From what and where did Peter I die? Emperor Peter the Great Why Peter died 1
I will point out only one author D.S. Merezhkovsky.
In his work Antichrist, he noted a complete change in the appearance, character and psyche of Tsar Peter I after his return from the German lands, where he went for two weeks, and returned two years later. The Russian embassy that accompanied the tsar consisted of 20 people, and was headed by A.D. Menshikov.
After returning to Russia, this embassy consisted of only the Dutch, including the notorious Lefort, only Menshikov remained the only one from the old composition.
This embassy brought a completely different tsar, who spoke Russian poorly, did not recognize his acquaintances and relatives, which immediately betrayed a substitution:
This forced Tsarina Sophia, the sister of the real Tsar Peter I, to raise archers against the impostor.
As you know, the Streltsy rebellion was brutally suppressed,
Sophia was hung on the Spassky Gate of the Kremlin,
the impostor exiled the wife of Peter 1 to a monastery, where she never arrived,
and called his from Holland.
"His" brother Ivan V
and his little children Alexander, Natalya and Lavrenty, False Peter immediately killed,
although the official story tells us quite differently about it.
And he executed the youngest son Alexei as soon as he tried to free his real father from the Bastille.
Peter the impostor did such transformations with Russia that we are still echoing around.
He began to act like an ordinary conqueror:
- defeated the Russian self-government - Zemstvo and replaced it with the bureaucratic apparatus of foreigners,
who brought theft, debauchery and drunkenness to Russia and vigorously planted it here;
He transferred the peasants to the property of the nobles, which turned them into slaves
to whiten the image of the impostor, this event falls on Ivan IV;
He defeated the merchants and began to plant industrialists, which led to the destruction of the former universality of people;
He defeated the clergy - the bearers of Russian culture and destroyed Orthodoxy, bringing it closer to Catholicism,
which inevitably gave birth to atheism;
- Introduced smoking, drinking alcohol and coffee;
- destroyed the ancient Russian calendar, rejuvenating our civilization by 5503 years;
- ordered all Russian chronicles to be brought to St. Petersburg, and then, like Filaret, he ordered them to be burned.
He called on German professors to write a completely different Russian history;
- under the guise of a struggle with the old faith, he destroyed all the elders who lived for more than three hundred years;
- forbade the cultivation of amaranth and the consumption of **** amaranth bread, which was the main food of the Russian people,
how he destroyed longevity on Earth, which then remained in Russia;
- abolished natural measures: a fathom, a finger, an elbow, an inch, which were present in clothing, utensils and architecture,
making them fixed in the Western manner.
This led to the destruction of ancient Russian architecture and art, to the disappearance of the beauty of everyday life.
As a result, people ceased to be beautiful, since divine and vital proportions disappeared in their structure;
- replaced the Russian title system with the European one, which turned the peasants into an estate.
Although the peasant is a title, higher than the king, about which there is more than one evidence;
- destroyed the Russian script, which consisted of 151 characters, and introduced 43 characters of the Cyril and Methodius script;
- disarmed the Russian army, exterminating the archers as a caste with their miraculous abilities and magical weapons,
introduced primitive firearms and stabbing weapons in a European manner, first dressing the army in French,
and then into the German form, although the Russian military uniform was the weapon itself.
Among the people, the new regiments were called amusing.
But his main crime is the destruction of Russian education image + sculpture,
the essence of which was to create three subtle bodies in a person, which he does not receive from birth,
and if they are not formed, then the consciousness will not have a connection with the consciousnesses of past lives.
If in Russian educational institutions they made a generalist from a person who could, starting from bast shoes and ending spaceship, to do everything himself, then Peter introduced a specialization that made him dependent on others.
Before Peter the Pretender, people in Russia did not know what wine was, he ordered barrels of wine to be rolled out onto the square and the townspeople to drink for free.
This was done to ward off the memory of a past life.
During the period of Peter, the persecution of babies who were born, remembering their past lives and able to speak, continued. Their persecution began with John IV.
The mass destruction of infants with past life memories cast a curse on all incarnations of such children.
It is no coincidence that today, when a talking child is born, he lives no more than two hours.
but there are rare exceptions
After all these deeds, the invaders themselves did not dare to call Peter the Great for a long time.
And only in the 19th century, when the horrors of Peter the Great had already been forgotten, did a version arose about Peter the innovator, who did so much useful for Russia, even brought potatoes and tomatoes from Europe, allegedly brought there from America.
Nightshade potatoes, tomatoes, were widely represented in Europe before Peter.
Their endemic and very ancient presence on this continent is confirmed by the great diversity of species,
for which it took more than one thousand years.
On the contrary, it is known that it was during the time of Peter that a campaign against witchcraft was launched, in other words, the food culture today uses the word witchcraft in a sharply negative sense.
Before Peter there were 108 types of nuts, 108 types of vegetables, 108 types of fruits, 108 types of berries, 108 types of root nodules, 108 types of cereals, 108 spices and 108 types of fruits *, corresponding to 108 - Russian gods.
After Peter, there were units of sacred species used for food, which a person can see for himself.
In Europe, this was done even earlier.
Cereals, fruits and nodules were especially destroyed, since they were associated with the reincarnation of a person. The only thing that Peter the impostor did was allowed to cultivate potatoes
potatoes, like tobacco, belong to the nightshade family. Leaves, eyes and green potatoes are poisonous.
Green potatoes contain very strong poisons, solanines, which are especially dangerous for children's health.,
sweet potato and earthen pear, which today are poorly consumed **** as food.
The destruction of sacred plants that were consumed at a certain time, led to the loss of complex divine reactions of the body. Remember the Russian proverb, every vegetable has its own time.
Moreover, the mixing of food caused putrefactive processes in the body, and now people exude stench instead of fragrance.
Adoptogenic plants have almost disappeared, only weakly active ones remain:
root of life, lemongrass, lure, golden root.
They contributed to the adaptation of a person to difficult conditions and kept a person young and healthy.
There are absolutely no plants-metamorphizers left that contribute to various metamorphoses of the body and appearance, for 20 years it was found in the mountains of Tibet, the Sacred Coil, and even that has disappeared today.
The campaign to impoverish our diet continues and at present, Kalega and sorghum have almost disappeared from consumption, it is forbidden to grow poppies.
From many sacred gifts, only the names remain, which are given to us today as synonyms for famous fruits.
For example: pruhva, kaliva, bukhma, landushka, which are passed off as rutabaga, or armud, kvit, pigwa, gutey, gun - disappeared gifts that are passed off as quince.
Kukish and dulya in the 19th century denoted a pear, although these were completely different gifts, today these words call the image of a fig also, by the way, a gift.
A fist with an inserted thumb, used to denote the mudra of the heart, today it is used as a negative sign.
Dulya, figs and figs were no longer grown, because they were sacred plants among the Khazars and Varangians.
Already recently, proska has been called millet, barley - barley, and millet and barley cereals have disappeared forever from the mankind of agriculture.
What happened to the real Peter I?
The real Peter 1...Where was he?
He was captured by the Jesuits and placed in a Swedish fortress. He managed to deliver a letter to Charles XII, King of Sweden,
and he rescued him from captivity.
Together they organized a campaign against the impostor, but the entire Jesuit-Masonic fraternity of Europe, called to fight,
together with the Russian troops, whose relatives were taken hostage in case the troops decide to go over to the side of Charles, won a victory near Poltava.
The real Russian Tsar Peter I was again captured and placed away from Russia - in the Bastille, where he later died.
An iron mask was put on his face, which caused a lot of talk in France and Europe.
the Swedish king Charles XII fled to Turkey, from where he tried again to organize a campaign against the impostor.
It would seem, kill the real Peter, and there would be no trouble.
But the fact of the matter is, the invaders of the Earth needed a conflict, and without a living king behind bars, neither would have succeeded. Russo-Swedish war, nor Russian-Turkish, which in fact were civil wars, which led to the formation of two new states:
Turkey and Sweden, and then a few more.
But the real intrigue was not only in the creation of new states.
In the 18th century, all of Russia knew and talked about the fact that Peter I was not a real tsar, but an impostor.
And against this background, it was no longer difficult for the great Russian historians who arrived from the German lands: Miller, Bayer, Schlozer and Kuhn, who completely distorted the history of Russia, to declare all the Dmitriev tsars as False Dmitrys and impostors who did not have the right to the throne, and who could not be slandered , they changed the royal surname to - Rurik.
The genius of Satanism is Roman law, which is the basis of the constitutions of modern states.
It was created contrary to all ancient canons and ideas about a society based on self-government autocracy.
For the first time, judicial power was transferred from the hands of the priests to the hands of people who do not have a spiritual dignity,
those. the power of the best was replaced by the power of anyone.
Roman law is presented to us as the crown of human achievement, in reality it is the pinnacle of disorder and irresponsibility.
State laws under Roman law are based on prohibitions and punishments, i.e. on negative emotions, which, as you know, can only destroy.
This leads to a general lack of interest in the implementation of laws and to opposition of officials to the people.
Even in the circus, work with animals is based not only on a whip, but also on a carrot, but a person on our planet is rated lower than animals by conquerors.
In contrast to Roman law, the Russian state was built not on prohibitive laws, but on the conscience of citizens, which strikes a balance between encouragement and prohibition.
Let us recall how the Byzantine historian Procopius of Caesarea wrote about the Slavs: All the laws were in their heads.
In the middle of the 90s of the last century, on the Russian reformed television, when it was still sometimes possible to show everything, the Fifth Wheel was broadcast. One of the programs of the Fifth Wheel was devoted to documentary showing of unknown pages from the life of V. Ulyanov's family. For seventy years of Soviet power, we were accustomed to a virtual idealized artistic and historical image of Lenin, and here is some kind of vulgar opposite. And here is what the authors of the program found. Here I will not mention the moral climate that reigned in this deeply unhappy family and the cause of which was V. Ulyanov's mother, but I will go straight to the point. As the authors of the program found out, not quite the same V. Ulyanov, who was born in Simbirsk, returned from Switzerland to Russia. Why did such a substitution take place and why this secret was kept by many people and even by his relatives and is the main party secret? One can only guess, but one can guess.
In all likelihood, V. Ulyanov died under the wheels of a car in Switzerland in 1910. It was no longer possible to establish whether it was an accident or an attempt, unless any documents are opened. As a result of this accident, the party was left without money, which was already in the bank in his name and which were still to come. It was impossible to re-register them to heirs or to another name, taking into account their specific sources. V. Ulyanov was urgently revived, which was beneficial to everyone, and first of all to the culprit of the incident. There was a court that decided to reimburse the cost of a completely mangled bicycle to V. Ulyanov, who escaped with only minor bruises. Somewhere since then, V. Ulyanov Lenin appeared. But it seems that misfortune haunted anyone who took these names. In 1918, as a result of internal party disassembly, the second one was also killed. The image of the liberator of Russia from the tsarist oppression and the bourgeoisie was so promoted among the people and in the world that his death could have irreversible consequences for the power of the Bolsheviks. They found a third one, either a drug addict or a mentally ill person, a bit like the first two. It is his lifetime photographs taken in Gorki that can scare people. Who lies in the mausoleum on Red Square is also unknown. Publicist Yuri Vorobyevsky in the book The Way to the Apocalypse. The omega point tells that the Bolshevik magicians performed on the still living leader, specially selected according to the signs known to them, some kind of Egyptian satanic ritual - a sacrifice that turned the corpse, a tortured person into a mummy for popular worship. And here's another note. Under the Soviet regime, the following order was always in effect: All lifetime photographs or documents relating to V. Ulyanov Lenin were to be handed over to the Soviet authorities. Secret storage of such materials was punishable by death.
History is full of various secrets and mysteries. Even yesterday's news is sometimes overgrown with rumors and speculation, to say nothing of the events that took place several centuries ago.
According to numerous testimonies, in the last years of his life, Peter I developed serious health problems, in particular, signs of urolithiasis began to appear. When studying the emperor's letters to his wife, one can conclude that 5-6 years before his death, he practically never parted with medicines. To restore his health, the emperor repeatedly took treatment at Russian and foreign resorts, famous for their mineral waters. In the summer of 1724, he twice (in June and August) underwent a course of water treatment in the Moscow region and the Olonets province. During this period, the emperor's illness began to take on an inflammatory character. Things got to the point that the operator V. Gorn had to insert a catheter. The treatment helped, by the autumn of 1724 Peter I began to feel somewhat better. The state of health even allowed him to go by sea to Shlisselburg and Lakhta. But here the emperor caught a bad cold. This happened in November, when he spent a long time waist-deep in icy water - rescuing sailors from a boat that ran aground off the coast of Lakhta. Since that time, the health of the emperor was completely shaken. But, despite this, almost until the end of his days, Peter I led a rich life. He was engaged state activities actively participated in the life of the city. It is known, for example, that in October 1724, Peter I was one of those who put out the fire that occurred on Vasilyevsky Island. In early November, the emperor personally attended the wedding of a German baker. In addition, the emperor attended various social events. His eldest daughter Anna was betrothed to the Duke of Holstein in November 1724. On this occasion, festivities were held in the palace for two weeks, some of them were visited by Peter I. On December 18, the fifteenth birthday of Elizabeth, the future Empress of Russia, was celebrated, and just two days later the emperor attended the election of a new “prince-pope” (a comic position established by Peter I). The beginning of 1725 was no less eventful. Peter attended one wedding, and also visited the assemblies of P. Tolstoy and K. Kreutz.
By mid-January, the emperor felt so bad that he ordered a camp church to be placed in the chambers adjacent to his bedroom. The attacks were so painful that the cries of the patient were carried throughout the palace. Prayer services were held in churches, on January 27 an amnesty was announced for all prisoners sentenced to death or hard labor (the only exceptions were murderers and persons convicted of repeated robbery). Despite the efforts of the court physicians, Peter was getting worse. On January 26, he had an attack, as a result of which Peter I lost his speech and the right half of his body was taken away. Early in the morning of January 28, 1724, the first emperor of Russia died.
According to Jakob Stehlin (figure Russian Academy Sciences), on February 2, 1724, an autopsy was performed by the court physician Paulson and the operator Gorn. Unfortunately, no documents that record the results of this medical study have survived to this day. After the emperor's death, his archive was kept in the cellars of the Winter Palace. Only decades later, already under the reign of Catherine II, an attempt was made to sort out the documents. As a result, it turned out that many papers died due to the effects of water that penetrated into the basement during seasonal floods. But in some works you can read that the autopsy did not confirm urolithiasis as the cause of the death of the emperor. In particular, Shtelin writes: “During the autopsy of the imperial body, they found hardening in the neck Bladder and Antonov fire (i.e. gangrene) in parts near the bladder, and it was so swollen and hardened that it was difficult to cut it with an anatomical knife.
Some researchers put forward a version of poisoning. But when you study all the known facts, it does not seem consistent.
A few years before his death, namely in 1722, Peter I issued a decree according to which the eldest in the male line does not necessarily become the heir to the throne. From now on, the emperor himself could appoint his successor. But it was Peter I who could not use this right. The disease developed so rapidly, the attacks were so severe and painful, that the emperor could not leave behind any instructions about who he sees as his successor. As you know, the dying man managed to draw only two words "Give it all." This is what led to the fact that in the following decades, kings were enthroned not by law, but by force. Sudden deaths and the lack of wills of subsequent rulers gave rise to a whole series of palace coups. And only 75 years after the death of Peter I, the law on succession to the throne he had published was canceled.
What Peter I died of is not the only question related to this significant figure. Some modern researchers, relying on known facts, suggest that he was replaced by another person during the so-called "great embassy" (1697-1698). This once again confirms that history is full of secrets that you really want to unravel.
Peter I, nicknamed Peter the Great for his services to Russia, is a figure for Russian history not just iconic, but key. Peter 1 created Russian empire, therefore, he turned out to be the last tsar of all Rus' and, accordingly, the first Emperor of All Russia. The son of the king, the godson of the king, the brother of the king - Peter himself was proclaimed the head of the country, and at that time the boy was barely 10 years old. Initially, he had a formal co-ruler Ivan V, but from the age of 17 he already ruled independently, and in 1721 Peter I became emperor.
Tsar Peter the First | Haiku Deck
For Russia, the years of the reign of Peter I were a time of large-scale reforms. He significantly expanded the territory of the state, built the beautiful city of St. Petersburg, incredibly boosted the economy by founding a whole network of metallurgical and glass factories, and also reduced the import of foreign goods to a minimum. In addition, Peter the Great was the first of Russian rulers began to adopt from Western countries their best ideas. But since all the reforms of Peter the Great were achieved through violence against the population and the eradication of any dissent, the personality of Peter 1 among historians still evokes diametrically opposed assessments.
Childhood and youth of Peter I
The biography of Peter I initially implied his future reign, since he was born in the family of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov and his wife Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina. It is noteworthy that Peter the Great turned out to be the 14th child of his father, but the firstborn for his mother. It is also worth noting that the name Peter was completely unconventional for both dynasties of his ancestors, so historians still cannot figure out where he got this name from.
Childhood of Peter the Great | Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias The boy was only four years old when the king-father died. His older brother and godfather ascended the throne Fedor III Alekseevich, who took custody of his brother and ordered that he be given the best possible education. However, Peter the Great had big problems with this. He was always very inquisitive, but just at that moment Orthodox Church started a war against foreign influence, and all Latin teachers were removed from the court. Therefore, the prince was taught by Russian clerks, who themselves did not have deep knowledge, and Russian-language books of the proper level did not yet exist. As a result, Peter the Great had a meager lexicon and wrote with errors until the end of his life.
Childhood of Peter the Great | View map Tsar Fedor III rules only six years old and died due to poor health at a young age. According to tradition, another offspring of Tsar Alexei, Ivan, was to take the throne, but he was very painful, so the Naryshkin family actually organized palace coup and declared the heir to Peter I. It was beneficial for them, since the boy was a descendant of their family, but the Naryshkins did not take into account that the Miloslavsky family would revolt because of the infringement of the interests of Tsarevich Ivan. The famous Streltsy rebellion of 1682 took place, the result of which was the recognition of two tsars at the same time - Ivan and Peter. The Kremlin Armory still has a double throne for the brother-kings.
Childhood and youth of Peter the Great | Russian Museum The favorite game of young Peter I was training with his army. Moreover, the soldiers of the prince were not at all toys. His peers dressed in uniform and marched through the streets of the city, and Peter the Great himself "served" in his regiment as a drummer. Later, he even started his own artillery, also real. The funny army of Peter I was called the Preobrazhensky regiment, to which the Semenovsky regiment was later added, and, in addition to them, the tsar organized a funny fleet.
Tsar Peter I
When young king was still a minor, behind him stood elder sister, Princess Sophia, and later mother Natalya Kirillovna and her relatives Naryshkins. In 1689, co-ruler brother Ivan V finally gave all power to Peter, although he nominally remained co-tsar until he suddenly died at the age of 30. After the death of his mother, Tsar Peter the Great freed himself from the burdensome guardianship of the princes Naryshkins, and it was from that time that one can speak of Peter the Great as an independent ruler.
Tsar Peter the First | Culturology He continued military operations in the Crimea against Ottoman Empire, conducted a series of Azov campaigns, the result of which was the capture of the fortress of Azov. To strengthen the southern borders, the tsar built the port of Taganrog, but Russia still did not have a full-fledged fleet, so it did not achieve a final victory. The large-scale construction of ships and the training of young nobles abroad in shipbuilding began. And the tsar himself learned the art of building a fleet, even working as a carpenter on the construction of the ship "Peter and Paul".
Emperor Peter the First | Bookaholic While Peter the Great was preparing to reform the country and personally studied the technical and economic progress of the leading European states, a conspiracy was conceived against him, and the king's first wife was at the head. Having suppressed the streltsy rebellion, Peter the Great decided to reorient military operations. He concludes a peace agreement with the Ottoman Empire and starts a war with Sweden. His troops captured the fortresses Noteburg and Nienschanz at the mouth of the Neva, where the tsar decided to found the city of St. Petersburg, and placed the base of the Russian fleet on the nearby island of Kronstadt.
Wars of Peter the Great
The above conquests made it possible to open an exit to the Baltic Sea, which later received the symbolic name "Window to Europe". Later, the territories of the Eastern Baltic joined Russia, and in 1709, during the legendary Battle of Poltava, the Swedes were completely defeated. Moreover, it is important to note: Peter the Great, unlike many kings, did not sit out in fortresses, but personally led the troops on the battlefield. In the Battle of Poltava, Peter I was even shot through his hat, that is, he really risked own life.
Peter the Great at the Battle of Poltava | X-digest After the defeat of the Swedes at Poltava, King Charles XII took refuge under the patronage of the Turks in the city of Bender, which was then part of the Ottoman Empire, and today is located in Moldova. With help Crimean Tatars and the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks, he began to escalate the situation on the southern border of Russia. Seeking the expulsion of Charles, Peter the Great, on the contrary, forced Ottoman Sultan untie again Russian-Turkish war. Rus' found itself in a situation where it was necessary to wage a war on three fronts. On the border with Moldova, the king was surrounded and agreed to sign peace with the Turks, giving them back the fortress of Azov and access to the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov.
Fragment of Ivan Aivazovsky's painting "Peter I at Krasnaya Gorka" | Russian Museum In addition to Russian-Turkish and northern wars Peter the Great escalated the situation in the east. Thanks to his expeditions, the cities of Omsk, Ust-Kamenogorsk and Semipalatinsk were founded, later Kamchatka joined Russia. The king wanted to carry out campaigns in North America and India, but he failed to realize these ideas. On the other hand, he conducted the so-called Caspian campaign against Persia, during which he conquered Baku, Rasht, Astrabad, Derbent, as well as other Iranian and Caucasian fortresses. But after the death of Peter the Great, most of these territories were lost, as the new government considered the region not promising, and maintaining the garrison in those conditions was too expensive.
Reforms of Peter I
Due to the fact that the territory of Russia expanded significantly, Peter managed to reorganize the country from a kingdom into an empire, and starting from 1721, Peter I became emperor. Of the numerous reforms of Peter I, the transformations in the army clearly stood out, which allowed him to achieve great military victories. But no less important were such innovations as the transfer of the church under the subordination of the emperor, as well as the development of industry and trade. Emperor Peter the Great was well aware of the need for education and the fight against an outdated way of life. On the one hand, his tax on wearing a beard was perceived as tyranny, but at the same time, there was a direct dependence of the promotion of the nobles on the level of their education.
Peter the Great cuts the boyars' beards | VistaNews Under Peter, the first Russian newspaper was founded and many translations of foreign books appeared. Artillery, engineering, medical, naval and mining schools were opened, as well as the first gymnasium in the country. And now comprehensive schools not only the children of noble people could visit, but also the offspring of soldiers. He really wanted to create a mandatory for all primary school, but did not manage to carry out this plan. It is important to note that the reforms of Peter the Great affected not only the economy and politics. He financed the education of talented artists, introduced a new Julian calendar, tried to change the position of women by banning forced marriage. He also raised the dignity of his subjects, obliging them not to kneel even before the king and to use full names, and not call yourself "Senka" or "Ivashka" as before.
Monument "Tsar Carpenter" in St. Petersburg | Russian Museum In general, the reforms of Peter the Great changed the value system of the nobles, which can be considered a huge plus, but at the same time, the gap between the nobility and the people increased many times over and was no longer limited only to finances and title. The main disadvantage of the tsarist reforms is considered to be the violent method of their implementation. In fact, it was a struggle of despotism with uneducated people, and Peter hoped to instill consciousness in the people with a whip. Indicative in this regard is the construction of St. Petersburg, which was carried out in the most difficult conditions. Many craftsmen rushed from hard labor to flee, and the king ordered their entire family to be imprisoned until the fugitives returned with a confession.
TVNZ Since not everyone liked the method of governing the state under Peter the Great, the tsar founded the Preobrazhensky Prikaz, an organ of political investigation and court, which later grew into the infamous secret office. The most unpopular decrees in this context were the prohibition of taking notes in a closed room, as well as the prohibition of non-speech. Violation of both of these decrees was punishable by death. In this way, Peter the Great fought conspiracies and palace coups.
Personal life of Peter I
In his youth, Tsar Peter I liked to visit the German Quarter, where he not only became interested in foreign life, for example, he learned to dance, smoke and communicate in a Western manner, but also fell in love with a German girl, Anna Mons. His mother was very alarmed by such a relationship, so when Peter reached the age of 17, she insisted on his wedding with Evdokia Lopukhina. However, normal family life they did not have: shortly after the wedding, Peter the Great left his wife and visited her only in order to prevent rumors of a certain kind.
Evdokia Lopukhina, first wife of Peter the Great | Sunday afternoon Tsar Peter I and his wife had three sons: Alexei, Alexander and Pavel, but the last two died in infancy. The eldest son of Peter the Great was to become his heir, but since Evdokia in 1698 unsuccessfully tried to overthrow her husband from the throne in order to transfer the crown to her son and was imprisoned in a monastery, Alexei was forced to flee abroad. He never approved of his father's reforms, considered him a tyrant and planned to overthrow his parent. However, in 1717 the young man was arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress, and next summer he was sentenced to death. The matter did not come to execution, since Alexei soon died in prison under unclear circumstances.
A few years after the dissolution of the marriage with his first wife, Peter the Great took 19-year-old Marta Skavronskaya as his mistress, whom the Russian troops captured as spoils of war. She gave birth to eleven children from the king, half of them even before the legal wedding. The wedding took place in February 1712 after the woman adopted Orthodoxy, thanks to which she became Ekaterina Alekseevna, later known as Empress Catherine I. Among the children of Peter and Catherine are the future Empress Elizabeth I and Anna, mother, the rest died in childhood. Interestingly, the second wife of Peter the Great was the only person in his life, who knew how to calm his violent temper even in moments of rage and fits of anger.
Maria Cantemir, favorite of Peter the Great | Wikipedia Despite the fact that his wife accompanied the emperor in all campaigns, he was able to get carried away by the young Maria Cantemir, the daughter of the former Moldavian ruler, Prince Dmitry Konstantinovich. Maria remained the favorite of Peter the Great until the end of his life. Separately, it is worth mentioning the growth of Peter I. Even for our contemporaries, a more than two-meter man seems very tall. But in the time of Peter I, his 203 centimeters seemed absolutely incredible. Judging by the chronicles of eyewitnesses, when the Tsar and Emperor Peter the Great walked through the crowd, his head towered over the sea of people.
Compared to his older brothers, born to a different mother from their common father, Peter the Great seemed to be quite healthy. But in fact, he was tormented by severe headaches almost all his life, and in the last years of his reign, Peter the Great suffered from kidney stones. The attacks intensified even more after the emperor, along with ordinary soldiers, pulled out the boat that had run aground, but he tried not to pay attention to the illness.
Engraving "Death of Peter the Great" | ArtPolitInfo At the end of January 1725, the ruler could no longer endure pain and fell ill in his Winter Palace. After the emperor had no strength left to scream, he only groaned, and the whole environment realized that Peter the Great was dying. Peter the Great accepted death in terrible agony. Doctors called pneumonia the official cause of his death, but later doctors had strong doubts about such a verdict. An autopsy was performed, which showed a terrible inflammation of the bladder, which had already developed into gangrene. Peter the Great was buried in the cathedral at the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg, and his wife, Empress Catherine I, became the heir to the throne.
Illness and death of Peter 1
Peter 1 (born May 30 (June 9), 1672 - death January 28 (February 8), 1725) - the first Russian emperor, from. He died in the Winter Palace, he was 52 years old. There were many legends about the death of Peter 1.
On the eve of death
1725, January 27 - the imperial palace in St. Petersburg was surrounded by increased security. The first Russian emperor Peter 1 was dying in terrible agony. Over the past 10 days, convulsions were replaced by deep fainting and delirium, and in those minutes when the sovereign regained consciousness, he screamed terribly from unbearable pain.
During the last week, in moments of short-term relief, the emperor took communion three times. According to his order, all arrested debtors were released from prisons and their debts were covered from royal sums. All churches, including those of other faiths, served prayers for him. No relief came...
Possible causes of death of Peter 1
The turbulent life of the emperor made itself felt. By the age of 50, he had a bouquet of ailments. More than other diseases pestered him with uremia. IN Last year life, the sovereign, on the advice of doctors, went to be treated at mineral water However, during the treatment from time to time he was engaged in heavy physical labor. So, in June 1724, at the Ugodsky factories of the Mellers, he forged several strips of iron with his own hands, in August he was on the descent of a frigate, and then went on a long and tiring journey along the route: Shlisselburg - Olonetsk - Novgorod - Staraya Russa - Ladoga Canal.
Catherine's betrayal
There is a version that the sovereign was poisoned by people from his inner circle. So they could react to the loss of royal favor. A few months before Peter's death, the relationship between the tsar and his wife Catherine finally went wrong.
Returning home from a trip, the king, according to one of the common versions, received evidence of adultery between his wife Catherine and 30-year-old Willy Mons, brother of the emperor's former favorite. Mons was accused of bribery and embezzlement and, according to the verdict of the court, he was beheaded. As soon as Catherine hinted at a pardon, the sovereign in anger broke a finely crafted mirror in an expensive frame. “This is the most beautiful decoration of my palace. I want it and I will destroy it!” The wife realized that her husband's angry words contained a hint of her own fate, but restrainedly asked: "Does this make your palace better?" The emperor nevertheless subjected Catherine to a severe test - he took her to look at the severed head of Mons ...
Catherine well understood that the best thing she now had to count on was a dull old age in a monastery. Unless... Unless the husband dies suddenly without writing a will. Then she, as an empress crowned in 1724, can take the throne according to the law.
Treasurer Menshikov
The well-known embezzler, the Most Serene Prince, was under investigation for more than 10 years. The Control Commission was able to discover that he had stolen more than a million state rubles, so that, as the Prussian envoy Axel von Mardefeld noted in his notes: “The prince ... from fear and in anticipation of the outcome of the case, completely haggard and even fell ill.” And then, as if on purpose, in November 1724 new financial machinations of the prince surfaced - the supply of food to the army at inflated prices. In themselves, they were relatively modest (in comparison with previous years), but Menshikov transferred this profit to a bank in Amsterdam. “Yeah, I thought of running away abroad!” - decided the sovereign.
The fate of the son of the court groom Alexander Danilovich Menshikov ...
A special investigation was set up, which was entrusted to one of the tsar's most trusted persons, Fiscal General Alexei Myakinin. Moreover, quite inappropriately, it became known about the papers of Mons, with whom the Most Serene Prince was in correspondence, seeking the intercession of Catherine. In the letters, Menshikov assured the German "of eternal friendship and devotion," which infuriated Peter. As a result, Peter excommunicated Menshikov from himself: he forbade him to appear in the palace, deprived him of the presidency in the Military Collegium. In fact, he was under house arrest in his palace.
People who were close to him, accused of even much less significant fraud, had already been severely punished. “Most likely,” according to Nikolai Pavlenko, Doctor of Historical Sciences, “Menshikov could have shared the fate of all the embezzlers, especially since his main intercessor, Catherine, lost influence on the sovereign because of her adultery.” So Prince Menshikov became an unwitting ally of Ekaterina Alekseevna - the speedy death of the emperor was a salvation for him too.
Kidney disease. Cold
1721 - in Astrakhan, during a campaign in Persia, the king first had attacks of urinary retention. 1723, winter - these attacks intensified. The court physicians had a very difficult job with the royal patient, since he could not follow the strict diet prescribed to him for a long time. The pain became more and more frequent.
1724, summer and autumn - the emperor felt very bad and, willy-nilly, did not part with medicines, but there was not much help from them. In the summer of 1724, the disease took on an inflammatory character. Treated sovereign Lavrenty Blumentrost and gof-surgeon Paulson. 1724, September - the king began to recover and gave hope for recovery.
1724, November - participating in the rescue of soldiers and sailors drowning in the Gulf of Finland from a boat that ran aground near Lakhta, he caught a bad cold.
1725, January 6 - being in a severe frost at the Epiphany ceremony, he caught a cold even stronger and on January 16 he became hopeless. January 16 brought deterioration, a "strong chill" appeared, the emperor went to bed. As the historian E.F. Shmurlo, "death knocked on the royal doors."
There was an acute urinary retention. Attacks followed one after another. The king was in terrible pain. But some doctors did not lose hope for salvation and made attempts to instill it in others. Thus, a doctor from Italy, Azzariti, who practiced in St. Petersburg, assured the courtiers that the disease was completely curable and the tsar would soon be able to take up public affairs again. Indeed, the night of January 20-21 was calm, the fever was gone, and "the cleansings became more regular."
At first, Anna was Lefort's mistress, until she exchanged her favorite for Peter 1 ...
By January 22, the fever subsided, but the patient suffered from general bodily weakness, a sharp headache. On January 23, an "operation" (maybe a puncture or a high section of the bladder) was performed, as a result of which about 2 pounds of purulent urine was extracted. The pain during attacks these days was so strong that the cries of the king were heard not only in the palace, but throughout the district, then the pain became so strong that the patient only groaned muffledly, biting the pillow. The "attacks" mentioned by contemporaries may have been episodes of acute urination disorders due to stricture (narrowing) of the urethra.
On January 25, during catheterization of the bladder, about a liter of purulent, fetid urine was extracted. Exhausted by the painful procedure, the patient fell asleep for a short while, but soon "fainted" with him. The next day, a new attack of fever began, accompanied by convulsions, during which the sovereign lost consciousness. On January 26, having cheered up, the tsar asked for food, but during the meal he suddenly had a convulsive attack, he lost consciousness for more than two hours, after which Peter 1 lost the ability to speak and control his right limbs.
Syphilis
One of the versions of the death of Peter 1 is described by Kazimir Valishevsky. The historian in the book "Peter the Great" states: "On September 8, 1724, the diagnosis of the disease was finally revealed: it was sand in the urine, complicated by the return of a poorly healed venereal disease."
The Soviet historian M. Pokrovsky seized on this version and ruled out kidney disease, leaving only syphilis. “Peter died, as is known, from the effects of syphilis, which he apparently received in Holland and was poorly cured by the then doctors,” he wrote.
Later, Dr. Azzariti, whom Peter summoned, confirmed that the sovereign actually had a long-standing venereal disease, which was not completely cured.
After the death of Peter 1, Campredon reported that "an old and poorly cured syphilis served as the source of the disease."
It should be noted that only one diplomat out of all those accredited to the Russian court reported such a diagnosis to the tsar. It is unlikely that the rest would have missed such juicy information.
Death
His body remained unburied for 40 days. And all this time, Catherine, proclaimed empress, wept twice a day over her husband's body.
Medical opinion. Our days
Dr. medical sciences, Professor L.L. Khundanov.
- Of course, it is quite difficult to make a diagnosis after several centuries ...
And yet, taking into account the testimonies of contemporaries, written sources, one can try to reconstruct the history of the illness of Peter the Great. Perhaps the fact that the sovereign suffered from urethral stricture should be considered proven. It is known that the king, who liked to show off his knowledge in medicine, found it possible to apply them to himself. The silver catheters with which he independently bougieurized the urethra have survived ...
Hypothermia, alcohol, of course, could cause an exacerbation of the chronic process. I do not want to give an assessment of the actions of the doctors who treated the king, but it seems that not all possible means, even at that time, were used. With many days of urinary retention, catheterization was performed only once. Perhaps we should have thought about cystotomy, an operation widely practiced by eighteenth-century surgeons. Although it is quite possible to assume that the emperor could have opposed this operation, and the doctors could not or were afraid to convince him.
To decide in our days the question of the possible poisoning of Peter 1, without having any results of analyzes, examinations, is a very frivolous matter. Although some of the symptoms during the course of the disease do not quite fit into the clinic of ascending pyelonephritis, urosepsis. More A.S. Pushkin in his "History of Peter" writes about convulsions, paralysis of the left hand, loss of speech. "Burning in the abdomen" can also be considered as a sign of poisoning with some kind of poison. Such symptoms, if desired, can be placed in the clinic of arsenic poisoning. But it should be noted right away that early XVIII For centuries, arsenic and mercury preparations have been widely used in the treatment of many ailments, and in a patient with kidney damage, an overdose could easily occur, causing a clinic similar to poisoning.
The first Russian emperor is credited with an extremely active sex life and, as a result, death from venereal diseases.
On January 28, 1725, the first Russian emperor, Peter I, died in the Winter Palace. The 53-year-old ruler did not leave a single official heir, and there are many legends around the causes of the emperor’s death - from flu complications to venereal diseases. Why did Peter, known for his turbulent personal life, have no heirs and what versions of his death exist.
"Screamed, then wheezed"
L!FE collage. Photo: wikipedia.org
- The king screamed in pain for several days, and then wheezed, exhausted - such stories about last days Peter passed in the XVIII century by word of mouth.
The most common version of the death of Peter I belongs to the memoirist Yakov Shtelin. According to it, Peter, returning from a trip to Shlisselburg to the Ladoga Canal and Staraya Russa, on November 5, found a stranded boat with soldiers, sailors, women and children near Lahti, and began to save them. The emperor himself stood waist-deep in icy water for several hours, as a result of which he caught a cold. After that, the emperor did not begin to be treated, but only started the situation with constant trips in cold weather and a complete lack of concern for his own health.
The legend became widespread in modern Russia also because it found the support of the historian Sergei Solovyov.
True, it is refuted by entries in the travel journal of Peter I himself, as well as entries in the diary of the chamber junker Friedrich Berchholtz. So, the emperor returned to St. Petersburg a week earlier than these events. In November, the tsar was present at divine services, weddings and name days.
- After dinner, the emperor safely returned to St. Petersburg, but the day before, on the way back from Dubki, he was in great danger on the water during a raging strong storm, and one of his ships was lost, so only two people managed to escape by swimming - such is the entry in Berchholtz's diary of November 2. Peter himself was not harmed.
Syphilis
L!FE collage. Photo: RIA Novosti flickr/Internet Archive Book Images
The second, less heroic version of Peter's death is described by Kazimir Valishevsky (thus, who wrote that Catherine II died of ruptured organs after having sex with a horse). The historian in the book "Peter the Great" stated: "On September 8, 1724, the diagnosis of the disease was finally revealed: it was sand in the urine, complicated by the return of a poorly healed venereal disease."
The famous Soviet historian Mikhail Pokrovsky clung to this version and ruled out kidney disease, leaving only syphilis. "Peter died, as is known, from the effects of syphilis, which he most likely received in Holland and was poorly cured by the then doctors," he wrote.
Assumptions of this kind are based on the reports of the French ambassador Jacques de Campredon.
“The king is still suffering from urinary retention. True, because of this illness he does not lie, but it still prevents him from doing business. They assure that this disease is insignificant, but the persons closest to his royal majesty and with whom I maintain constant relations are afraid of its consequences, he noted.
Later, the Italian doctor Azarini, who was summoned by Peter, confirmed that the king really had a long-standing venereal disease, which was not completely cured. After the death of the first Russian emperor Campredon reported that "an old and poorly cured syphilis served as the source of the disease."
Note that only one diplomat out of all those accredited at the Russian court reported about such a diagnosis to Peter. It is unlikely that the rest would have missed such juicy information.
Gangrene
In general, the version is considered an anecdote that Shtelin spread. However, Peter's detractors discussed this joke as a real fact.
- In the month of December, his condition had already become so dangerous and the burning in the inner parts of the bubble was so noticeable that from day to day they were afraid of Antonov's fire. On January 28, 1725, he emitted his heroic spirit. At the autopsy of the imperial body, they found completely Antonov fire (gangrene) in parts near the bladder and it was so swollen and hardened that it was difficult to cut it with an anatomical knife, he wrote in Genuine Anecdotes from the Life of Peter the Great Heard from Noble Persons in Moscow and St. Petersburg".
kidney disease
L!FE collage. Photo: RIA Novosti wikipedia.org
The writer Feofan Prokopovich claims that Peter died as a result of kidney disease, which resulted in obstruction of urine.
So, according to the writer, the emperor felt unwell at the end of 1723, and in February 1724 he went to the waters for treatment. In the summer, the ruler went to the Ugodsky factories, where he received mineral water.
After that, he returned to the capital, the doctors observed a temporary improvement, which was replaced by exacerbations.
- It became difficult to defecate, a terrible pain began, a patient and generous husband in other cases (Peter. - Note. ed.) could not restrain himself from screaming,” wrote Prokopovich.
It is possible that he set out the version of the death of the king, which was supposed to be disseminated in society. However, there is another confirmation of it in the Tsar's Travel Journal. Who exactly left the record is not known for certain.
— on the 28th. At the 6 o'clock in the afternoon, in the 1st quarter, His Imperial Majesty Peter the Great passed away from this world from illness, constipation of urine, she says.
The author of The History of Medicine in Russia, Wilhelm Richter, also suggested that death occurred as a result of "inflammation of the bladder, which turned into gangrene, and from retention of urine." In 1970, doctors at the Dermatovenerological Institute in Moscow concluded that Peter suffered from a malignant disease of the prostate or bladder, or from urolithiasis.
I am the emperor! I do what I want
L!FE collage. Photo: RIA Novosti
After the death of Peter, the question arose: who is the king now? Indeed, in a fit of anger and fear, fearing that the opponent of his undertakings would put on the crown, the first Russian emperor turned the procedure of succession to the throne upside down.
If earlier the throne passed from the king to the eldest son, then by decree of 1722 the emperor personally appointed the heir. He could change his mind if the successor did not live up to expectations. After accusing his eldest son of treason and (according to legend) his own execution in 1718, Peter I himself asked himself the question: to whom, in fact, should the throne be transferred?
Not a single son born in a legal marriage remained alive. Illegitimate children of Peter could not claim the throne. Historian Kazimir Valishevsky does not exclude that the first Russian emperor is the father of a dozen illegitimate children. Allegedly, only Avdotya Chernysheva (before her marriage, Rzhevskaya) gave birth to three sons and four daughters from him. Maria Stroganova is also suspected that her three sons are not from her husband at all. However, there is no evidence for this: officially, Peter had no bastards left. In addition, even if they were, all the same, illegitimate children did not have any rights to the throne.
The closest male relative who could lay claim to the throne is the grandson of Peter I (the son of his executed son). However, this idea categorically did not like the emperor.
Still a woman
L!FE collage. Photo: RIA Novosti wikipedia.org
His wife Ekaterina and two daughters, Anna and Elizabeth, remained. The attitude towards the first in the state was more than controversial: firstly, a foreigner, and secondly, a former laundress: well, what kind of empress is she? Peter treated his daughters with trepidation, but he did not imagine them with a crown on his head.
According to historians, he nevertheless made the choice in favor of his wife. Catherine had the title of empress as the wife of the ruler of the Russian state, but this seemed not enough to the tsar. He decided to make her a crowned special "regardless of her husband." In 1723, a corresponding manifesto was issued, and on May 7, 1724 (according to the old style), the coronation took place. A solemn dinner was arranged in the Faceted Chamber, where foreign ambassadors used to be received. We got the most expensive furniture, dishes, which is possible. The streets of Moscow were decorated with triumphal arches; fireworks of such a scale had never been seen in Russia before. Especially for the coronation for the Empress, they even brought a carriage from Paris. A crown weighing 1.8 kg, adorned with pearls and precious stones, a feast for all of Moscow...
It is possible that this is just a legend, but Peter's last order was supposedly "Give everything back ..." and with his eyes he was looking for Catherine.
