Vera Voloshina: the unknown feat of the "girl with the oar". Vera Voloshina: what a feat did Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya's friend accomplish Information about Voloshin's faith Danilovna

Red Army soldier Vera Voloshina was part of the sabotage and reconnaissance group of the headquarters Western Front. At the time of her death, the 22-year-old girl fought for only a month.

Student, athlete, saboteur

Vera came to study in Moscow from the mining village of Shcheglovsk ( modern city Kemerovo). She entered the Institute of Physical Education, as she actively and successfully went in for sports at school. In the flying club that Voloshin attended, she learned to pilot the Chaika fighter, and repeatedly jumped with a parachute. Among the girl's hobbies were also shooting, drawing, poetry. While still a 17-year-old girl, she asked for a civil war in Spain (at that time, many representatives of the Soviet youth sought to help the Spanish people in the fight against the Francoist regime). But she was refused.

Due to complications from the flu, Vera Voloshina had to leave the Institute of Physical Education. She entered another university - the Institute of Trade. The beginning of the war fell on the third year of study of the student.
Like other mobilized, Vera erected defensive structures in the Moscow region. Then she volunteered for the front, she was enrolled in the headquarters intelligence department of the Western Front.

What did she do

The sabotage and reconnaissance activities of the unit in which Voloshina served consisted in carrying out various actions behind enemy lines. From October 21, 1941, Vera made six successful raids behind the front line. As you know, the winter in the first year of the war was severe, and from the Headquarters an order was received by all possible means to smoke the Nazis out of warm apartments, where they escaped from Russian frosts. Saboteurs, including Voloshin, burned village houses, sheds and other buildings that served as "inns" for the Germans. Shortly before the last assignment, new fighters arrived in the unit where Vera served, among them was Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya. Zoya was four years younger than Vera, but they quickly became friends. And on that fateful November day, the girls were sent together to destroy (set fire to) the village shelters of the Nazis, they were part of two sabotage groups.

How did Vera die?

Having crossed the front line on November 21, both groups were fired upon by the Germans and separated. The detachment with Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya went to the village of Petrishchevo, and Voloshina's group headed for the villages of Yashkino and Golovkovo (Naro-Fominsky district of the Moscow region). The last detachment was again fired upon: an ambush awaited the saboteurs. The wounded Vera was captured. In the morning, her comrades tried to find the girl or her body, but to no avail. Nobody knew if she was alive or not. For almost 16 years, Vera Voloshina was considered missing. Only in the late 1950s did the writer and journalist Gennady Frolov receive information from eyewitnesses who shed light on the circumstances of Vera's death, he was also shown her grave.

Faith, like her friend Zoya, was hanged by the Nazis. And it happened on the same day - November 29th. Judging by appearance, the girl was tortured for a long time. Witnesses to the execution said: Voloshina declared that she was not afraid of death and believed that her comrades would avenge her, and then she sang the Internationale. Amazed by what he saw, the German truck driver, in the back of which the Red Army soldier Vera Voloshina was standing with a noose around his neck, did not move the car for a long time, despite the screams of the officer brandishing a pistol. Before the girl lost her footing, she managed to loudly say goodbye to those whom the Nazis drove to execution - local residents and captured Red Army soldiers.

Vera's body hung in a noose for more than two weeks, until Golovkovo was liberated from the Germans by our troops. She was buried there, next to the place of execution. Later, the remains of the girl were reburied in a mass grave.

retribution

In 1966, after the publication in Pravda of an essay by G. Frolov about the history of the life and death of Vera Voloshina, the mother of the deceased intelligence officer was awarded the Order Patriotic War I degree. In May 1994, the girl was posthumously awarded highest rank– Hero Russian Federation. Streets and institutions in the city are named after Vera Voloshina Russian cities, it was worn by a Ukrainian dry cargo ship (it crashed during a storm in Sudak in 2007), and a suburban electric train of the Moscow railway named after the Hero of Russia Vera Voloshina runs to this day. The memory of the Soviet intelligence officer is also kept in outer space, an asteroid discovered in 1968, (2009) Voloshina, is named in her honor.

Vera Voloshina, beauty, student, athlete. At the same time, the sculpture "Girl with an oar", for which a young girl became a model, caused a loud scandal, because few people know that the first version was much more frank.

At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the artist's muse died. Vera Voloshina was executed in the same way as Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya. They went on the same task and died on the same day, but it was Zoya who was named the heroine. Why was Vera's feat not noticed? Why were the sculptures of Voloshina removed from the parks? Who was she? And what does she have in common with Kosmodemyanskaya? You will learn about this in the investigation of the Moscow Trust TV channel.

The ideal Komsomol member

1934 Moscow. The famous sculptor Ivan Shadr receives a large order: he needs to create a series of sculptures for the country's central park in a short time. Sculptures reflecting the new time - the era of construction, collectivization, sports achievements. For inspiration, the artist goes to the Moscow Institute of Physical Education.

True, Shadr lost one contest before. The image of "Worker and Collective Farm Woman" was given to embody his girlfriend Vera Mukhina.

At the Shadr Institute of Physical Education, they are introduced to the best athletes of the university. Among them is 15-year-old Vera Voloshina. After graduating from a seven-year school in her native Kemerovo, she came to Moscow to study further. The sculptor decides to use her image. She will become "The Paddle Girl".

Vera Voloshina, 1935

First, he made a sketch in miniature, which is stored in the storerooms of the Tretyakov Gallery.

“She was, according to the photographs, very similar to what you see now. The state of emergency was that a naked girl was staged. Soviet time, 1936 - and suddenly so naked. Obviously, this was supposed to cause conversations, bewilderment. In general, it was said: “It’s not good. It needs to be changed,” says Lyudmila Marts, head of the sculpture department of the 20th-21st centuries of the Tretyakov Gallery

Soon, the "Girl with an oar" will be taken away from the capital's Gorky Park - to another city. Shadr will try to create a new sculpture, take a different model, but critics will again see in it the features of the first one: "Too bright. Too frank."

"He made her naked again. And, from my point of view, even more naked, so ... she is naked. This work stood, was accepted, and she stood until 1941. And by all accounts, she just came under bombardment and ... died" - says Lyudmila Marts.

But the idea of ​​Shadr is picked up by another sculptor. He carved his "Girl with an oar". The story is sensational, the image is relevant, only he performed it in a puritanical style. The girl is now standing in a closed bathing suit. It is this sculpture that will eventually be replicated throughout the country. But if the name of that second model was lost over time, then Vera Voloshina was remembered not only as an excellent model. In 1994 she was awarded the title of "Hero of Russia".
Historian Konstantin Zalessky believes that if Voloshina's feat had been known earlier, then she could have become a symbol of the war.

"If it were possible to choose for the role of the Russian Joan of Arc one of the dead, from this Central intelligence and sabotage school, then, in principle, Vera would have to be chosen. But the factor of chance led to the fact that Zoya took her place ", - says historian Konstantin Zalessky.

Young saboteurs

Vera Voloshina hears the announcement of the beginning of the war on June 22, 1941 in a department store. At this moment, she is trying on a wedding dress. The girl will not get into intelligence immediately. First, together with her friends, she is mobilized for the defense of Moscow, they dig trenches. But soon Voloshin was taken to a special detachment.

Documentary filmmaker Vladislav Nikolaevsky reveals the essence of the work of such units. During the war, it was not customary to talk about it.

"There was the famous order 0428, signed by Stalin and the Chief of the General Staff Shaposhnikov, about burning houses behind enemy lines. The houses, excuse me, of our population. Now, of course, from the 21st century it is not entirely clear to us how you can set fire to your own houses, but then it was caused by such a need, because the question was: to surrender Moscow, not to surrender Moscow, "explains Vladislav Nikolaevsky.

Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya. Photo: ITAR-TASS

To fulfill this order, detachments of NKVD fighters are sent to the Moscow region. Among them are Vera Voloshina and Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya. Before that, Vera managed to complete several tasks, for Zoya such partisan sabotage becomes the first and last.

Yesterday's ninth grader - she gets into the detachment after only a few days of training at a sabotage school. Voloshina takes patronage over her, prompts and helps in training. The girls become friends. October 21, 1941 they will go on a mission together. And they will disappear.

“We seemed to feel that we would part in 1941. And on the eve, in the month of May, we took pictures with our whole class. And this card has remained with me since 1941, where we, our entire class, along with class teacher. June 21 was the graduation party of the 10th grade, the school was graduating, and we, as ninth graders, were invited to this evening. And in the morning war was declared,” recalls Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya’s classmate Praskovya Kosacheva.

Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya's class goes together to the military registration and enlistment office to sign up as volunteers for the front. But they are not taken to the Red Army, they are sent to a local factory to help assemble guns for tanks. And only Zoya does not give up, she still found a way out, found how to get to the front.

“And she left calmly, at that time the Germans had already approached Moscow. Alarms began every day. Mom didn’t notice either, she says:“ No excitement, ”that is, she calmly left,” says Praskovya Kosacheva.

Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya knows how to shoot, knows the basics of first aid, and speaks good German. Vera Voloshina also shoots well, jumps with a parachute, and even knows how to pilot an airplane.

"Zoya and Vera have a lot in common. Only Vera was the oldest in general. She was the oldest in age, it happened, and Zoya was just like the majority: they were yesterday's schoolchildren, aged 18-19. Vera was much more prepared for this work," says Konstantin Zalessky.

However, all the fighting skills of the girls were not useful. They go on a mission with only a few Molotov cocktails and a single-shot pistol.

“They were abandoned in the German rear. For four or five days these people walk in winter conditions, without any special opportunities to warm themselves, it is impossible to kindle a fire. That is, they have bread, canned food, vodka - and that’s it,” says Zalessky .

brutal torture

In fact, the operation itself in terms of effectiveness was negligible. A few Molotov cocktails will not cause significant damage to the Germans. But to remain inactive when the enemy was near the capital seemed then to be an even greater crime. Saboteurs operate at night, but in the territory occupied by the Germans it is impossible to walk at night without special passes or without being accompanied by local policemen. In case of capture, the scouts have a common legend.

"They were told that if you were without weapons, without anything, they would detain you between settlements after completing the task, then you must say that you are from such and such a village, naturally, go to this village," explains Vladislav Nikolaevsky.

Even when crossing the front line, the unexpected happens: 100 kilometers from Moscow, a detachment of saboteurs comes under fire. Have to split up. In the confusion, Vera and Zoya find themselves in different groups. Kosmodemyanskaya will have time to complete her task only partially: an ambush will be waiting for one of the houses that she was going to set on fire.

Vera Voloshina in the student hostel of the Moscow Cooperative Institute

"Zoya was betrayed by one of the members of her group. That is, if not for him, then perhaps she could fight back. But here, given that Klubkov, who was with her, he actually surrendered ... he was captured, but not showed special firmness, he surrendered Zoya before the moment she was taken. When the Germans caught her, they knew that they were catching a fighter of a sabotage detachment, "says Konstantin Zalessky.

The Germans will torture Zoya, torture cruelly. The inhabitants of the village of Petrishchevo, whose houses she set on fire, will also mock her. Later, when Soviet soldiers enter the village and Kosmodemyanskaya's feat becomes known, these people will be shot.

“I was struck by how she was driven out into a 30-degree frost and forced to walk barefoot, almost naked for hours at night in Petrishchevo, and then they returned and brutally tortured her, beat her. After the execution, the Germans did not allow Zoya to be buried for about a month and in one evening with bayonets, abused her in every possible way," says Ilya Bakulin, a student of gymnasium No. 201 in Moscow.

On November 29, 1941, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was executed. On the same day, Vera Voloshina will also be killed in a neighboring village. In the village of Golovkovo, where she was captured, there are almost no inhabitants. The Germans are herding everyone to the church, which is a few kilometers away, and they are going to send them in trains to Germany. How Voloshina was captured years later will be restored bit by bit.

"Zoya was betrayed, Vera was not. She was wounded. So they were crossing the road between Yakshino and Golovkovo, she was wounded in the shoulder. And then the Germans drove up in a car and took her. And the rest of the guys - they just managed to hide in the forest, "says Lyubov Savenyuk, head of the Vera Voloshina Museum.

Unknown feat

From the window of Maria Kubrakova, a resident of Golovkovo, one can see the place where Vera was first buried. She was found in the spring, covered with snow and lime in a ditch.

“But we didn’t know who she was and what she was - neither her first name nor her last name. But we see that she is not one of the simple ones. Well, not ours, we see that she is a stranger. And we stood in the guard of honor at night, without light, the lanterns were lit , the fire was laid out there. And we took turns in the guard of honor. And they sent from the military unit from Naro-Fominsk, there were three soldiers, and when they lowered it into the grave, they fired rifles, they gave salute, "says a resident of the village of Golovkovo, eyewitness of events Maria Kubrakova.

Later she will be reburied in a mass grave. And when they find out the name of the heroine, they will open a museum here. Every year, while she was alive, Vera Voloshina's mother came here. And the inhabitants again and again told her about the feat of their daughter.

“They tied a rope to the willow, drove the car, opened the sides, she was standing on the car. They put a noose around her neck, and then the command was to move, the driver slowly touches the car. She is standing on the car…”, says Maria Kubrakova.

Exhausted, beaten, with a broken arm, she suddenly sings "The Internationale". The driver freezes, unable to move. Until the German starts yelling at him and threatening him with a gun. Only in a couple of weeks, when the Wehrmacht soldiers leave the village, they will remove the girl from the tree and throw her into the ditch.

Vera Voloshina, 1941

“Vera was nameless for 16 years. But when the locals returned, they realized that she was a partisan. Of course, they didn’t know her name, but they buried her with honors. And they began to call her simply: our partisan,” says Lyubov Savenyuk.

Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was quickly identified. At the end of January 1942, the article "Tanya" appeared in the country's central newspaper, Pravda. The journalist tells how an unknown girl who called herself Tanya died in the village of Petrishchevo. He tells how this girl was hanged, and she shouted: "German soldiers, surrender! The Soviet Union is invincible!"

“Stalin liked Lidov’s essay. He liked that Lidov said there that she called on the population to fight, said that “Stalin is with us,” and so on. He liked it very much. Naturally, there was immediately an order to find out who it is and what it is,” says Vladislav Nikolaevsky.

A hero with a dark past

Soon they establish which of the scouts disappeared in these vicinity. And the fact that this is Zoya confirms her younger brother, who then served as a tanker, and his mother. According to the recollections, when she saw her tormented daughter, she instantly turned gray.

Lidov writes another article - "Who was Tanya." So the whole country will know her real name.

“What could Zoya behave like that, to be honest, then we met, girls, we had no doubts, because her perseverance in character and such, you know, some kind of stubbornness. But not only that she was stubborn because of something - then, and if she said: “No!”, then it will be “no.” And therefore we were not surprised that this is our Zoya, "says Praskovya Kosacheva.

Monument to Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya at the Partizanskaya metro station

Detachments, divisions named after Kosmodemyanskaya appear. It seemed all Soviet army avenges her.

"During the war, she became the first woman - a Hero of the Soviet Union. Before that, there were still three or four women, but during the war she was the first. Then, of course, they invented a very beautiful story that Stalin gave the order to soldiers and officers 332- not to take the German infantry regiment prisoner. True, we have never seen such an order anywhere. But it is very possible that Stalin could have given the NKVD such a task, because those who participated in the death of Zoya, and, apparently, not only Zoya, the NKVD I was looking for, then already the MGB, right up to 1948 - the documents exist, "says Vladislav Nikolaevsky.

There is a version that the confession of the traitor Kosmodemyanskaya was also knocked out under the impression of Zoya's feat.

"The reaction even to Lidov's first article immediately had a very big effect. And, in principle, it was a very strong propaganda move: Zoya's feat - he, let's say, inspired the younger generation. And before that, there was also a great impulse among young people who wanted go to the front, defend their homeland, but Zoya's feat gave an even greater impetus. And plus, again, the atrocities of the Nazis played an additional role, that the soldiers should not only beat the enemy. But they also need to protect their people from these atrocities, " - says Konstantin Zalessky.

Kosmodemyanskaya was not an ideal heroine for propaganda. A big disadvantage for the Chekists was the fact that her grandfather turned out to be a priest. In addition, according to some reports, in 1918 the Bolsheviks tortured him, then drowned him. The biography of the Siberian and athlete Vera Voloshina would be more suitable for replication.

"Vera was much more "successful" origin. In addition, she already had behind her ... She had a "girl with an oar", and victories, in general, in good competitions. She was an ideal Komsomol member. She was a much brighter personality " , - says Zalessky.

However, when photographs of the execution of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya are found in one of the dead Germans, this will overshadow everything. The priest-grandfather is quickly forgotten. Pictures of the heroine fly around the country. For many years, only this small sculpture - "Girl with an oar" - remained a monument to Vera Voloshina.

“And then, here, in the park, a copy was put up. Well, sort of like this “Girl with an Oar.” In a different size, in a different material, but she stands there,” says Lyudmila Marts.

Round and round

In 2011, on the Day of the City of Moscow in the main park of the country - the Gorky Park of Culture and Leisure - Shadrin's version of "Girl with an oar" appears again. Artists again and again undertake to embody what the venerable sculptor once saw in Voloshin.

"The topic is interesting. Many, here Misha Pereyaslavets did it, very good. And then it just became like a disease: these girls with oars were stuck everywhere. It was just that there was a feeling, at some point, in the 50s, especially, after wars, when healthy optimism was needed, made these girls,” says sculptor Andrey Balashov.

And only this one, Shadrinskaya, ended up in the Tretyakov Gallery and is exhibited all over the world. Andrey Balashov, a recognized modern master, sees the famous "Girl with an oar" differently.

A copy of the sculpture "Girl with an oar" in the Gorky Central Park of Culture and Culture. Photo: ITAR-TASS

“I am also trying to make a “Girl with an oar” like this, only another, respectively, not the same as Shadr’s. Not the same as someone else’s. Well, yes, an athlete, a Komsomol member and just a beauty, as expected. But for now the work has not yet been completed, so what will happen next ... ", Balashov admits.

The name of the partisan scout Vera Voloshina will be restored only in 1957 by the journalist Georgy Frolov. He will compare the lists of the missing and the lists of those who went on a mission to these forests. Soon all the newspapers will write who fought next to Zoya, and Voloshina's mother will finally be able to say goodbye to her.

Vera's fiancé, her classmate Yuri Dvuzhilny, died in the summer of 1944. He never found out about the fate of his bride.

“Vera didn’t get into this propaganda wave, and, accordingly, they didn’t know about her for a very long time. Widespread fame, if I’m not mistaken, came to Vera already in the early 90s,” says Konstantin Zalessky.

Now, streets, schools, trains, ships and even the planet are named after Vera Voloshina, along with the name of her friend Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya. To understand what the girl was like, you can look at the sculpture for a long time, you can listen to stories about the feat again and again, or you can just read the last letter of 22-year-old Vera Voloshina:

“My dears! You probably haven’t received letters from me for a long time, and mom is terribly worried, right? Mamush, I didn’t manage to graduate from the institute, but I’ll finish it after the war. I’m at the front now, mom. Just don’t worry, it’s okay No. And besides, death happens only once.”

1936 Gorky Park. An 11-meter sculpture "Girl with an oar" was installed on the pedestal, which became a symbol Soviet woman that time. Sculptor - famous Ivan Shadr. "Girl with an oar" stood at the main entrance, surrounded by fountains. In 1941, a German air bomb blew the sculpture to pieces. Few people know that Ivan Shadr sculpted the sculpture from a 17-year-old girl. Height 175. Chest 84, waist 58. Hips 93. Kare haircut. The eyes are grey. Voroshilovsky shooter, novice pilot, parachutist, sportswoman, artist and amateur poet. The girl's name was Vera Voloshina. In 1938, during a parachute jump, Vera landed badly and seriously injured her leg and spine. It took a long time to heal. I had to leave the Institute of Physical Education, where I studied, and transfer to the Institute of Trade. Everything, it seems, began to straighten out little by little ... But - on June 22, at exactly four o'clock, Kyiv, Minsk, Zhitomir, Vitebsk, Orsha were bombed ... So the war came. On June 23, Vera and her friend came to the Molotov recruiting office in Moscow. They were refused. They offered to make war on the labor front. Until autumn, trenches and anti-tank ditches were dug on the outskirts of Moscow. They donated blood, and wrote and wrote statements to the front. Vera was nevertheless enrolled in a sabotage and reconnaissance detachment. The first time Vera went behind the front line was on October 21, 1941. Has returned. After that, she went on assignments six more times. She did not return from the eighth task.

Vera Voloshina was born on September 30, 1919 in Kemerovo (90 years old in 2009). After graduating from school, she came to Moscow, entered the Institute of Soviet Cooperative Trade. As a student, Vera became a cadet of the V.P. Chkalov flying club, learned to jump with a parachute, drive a motorcycle, shoot a rifle and a pistol. The war came when Vera Voloshina graduated from the third year of the institute ...

The girl voluntarily asked to go to the front and was enrolled in the reconnaissance detachment of the military unit 9903 of the headquarters of the Western Front. In November 1941, the reconnaissance group, which included Vera, crossed the front line. In the area of ​​the village of Kryukovo, Naro-Fominsk district, Vera Voloshina, together with her comrades, carried out the next task. The partisans mined the roads near the village and threw grenades at the windows of the houses where the Nazis were located. On the way back, they were ambushed. Vera, who covered the retreat of the detachment, was seriously wounded and taken prisoner. She had the strength to endure the interrogations and torture of the Germans.
Local residents reported that Vera was hanged by the Germans on November 29, 1941 at the Golovkovo state farm. Here is how the death of a scout was described by a witness to the execution:

“They brought her, poor thing, by car to the gallows, and there the noose dangles in the wind. All around the Germans gathered, there were many of them. And our prisoners who worked behind the bridge were brought in. The girl was in the car. At first it was not visible, but when the side walls were lowered, I gasped. She lies, poor thing, in only her underwear, and even then it is torn, and all in blood. Two Germans, fat like that, with black crosses on their sleeves, climbed into the car, wanted to help her up. But the girl pushed the Germans away and, clinging to the cab with one hand, got up. Her second hand was, apparently, broken - it hung like a whip. And then she started talking. At first she said something, you see, in German, and then, she became ours.
“I,” he says, “are not afraid of death. My comrades will avenge me. Ours will still win. Here you will see!
And the girl sang. And you know what song? The one that is sung every time in meetings and played on the radio in the morning and late at night.
- "International"?
Yes, this very song. And the Germans stand and listen in silence. The officer who commanded the execution shouted something to the soldiers. They threw a noose around the girl's neck and jumped off the car. The officer ran up to the driver and gave the command to move off. And he sits, turned white all over, you see, he’s not used to hanging people yet. The officer drew his revolver and shouted something to the driver in his own way. Apparently, he cursed a lot. He seemed to wake up, and the car started moving. The girl still had time to shout, so loudly that my blood froze in my veins: “Farewell, comrades!” When I opened my eyes, I saw that she was already hanging

Only after the retreat of the enemy in mid-December, the inhabitants of Golovkovo removed the body of Vera from the roadside willow and buried it with honors here. Later, her remains were transferred to a mass grave in Kryukov.

On the same day that the Germans executed Vera, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was hanged ten kilometers from Golovkovo, in the center of the village of Petrishchevo.

For 16 years, Vera was listed as missing. It was possible to learn about the death and feat of the courageous partisan only in 1957, thanks to the research of the young journalist Georgy Frolov, who later wrote the documentary story Our Faith.

Now in the village of Kryukovo there is a house-museum of Vera Voloshina, where documents telling about her life and exploits, photographs and other exhibits are kept. In front of the museum building, a monument was erected on the mass grave, where the remains of the heroine were transferred.

January 27, 1966 in the newspaper Pravda published an essay by Gennady Frolov "The Order of the Daughter". In September, when the ceremonial events dedicated to the battle of Moscow began, the secretary of the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces MP Georgadze presented the Order of the Patriotic War of the 1st degree in the Kremlin to the mother of V.D. Voloshina.

In 1994, by decree of the President of the Russian Federation, Vera Voloshina was awarded the title of Hero of the Russian Federation.

Once upon a time, in the 80s, on the initiative of Alexander Morozov, the first secretary of the Naro-Fominsk City Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League, ski races in memory of Vera Voloshina were held annually in the Kryukovo region. But gradually this tradition was forgotten.

Today, the House of Student Creativity in Naro-Fominsk bears the name of Vera Voloshina.

Claudia Sukacheva. "VERA VOLOSHINA. We remember her beautiful, rushing to the cutting edge "

September 30 is the birthday of the Hero of Russia Vera Voloshina. This year we celebrated its 90th anniversary, and with a special feeling - in Moscow and Kemerovo. She was born in Kemerovo, studied in high school, was an active pioneer and Komsomol member, and died during the defense of Moscow.

IN THE AUTUMN of 1941, a commission for the selection of Komsomol volunteers rushing to the front worked in the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League. On October 10, Vera Voloshina also passed through this commission. Already after the war, I became aware that on that day about 500 Komsomol members passed through the commission, and only 40 of them were selected for the special military unit 9903 of the intelligence department of the headquarters of the Western Front.

In the office where the commission worked, sat a major in the uniform of a border guard. He looked very carefully at everyone who entered the office. Listening to the answers of a young man or a girl to the questions of the members of the commission, he entered into a conversation with such questions: “And if you have to act behind enemy lines, won’t you be afraid? You can be injured, but there is no doctor nearby - what to do? You can be captured, and the Nazis treat prisoners cruelly - can you stand it? And what military specialties do you own?

If the answers satisfied Major Sprogis, he said to the chairman of the commission, secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League, Nikolai Mikhailov: "I'll take it." So he said to Vera Voloshina.

Gathering at the cinema "Coliseum" on September 15 at 13 o'clock. No one was supposed to know that they were enrolled in a military unit that would operate behind enemy lines. So, on September 15, 1941, Vera Voloshina arrived at the gathering place of forty Komsomol volunteers. On two trucks they were delivered to the base of the unit, which was located in the village of Zhavoronki near Moscow.

The next day we started to work in the morning. They learned to shoot accurately with a rifle and a pistol, throw grenades, mine roads, break telegraph and telephone communications, navigate the terrain, silently remove sentries and much more that a reconnaissance saboteur should know and be able to do. But the training was short. Fascist troops on the outskirts of Moscow! Soon, reconnaissance and sabotage groups began to be completed for the transfer to the rear of the enemy.
Vera Voloshina went on her first mission on October 24, 1941 as part of the group of Grigory Pavlovich Sokolov. The group operated in areas of the Moscow and Kalinin regions.

And after a short rest on November 21, Vera went to the second task, but already as part of another group - Pavel Provorov. Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was also in it. Provorov's group crossed the front line together with Krainov's group. When they crossed the front line, they came to the conclusion that the groups should be united. With general approval, Krainov became the group commander, and Provorov his deputy. And now, not a group, but a small detachment under the command of Boris Krainov, began to carry out a combat mission.

It was possible to establish that the headquarters of one of the regiments of the fascist division was located in the village of Yakishino. Krainov decided to mine the roads leading from the village, and throw grenades at the huts occupied by the Nazis. And so they did. The panic began. Half-dressed fascists ran out of their houses, loaded into cars and hurried out of the village. Krainovtsy began to retreat to the forest, but soon the German machine gun started to fire, and as a result, the detachment was fragmented.

Ten people remained with Krainov, and six of them were sick, and the commander instructed Natasha Obukhovskaya to transfer them across the front line and deliver them to the base of the military unit. Thus, only two remained with Krainov - Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya and Klubkov. Seven of those who broke away from Krainov's detachment as a result of its fragmentation met in the forest and formed a battle group, the commander of which was Vera Voloshina. Under her leadership, the group committed several acts of sabotage. But they ran out of ammunition, food, and the group began to return to the base of the military unit. Vera was sentinel, a group was moving at a certain distance from her. When Vera came out of the forest onto the road, machine-gun fire began. Then she quieted down. Natasha Samoylovich went to reconnoiter the road. Behind her is a group. Vera was not on the road, blood and traces from the wheels of a motorcycle were visible ...

VERA Voloshin was considered missing for fifteen years, and only thanks to the persistent search of the pathfinder journalist Georgy Frolov, the truth was established. The seriously wounded Vera was captured by the Nazis. They severely beat her during interrogations. But the girl was silent, and then the Nazis, in furious rage, hung her on the edge of the village of Golovkovo, on a roadside willow. This happened on November 29, 1941 - on the same day, not far away, in the village of Petrishchevo, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was hanged.

The memory of you, of your heroic deed, Vera and Zoya, will live for centuries!

Claudia Vasilievna SUKACHEVA. Veteran of the military unit of special purpose 9903, invalid of the Great Patriotic War.

***
In 1934, Shadr created the sculpture "Girl with an oar" for the Gorky Central Park of Culture and Culture in Moscow. It is believed that Vera Voloshina, a student at the Moscow Institute of Physical Education, became the prototype of a girl with an oar. The sculpture depicted a full-length naked girl with an oar in her right hand. The shape of the girl's head was clearly outlined, the hair was pulled very tightly and twisted into two "horns", the forehead and back of the head were completely open. The height of the figure, together with the bronze pedestal, was about 12 meters. It was installed in the center of the fountain on the main thoroughfare of Gorky Park in 1935. However, Muscovites did not like the sculpture, and in the same year it was transferred to the park of culture and recreation in Lugansk. Its reduced copy is kept in the Tretyakov Gallery. In the late 1950s, on the initiative of the sculptor's wife, the plaster work of I. Shadr was transferred to bronze.
By the summer of 1936, I. D. Shadr created a new enlarged eight-meter sculpture from tinted concrete. The model for her was the gymnast Zoya Bedrinskaya (Belorucheva). The sculptor changed her hairstyle, she became more free and less sexy, removed the male muscles of the hands, the girl's figure itself became thinner and more romantic. In an article about the 1937 exhibition, one of the reviewers noted: “The shown new version“Girls with an oar” by Shadr is undoubtedly more successful than the previous one, although Shadr has not outlived the moments of well-known posing, coldness in the interpretation of form.
The new “Girl with an oar” was installed in the center of the fountain on the main alley of the Gorky Central Park of Culture and Culture. The sculpture was destroyed in 1941 during the bombing.

Vera Danilovna Voloshina - beauty (model for "girl with a paddle"), athlete, partisan, scout, friend and associate. Hanged by the Nazis on November 29, 1941 near the village of Golovkovo (Naro-Fominsk district, Moscow region). In the article: history, photo of the girl, place of execution, place of burial, museum of Vera Voloshina, lyceum named after her.
Photos are clickable, and modern - with geographic coordinates and binding to the Yandex-map, 04.2014.

Vera Voloshina in the student hostel of the Moscow Cooperative Institute

Vera Danilovna Voloshina - partisan, scout, friend and associate of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya. Voloshina's feat remained unknown for many years, and she herself was listed as missing.
Vera Voloshina was born on September 30, 1919 in the city of Kemerovo, in the family of a miner and a teacher. From the first grades of school she went in for sports: gymnastics and athletics. Before the war, V. Voloshina studied at the Moscow Cooperative Institute, went in for sports, was very beautiful; the sculptor Shadr sculpted from it the first version of his famous sculpture "Girl with an oar", which in 1935-36 adorned Gorky Park in Moscow.
After the outbreak of the war, in October, she voluntarily joined the Red Army and was enlisted in military unit No. 9903 (special partisan detachment) of the intelligence department of the headquarters of the Western Front to work behind enemy lines. On October 21, 1941, Vera left for her first assignment to the area of ​​the Zavidovo station near Moscow. After that, she had six more successful infiltrations to the rear of the Germans.

Photo by Vera Voloshina, 1941

November 21, 1941 to the rear German troops two groups of scouts left. The first was led by Boris Krainov. Pavel Provorov was appointed commander of the second, Voloshin was appointed Komsomol organizer. belonged to the second group. After crossing the front, the groups were to split up and begin to act independently. However, the unforeseen happened: the united detachment came under enemy fire and broke up into two random groups. So the paths of Zoya and Vera parted ways. The Kosmodemyanskaya group set off towards the village of Petrishchevo. Vera and her comrades continued to complete the task. But between the villages of Yakshino and Golovkovo, a group of partisans again came under fire. Vera was seriously wounded, but they could not take her away, as German soldiers arrived very quickly at the place of shelling. In the morning, two of the group tried to find Vera or her corpse, but could not. For a long time, Voloshina was listed as missing.

Vera Voloshina in Sokolniki Park

Only in 1957, thanks to many years of research by the writer and journalist G.N. Frolov managed to find out how Vera died, to find the place of her burial. Local residents told him that Vera was hanged by the Germans on November 29, 1941, from a roadside tree. After the retreat of the Nazis in December 1941, the locals removed the body from the tree and buried it here, under the willow. Later, the remains of V. Voloshina were reburied in the village of Kryukovo in a mass grave, where the soldiers of the 33rd Army rest.
Now, next to the mass grave, there is a museum of Vera Voloshina. In 1994, by decree of the President of the Russian Federation, Vera Voloshina was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Russian Federation.
In 2005, a monument to Vera Voloshina was erected on the mass grave, on which is written "From the grateful inhabitants of Kuzbass."

1. The place of execution of Vera Voloshina by the Nazis on November 29, 1941 near the village of Golovkovo. To the left behind the monument willow, on which Vera was hanged

2. Willow, on which the Nazis hanged Vera Voloshina

3. Monument and willow surrounded by trees

4. Monument to Vera Voloshina "From grateful residents of Kuzbass, 2005" at the burial site in the village of Kryukovo. Behind the monument is the former museum of Vera Voloshina, and now the Memory Club.

5. Museum of Vera Voloshina in Kryukovo (now the club "Memory")

6. Lyceum in the village of Golovkovo, named after the Hero of the Russian Federation Vera Voloshina

What feat did Vera Voloshina accomplish? Who is she? We will consider these and other questions in the article. Vera was a Red Army soldier of a reconnaissance and sabotage formation, which belonged to the headquarters of the Western Front. This girl was thrown into the German rear in 1941, and she is the Hero of the Russian Federation (1944).

Biography

The feat of Vera Voloshina is known to many. The girl was born in 1919, on September 30, in the village of Shcheglovsk (now the metropolis of Kemerovo) of the Verkho-Tomsky volost of the Kuznetsk district in Russia, in the family of a teacher and a miner. When she began to study at school, she also took up sports at the same time: athletics and gymnastics. In high school, she won the high jump championship.

Yuri Dvuzhilny was her close friend and classmate. When Vera finished ten classes, she moved to Moscow. In 1936, the girl entered the Central state institute physical education. At the same time, she enrolled in a Moscow flying club, where she began to learn to jump with a parachute and mastered piloting the I-153 Chaika aircraft. She also became seriously interested in drawing, shooting and poetry. In 1936, she wrote a statement in which she expressed her desire to take part in civil war that started in Spain. She was denied.

In 1935, the artist and sculptor I. D. Shadr received a state order for the production of a series of sculptures for the Gorky Recreation and Culture Park, which at that time was being built in Moscow. He went to the swimming pool of the sports institute, where he liked the student Voloshin. A group of twenty students, among whom was Vera, ended up in the sculptor's workshop.

Surrounded by fountains at the main entrance of the Central Park of Culture and Culture, a statue of “Girl with an oar” was installed - an exact copy of Vera. Countless likenesses of this work of art were subsequently installed in parks throughout the Union. According to other information, this is a legend. In fact, Shadr created the first version of the statue in 1934-1935, when Vera was 15-16 years old, and she could not be a student who graduated from school.

In addition, the second version of the statue was made after criticism from another model, and the work of another sculptor was multiplying. Why was the statue criticized? Because she had absolutely no clothes on, which did not fit well with the already established Puritan norms.

In her first year, Vera Danilovna Voloshina, among other students, went to a sports school located near Serpukhov. There, the girl fell ill with the flu, which caused her legs to hurt. She had to be treated for a long time, but as a result, she was still forced to leave her studies at the sports university.

Nevertheless, having gathered her strength, Vera returned to Moscow, and together with friends from her native metropolis, she entered the Moscow University of Cooperative Soviet Trade.

In 1941, in the summer, Vera Danilovna Voloshina, after completing her third year, passed her exams and left for Zagorsk, near Moscow, where she began to undergo industrial practice. On June 22, together with her classmates, she decided to go on an excursion to the museum of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra. On the way, the girls in the department store bought Vera a silk white dress. Indeed, next year she planned to marry Yuri Dvuzhilny. Yuri has already proposed to her, and the lovers have decided on the date of the wedding. On the same day, Vera learned that the war had begun.

It is known that Voloshina died in 1941, on November 29, in the village of Golovkovo (Naro-Fominsky district, Moscow region).

First task

Until now, people remember the feat of Vera Voloshina. It is known that when the Great Patriotic War began, the girl was mobilized to dig anti-tank ditches and trenches in the area of ​​approaches to Moscow. In October, she joined the Red Army of her own free will. She was enrolled in military unit No. 9903, belonging to the intelligence department of the headquarters of the Western Front Line, to carry out tasks behind enemy lines.

For the first time, Vera left to carry out combat missions in 1941, on October 21, to the area of ​​Zavidovo substation near Moscow. After that, she successfully visited the rear of the Germans six more times.

Zoya

In the army unit No. 9903 in 1941, in November, reinforcements arrived. Among the arrivals was Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, who had just graduated from high school. Zoya in the team at first kept a little apart, but soon Vera found an approach to her, and the girls became friends. On their last task of setting fire to (liquidating) the enemy's heating and resting points (it was very cold that autumn), they left together.

Completing a task

In 1941, on November 21, two detachments left behind enemy lines. The first was led by Krainov Boris. Voloshina was appointed Komsomol organizer of the second, and Pavel Provorov was appointed commander. Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was part of the second detachment. When the scouts crossed the front, they had to create two groups, each of which had its own task.

Nevertheless, when crossing the front, the fighters were fired upon by the enemy, and they hastily formed detachments, random in composition. So the paths of Vera and Zoe diverged. The Kosmodemyanskaya group headed towards the village of Petrishchevo. Vera also continued to complete the task with her comrades. But between the villages of Golovkovo and Yakshino, her detachment again came under fire, running into an ambush of the Germans. Vera was wounded and captured by the Nazis.

Two of her squad searched for Vera or her corpse, but they never found it. For a long time, the Red Army soldier Vera Voloshina was on the list of missing persons. Only in 1957, thanks to the search work of the journalist and writer G. N. Frolov, it was possible to find out how Vera died and to find her grave.

Doom

The execution of Vera Voloshina is a terrible event. Local residents said that the Germans hanged Vera in 1941, on November 29, at the Golovkovo state farm. A witness to the death of the girl said that the Germans brought Vera to the place of execution by car. They built a gallows from a roadside willow, around which a large number of fascists had already gathered. They also brought here captured Russian soldiers who were working behind the bridge.

At first, Voloshin was not visible, but when the side walls of the car were lowered, people gasped. The girl lay in her underwear, which was all torn and smeared with blood. Two Germans climbed into the car and wanted to help Vera get up. But she pushed them away and, clinging to the cab with one hand, got to her feet. Her second arm hung like a whip - apparently, it was broken.

And then Vera began to speak. First, she said a few phrases in German and then continued her speech in Russian. She stated that she was not afraid of death, as she was sure that her comrades would avenge her. She said that the Russians would still defeat the Germans. The last words of Vera Voloshina are forever engraved in the memory of the inhabitants of the Golovkovo state farm.

And then the girl began to sing. She sang the "Internationale", which Soviet power always sung at meetings and broadcast on the radio in the morning and evening. The Germans silently listened to Vera's singing. The officer in charge of the execution shouted something to the soldiers. They threw a noose around Vera's neck and jumped off the car.

The officer approached the driver and ordered him to pull away. And he does not move, he is all white. Apparently, he's not used to hanging people yet. The officer then took out a revolver from his holster and shouted something to the driver. Apparently, he scolded a lot. He seemed to wake up, and the car drove off. Vera still had time to shout, so loudly that the villagers' blood froze in their veins: "Farewell, comrades!" When the witness opened her eyes, she saw that Vera was already hanging.

grave

People will never forget the feat of Vera Voloshina. Only in mid-December the enemy retreated, and the inhabitants of Golovkovo were able to remove the body of Vera from the willow. They buried her with honors here. Her remains were later transferred to a mass grave located in Kryukov.

After some time, photos of the hanged girl were found in the German archives. Many experts are sure that Voloshina's execution is depicted on them.

Irreplaceable losses

The village of Petrishchevo was located ten kilometers from Golovkovo. On the day of Vera's execution, Kosmodemyanskaya Zoya was also hanged in her center.

Hero of the Soviet Union Yuri Dvuzhilny, Vera's lover, also did not survive the war. He died in battle, taking part in the Mogilev operation.

Rewards

It is known that Vera Voloshina is a Hero of the Russian Federation. This title was awarded to her in 1994, on May 6. In 1966, on January 27, an essay by Frolov Georgy Nikolaevich "The Order of the Daughter" was published in the Pravda newspaper.

In September there were festive events dedicated to the battle near Moscow. And it was at this moment that M. P. Georgadze (Secretary of the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces) presented Vera's mother with the Order of the Patriotic War of the 1st degree.

Museums

Agree, the biography of Vera Voloshina is amazing. The following museums have been created in honor of her:

• Museum named after Voloshin Vera and Dvuzhilny Yuri (Kemerovo, school number 12).
• Part of the exposition, housed in the local history museum (Naro-Fominsk, Moscow region).
• Club "Memory" (the former museum of Voloshin Vera in the village of Kryukovo, Naro-Fominsk district).

Memory

In honor of the heroine, the following monuments were erected:

• Monument to Vera Voloshina in Golovkovo (Naro-Fominsky district, Moscow region).
• Monument to Voloshin in the village of Kryukovo (Naro-Fominsk district, Moscow region).
• There is st. Vera Voloshina in the cities of Mytishchi, Kemerovo, Dagestan Lights, Belovo (Kemerovo region).
• In 2017, an avenue in the Khoroshevsky district of the administrative northern Moscow district was named after her (the former Projected Road No. 6084).
• The House of Children's Folklore in the city of Naro-Fominsk also bears her name.
• A city park in the metropolis of Kemerovo is named after her.
• School number 12 in the city of Kemerovo bears her name.
• The ship of the Azov Shipping Company was named after the heroine.
• The name of Vera was given to the MAOU lyceum in the village of Golovkovo, where the heroine died.
• A documentary film "Vera Voloshina: Killed Twice" was created (workshop "Third Rome", 2007).
• The small planet 2009 Voloshina is named after Vera.
• In the Yaroslavl direction of the Moscow railway, since 2003, an electric train "named after the Hero of Russia Voloshina Vera" began to run.

sculptures

What is the famous sculpture "Girl with an oar"? Why is she good? "Girl with an oar" - the general name of the sculptures made in different time sculptors Romuald Iodko and Ivan Shadr. It has become a household name for identical plaster statues (“gypsum socialist realism”), which during the period of Soviet power adorned parks for recreation and culture.

It is known that the restoration of the Gorky Moscow Central Park of Culture and Culture in 1934 was carried out by the architect Alexander Vlasov. He decided to install some kind of vertical idea in the form of a woman's figure in a pool with fountains. Since Vlasov had previously contacted Ivan Shadr about staging various casts of classical sculptures in the park, it was he who was entrusted by the architect to sculpt the main sculpture of the recreation area.

Shadr in the same year began to work on the statue "Girl with an oar". Its height, together with the bronze base, was supposed to be 12 meters. Why did the master make it so tall? He proceeded from large-scale correspondences with the dimensions of the fountain and park alleys leading to it. The statue was installed in 1935 in the center of the spring on the main park path.

According to legend, the sculptor chose Vera Voloshina as a model, as we discussed above. The statue depicted a sportswoman without clothes, who stood and held an oar in her right hand. Her figure was distinguished by dynamics in the turn of the head and torso, powerful plasticity of outlines. The hair was twisted into two "horns", the head was clearly outlined, the back of the head and forehead were completely open.

However, the selection committee criticized Shadr's work, including for its great height, and in the same year the statue was moved to the recreation and culture park of Lugansk. The Tretyakov Gallery keeps a miniaturized copy of it. At the insistence of Shadr's wife, his plaster work was created in bronze in the late 1950s.

In the summer of 1936, Ivan Shadr made a new reduced eight-meter statue from tinted concrete. This time, the model for her was the gymnast Zoya Bedrinskaya. The statue was mounted on a fluted column in the center of the fountain. Around her beat jets of water, creating a kind of veil. In 1941, during the bombing, the sculpture was destroyed.

Some believe that the statues of Shadr served as prototypes for the manufacture of cheap plaster copies, massively installed in parks almost everywhere. Soviet Union. In fact, they were made in the image of the work of the sculptor R. R. Iodko with the same name, created by him in 1936 for the park of the Dynamo hydrophyte stadium. The statue was made of plaster and had a height of 2.5 m. In contrast to Shadrov's "Girl", the statue of Iodko holds an oar in his left hand and is dressed in a bathing suit.

In 1935, Iodko Romuald made the statue "Girl with an oar" for the fountain. First, it was installed in Cherkizovo at the Moscow stadium "Electric". The statue depicted a woman standing on her left leg. She put her right foot on a stand, pushing her knee forward. Her left hand was lowered and touched the thigh, and with her right hand the woman leaned on the oar. She was wearing a T-shirt and shorts. This statue also served as a prototype for making copies.

Present day

In 2011, in April, a copy of the statue was exhibited on Krymsky Val in the Tretyakov Gallery. At the same time, Sergey Kapkov (director of Gorky Park) announced that the statue would be restored in the park.

In 2011, on September 3, the recreated statue was supposed to be placed in the Central Park of Culture and Culture (within the boundaries of the interethnic regatta "Golden Boat"). In accordance with the message of the representative of the park, the statue was installed in 2011, on September 1, and opened on September 3, on the Day of the City.

It is known that songs were composed about a girl with an oar:

• Kimmelfeld Dmitry.
• "Underwood" (album "Red Button").
• Group "Aquarium" (album "White Horse").

The accordion player and composer of the Beryozka ensemble V. Temnov also mentions the famous sculpture in the song.