and sparkled like steel. The horse flies like a snowstorm, like a blizzard hurries. They flared like lightning in the sky, like fiery rain fell from the sky.
2) If the main meaning of the phrase is equating or identifying.
For example: …You loved me as property, as a source of joy, worries and sorrows...(Lermontov) (Compare: ...loved me, considering me his property.) …He[Judas] handed over his stone as the only one what he could give(Saltykov-Shchedrin);
3) If union "HOW"has the meaning "as" or turnover with the union "HOW" (application) characterizes an object from any one aspect.
For example: Rich, good-looking, Lensky was accepted everywhere as a groom. (Pushkin) I speak like a writer. (Gorky) My ignorance of the language and silence was interpreted as diplomatic silence. (Mayakovsky) We know India as a country of ancient culture. The public appreciated the early Chekhov as a subtle humorist. We know Lermontov more as a poet and prose writer and less as a playwright. I will keep this letter as a memory. Yuri Gagarin made history as the world's first astronaut. The environmental issue arises as the main question of today.
4) If the turnover forms the nominal part of the compound predicate or the meaning is closely related to the predicate (usually in these cases the predicate does not have a complete meaning without a comparative phrase).
For example: Some are like emerald, others are like coral. (Krylov) She herself walked like wild. (Goncharov) I became like a child in soul. (Turgenev) Father and mother are like strangers to her. (Dobrolyubov) I watched how. (Arsenyev)
She behaves like a mistress.(If we take the predicate “ holds on» without turnover « like a mistress", then it turns out " she's holding on", and you might think that she is holding on to something.)
Compare also: feel as if in one’s own element, behave as if insane, understand as a hint, perceive as praise, recognize as danger, look at as a child, greet as a friend, evaluate as an achievement, consider as an exception, take for granted, present as a fact, qualify as a violation of the law, note as a great success, interest as a novelty, put forward as a project, justify as a theory, accept as inevitable, develop as a tradition, express as a proposal, interpret as a reluctance to take part, define as a case of a separate application, characterize as a type, stand out as talent, formalize as an official document, be used as a phraseological figure, sound like a call, enter as an integral part, appear as a representative, feel like a foreign body, exist as an independent organization, arise as something unexpected, develop as a progressive idea, carry out as an urgent task and so on.;
5) If comparative phrase is preceded by negation Not or words completely, completely, almost, like, exactly, exactly, directly, simply and so on.
For example: I cultivated in myself this feeling of holiday not as rest and simply a means for further struggle, but as a desired goal, the completion of the highest creativity of life. (Prishvin) It was almost as bright as day. Children sometimes think just like adults. The girl's hair curls exactly like her mother's. The newspaper was not published as always. He just like a child.
6) If turnover has the character of a stable combination .
We have come to the most interesting case - phraseological units. Our speech is permeated with phraseological units. These are stable phrases, colored with irony, cunning, and slyness.
For example: I need a fifth leg like a dog, it will help like a poultice for a dead person.
Phraseologisms bring into our speech not only imagery, but also mischief and a smile. And what is very important is that they do not require a comma before the conjunction" HOW"!
For example: He's everywhere felt at home. Brother and sister similar as two peas in a pod. At the lion's It was like a mountain had been lifted off my shoulders.(Krylov) Tell the doctor to bandage his wound and took care of him like the apple of his eye. (Pushkin) The young couple were happy, and their life flowed like clockwork. (Chekhov)
There are no strict grammatical rules to help distinguish phraseological units from ordinary comparative phrases. You just need to be able to “recognize when you meet” as many phraseological units as possible.
Among the stable phrases that are not separated by commas, there are also “dwarfs”: works like an ox(or like a horse), tired or hungry as a dog, stupid as a plug, white as a harrier, mad, crazy, rooted to the spot and so on. There is no comma before " HOW"in combinations no how no And right here. A phrase of impressive size is not separated by commas either. as if nothing had happened.
Compare also: white as a harrier, white as a sheet, white as snow, pale as death, shines like a mirror, the disease vanished as if by hand, feared like fire, wanders like a restless person, rushed like crazy, mumbles like a sexton, ran in like crazy, spins like a squirrel in a wheel , squeals like a pig, I see like in the daytime, everything is as if on selection, jumped up as if stung, looked like a wolf, stupid as a cork, naked like a falcon, hungry like a wolf, as far as the sky from the earth, trembling as if in a fever, trembling like an aspen leaf, he's like water off a duck's back, waiting like manna from heaven, fell asleep like the dead, healthy as an ox, knows like the back of his hand, walks along like a man sewn, rolled like cheese in butter, sways like a drunk, swayed like jelly, red as a lobster, strong like an oak tree, screams like a catechumen, flies like an arrow, beats like Sidorov's goat, bald as a knee, pours like a bucket, waves his arms like a mill, rushes about like a madman, wet like a mouse, gloomy like a cloud, people like herrings in a barrel, not to be seen like your ears, dumb as a grave, running around like crazy, needed like air, stopped dead in your tracks, remained like a stranded lobster, sharp as a razor, different as heaven from earth, turned white as a sheet, repeated as if in delirium, you'll go like a dear, remember what was the name, hit like a butt on the head, looked like two peas in a pod, sank like a stone, loyal like a dog, stuck like a bath leaf, fell through the ground, disappeared as if sank into water, just like a knife to the heart, burned like in fire, dissipated like smoke, grew like mushrooms after rain, fell out of the blue, fresh as blood and milk, fresh as a cucumber, sat as if on needles, sat as if on coals, sat as if chained, listened as if spellbound, watched as enchanted, slept like the dead, slender like a cypress, hard as a stone, dark as night, skinny like a skeleton, cowardly like a hare, died like a hero, fell like a man knocked down, rested like a ram, stubborn like a donkey, tired like a dog, whipped like a bucket, walked like being submerged in water, cold as ice, black as hell, feeling at home, staggering like a drunk, walking as if to execution and so on.
2. In addition, the word "HOW" can be part of a compound union both... and... or because, as well as revolutions since, since, as much as possible, as little as possible or more. In such cases, a comma is placed either before " HOW", or before the whole complex union.
For example: He has excellent grades in both Russian and mathematics. This topic is touched upon in both poetry and prose. Both children and adults love fairy tales. Avoid empty speeches, as their outcome is repentance.
He finished the story as they reached the place. Larisa worked in a hairdresser while Ivan was finishing college.
Since the eternal judge
He gave me the omniscience of a prophet,
I read in people's eyes
Pages of malice and vice.
(M. Yu. Lermontov)
3. In a complex sentence with homogeneous subordinate clauses after coordinating conjunctions.
For example: It’s nice to listen in a warm room to how angry the wind is and how the taiga groans.
4. Union"HOW" can be present in a sentence without attaching absolutely any semantic-syntactic block, but only as a means of expressiveness of speech.
For example: We have worked hard; I tried not to be separated from my friends as long as possible; The weight of the luggage seemed to lessen; I was just about to go to the skating rink and so on.
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Slide captions:
Comma in constructions with the conjunction like.
There is a comma There is no comma 1. When joining subordinate clauses(expository, comparative, measure and degree, etc.): He saw how far the network spread railways. 1. If HOW is part of the predicate: The ravine was like a deep gorge.
2. When adding a comparative phrase: He, like an angry lion, rushed at the enemy. 2. If there is a negation in the comparative phrase before the union: He took the tool not like a boy, but like an adult worker.
3. If HOW is part of the introductory structure: He, it seems to me, is an interesting person. 3. If HAC is included in the composition pair union(AS..., SO AND): Left behind as big cities, and small villages.
4. If HOW is part of the application with the meaning of the reason: He, as a man of action, immediately approached the machine. 4. In applications with the meaning “as”: The story was included in the book as a short chapter.
5. In combination with the conjunction I: She looked the same as three years ago. 5. In set phrases (as part of phraseological units, in set expressions, in phrases close in meaning to the nominal part of compound predicates): His hands were cold as ice.
6. If there are demonstrative words (so, such, so, etc.): He was as quick in decisions as before. 6. When repeating a comparison to denote the commonness, typicality of an object: Everything here is still in order. Ice is like ice, deserts are like deserts.
7. In turns no more than... (not) earlier than... (not) more than... which do not contain comparisons: Lessons will end in no more than half an hour
Remember: none other than... none other than...
Determine whether it is necessary to separate phrases with the conjunction HOW with commas: a – necessary, b – not necessary. Man is created for happiness like a bird is created for flight. Youth is like the song of a lark at dawn. The days passed by like a shadow. A leaf fell from the birch tree and covered the ground like a carpet. Below him, the steppe all around turns blue like an ocean. The clouds are like lead. The received answer was considered as consent. Dubrovin walked like crazy for a year. Get as far away from here as possible. They blazed like lightning in the sky, like fiery rain fell from the sky.
(Answers: 1 - a, 2 - b, 3 - b, 4 - a, 5 - a, 6 - b, 7 - b, 8 - b, 9 - b, 10 - a)
Determine whether it is necessary to separate phrases with the conjunction HOW with commas: a – necessary, b – not necessary. The day began as always in thick fog. We met like old acquaintances. The robber robbed the man like crazy. The cranes screamed sadly as if they were calling us with them. The road was like an alley. I want to keep these letters as memories. It was calm and quiet, like after a storm. Below him, the Caucasus shone with eternal snow like the face of a diamond. I speak as a writer. I'm like a stranger to you.
(Answers: 1 - a, 2 - b, 3 - b, 4 - a, 5 - b, 6 - b, 7 - a, 8 - a, 9 - b, 10 - b)
Determine whether it is necessary to separate phrases with the conjunction HOW with commas: a – necessary, b – not necessary. He behaved like an aristocrat. He was strong in body as an ox and brave as a lion. It was calm and quiet, like after a storm. Did you swallow this like a fly? The stars will look from the sky, and the river will light up Milky Way. There were a lot of people on the street, as if on a holiday. It's rare to see something like this interesting person How is he. Buckshot rained down like hail. The evening is like two peas in a pod, like any other. This melody was created by Glinka, but it is perceived as truly folk.
(Answers: 1 - b, 2 - b, 3 - a, 4 - b, 5 - a, 6 - a, 7 - a, 8 - b, 9 - a, 10 - b)
Russian language teacher and literature MBOU Secondary school No. 39, Bryansk Borisova N.I.
