Vowels and consonants. Their articulation and acoustic difference. Articulatory characteristics of vowels Give a description of consonants and vowels

The most important part of speech is words, we pronounce them, write and read them, we add phrases and sentences from them. They consist of letters and sounds that have become so firmly established in our lives that we hardly notice them.

Letters and sounds are not the same thing, although they are closely related concepts. We write, see and read letters, and we pronounce and hear sounds. Letters are graphic written symbols, while sounds are the acoustic component of words and human speech in general. In different words, the same letter sometimes corresponds to different sounds.

“In the beginning was the word. Then words, words, words... (author Vladimir Kolechitsky).

“The word was given to a person not for self-satisfaction, but for the embodiment and transmission of that thought, that feeling, that share of truth and inspiration that he possesses to other people.” (author V. Korolenko).

The study of letters and sounds is carried out by various sections of linguistic science. Sounds studies phonetics, and alphabetic characters - graphics. Spelling letters prerogative spelling .

The set of letters of any language makes up its alphabet. The letters of the Russian language are divided into consonants, vowels and auxiliary. Auxiliary ones include those that do not carry sound information - a hard and soft sign.

Consonants and sounds of the Russian alphabet

Consonant sounds and letters are characterized by the fact that during their pronunciation, a certain obstacle arises in the path of air in the oral cavity. As a result, noise is necessarily present in the acoustic sound of consonants. They got the name "consonants" because they almost always stand next to vowels or in the same word with them.

In total, there are 21 consonants in Russian:

b	in	G	d	well	h	th
to	l	m	n	P	R	from
T	f	X	c	h	w	SCH

Another characteristic feature of consonants is that they cannot be pronounced in a singsong voice. The pronunciation of hissing consonants can be stretched (for example: from , f , w , SCH), but "singing" will not work.

As noted above, consonants in words almost always coexist with vowels. However, there is a limited number of words that consist only of consonants. Along with suggestions to , from or particle b, these are some foreign proper names ( Krc- district of Prague; Armenian name Mkrtch, which in Russian is sometimes written with a vowel - for euphony), as well as interjections like brr or shh .

The classification of consonant letters and sounds in Russian is based on acoustic criteria.

Voiced and voiceless consonants

Those consonants whose pronunciation consists only of noise are called voiceless. In contrast, consonants formed by sound and noise are called voiced.

The letter stands apart th(and short). According to the acoustic sound, it is classified as a voiced consonant, however, its isolated pronunciation is impossible. Letter th can only be pronounced together with a preceding or following vowel sound, for example [yy], [y], etc.

Paired and unpaired consonants

Most voiced consonants correspond to certain deaf ones. These consonant letters are called paired. There are also consonants that do not have a pair. Among them there are also deaf and voiced, and they are called unpaired .

Paired voiced and deaf	Unpaired voiced	Unpaired deaf
b - p	l	X
c - f	m	c
g - k	n	h
d - t	R	SCH
w - w	th
h - s

Soft and hard consonants

The pronunciation of consonants in words can be hard or soft. If the sound is pronounced softly, then the tongue is slightly pushed forward, approaching the upper palate or touching it. When pronouncing solid sounds, the tongue does not move forward (but the tongue can touch the upper palate due to upward movement).

Most consonants form both hard and soft sounds, but there are some exceptions. In particular, the letters well , c , w always have a solid sound, and letters th , h , SCH- soft.

In other cases, the hardness or softness of consonants is determined by which letter comes after them.

If the consonant is followed by letters but , about , at , uh , s , b- then you get a solid sound. The same is true if the consonant is at the end of the word or is followed by another consonant.

If the consonant is accompanied by letters e , yo , And , Yu , I , b- then its sound will be soft.
Video lesson

Hissing and whistling consonants

Some of the consonants in Russian sound like a hiss. These are the sounds well , w , SCH , h, which are called hissing consonants.

Another group of consonant sounds, when leaving the oral cavity, forms acoustic vibrations resembling a whistle. These are the sounds h , from , c- whistling.

The properties of hissing and whistling consonants are especially noticeable during their prolonged pronunciation.

One of the important features of these sounds is that most of the speech defects are associated with their pronunciation. For this reason, work with hissing and whistling consonants should be given special attention when teaching children. It is important to note that speech deficiencies associated with these sounds may be amenable to speech therapy correction.

Russian vowels and sounds

Unlike consonants and letters, a characteristic feature of vowels is that air passes freely through the oral cavity during their pronunciation. As a result, vowels can not only be easily stretched, but also sung in a singsong voice. Another distinctive feature is that they can be pronounced as loudly as you like, at the top of your voice.

By means of vowels and sounds, consonants are combined into syllables. Each syllable has only one vowel. The number of other letters - consonants, hard and soft signs - may be different. Words can consist of one or more syllables: ros-piss, breaking , yard , painting .

The number of vowels in Russian is 10:

but

e

yo

And

about

at

s

uh

Yu

I

And there are only 6 vowels: [a], [i], [o], [y], [s], [e]. The vowels corresponding to them are monosonic. The remaining 4 vowels are e , yo , Yu , I- two-voiced, and separately pronounced as [ye], [yo], [yu], [ya]. At the same time, in words, these letters mean one sound (examples: squirrel, ball, went, key).

As in the case of consonants, there are a number of Russian words that consist only of vowels. These pronouns are I , her; unions -- And , but; prepositions -- at , about; interjections -- uh , ay .

Stressed and unstressed vowels

In words, vowels can be stressed and unstressed.

• If a vowel in a word is under stress, it is read more distinctly, with more emphasis and a little more drawl.
• In the absence of stress, vowels in words are read less clearly. Accordingly, an unstressed position is a weak position for them, and a position in a stressed syllable is a strong position.

As a rule, in traditional writing, stress in words is not marked. If necessary, they are denoted by the sign "akut" - a small "/" stroke above the vowel.

Video lesson

Designations of sounds in phonetic parsing of a word

Phonetic or sound analysis of a word serves to display and parse its correct pronunciation. Both words and individual letters can be designated phonetically.

Sound designations, unlike letters, are enclosed in square brackets. The graphic record of the pronunciation of a word is called transcription.

The basic rules according to which sounds are indicated in the phonetic analysis of a word are as follows:

• The hardness of the consonants does not have any designation, but the softness is indicated by the apostrophe. For example, if [b] is a hard sound, then [b ’] is soft.
• A long sound in transcription is indicated by a colon, for example: cash register- [cas: a].
• Not always, but often the transcription of words is stressed. For example: wave- [wave].
• The soft sign and the hard sign do not have a sound pronunciation, therefore, there is no display during phonetic analysis.

Video lesson

How to teach children to distinguish between hard and soft sounds

Sometimes children may have difficulty distinguishing between hard and soft consonants. In this case, there are some tricks that facilitate the assimilation of the topic.

First of all, it is necessary to explain to the child that the concepts of hardness and softness do not refer to consonants, but to their sounds. And that the same letter can sound both hard and soft. Let me give you an example: " b"- words ram - white," R"- work - belt," l» - horse - swan.

Explaining the exception letters, for better memorization, it is recommended to write them like this:

• th , h , SCH
• well , w , c

It is necessary to make it clear to the child that the underlined letters, as it were, “sit on the pads” - the pads are soft and the letters are also soft.

In order for the child to remember well before which vowels the letter becomes hard or soft, you can use the following technique: first, with a serious facial expression, read a syllable with a hard consonant - and then, with a smile on your face, read another syllable where this consonant is soft. Then, do the same with other letters and syllables. For example: la -- la , mu -- mi , zo -- zya, bo -- byu , ry -- ryo etc. Soft pronunciation is well associated in a child with a smile, and hard pronunciation is well associated with seriousness and severity, which allows you to remember the material associatively.

Gradually, you need to improve your skills, and do the same exercises with simple words, such as: mum , dad but - uncle , uncle etc. As you remember, from simple words move on to more complex ones. Explanations and exercises should be gradually alternated with tasks: write words, and then ask which consonants are hard and which are soft.

Another exercise can be proposed: to make tablets with words in which soft consonants are written in one color, and hard ones in another. For example:

• N O S I K
• CARPET
• NUMBER
• WARM

There are many options, but it is advisable to choose among them those that the child likes best. This contributes to a better perception of the material, its memorization and practical assimilation.

Video lesson

Some interesting and useful information

• Sounds and words can be formed without human intervention. A well-known example is the pronunciation of words by birds of the parrot family. As for individual sounds, they can also appear in inanimate nature - with the rustle of leaves, gusts of wind, splashing waves. This cannot be said about letters - after all, only their meaningful spelling can be recognized as a letter designation, and this is characteristic only of people.
• Despite the small number of words consisting only of vowels, they can be used to make a sentence: “Hey, what about me?”
• Almost all Russian words containing the letter " f", are of foreign origin. Only in relation to rare words (for example: owl) is Russian origin assumed, but this has not been definitely proven.
• All words beginning with " th”, also foreign-language. For example: iodine, yogurt, iota, Yemen, Yokohama, Yorkshire, etc.
• Letter " yo» in words almost always carries an accent. There are very few exceptions to this rule - these are words of foreign origin ( Königsberg surfers ), as well as compound words, which include numerals of three or four - ( twenty-three digit , four-door , three thousandth ). It should also be noted those rare situations when in one word there are two letters " yo", one of which becomes stressed, and the other - unstressed ( three-star , four-wheeled , aircraft lift , three-rouble note ).
• There are many words in Russian with unusual letter combinations. For example, words in which the same vowel is repeated three times in a row: snake-eater , animal association , long-necked. Word with 7 consonants in a row: counter-meeting (maybe, occasionalism ). Words with three soft signs: seductiveness , diminutiveness , multifunctionality , seductiveness etc. A word with two soft and one hard signs: courier . One-syllable word of 8 letters: in passing. You can add many others interesting examples.
• Any letter has a certain frequency of repetition, the most used letters in Russian are about , e , but , And , T , n , from , R. This phenomenon is used to recognize ciphertexts.

Knowledge of letters and sounds, their spelling and pronunciation is the basis of language literacy. In turn, a good command of spoken and written language is one of the indicators of a person's erudition, and the skills of reading and understanding the text are the basis for learning other sciences. After all, the lion's share of information in modern world is comprehended by reading or listening, and only a small part of it - through personal experience.

In addition, linguistic speech, which forms the second signaling system, as well as everything connected with it - auditory perception, reading, writing - is one of the main differences between a person and an animal. It is difficult to overestimate the importance of phenomena based on language acquisition. This process continues almost throughout life, but it begins with familiarity with letters, sounds and syllables in early childhood.

Sound-letter analysis of the word: what is the difference between sounds and letters?

Before proceeding to perform phonetic analysis with examples, we draw your attention to the fact that letters and sounds in words are not always the same thing.

Letters- these are letters, graphic symbols, with the help of which the content of the text is conveyed or the conversation is outlined. Letters are used to visually convey meaning, we will perceive them with our eyes. The letters can be read. When you read letters aloud, you form sounds - syllables - words.

A list of all letters is just an alphabet

Almost every student knows how many letters are in the Russian alphabet. That's right, there are 33 of them in total. The Russian alphabet is called Cyrillic.

In total, the Russian alphabet uses:

• 21 letters for consonants;
• 10 letters - vowels;
• and two: ь (soft sign) and ъ (hard sign), which indicate properties, but do not in themselves determine any sound units.

You often pronounce the sounds in phrases differently from how you write them down in writing. In addition, more letters than sounds can be used in a word. For example, "children's" - the letters "T" and "C" merge into one phoneme [ts]. And vice versa, the number of sounds in the word "blacken" is greater, since the letter "Yu" in this case pronounced like [yu].

What is phonetic parsing?

We perceive sound speech by ear. Under the phonetic analysis of the word is meant the characteristic of the sound composition. IN school curriculum such an analysis is more commonly referred to as "sound-letter" analysis. So, in phonetic parsing, you simply describe the properties of sounds, their characteristics depending on the environment, and the syllabic structure of a phrase united by a common word stress.

Phonetic transcription

For sound-letter analysis, a special transcription in square brackets is used. For example, the correct spelling is:

• black -> [h"orny"]
• apple -> [yablaka]
• anchor -> [yakar"]
• tree -> [yolka]
• sun -> [sontse]

The phonetic parsing scheme uses special characters. Thanks to this, it is possible to correctly designate and distinguish between the letter record (spelling) and the sound definition of letters (phonemes).

• the phonetically parsed word is enclosed in square brackets - ;
• a soft consonant is indicated by a transcription sign [ ’ ] - an apostrophe;
• shock [ ´ ] - stress;
• in complex word forms from several roots, a secondary stress sign [ ` ] is used - grave (not practiced in the school curriculum);
• the letters of the alphabet Yu, Ya, E, Yo, b and b are NEVER used in transcription (in the curriculum);
• for double consonants, [ : ] is used - a sign of the longitude of pronouncing the sound.

Below are detailed rules for orthoepic, alphabetic and phonetic and word parsing with online examples, in accordance with the general school norms of the modern Russian language. For professional linguists, the transcription of phonetic characteristics is distinguished by accents and other symbols with additional acoustic features of vowels and consonants.

How to make a phonetic parsing of a word?

The following diagram will help you conduct a letter analysis:

• Write down the necessary word and say it out loud several times.
• Count how many vowels and consonants are in it.
• Mark the stressed syllable. (Stress with the help of intensity (energy) singles out a certain phoneme in speech from a number of homogeneous sound units.)
• Divide the phonetic word into syllables and indicate their total number. Remember that the syllable division in differs from the hyphenation rules. The total number of syllables always matches the number of vowels.
• In transcription, disassemble the word by sounds.
• Write the letters from the phrase in a column.
• Opposite each letter, in square brackets, indicate its sound definition (how it is heard). Remember that sounds in words are not always identical to letters. The letters "ь" and "ъ" do not represent any sounds. The letters "e", "e", "yu", "I", "and" can mean 2 sounds at once.
• Analyze each phoneme separately and mark its properties with a comma:
  • for a vowel, we indicate in the characteristic: the sound is a vowel; shock or unstressed;
  • in the characteristics of consonants we indicate: the sound is consonant; hard or soft, voiced or deaf, sonorous, paired / unpaired in hardness-softness and sonority-deafness.
• At the end of the phonetic analysis of the word, draw a line and count the total number of letters and sounds.

This scheme is practiced in the school curriculum.

An example of phonetic parsing of a word

Here is an example of phonetic analysis by composition for the word "phenomenon" → [yivl'e′n'iye].
In this example, there are 4 vowels and 3 consonants.
There are only 4 syllables: I-vle′-ni-e.
The emphasis falls on the second.

Sound characteristic of letters:

i [th] - acc., unpaired soft, unpaired voiced, sonorous
[and] - vowel, unstressed
in [c] - acc., paired solid, paired sound.
l [l ’] - acc., paired soft, unpaired. sound, sonorous
e [e ′] - vowel, stressed
n [n '] - agree, paired soft, unpaired. sound, sonorous
and [and] - vowel, unstressed
e [th] - acc., unpaired. soft, unpaired sound, sonorous
[e] - vowel, unstressed
________________________
In total, the word phenomenon - 7 letters, 9 sounds
The first letter "I" and the last "E" represent two sounds.

Now you know how to do sound-letter analysis yourself. The following is a classification of sound units of the Russian language, their relationship and transcription rules for sound-letter parsing.

Phonetics and sounds in Russian

What are the sounds?

All sound units are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds, in turn, are stressed and unstressed. A consonant sound in Russian words can be: hard - soft, voiced - deaf, hissing, sonorous.

- How many sounds are there in Russian live speech?

Correct answer 42 sounds.

Doing phonetic analysis online, you will find that 36 consonants and 6 vowels. Many have a reasonable question, why is there such a strange inconsistency? Why does the total number of sounds and letters differ for both vowels and consonants?

All this is easily explained. A number of letters, when participating in word formation, can denote 2 sounds at once. For example, pairs of softness-hardness:

• [b] - peppy and [b '] - squirrel;
• or [d] - [d ']: home - do.

And some do not have a pair, for example [h '] will always be soft. If in doubt, try to say it firmly and make sure that this is impossible: stream, pack, spoon, black, Chegevara, boy, rabbit, bird cherry, bees. Thanks to this practical solution, our alphabet has not reached a dimensionless scale, and sound units are optimally complemented, merging with each other.

Vowel sounds in the words of the Russian language

Vowel sounds unlike melodic consonants, they flow freely, as if in a singsong voice, from the larynx, without barriers and tension of the ligaments. The louder you try to pronounce the vowel, the wider you will have to open your mouth. And vice versa, the louder you strive to pronounce the consonant, the more vigorously you will close the oral cavity. This is the most striking articulatory difference between these classes of phonemes.

The stress in any word forms can only fall on a vowel sound, but there are also unstressed vowels.

— How many vowels are there in Russian phonetics?

Russian speech uses fewer vowel phonemes than letters.

There are only six percussive sounds: [a], [i], [o], [e], [y], [s].
And, recall, there are ten letters: a, e, e, and, o, y, s, e, i, u.
The vowels E, Yo, Yu, I are not "pure" sounds in transcription are not used. Often, when parsing words alphabetically, the letters listed are stressed.

Phonetics: characteristics of stressed vowels

The main phonemic feature of Russian speech is the clear pronunciation of vowel phonemes in stressed syllables. Stressed syllables in Russian phonetics are distinguished by the strength of exhalation, increased duration of sound, and are pronounced undistorted. Since they are pronounced clearly and expressively, sound analysis syllables with stressed vowel phonemes are much easier to carry out.
The position in which the sound does not undergo changes and retains the main form is called strong position. Only a stressed sound and a syllable can occupy such a position. Unstressed phonemes and syllables remain in a weak position.

• The vowel in the stressed syllable is always in a strong position, that is, it is pronounced more distinctly, with the greatest force and duration.
• A vowel in an unstressed position is in a weak position, that is, it is pronounced with less force and not so clearly.

In Russian, only one phoneme "U" retains unchanging phonetic properties: k at to at R at for, board at, at h at sya, at fishing, - in all positions it is pronounced distinctly as [y]. This means that the vowel "U" is not subject to qualitative reduction.
Attention: in writing, the phoneme [y] can also be indicated by another letter “Yu”: muesli [m ’ at´sl’i], key [cl’ at´h’] and so on.

Analysis of the sounds of stressed vowels

The vowel phoneme [o] occurs only in a strong position (under stress). In such cases, "O" is not subject to reduction: cat [k about t'ik], bell [kalak about l’ch’yk], milk [malak about], eight [in about s’im’], search engine [paisk about waya], dialect [g about var], autumn [ about syn'].

An exception to the rule of a strong position for "O", when unstressed [o] is also pronounced clearly, are only some foreign words: cocoa [kaka" about], patio [pa "ti about], radio [ra" di about], boa [b about a"] and a number of service units, for example, union no.

The sound [o] in writing can be reflected by another letter "yo" - [o]: turn [t' about rn], bonfire [kas't' about R].

Parsing the sounds of the remaining four vowels in the stressed position will also not be difficult.

Unstressed vowels and sounds in Russian words

It is possible to make the correct sound analysis and accurately determine the characteristics of the vowel only after placing the stress in the word. Do not forget also about the existence of homonymy in our language: for "mok - castle" and about the change in phonetic qualities depending on the context (case, number):

• I'm at home [ya d about"ma].
• New houses [but "vye d but ma"].

IN unstressed position the vowel is modified, that is, it is pronounced differently than it is written:

• mountains - mountain = [g about"ry] - [g but ra"];
• he is online = [ about"n] - [ but nla "yn]
• certificate e T e flax \u003d [sv'id ' uh"T' And l'n'itsa].

Similar vowel changes in unstressed syllables are called reduction. Quantitative, when the duration of the sound changes. And a qualitative reduction, when the characteristic of the original sound changes.

The same unstressed vowel can change its phonetic characteristic depending on its position:

• primarily with respect to the stressed syllable;
• at the absolute beginning or end of a word;
• in open syllables (consist of only one vowel);
• under the influence of neighboring signs (b, b) and a consonant.

Yes, different 1st degree of reduction. She is subject to:

• vowels in the first prestressed syllable;
• open syllable at the very beginning;
• repeated vowels. Note: To make a sound-letter analysis, the first pre-stressed syllable is determined not from the “head” of the phonetic word, but in relation to the stressed syllable: the first to the left of it. In principle, it can be the only pre-shock: not-here [n'iz'd'e´shn'y]. (bare syllable) + (2-3 pre-stressed syllable) + 1st pre-stressed syllable ← stressed syllable→ stressed syllable (+2/3 stressed syllable)
• vpe- re-di [fp'i r'i di];
• e-ste-stve-no [ yi s’t’e´s’t’v’in: a]; Any other pre-stressed syllables and all pre-stressed syllables in sound analysis refer to reduction of the 2nd degree. It is also called "weak position of the second degree."
• kiss [pa-tsy-la-va´t '];
• model [ma-dy-l’i´-ra-vat’];
• swallow [la´-st but-ch'k but];
• kerosene [k'i-ra-s'i'-na-vy]. The reduction of vowels in a weak position also differs in steps: the second, third (after hard and soft consonants, - this is beyond curriculum): to learn [uch’i´ts: a], to become numb [atsyp’in’e´t’], hope [over’e´zhda]. In a letter analysis, the reduction of a vowel in a weak position in a final open syllable (= at the absolute end of a word) will appear very slightly:
• calyx but;
• goddesses I;
• with songs And;
• change but. Sound-letter analysis: iotized sounds Phonetically, the letters E - [ye], Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], I - [ya] often denote two sounds at once. Have you noticed that in all the indicated cases, the additional phoneme is “Y”? That is why these vowels are called iotated. The meaning of the letters E, E, Yu, I is determined by their positional position.

• In phonetic analysis, the vowels e, e, u, i form 2 SOUNDS:

  ◊ Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], E - [ye], I - [ya] in cases where there are:

• At the beginning of a word "Yo" and "Yu" always:
  • - cringe [ yo´ zhyts: a], Christmas tree [ yo´ lach’ny], hedgehog [ yo´ zhyk], capacity [ yo´ mkast'];
  • - jeweler [ yuv'il'i'r], yula [ yo la´], skirt [ yu´ pka], Jupiter [ yo p'i´t'ir], agility [ yo'rkas't'];
• at the beginning of a word "E" and "I" accented only*:
  • - spruce [ ye´ l '], I go [ ye´ f: y], huntsman [ ye´ g'ir'], eunuch [ ye´ vnuh];
  • - yacht [ ya´ xta], anchor [ ya´ kar’], yaki [ ya´ ki], apple [ ya´ blaka];
  • (*to perform sound-literal analysis of unstressed vowels “E” and “I”, a different phonetic transcription is used, see below);
• in position immediately after a vowel "Yo" and "Yu" always. But "E" and "I" in stressed and unstressed syllables, except when the indicated letters are located behind the vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd stressed syllable in the middle of words.
  Phonetic parsing online and examples for specified cases:
  • - etc iyo mnik [pr’iyo´mn’ik], p oyo t [payo´t], cl yuyo t [kl'u yo T];
  • - ayu rveda [a yo r'v'e'da], p oyu t [pa yo´t], melt [ta´ yo t], cabin [ka yo´ta],
• after the separation hard "b" sign "Yo" and "Yu"- always,
  but "E" and "I" only under stress or at the absolute end of a word:
  - volume [ab yo´m], shooting [syo´mka], adjutant [hell yo"ta´nt]
• after the separation soft "b" sign "Yo" and "Yu"- always, and "E" and "I" under stress or at the absolute end of a word:
  - interview [interv' yu´], trees [d'ir'e´v' ya], friends [friends’ ya´], brothers [brother’t’ ya], monkey [ab’iz’ ya´ on], blizzard [in ' yu´ ha], family [s'em' ya´]
• As you can see, in the phonemic system of the Russian language, stresses are of decisive importance. Vowels in unstressed syllables undergo the greatest reduction. Let's continue the literal analysis of the remaining iotized sounds and see how they can still change their characteristics depending on the environment in the words.

  ◊ Unstressed vowels"E" and "I" represent two sounds and phonetic transcription and are written as [YI]:

• at the very beginning of a word:
  • - unity [ yi d'in'e´n'i'ye], spruce [yilo´vy], blackberry [yizhiv'i´ka], his [yivo´], egoza [yigaza´], Yenisei [yin'is'e´y ], Egypt [yig'i´p'it];
  • - January [ yi nva´rsky], core [yidro´], sting [yiz’v’i´t’], label [yirly´k], Japan [yipo´n’iya], lamb [yign’o´nak];
  • (Exceptions are only rare foreign word forms and names: Caucasoid [ ye wrap'io'idnaya], Eugene [ye] vge´ny, European [ ye wrap’e´yits], diocese [ye] pararchia, etc.).
• immediately after a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd stressed syllable, except for the location at the absolute end of the word.
  • in a timely manner [swa yi vr’e´m’ina], trains [pa yi zda´], let's eat [pa yi d’i´m], run into [on yi f: a´t ’], Belgian [b’il’g’i´ yi c], students [students'a'sch'i yi s’a], sentences [pr’idlazhe´n’i yi m'i], vanity [su yi ta´],
  • bark [la´ yi t ’], pendulum [ma´ yi tn’ik], hare [za´ yi c], belt [by´ yi s], declare [for yi v’i´t’], I will manifest [right yi v’l’u´]
• after the separation hard "b" or soft "b" sign:
  - intoxicates [n' yi n’i´t], express [from yi v’i´t’], announcement [ab yi vl’e´n’iye], edible [with yi do´bny].

Note: The St. Petersburg phonological school is characterized by "ekanye", while the Moscow school has "hiccups". Previously, the yottered "Yo" was pronounced with a more accentuated "ye". With the change of capitals, performing sound-letter analysis, they adhere to Moscow standards in orthoepy.

Some people in fluent speech pronounce the vowel "I" in the same way in syllables with a strong and weak position. This pronunciation is considered a dialect and is not literary. Remember, the vowel "I" under stress and without stress is pronounced differently: fair [ ya´marka], but the egg [ yi egg´].

Important:

The letter "I" after the soft sign "b" also represents 2 sounds - [YI] in sound-letter analysis. (This rule is relevant for syllables in both strong and weak positions).
Let's conduct a sample of sound-letter online parsing:
- nightingales [salav' yi´], on chicken legs [on kur’ yi’ x "no´shkakh], rabbit [kro´l'ich ' yi], no family [s’im’ yi´], judges [su´d’ yi], draws [n’ich’ yi´], streams [ruch’ yi´], foxes [li´s’ yi].

But:
Vowel "ABOUT" after soft sign "b" transcribed as apostrophe of softness [’] preceding consonant and [ABOUT], although when pronouncing the phoneme, iotation can be heard: broth [bul’o´n], pavil yo n [pav'il'o´n], similarly: mailed yo n, champagne yo n, tire yo n, company yo n, medal yo n, battle yo n, gil yo tina, pocket yo la, min yo n and others.

Vowels are sounds that consist only of voice; the exhaled air passes through the mouth without encountering any obstructions. Vowel sounds are produced by the vibration of the vocal cords. These vibrations are harmonic, creating tone and musical sound.

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Vowels and consonants.Vowels are sounds that consist only of voice; the exhaled air passes through the mouth without encountering any obstructions. Vowel sounds are produced by the vibration of the vocal cords. These vibrations are harmonic, creating tone and musical sound.

Consonants are sounds that consist of noise or voice and noise, i.e. when articulating consonants, the exhaled air encounters obstacles in its path in the oral cavity.

Vowels are tone sounds, and consonants are noisy.

Classification and main characteristics of consonant sounds.

1 The place of formation depends on the nature of the work of the active organ of speech. According to the place of formation, consonants are distinguished labial-labial (b, b̉, p, p̉, m), labial-dental (c, f̉), dental (t, d, s, s, n, l, c).

2 Method of formation - a characteristic of an obstacle in the mouth on the path of the air jet. In the formation of consonants of the Russian language, three methods of articulation are used:

1) bow;

2) gap;

3) vibration.

The consonants are divided into stop (p, b, t, k), fricative (fricative): f, c, z, x, w, u, g, vibrants (trembling): p, p̉.

3 Noise level. According to the level of noise (the degree of its intensity), consonants are divided into noisy and sonorous.

Noisy consonants are formed either with the help of noise, or voice and noise. Sonorant consonants ( sonorus - sonorous) are formed with the help of voice and slight noise, which from an acoustic point of view brings them closer to vowels (l̉, m, n, p, j ).

4 Voice participation. According to the participation of the voice, consonants are divided into voiced and deaf (pronounced with a voice, tone and without a voice). In voiced sonorants, the voice usually prevails over noise, and in voiced noisy ones, noise prevails over voice. Without a voice, with the help of noise alone, deaf consonants are formed.

5 Hardness, softness of consonants. A sign of hardness and softness is one of characteristic features Russian consonants.

Hard and soft consonants in Russian form pairs, but unpaired hard sounds are [zh], [sh], [ts], unpaired soft [sh], [zh], [h̉], [j].

Classification of vowelsin Russian it is built on three features: 1) in a row; 2) on the rise; 3) according to the degree of roundness.

1) When articulating front vowels, the tongue is strongly advanced forward ([i], [e]); when articulating middle vowels, the tongue moves back a little ([s], [a]); when pronouncing back vowels, the tongue is strongly pushed back ([y], [o]).

2) The difference is noticeable in the upper, middle, lower level of the rise. There are vowel differences here, caused by the movement of the tongue in a vertical direction. High: [and], [e], [y]. Middle: [o]. Low: [s], [e], [a].

Rise is a characteristic of stressed vowel sounds.

3) According to the degree of participation of the lips of vowels, they are divided into rounded (labialized) and unrounded (non-labialized). Rounded: [y], [o]. Not rounded: [a], [i], [e], [s].

1. Modern Russian alphabet consists of 33 letters , 10 of which are intended to represent vowels and are accordingly called vowels. 21 the consonant letter is used to denote consonant sounds. In addition, in modern Russian there are two letters that are not sounds do not represent: b(hard sign) b(soft sign).

2. All sounds of the Russian language are divided into vowels and consonants.

• Vowel sounds are the sounds that are formed with the participation of the voice. There are six of them in Russian: [a], [e], [and], [o], [y], [s] .

• Consonants- these are sounds that are formed with the participation of voice and noise or only noise.

but) The consonants are divided into hard and soft. Most hard and soft consonants form pairs of hardness-softness:

[b] - [b′], [c] - [c′], [g] - [g′], [e] - [d′], [h] - [h′], [k] - [ k′], [l] - [l′], [m] - [m′], [n] - [n′], [p] - [n′], [p] - [p′], [ s] - [s′], [t] - [t′], [f] - [f′], [x] - [x′]

(the apostrophe at the top right denotes softness consonant sound). For example, onion - [bow] And hatch - [l′uk] .

b) Some consonants do not have correlative pairs of hardness-softness, that is, there are unpaired hard consonants [g], [w], [c](always only solid) and unpaired soft consonants [w′], [th], [h](always soft).

Notes:

• at the sounds [th], [h] it is not customary to designate softness with an apostrophe, although in some textbooks it is indicated;
• sound [sh′] denoted by the letter SCH;
• a bar above the sound means double (long) sound. In some textbooks, long consonants So: [van:a] - bath.

in) Consonants formed with the participation of voice and noise are called voiced(for example, [d], [d′], [h], [h′], etc.); if only noise is involved in the formation of sounds, then such sounds are called deaf consonants (for example, [t], [t′], [s], [s′], etc.). Most voiced and voiceless consonants in Russian form voiced-deafness pairs:

[b] - [p], [b′] - [p′], [c] - [f], [c′] - [f′], [g] - [k], [g′] - [ k′], [d] - [t],
[d′] - [t′], [h] - [s], [h′] - [s′], [g] - [w] .
Compare: beat - drink, year - cat, live - sew .

G) Sounds [th], [l], [l′], [m], |m′], [n], [n′], [p], [p′] do not form a correlative pair with voiceless consonants, therefore, they are unpaired voiced (unpaired voiced consonants are also called sonorous, these are sounds in the formation of which both voice and noise participate). Conversely, voiceless consonants that do not pair with voiced ones are unpaired deaf . These are the sounds [h], [c], [x], [x′].

3. In the flow of speech, the sound of one sound can be likened to the sound of another sound. Such a phenomenon is called assimilation. So, in the word life, the sound [z], standing next to the soft [n′], also softens, and we get the sound [z′].

So the pronunciation of the word a life is written like this: [zhyz′n′]. Rapprochement of sounding is also possible for sounds paired in sonority-deafness. So, voiced consonants in a position in front of the deaf and at the end of the word sound closer to paired deaf ones. Therefore, it happens stun consonants. For example, boat - lo [t] ka, fairy tale - ska [s] ka, cart - in [s]. The reverse phenomenon is also possible, when voiceless consonants in a position before voiced ones also become voiced, that is voiced. For example, mowing - ko [z ′] ba, request - about [z ′] ba.

The designation of the softness of consonants in writing

In russian language softness of consonants indicated in the following ways:

1. With the letter b(soft sign) at the end of a word and in the middle between consonants: benefit - [pol′za], elk - [los′], etc.

Note. The soft sign does not indicate the softness of consonants in the following cases:

a) if it serves to separate consonants, the second of which th(yot): leaves - fox [t′ya], linen - be [l′yo];

b) to distinguish between grammatical categories: rye (3 cl., f.r.) - knife (2 cl., m.r.);

c) to distinguish word forms (after hissing): read (2 lit., singular), cut (form of the imperative mood), help (indefinite form of the verb), as well as adverbs: jump, back.

1. Through the letters and, e, e, u, i, indicating the softness of the preceding consonant and conveying vowels [i], [e], [o], [y], [a]: forest - [l′es], honey - [m′ot], lil - [l ′il], hatch - [l′uk], crumpled - [m′al].

2. With the help of subsequent soft consonants: cog - [v′in′t′ik], plum - [s′l′iva].

The sound meaning of the letters e, e, u, i

1. Letters e, e, u, i can represent two sounds: [ye], [yo], [yu], [ya]. This happens in the following cases:

• at the beginning of a word: for example, spruce - [ye] l, hedgehog - [yo] w, yula - [yu] la, yama - [ya] ma;

• after a vowel sound: washes - mo [ye] t, sings - po [yo] t, give - yes [yu] t, bark - la [ya] t;

• after dividing b, b: eat - sj [ye] m, drink - drink [yo] t, pour - l [yu] t, zealous - ry [ya] ny.

In addition, after the separation b two sounds will be denoted by a letter And: nightingales - nightingale [yi].

For example : sound [d '] - consonant, voiced double, soft double.

Important!

• b, b, e, e, u, i — letters! They cannot be in transcription!
• The softness of consonants is indicated by a soft sign b and letters E, Yo, Yu, I, I.
• [c], [g], [w] - only solid: mouse [mice], vein [vein], circus [circus].
• [h '], [u '] - only soft: night [night '], thicket [h'ashch'a], chum [ch'um].

• and does not denote a sound:
  1. serves to indicate the softness of consonants: mo eh[mo l'], then eh ko [then l' to];
  2. acts as a separator (like ) after consonants before letters e, yo, yu, i, and, suggesting the appearance of the sound [th ']: in ew ha [in’ y'u ha], hare uh[bunny' y'i] ;
  3. indicates the grammatical form of the word without affecting the pronunciation: silence [t'ish], leash b[l'ish], berech b[b'ir'Ech'].

• does not denote sounds, separates consonant before letters E, Yo, Yu, I, freeing the sound [th ']: about ee zd [ab y'e st ', under ee m [pad yo m].

• In an unstressed position
  • [e], [o] and the sound denoted by I [a] are not pronounced after soft consonants;
  • the letter O in an unstressed syllable means [a];
  • in place of e, e, i - often [and].
• Letter AND
  • after b stands for two sounds: h uh[h' y'i], fox uh[fox' y'i];
  • after hissing W, W, C transmits sound [s].
• E, Yo, Yu, I :
  • after the consonant, the softness of the consonant and one vowel sound are indicated: honey [m'ot];
  • denote 2 sounds (consonant [y '] and vowel - [y'e], [y'o], [y'y], ['ya]) in
    • at the beginning of a word: I ma [ y'a ma], Yu bka [ y'u pka];
    • after a vowel: bo e c [ba y'e c], both I th [aba y'a T'];
    • after dividing b and b: under e zd [pad y'e st], v Yu ha [in y'u ha].

Correspondence scheme of unstressed vowels and letters denoting them:

(by Litvinevskaya " Practical course Russian language")

• After a solid consonant, except for [g], [w], [c]
  • at -> [y] hand [ru]ka;
  • but -> [but] sama [sa]ma;
  • about -> [but] soma [sa] ma;
  • s -> [s] wash you[we]t;
  • e -> [s] test [you] erase;
• After [w], [w], [c]:
  • at -> [y] make noise [shu] mark;
  • e -> [s] sixth [shy] stop
  • about -> [s] chocolate [shy] colade;
  • about -> [but] to shock [sha];
  • but -> [but] balls [sha] ry;
  • but -> [s] horses lo[shy] dey;
  • s -> [s] chicken [tsy] films;
  • And -> [s] wide [s] rocky.
• After a soft consonant:
  • Yu -> [y] love [l'u] beat;
  • at -> [y] wonderful [ch'u] gum
  • And -> [And] worlds [m'i] ry;
  • e -> [And] change [m'i] take;
  • I -> [And] nickel [p'i] so;
  • but -> [And] clock [h'i] sy.
• At the beginning of a phonetic word:
  • at -> [y] lesson [y] rock;
  • but -> [but] watermelon [a] watermelon;
  • about -> [but] window [a] window;
  • And -> [And] game [and] game;
  • uh -> [And] floor [and] floor .

• The same letter can represent different sounds depending on the position it occupies. For example: the letter c can denote the sounds [c], , [h], [h '], [u '], [g:]: sleep [ from he], hay [ from' ena], collection [ h boron], request [about h' ba], shrink [ f: at '], calculation [ra SCH' from].
• Stunning paired voiced consonants :
  • at the end of a word: pru d[prue T] ;
  • before a double voiceless consonant: ska h ka [ska from ka], straight well ka [pr'a w ka];
• Voicing of a double deaf consonant before double voiced: in to hall [wa G Hall], from do [ h' d'elat'], about from bba [about h‘ba];
• Softening paired hard consonants :
  • before b: mo eh[mo l'], ;
  • before vowels E, Yo, Yu, I, I : hatch [ l'u k], p rya zha [n r'a ms.];
  • k, n, p before soft h, u: on LF ik [by LF‘ik],
  • consonants (usually s, s, n, p) before any soft consonant: snow [ from' neck], h here [ h' d'ek],
• Curing steam soft consonant before solid: door -> door [dv'ernoy], horse -> horse [horse'y'].
• Silent consonant (simplification of a group of consonants of 3-4 letters):
  • stv -> [stv] : healthy vstv wow [healthy stv wow’];
  • st -> [sn] : me stn th [m'e sn y’], tro stn ik [tra s'n' hic];
  • stl -> [sl] : scha stl willow [sh'a sl‘willow’] ;
  • zdn -> [zn] : on zdn uy [by z'n‘yy’];
  • zds -> [sc] : under y zdc s [fall sc s];
  • ntg -> [ng] : re ntg en [r'e ng‘en];
  • ndc -> [nc] : Golla NDC s [gala nc s];
  • rdc -> [rc] : se RDC e [s'e rc uh] ;
  • rdh -> [rh'] : se rdch ishko [s'e RF‘ishka] ;
  • lnc -> [nc] : co lnts e [co nc uh];
  • not pronounced [y '] between vowels: mo e go [ma And in]
• Assimilation of consonants by place of education:
  • mid -> [s] + [h’] -> [u’] / [u’h’] : mid astier [ SCH' ast'y'e], with something [sh'emta] - [sh'ch'emta];
  • ssh -> [s] + [w] -> [w:], [w]: ssh it [w: yt '] =[shut'];
  • ss -> [s] + [u’] -> [u’] : ra ss eat [ra SCH»ip'it'] ;
  • zch -> [s] + [h '] -> [u ']: grue zch ik [gr SCH' ik], story zch ik [raska SCH' hic]
  • szh -> + [g] -> [g:] : szh to [beep];
  • zzh -> [z] + [g] -> [g:], [g]: And zzh it [and LJ yt’]=[And well yt '];
  • ts, ds, ts -> [t] + [s] -> [cc], [c] or [ts]: we tc I [we tss a]=[we c a], o ts ylat [a tss ylat’];
  • ts -> [t] + [ts] -> [tsts], [ts]: o mall to drink [a tss yp’it’]=[a c yp’it’];
  • tch -> [t] + [h ’] -> [h’h’], [h’]: o PM em [a h'h‘From’]=[a h' From'];
  • tsh -> [t] + [w’] -> [h’sh’]: o tsh to drink [a h'shch‘ip’it’];
  • thu -> [pcs] / [h’t]: thu oby [ w toby], not thu o [n'e h't but];
  • h -> [sn] : horse ch o [kane sh a], sku ch o [soo sh but] ;
• Double consonants are located
  • after a stressed vowel, they give a long sound: GRU pp a [gr P: a], VA nn a [wa n: but];
  • before a stressed vowel, then a regular consonant is formed: mi ll ion [m'i l'and she kk Ord [a to Ort], alley [a l‘Hey’a];
• tsya, tsya in verbs -> [ca]: washing to be[washing c but]-;
• -tsk- in adjectives -> [ck]: de tsk iy [d'e ck‘yy’].

Other combinations

• In the endings of adjectives WOW, HIS consonant G pronounced like [in]: red Wow[red in a], syn eth[blue in but].
• Sound [SCH'] can be denoted in many ways (see):
  • letter sh: SCH food [sch'edrast'] ;
  • consonant combinations:
    • shh: freckled [in'skinned'] ;
    • zhch: defector [p'ir'ib'esch'ik];
    • mid: happiness [sh'as't'y'e], peddler [raznots'ik] ;
    • zch: narrator [raskasch'ik], carrier [p'ir'ivoshch'ik];
    • stch:;
    • zdch: the bypasser.

References:

1. Pavlova S.A. Methods of preparing for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language: reasoning algorithms when choosing the right answer. — M.: Enlightenment, 2009.- 192p.
2. Kazbek-Kazieva M.M. Preparation for Olympiads in the Russian language. 5-11 grades / M.M. Kazbek-Kazieva. - 4th ed. – M.J. Iris-press, 2010
3. Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language. Brief theoretical course for schoolchildren. - Moscow State University, Moscow, 2000, ISBN 5-211-05119-x