Attitude. Psychology of relationships between people Relationship as a psychological category

Friendship and good relationships are what many people dream of. Warm connections with other people bring moments of happiness and can help in difficult times. But how often does it happen that we, unfortunately, cannot find mutual language with people, even to communicate normally! And there are also such people, after talking with whom, we are literally shaking with anger, hatred, indignation. What is the psychology of relationships between people? How to build good relationships in a group, in a team, with friends of a husband / wife, and even with your own acquaintances and friends? How to learn to easily make new friends and not lose old ones? Find answers to these and other questions in the text below.

How strange, at first glance, relations between people are formed: one person impresses us very much and becomes a friend for life, the other one doesn’t like it at all, we don’t understand and condemn his actions, and the third one generally seems abnormal, with whom to communicate in principle impossible, and even enmity can form between us.

Why is this happening? What is the basis of the psychology of human relations? It seems that this question involves thousands of answers, because all people are different, which means that as many people as there are so many opportunities to build relationships between them. But it is not so. If you master system-vector thinking, it turns out that building personal relationships with other people is always predictable and fits into a permanent, unchanging system. Knowing this system, you can easily, literally at a glance, understand what to expect from a person, with whom there will be positive communication, and what to do if you meet an absolutely unpleasant person.

The psychology of good relationships

Every person is a bunch of desires. We all constantly want what will bring us joy, pleasure, happiness, big or small. The simplest animals have simple desires - they want to eat, drink, procreate, and that's all. Man is more complicated, we have many desires, not just one or two. And only the whole complex of human desires determines him, that is, gives him some external manifestations: he chooses a job to his liking, is fond of certain activities, and even listens to the radio wave and watches a program on TV only in accordance with his desires. Despite the fact that it seems that people have thousands and even millions of desires - this is not so. There are not so many of them and all of them have already been studied.

To understand the psychology of human relations well, it is enough to study only 8 vectors - all desires add up in them into an exact system.

Friendship and, in general, good relations develop only between those people who are fully or partially bound by the same desires. We are also drawn to those people whose desires are complementary to ours or greater than our own. But those people who have counter-desires are unpleasant to us and we often simply do not hang out with them. And if you have to meet, for example, work in the same team, study in the same group, ride in the same bus, live in the same apartment, then this leads to tension, hostility. And, as a result, to constant conflicts, resentment, irritation, and therefore stress, psychological stress and psychosomatic illnesses.

For example, there are people for whom it is very important to have a quiet environment and they prefer a silent society - these are people with a sound vector. And there are people opposite them with an oral vector, who constantly speak, often very loudly, on topics that attract the attention of others. Such people are unlikely to be friends and are often in the same company.

The psychology of a good relationship is to understand yourself, your desires. And also to understand others not through oneself, through one's values, but directly - as they are. This means correctly assessing the situation and at a glance to determine what kind of relationship can be formed with this particular person.

Psychology of emotional relationships

The team, relationships with people is a very important aspect of the life of any person. And literally from the cradle, when the child goes to kindergarten, and until old age, when old women communicate on a bench near the house, not having the strength and opportunity to go further. It is among people that we ourselves are worth something, our life is filled with joy and happiness. Therefore, loneliness is in no way an alternative to a real relationship.

If you can't build a good relationship, don't despair. If friends sometimes disappoint us, we quarrel with acquaintances, do not understand colleagues, etc., this is just a hint - you need to understand the psychology of relationships between people.

Psychology of relations between children and adolescents

Quarrels and strife often arise between adults and children or adolescents due to a simple misunderstanding of each other. And no matter how difficult it is to accept, but very often adults, and not the younger generation, are to blame for such a sad state of affairs. We judge them by ourselves and make a mistake, because in childhood and adolescence, the psychology of relationships with peers develops differently.

If you are interested in the topic of the psychology of relationships between children, read these articles:

If you are interested in the topic of adolescent relationship psychology, read these articles:

The psychology of friendship and love relationships

In order to build good relationships, so that friendship brings pleasure, in order to understand the psychology of human relationships, you first need to understand yourself. Yes, yes, in yourself, and not in others. This is especially important if negative characters are constantly encountered on the way: fighters, gossips, nervous people or sadists ... They all testify that something is wrong.

Equal always attracts equal. Developed, realized people, as a rule, are surrounded by the same characters. But if we ourselves have some anchors, problems, then we attract the same people. So, skin-visual people in fear prefer to stick together, for example, go to the cinema for horror or walk through the forest at night when it's scary. Such friendship does not bring real pleasure, and we hold on to our comrades, rather from nervous tension. Moreover, such communication is increasingly drawn into fears, phobias, often even victim behavior, from which it is very difficult to escape. So, if a person with grievances finds another person with the same grievances, then they can sit at home and be offended until the end of their days, and the grievances will only get worse.

True friendship, good relations with people is the strongest pleasure, and it does not arise because of problems, but quite the opposite. For some, such good relationships develop by themselves. But if they are not there, you should not be upset - you can learn this.

To build relationships with people, you need to start with understanding yourself.

It is very important to change yourself, to understand yourself, to develop, then in life they will seem to be attracted good people. It would also be good to determine at a glance who suits us in terms of worldview, life attitudes.

If you want to learn more about the psychology of relationships between people, read the articles in the library. In addition, you can listen to several free, exciting lectures on psychology that take place online ( full course lectures - paid). To register, click on this banner:

Be careful - the psychology of virtual relationships

The Internet is an amazing, new space where you can not only find information, but also build relationships. Today there are already a lot of couples who met and spent many hours together virtually. Here we find friends, communicate on forums and social networks, exchange news and jokes. It is on the Internet that we build qualitatively new relationships, forgetting about some features of the psychology of virtual relationships.

There is something in relationships that we do not attach importance to, but that plays a very important role. These are smells. It is by smells that we intuitively navigate people. We say that we liked the person "at first sight", although in fact it happened precisely "from the first sniff". Looking closer, we often notice with our eyes that a person is not so handsome, but at the same time, we like him. And it also happens that a person is visually attracted, but we don’t like it at all. This is due precisely to the subtle, elusive smells that we feel, but are not aware of this.

The category "relationship" is one of the main psychological science, along with such as "reflection", "activity", "communication". It performs an epistemological function in the development of problems of character, motives, attitudes, value orientations, personality dispositions, socio-psychological climate, and many others related to the manifestation of a person's subjective properties.

The idea of ​​relation is rich in the space of its potential meanings. It includes the ideas of integrity, subject-object connection, activity, development, actuality-potentiality, interaction, activity, sociality (dialogical), reflexivity, creativity. The problem of studying relations in domestic psychology V.M. Bekhterev, A.F. Lazursky, M.Ya. Basov, V.N. Myasishchev and others.

As E.V. Levchenko notes, the development of the idea of ​​relation was influenced by its embodiment in three areas of knowledge: logic (Aristotle, J. Stuart Mill, M.M. Troitsky), biology (G. Spencer), introspective psychology (I.F. .Herbart, W.Wundt, G.Gefding, K.Stumpf).

Attitude (Krech D, Crutchfield R.S.) is an ordered organization of motivational, emotional, perceptual and cognitive processes of an individual.

Attitude (Alport G.) - a mental and continuous state of readiness to carry out directive influence, the response of the individual to the objects and situations that he encounters.

Attitude (Fuson M.) - the probability of identifying a certain behavior in a certain situation.

Attitude is a mutual reflection of objects, their essential properties, structural and other characteristics (Dictionary-reference book of a practical psychologist).

The development of the category of "relationship" in Russian psychology is associated primarily with the name of V. N. Myasishchev. Through this category, he clarifies the nature of the subjective in a person, reveals the socio-psychological content of the relationship of the individual with its environment, traces the interaction of the motivational components of the psyche in their internal unity, explains the origin of character and sociopaths.

In his “reflexological period” (the term of E. Levchenko), V.N. Myasishchev uses the concept of “relationship” in two meanings: 1) methodological principle the relationship of the organism to the environment (following V.M. Bekhterev); 2) a part of the mental as a whole, along with mechanisms and states, which has an emotional-need nature.

V.A. Ganzen, V.N. Yurchenko (1981) considered attitude as a central, system-forming characteristic of the entire component composition of the mental state. In the structure of the state, this characteristic represents the level of consciousness and self-awareness of a person. Attitude as a characteristic of consciousness - attitude to the surrounding reality; as a characteristic of self-consciousness, it is self-regulation, self-control, self-esteem, i.e. establishing a balance between external influences, internal state, forms of human behavior.

As noted by L.V. Kulikov (1997), the use of the ideas of the concept of relations provides a solid foundation for studying the content side of mental activity and meaningful content inner world personality.

Developing psychological theory relations, V.N. Myasishchev proceeds from the heritage of Russian scientists A.F. Lazursky and V.M. Bekhterev. A.F. Lazursky for the first time considers human relations as structural components of personality. He distinguishes them into a single psychic formation, which he calls exopsyche, in contrast to endopsychics (internal psychic formation). V. N. Myasishchev "advances" this problem to the understanding of subjective relations as a "meaningful connection" of a person with the outside world. "Studying a person from the position of his relations, we establish his meaningful connections with the surrounding social reality."

According to V.N. Myasishchev follows that subjective relations are a concentrate of human motivational formations and environmental influences of "social reality". Environmental influences lie in the fact that one or another specific community of people has its own way of life, way of life. interpersonal relationships, their traditions, ceremonies, rituals and norms of life, creating a special context for the realization of human motive forces. As a result of environmental influences, the value orientations of the individual are formed, which can also be considered as a special content of its subjective relations with the outside world.

V.N. Myasishchev considered the attitude of a person as:

The potential manifested in the conscious active selectivity of a person's experiences and actions, based on his individual social experience;

The potential of a person's mental reaction in connection with any object, process or fact of reality.

B.F. Lomov has a position similar to the views of V.N. Myasishchev. In particular, he wrote that the term “subjective relation” is an objective connection of a person with his environment, but in this connection he includes the subjective position of a person in this environment. The attitude includes the moment of evaluation, expresses the partiality of the individual.

The attitude of a person is influenced by the community in which he is included. As a result, an attitude is formed both to this community itself and to other communities. The system of "subjective-personal" relations is the subjective space of the personality, each of the dimensions of which corresponds to a certain subjective-personal relationship (B.F. Lomov).

Subjective attitude is an integral property of a personality that leaves a certain imprint on all mental processes (phenomena). This is especially clearly expressed in the choice and decision-making, as well as in their emotional tone (B.F. Lomov).

In human relations, the emotive (emotional-sensory) and conative (attitude-volitional) functions of his mental activity are embodied. The psychophysiological mechanisms of these functions predetermine the response to external influences, first in the form of an elementary mental relationship, the essence of which lies in the experience of pleasant - unpleasant and in the affective reactions corresponding to this experience.

Psychic relations reveal the degree of attractiveness of an object that favorably or unfavorably affects the human senses. These relationships are distinguished by the involuntary response to the properties of the reflected object.

Relationships are always associated with an object that is reflected in consciousness. Based on this, the relation can be:

a) dispassionate - does not interfere with adequate reflection, but not enough for its depth;

b) passionate - contributes to the depth and richness of reflection;

c) biased - distorted by tendencies in which the subjective components of the attitude make the reflection inadequate, incorrect.

Mental relations accompany any act cognitive activity a person at a concrete-sensory level of reflection, determining its emotional coloring. They regulate interaction with the object, manifesting itself in the subject's desire for it or in its avoidance.

Consciousness, feeling and will are a procedural trinity in relationships. Will as a mechanism of conscious regulation of human mental activity transforms mental relations into a special class of human relations - psychological relations. "The psychological relations of a person in a developed form represent an integral system of individual, selective, conscious connections of a person with various aspects of objective reality." From this definition it follows that psychological relations, in contrast to mental ones, also have the property of consciousness.

In psychological relations, one's own mental relations to the object and the need for it are reflected, which can change the sign of a person's primary mental relationship to the object.

Psychological relations, in comparison with mental ones, to a greater extent represent the individual essence of a person due to their greater arbitrariness. This feature of psychological relations was also noted by V. N. Myasishchev: “Since the properties of an object exist for everyone, and the actions and experiences caused by the object in different people, selective and different, it is obvious that the source of the peculiarities of experience and action lies in the individual, in the person as the subject of relations, in connection with the peculiarity of his individual experience.

The conscious nature and arbitrariness of psychological relations give them a conative character in the sense that they direct a person’s behavior and activities in a certain direction, involving in this process such important mental formations of a person as needs, feelings, interests, beliefs, assessment, and also will, attention, motive. Psychological relations are an integral form of their synthesis, i.e., a systemic formation of a person, revealing his personal meaning.

Psychological relations V.N. Myasishchev considered it as an integral and complex structure of individual connections of the individual with objective reality, which reflects the history of her life path and experience. Needs in this structure were given the role of "basic relation". V.N. Myasishchev explained this by the fact that the “constituting components” of needs are: “a) the subject experiencing needs, b) the object of need, c) a kind of connection between the subject and the object, which has a certain functional neurodynamic structure, manifested in the experience of attraction to the object and in the active striving to master it.

Emotional relationships V.N. Myasishchev considered them as feelings. The area of ​​feelings (emotions) covers three heterogeneous groups of phenomena - emotional reactions, emotional states and emotional relationships. The latter represent to a large extent what is usually called feelings.

In all three substructures of psychological relations, V.N. Myasishchev pointed to the presence of an emotional component. This lower level of manifestation of human relations, in comparison with the emotional-volitional one, is completely differentiated by the concept of “mental relations”.

In the structure of psychological relations V.N. Myasishchev also considers evaluation, defining the class of "evaluative relations", which, in his opinion, are formed on the basis of ethical, aesthetic, legal and other social criteria of people's actions, behavior and life. Through evaluation, the normativity of psychological relations in various forms of their manifestation is determined.

Evaluation presupposes the existence of criteria, standards, units of measurement of the properties being evaluated, which, in the process of comparison, analysis and synthesis, serve as the starting point for making judgments about the quality and level of development of a phenomenon, the nature of its connections, and allow us to correlate objects and social phenomena that are separated from each other. Evaluation is a form of attitude manifestation, its conscious objectification. Evaluative relationships are determined in the context of a person's mental activity, which includes an emotional component in the form of approval - disapproval, and therefore may turn out to be a projection of self-esteem, which is especially noted in cases where people evaluate each other.

In assessments of oneself and other people, according to V.N. Myasishchev, first of all, relations of self-respect and respect for others are manifested, which are transformed into relationships of authority or authoritarian leadership - subordination, etc. Evaluative relations in this process perform the function of converting psychological relations into socio-psychological ones.

In the structure of psychological relations V.N. Myasishchev also considered the beliefs of the individual, which, in his opinion, are based on "a system of requirements combined with knowledge of reality." Beliefs characterize the worldview positions of a person, which include an understanding of social relations and determine the place of the individual in social structure. Beliefs are reflected in the value orientations of a person.

Revealing the conative function of psychological relations, V.N. Myasishchev included in the structure of these relations will, attention, motive as components that characterize the subjective activity of a person in various circumstances of life. It is no coincidence, therefore, that there are expressions “attentive attitude”, “strong-willed attitude”, etc. These relationships speak of the mobilization of a person’s individual efforts in his practical activities and communication. In the process of communication, they give rise to special types of relationships: independence or dependence, compliance or intolerance, responsiveness or inattention, etc. This means that these relations (attention and will) can manifest themselves in the context of interaction in the form of socio-psychological relations.

In human relations there is an integration of human life experience. Relations characterize the life position of the individual in society. In the process of development of subjective relations, the style of behavior of the individual is formed.

We subscribe to the point of view of L.V. Kulikov (1997), who considers the following aspects of description to be the most important in the structure of relations: objects of relations, substructures of relations and components of substructures, processes and components of relations (Table 1). The structure of relationships is their statics, it is only one side of the relationship.

The objects of psychological relations are: natural world, the world of people, the "I" of the personality itself. The main processes of relations are: cognition, experience and evaluation, regulation, awareness. Cognition creates the information basis of the relationship. Experience and evaluation are expressed in an emotional response to the object of relations, in acceptance or rejection of it, in the formation of an assessment. Relationships regulate the development of the personality, but at the same time they are themselves regulated by other mental structures. Regulation can be conscious or unconscious. Without awareness of the relationship is impossible personal development, defining your goals, planning your life path.

The attitude itself is a unity of cognitive, emotional and behavioral components. The sources of relations can be both external and internal, and, as L.V. Kulikov (1997), even imposed by the environment.

The relationship also has a procedural side, which manifests itself in mental states and determines their essential parameters.

Fundamentally important when considering the structure of relationships is to determine the place of the structure of the "I" of the individual. Most often in psychology there are such substructures in the "I" of the personality as "I"-real and "I"-ideal. However, in our opinion, the structure of the “I”, proposed by L.V. Kulikov. In the structure of "I" the author proposes to distinguish the following substructures:

● "I" - the desired, acting as a guide for the individual in self-acceptance, in self-regulation and maintaining self-esteem at a high level.

● "I"-perceived; it is a subjective assessment and understanding of a person himself.

By trial and error, we learn to interact with people, we get the experience of communication - positive or negative. It is the experience of relationships that hangs anchors or anchors on us, leaves unhealed traces, wounds, deep traumas, or, as we say, “complexes”.

Relationships are the world we live in. From the very moment when I open my eyes in the morning, and until the last moment, when the thought leaves my consciousness and sleep sets in, I understand ... no ... I feel a constant connection with people. This connection - I-and-Other - pulsates in me with thought, is torn from the heart by love, compressed by suffering or fear, converted by a word, a look, a touch ... They are loved ones, relatives and friends, distant and unfamiliar - in my thoughts, desires and actions . I am in this relationship from the first to the last breath. My existence is possible only in interaction with the Other.

Feeling the neighbor - the Other ... But who is he, this neighbor, who ... here he is, nearby, but for some reason so far from me? And who am I to him? What does he want from me? What does he think about me? What is his intention towards me?

We look at life, at other people and do not understand either them or ourselves ... We read books and magazines on psychology, immerse ourselves in religions and esotericism ... Suddenly, at some point, we begin to think that finally after the twenty-first bookcase of read books and two years of wandering through coaches, we unraveled the secret of the human soul, well, or, at least, we are somewhere very close ... And so on until the next bad experience, followed by another disappointment, longing, tantrums, suffering - and nothing one psychologist can not help us.

Relationships in a couple, family, group, society ... Is it possible to comprehend everything that is needed for ideal interaction with all the people we meet on life path? The psychology of friendships, the psychology of working relationships, the psychology of adolescent relationships, the psychology of virtual relationships, finally! We set them up, create them, hold them, we are tormented by them and endure, we suffer, we want to break them, we suffer or enjoy. And all because we want to rejoice and enjoy life. Everything is very simple! Do I need a lot? Just be happy and see other people happy! I want to have meaning in life, I want to know why and why, to understand the purpose and purpose ... Is this possible?!

The key is in self-knowledge, understanding yourself, and hence other people. How to build harmonious relationships with yourself, in a couple, family, group, society? How to unravel the wisdom of the psychology of emotional relationships? Everything is simple - you need to understand and see a person, his desires, thoughts, intentions that add up to actions. We think that all people are the same. Hence the misunderstanding, deceived expectations, broken lives ...

We are different: the team and the individual - the vector of interaction

We are different in our similarity: it gives the only scientific in its evidence and observability system of measures, which reveals the mentality of each person. Eight measures - eight vectors - eight characters. In mixtures, they add up a holistic personality. Each character is determined by a group of desires that guide a person's behavior in various situations.

In system-vector psychology, this is possible - awareness of oneself and understanding of the Other. And this is the basis of mutual understanding and harmonious relations. Systems thinking allows us to interact with people in the most complementary way, that is, understanding our own and their characteristics. - these are thinking trainings, when a person first begins to realize what he thinks, and to see what thoughts and intentions control the behavior of another person ...

The main source of pleasure and suffering is the Other. More precisely, it is the relationships that we create with people and groups that, in turn, create us. By trial and error, we learn to interact with people, we get the experience of communication - positive or negative. It is the experience of relationships that hangs anchors or anchors on us, leaves unhealed traces, wounds, deep traumas, or, as we say, “complexes”. They germinate in us with family dramas, the misfortune of our children, difficult experiences, ...

On the other hand, it is the experience of relationships, interaction with other people that helps us to develop, to be filled with a sense of the joy of life, to see the beauty of every moment of it in the range of thousands of colors and shades! It is in relationships that we realize ourselves, reveal our potential and acquire a state of fullness of life with meaning. It can be said that the human in a person is formed in relationships: in separation and unity with the Other - near and far.

The process of becoming a person took place gradually, each of the vectors contributed to the development of mankind. The last step was overcome by sound measure. Soundman 6 thousand years ago for the first time said: "I!" And this was a decisive step in the development from animal to man.

Then for the first time we felt our "I" and the "I" of another, separate from mine, opposed to me and limiting me. My neighbor... The first feeling of his neighbor is dislike. With this feeling, we go out to meet the Other, fencing ourselves off from him.

And only with time the visual vector - the visual measure that created culture and art - built on emotions and feelings over animal desires and their fulfillment, "taught" all other vectors of love and compassion...

And this is another revelation for the trainees - an understanding of the nature of love, its essence and roots. Philosophers, psychologists and even physiologists have broken many feathers, broken many hearts, trying to unravel this phenomenon. Unsuccessful... System-vector psychology gives us a clear idea of ​​this.

Only one of the vectors is able to experience love and give this feeling to the fullest - this is a visual vector. The paradoxical connection between love and fear is revealed in a surprisingly clear and obvious way during the training. Fears and phobias are what torment visual people. During the training, they naturally leave, their place is taken by compassion, love, euphoria, as evidenced by numerous reviews.

At the same time, it is simply pointless to demand love, for example, from an anal or skin person in its purest form. Each of the vectors has its own set of values ​​that you need to know before starting a relationship. Thanks to system-vector psychology, you will immediately see that, for example, this person will love beautifully, he will be a good family man and father, and Vasya, what can you do, is capable of treason, and Petya ... Petya -.

And friendship! .. We mistakenly assume that everyone can be friends, just like love. And then we are surprised at betrayals, infidelity, and for this reason we are disappointed in people ... Representatives of the anal vector are able to create friendship as a special, “brotherly” bond. For them, friendship is the highest value.

If we could immediately understand and clearly see the person with whom we communicate, we would be able to determine for sure whether it is possible to be friends with him, whether love can be expected from him, or whether he is by nature intended for another. Such knowledge is provided by system-vector psychology.

We and society

Man is a collective being, and the psychology of interpersonal relations in a team is a fundamental topic. A person acquires his own destiny, his meaning precisely in a society of his own kind: "Who am I? Why am I? If I am for myself, then why am I?. Our whole life is walking in groups ...

The group as integrity is united by a certain common task. In the team, every person from the time of the primitive flock to the present day strives to fulfill his own role, unique in terms of tasks and requirements. The inability to fulfill it, to be realized, brings great suffering to a person. The reason for this is, first of all, a misunderstanding of oneself, one's destiny.

System-vector psychology gives an accurate idea of ​​what tasks a person is able to perform in a group, in what profession, position he will be successful, in which he will bring the greatest benefit and success to his team. As far as a person realizes his talents and abilities in a team, he is internally balanced, calm, and therefore finds personal understanding with the members of the group.

One of the most important factors for successful, successful group interaction is communication. If we could correctly understand another person, his desires, intentions, see his personal characteristics, capabilities and abilities, then we would not expect the impossible from him, as often happens, we would not demand from him what he is not capable of . This means that they would experience less disappointment, suffer less from misunderstanding, and conflicts would disappear.

Each of the vectors has its own set of values, its own desires and shortages. Training "Systemic Vector Psychology" forms a special "linguistic" sensitivity in a person, which is based on the fact that you can see a person's mentality through speech and communicate in his language, based on his system of values, his needs. This is how you learn to talk to people - you understand them, they understand you.

Also, adaptation in a group and in society as a whole depends on the development of human vectors - the more developed they are, the greater the opportunities for implementation. A realized person is the happiest, his abilities-properties work, which means that his desires are filled to the maximum, he receives satisfaction from life, sees himself in his place, feels the fullness of life with meaning.

The psychology of relationships is very simple! It is built on self-awareness and understanding of the Other, the feeling of the mental eight-dimensional whole. Then - through systemic thinking - harmony and beauty of relationships, love and mutual understanding are possible. Just imagine collectives and societies where people understand each other, where everyone perceives himself and everyone according to his own and his real inner nature. No prejudices, stereotypes, false expectations and delusions!

Proofreader: Natalya Konovalova

The article was written based on the materials of the training " System-Vector Psychology»

The term "relationship" covers a countless variety of the most diverse features and properties of objects in their interdependence from each other, in their mutual arrangement and interconnection.

As for psychological thought, at various levels and with varying degrees of certainty, it embraces in its concepts the diverse types of relationships between its own phenomena and other phenomena of being, whether in the form of causal relationships, systemic dependencies of parts on the whole, etc.

Whatever psychological category is touched upon, the realities comprehended through it never act as isolated entities, but inevitably force one to delve into the world of relations, the inexhaustibility of which is becoming ever more

more visible with the progress of knowledge.

The psyche itself is a subject-object relationship.

The term "relationship" can be accepted under the condition that a special content is singled out in the subject of psychological science, for the display and study of which it should be recognized, firstly, more adequate to this content than any other, and, secondly, carrying a categorical load .

Relationship Role in psychology

In the Russian scientific and psychological language, this term appeared after the works of A.F. Lazursky, who, having singled out the endopsyche in a person as the inner side of the mental and the exopsyche as its outer side, presented the latter in the form of a system of relations of the subject to reality.

The term "attitude" was defended as the most important for understanding the personality in the norm and pathology by V.N. Myasishchev. The concept of relation is irreducible to others and indecomposable to others, therefore it must be recognized that it represents an independent class of psychological concepts.

V.N. Myasishchev saw the psychological meaning of the relationship in that it is one of the forms of a person’s reflection of the reality surrounding him, the formation of relations in the structure of a person’s personality occurs as a result of his reflection on a conscious level of the essence of those social objectively existing relations of society in the conditions of its macro- and microexistence, in which he lives.

V.N. Myasishchev, following A.F. Lazursky believed that the concept of "relation" covers a special class of indecomposable phenomena and irreducible to others. It has a content that prompts to recognize its categorical dignity. The task is to diagnose the system of signs that guarantee the irreducibility of this content to mental phenomena given in the explanatory schemes of other categories.

Attitude as a special characteristic of the individual's mental connection with reality is presented everywhere - whether it is an image of this reality, a motive that prompts a person to perform or not to perform any action, etc.

The theory of relations (V.N. Myasishchev and others) tends to consider the characteristic properties of a person, and the motives of her actions, and her needs, interests, inclinations, life position, and much more, ultimately "dissolved" in an all-consuming idea of ​​this "universal".

Signs of relationship: dominance in the category of relationship of a significant for the subject focus on the object, which can be not only material things, but also cultural phenomena, spiritual values, other people, the subject himself.

Attitude should not be identified with motive, emotion, need and other manifestations of the individual-personal plan of mental life.

Thus, an individual's attitude to any political event (for example, elections) is usually recorded in various types of ratings. But the rating indicators do not yet allow us to judge the motives of the real behavior or the emotional state of the person whose attitude to the event is captured in this rating. The situation is similar with the attitude of the individual to nature, which is so significant in the current ecological situation, to the state, religion, one's own person, etc. Here we have relations that appear in a special mental form, different from the motive, action, experience of the individual and other mental determinants. imprinted in other blocks of the categorical apparatus.

the vectorization of the mental act given by the subject,

selectivity,

setting for evaluation (positive, negative, expressing indifference),

predisposition and readiness for a certain course of action, etc.

I.P. Pavlov owns the formula: mental relations are "temporary connections", that is, conditioned reflex temporary connections represent mental relations.

From the point of view of I.P. Pavlova:

1. Psychic relations as conditional temporary connections draw their strength from the unconditional ones.

2. In a person, all relationships have moved into the 2nd signaling system "".

The category of "temporal connection," which Pavlov identified with the psychic relation, lost its objectivity (in the sense of its independence from the subject, who in reality is the "author" and "owner" of the relation) and experimentally controlled rigor. But even for the noted signs of a mental attitude (predisposition, attitude toward evaluation, etc.), identification with a temporal connection did not project any real behavioral mechanisms.

As an internal form of psychological cognition, the category of relation loses its effectiveness if it is reduced to physiological connections.

Methodological principles for determining personality

It is well known that in psychology there is no other category that would have as many different interpretations as the category of personality. In any modern study guide In personality psychology, there are many theories of personality, and each of them gives its own definition of personality. However, there are several initial methodological principles that are taken as the basis in most approaches to formulating a psychological definition of what a person is. “Only a few general propositions about personality,” wrote A. N. Leontiev, “are accepted, with certain reservations, by all authors” (1975, p. 160). Let's call these principles.

One of them is that a person is “a kind of unique unity, a kind of integrity” (A. N. Leontiev). Another principle is that the individual is recognized as the highest integrating instance that controls mental processes.

These basic principles include separation of the concepts of "individual", "personality" and "individuality", which is accepted in domestic psychology. These concepts reflect the integrity of a person, but each of them reflects different aspects of this integrity. The concept of "individual" implies a genotypic formation, a product of evolution. Individual name those properties of a person that are subject to the biological laws of heredity and variability, such as temperament or natural inclinations of abilities. Unlike the individual personality“is a relatively late product of the socio-historical and ontogenetic development of man” (A. N. Leontiev). personal they call, as a rule, those properties of a person that characterize him as a subject of relations with the outside world and are formed in relations with the world. In many general psychological theories, a person is called a person who has reached a certain level of development (this principle can be expressed by the well-known saying “one is not born a person, one becomes a person”). Many personality theories offer their own criterion for whether a person can be considered a formed ("mature") personality. One of the widespread points of view is that a person who has mastered his behavior can be considered a mature personality (L. S. Vygotsky, L. I. Bozhovich). Another point of view, supplementing the previous one (A. N. Leontiev, Yu. B. Gippenreiter), is that at a certain, sufficiently high level of human development, his personal characteristics, as it were, "remove" his individual properties. In other words, in a person who is a mature personality, it is difficult to tell by behavior, for example, about the properties of his temperament. Both points of view complement each other. The criteria for personal maturity in humanistic psychology are formulated in their own way (responsibility, self-reliance, acceptance of oneself and, consequently, another person as he is, mobility of ideas about himself, positive self-esteem, etc.).

Individuality is a set of socially significant qualities of a person that characterize him as unique and inimitable. If one can talk about the formation of a personality starting from a certain moment in a person's development, then individuality is formed throughout life and it is unlawful to try to single out the criterion for its formation. A. G. Asmolov (1996) speaks of the life path of a person as a way of becoming her individuality.

It is necessary to highlight one more difference between personality and individuality.

Personal characteristics include those characteristics of a person that are socially typical, having historical and cultural conditioning. The properties of individuality include that which is unique and unrepeatable. A.G. Asmolov (1996), speaking about the manifestations of individuality, separates the productive and instrumental manifestations of the personality as a subject of activity.

Among the productive manifestations of personality, individuality reveals itself in the personal contributions of a person to other people (A.V. Petrovsky, V.A. Petrovsky), thanks to which a person finds his continuation in other people.

Among the instrumental manifestations of personality, individuality is manifested in ways of constructively resolving contradictions between the individual and personal properties of a person, personality and character, personality and the requirements of the external environment that are alien to it. In this sense, it is legitimate to assert that one becomes a person, and one is defended.

Attitude is a significant category for the development of psychology. Since the beginning of the 20th century, this category has been used in the context of general psychological problems as a methodological principle for describing the interaction of an organism with the environment. V. N. Myasishchev revealed the essence of the concept of “relationship” as a form of reflection by a person of the reality surrounding him.

However, as Petrovsky and Yaroshevsky rightly point out in the Fundamentals of Theoretical Psychology, attitude is a collective concept, and therefore the expediency of considering it a separate category and the impossibility of its reducibility to other categories is called into question. Why this concept still stands out in a separate categorical apparatus?

It is known that a person develops in close relationship with the reality surrounding him, which includes, first of all, society. Personality is not a mental formation once formed and not changing from a certain age, but a dynamic, changing formation subject to numerous external and, above all, social influences. In the future, this concept can be divided into countless smaller relationships of the individual to various objects, but the essence will not change - the relationship in any case remains personal. Whether we are talking about a person's experiences, a motive that prompts him to take certain actions, etc. - in all these very diverse circumstances, the individual is repelled by the manifestation of mental organization, to which the concept of “relationship” indicates. And at this stage, V.N. Myasishchev is inclined to believe that all the characteristic properties of a person, his interests, inclinations, worldviews, tastes, motives, and much more are derived from a system of relations.

First of all, the main distinguishing feature of the above category is the focus of the subject on the object, and the latter, in turn, can be anything, even the subject itself. We treat ourselves in a certain way, the people around us, art, politics, religion. And here we are talking about the very essence of the relationship, the vectorization of a mental act, acting in a special mental form, different from other categories (of the same motive). A good example is the situation in political elections. The candidate's ratings do not allow one to judge the motives of the person whose attitude to the event is reflected in this rating.

In all cases, we have a basic psychological category that has its own status. Attempts to draw to it the wealth of other categories are as futile as the universalization of the category of image in Gestalt theory and the category of action in behaviorism.

Another important feature of an attitude as a category is its evaluative component. A person's relations represent a conscious and unconscious, selective, experience-based, psychological connection with various aspects of objective reality, expressed in his actions, reactions and experiences. In turn, they are formed and formed in the processes of activity. And here I consider it necessary to move on to the most important concept of “feeling”, as a human relationship and as a concept that takes root directly in several categorical apparatuses.

Feelings are stable emotional relationships of a person to the phenomena of reality, associated with his needs and motives; the highest product of the development of emotional processes in social conditions. Feelings are formed in the process of social development of a person and change depending on specific social conditions, as the individual consciousness develops under the influence of the educational influences of the family, school, and art. In the formation of personality, feelings are organized into a hierarchical system in which some of them occupy a leading position, while others are potential. The content of the dominant feelings of a person expresses his worldview attitudes, that is, the most important characteristic of his personality. That is, we can conclude that the most important and defining personality is its attitude to the environment.

Psychologists have repeatedly noted that organic, personal or super-personal (social) goals, motives and needs can prevail in a person. In essence, we are talking about dominant relations, that is, about greater or lesser activity, reactivity, efficiency in relation to certain objects. Just as the objects of the surrounding reality have different importance for a person, in the system of his relations there is a hierarchy of dominant and subordinate relations. This system is constantly changing and developing, but relations between people, which are generally determined by the structure of society, always play a decisive role.

In relation to a person to various aspects of reality, objective and subjective aspects are distinguished. The objective relations that people enter into in the course of their life activity, and the subjective reflection of these relations in the form of thoughts, feelings and assessments, constitute two genetically related layers of relations. At the same time, the subjective aspect of relations is located within the real life relations of a person, and does not act as their assessment, and real (objective) relations, in turn, determine the meaningful context for the formation of subjective relations. The subjective reality of a person is not only a reflection, but also the internal content of his real relationships.

Speaking about the objective and subjective components of the relationship, it is impossible to do without the concept of attitude. Settings help us form a relationship depending on the properties of an object. David Statt believes that attitude is an acquired predisposition to respond to certain phenomena in a certain way. It includes three active components: rational, emotional, behavioral. The attitude can be acquired both unconsciously and quite consciously.

The rational component is our opinion about the object, the emotional component is our feelings towards the object, and the behavioral component is the actual behavior towards the object. Having no definite attitudes, we rely more on the emotional component and express our attitude in simple terms like “like” or “dislike”.

Attitudes perform several motivational functions:

• - protective function - installations that protect us from negative feelings towards ourselves when we project negative feelings onto other people;
• - evaluative-expressive functions - attitudes are a way to express attitude towards those objects and phenomena that are important to us;
• - instrumental functions - we accept certain attitudes and express them as our attitude if they help to achieve recognition or avoid the disapproval of others;
• - cognitive functions - attitudes help us organize the world in comparative terms (for example, "like" or "dislike") and allow you to predict some events.

Another researcher, Gordon Allport, considers social attitudes as unconscious, but in a certain way regulating the interaction of people. He considers the containment setting as the main setting - the presence of other people connects a whole range of settings for relationships with them. And this applies not only to the real presence of strangers, but also the presence of an imaginary person. This setting is not realized by the person. “We have a set of reactions ready to respond in the presence of people,” writes Allport. - The mere presence of another person makes us more in control of our reactions than when we are alone. We must restrain ourselves so as not to take all the way, we must observe the rules of politeness, be restrained in language or emotional expression, suppress primitive sexual inclinations, behave with dignity. attitude personality mental

The study of relations represents the approach necessary for psychology, in which the objective is combined with the subjective, the external with the internal. Relationships exist between a person's personality - the subject and object of his relations. The attitude is realized or manifested in an external factor, but at the same time the attitude expresses the inner "subjective" world of the individual. Personality is the subject of relations in the same way as the subject of external activity.

Summing up what has been said about human relations, we can consider them as the potential of a person's selective activity in connection with various aspects of reality. They meaningfully characterize the activity of a person, they are not manifested by any one side of the psyche, but express the whole personality in its connection with one or another side of the activity. They are more active mental processes the more significant the object of relations for the personality, differing by a positive or negative sign. The higher the level of personality development, the more complex the processes of mental activity and the more differentiated and richer its relations.

Bibliography

• 1. Meshcheryakov B.G., Zinchenko V.P. "Big Psychological Dictionary";
• 2. A.V. Petrovsky, M.G. Yaroshevsky "Fundamentals of theoretical psychology";
• 3. V.N. Myasishchev "Psychology of Relations";