Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia read online. Pedagogical encyclopedias. Great Russian Encyclopedia

The Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia is a reference publication aimed at presenting, as far as possible, a complete modern conditions a set of generalized and systematized information in the field of theory and practice of education.

This publication is intended for teachers-practitioners of all specialties, scientists and students who feel the need for reliable and objective information on theory, history, methodology, methods of psychological pedagogical sciences and for various educational systems.

About the author: Vasily Vasilyevich Davydov (August 31, 1930 - March 19, 1998) - Soviet teacher and psychologist. Academician and Vice-President of the Russian Academy of Education (1992). Doctor of Psychological Sciences (1971), professor (1973). Since 1953, he worked in the institutions of the USSR APN (vice-president since 1989). Honorary Member… more…

With the book "Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia" also read:

Preview of the book "Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia"

RUSSIA
PEDAGOGICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA

Choose the letter that the search word begins with

"C:Documents and SettingsIhtik.IHTIKDesktopSD 001A.htm" A "C:Documents and SettingsIhtik.IHTIKDesktopSD 001B.htm" B "C:Documents and SettingsIhtik.IHTIKDesktopSD 001B.htm" C :Documents and SettingsIhtik.IhtikDesktopSD 0013.htm" C "C:Documents and SettingsIhtik.IhtikDesktopSD 001I.htm" And "C:Documents and SettingsIhtik.IHTIKDesktopSD 001K.htm" To "C:Documents and SettingsIhtik.IhtikDesktopSD 001L .htm" L "C:Documents and SettingsIhtik.IHTIKDesktopSD 001M.htm" M "C:Documents and SettingsIhtikDesktopSD 001H.htm" N "C:Documents and SettingsIhtik.IHTIKDesktopSD 001O.htm" O "C:Documents and SettingsIhtik.IHTIKDesktoppedSD 001P.htm" P "C:Documen ts and SettingsIhtik.IhtikDesktopSD 001R.htm" P "C:Documents and SettingsIhtik.IhtikDesktopSD 001C.htm" C "C:Documents and SettingsIhtik.IHTIKDesktopSD 001T.htm" T "C:Documents and SettingsIhtik.IhtikWorktableSD 001U. htm" U "C:Documents and SettingsIhtik.IHTIKDesktopSD 001F.htm" F "C:Documents and SettingsIhtikDesktopSD 001X.htm" X "C:Documents and SettingsIhtik.IHTIKDesktopSD 001C.htm" C "C:Documents and SettingsIhtik.IHTIKDesktopSD 001H.htm" R "C:Documents and SettingsIhtik.IhtikDesktopSD 001W.htm" W "C:Documents and SettingsIhtikDesktopSD 001H.htm" SC "C:Documents and SettingsIhtik.IhtikWorktableSD 001E.htm" E "C:Documents and SettingsIhtik.IHTIKDesktoppedSD 001I.htm" Y "C:Documents and SettingsIhtik.IHTIKDesktoppedSD 001I.htm" I

"C:Documents and SettingsIhtik.IHTIKDesktoppedSD 001about.htm" From the Editorial Board
"C:Documents and SettingsIhtik.IHTIKDesktoppedSD 0011.htm" Information about Volume I
"C:Documents and SettingsIhtik.IHTIKDesktoppedSD 0012.htm" Information about Volume II
"C:Documents and SettingsIhtik.IHTIKDesktoppedSD 001info.htm" Instructions for the electronic version

Moscow
GREAT RUSSIAN ENCYCLOPEDIA
1993-1999 Electronic registration
"FREE ACCESS"
2003

FROM THE EDITORIAL BOARD

The Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia is a reference publication that aims to present, as far as possible, a complete set of generalized and systematized information in the field of theory and practice of education in modern conditions. This publication is intended for practicing teachers of all specialties, researchers and students who need reliable and objective information on theory, history, methodology, methods of psychological and pedagogical sciences and on various educational systems. Since many pedagogical phenomena and patterns are interdisciplinary in nature, the encyclopedia is largely oriented towards specialists in related fields - psychology, philosophy, sociology, etc. At the same time, readers (and, above all, parents and educators of children of any age) individuals will find here a variety of materials on these problems.
Our country has experience in publishing such works. However, the Pedagogical Encyclopedia, published in 1927-29 in 3 vols. ed. A. G. Kalashnikov today is more of a historical and scientific than a reference source. To a certain extent, the same can be said about the two-volume Pedagogical Dictionary (1960-61) and the four-volume Pedagogical Encyclopedia (1964-1968).
The creators of the encyclopedia are aware that not a single scientific reference publication, especially a humanitarian one, can claim to be considered completely independent of the ideological currents of its time, scientific traditions, and sometimes emotional predilections. Similar editions of past years bear the imprint of their era. In recent decades, and especially in the last few years, in the field of psychological and pedagogical knowledge, there has been a reassessment of many theories and facts that previously seemed unconditional. Considerable experience has also been accumulated - both positive and, it must be admitted, negative - in the field of education.
The Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia seeks to reflect as objectively as possible the current level of development of domestic pedagogical science and practice. A complex and contradictory stage in the life of the state and society cannot but affect the state of pedagogy and the education system. Therefore, the material presented in the encyclopedia bears the imprint of those social trends that, even without taking shape completely, now determine the development of pedagogical science and practice.
For the perception of encyclopedic literature that has taken root in us, its assessment by the reader as a normative source is characteristic. From modern positions, this view cannot be considered justified, since in the field of humanitarian knowledge in general and pedagogy in particular, the monopoly on truth does not at all serve the cause of a creative approach to the subject under consideration. Of course, the factual material presented in the encyclopedia has been carefully checked. As for the definitions given to this or that concept, as well as scientific interpretations of various phenomena and facts, the editorial board abandoned attempts to formulate them in the final version. IN modern science a number of concepts have many definitions that are not always consistent with each other. Scientific interpretation of certain phenomena is also carried out from different positions. Therefore, in most cases, the content of a problematic article mainly reflects the position of the specialist who wrote it. The text of the encyclopedia articles in this regard cannot and should not serve as an indisputable argument in scientific discussion. In particular, the bibliography attached to the articles also includes sources that reflect other than the author's approaches to the problem. This partly manifests one of the goals of the encyclopedia - to stimulate scientific thought and creative search.
The unifying core of various author's approaches was the general trend - the humanization of pedagogical science and practice, primarily teaching and education in the modern school.
In the light of emerging trends in modern pedagogy, the content of the encyclopedia has undergone significant changes compared to previous publications of a similar profile. The creators of the encyclopedia sought to free the text from the ideological clichés and attitudes that dominated Russian pedagogy for decades. The material devoted to domestic and foreign scientists and their views, as well as foreign pedagogical experience, is presented as objectively as possible, without unambiguous assessment. Critical analysis of various theories and approaches gave way to exposition and comments. The information presented in this way in the encyclopedia is sufficient for the reader to be able to single out a rational grain in one or another position and make his own assessment.
In general, the unifying position of numerous authors of the encyclopedia was the recognition of childhood as an intrinsically valuable, unique stage in a person's life, as well as the assertion of the right of every child to a full-fledged education in accordance with his abilities and inclinations. The main emphasis is placed on the obvious advantages of democratic forms of education and training over authoritarian approaches. The authors also sought to emphasize the idea of ​​the necessary continuity of positive historical and national traditions in the matter of education and upbringing.
The formation of personality is not a narrowly pedagogical, but a universal problem. The attention of thinkers of different eras was riveted to it, including those who are traditionally not considered teachers, but whose reasoning about human nature played an important role in the development of pedagogical thought. In the encyclopedia, separate articles are devoted to some of these major figures, which do not reflect the fullness of the views of a particular scientist or writer, but are focused on presenting his concept in accordance with the specifics of this publication.
Separate concepts are included in the pedagogical encyclopedia for the first time. This is a row psychological concepts previously received insufficient attention, but which are of fundamental importance for pedagogy. These are also some concepts of philosophy and ethics, without understanding which judgments about the humanization of education lose their scientific ground. Information from the field of medicine, physiology, anatomy, morphology, etc. is presented rather concisely, since it is only indirectly related to pedagogical problems and can be gleaned from other sources.
The material in the Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia is presented in the form traditionally adopted in domestic encyclopedic publications. Articles are arranged in alphabetical order. Terms consisting of two or more words are placed in such a way that the word carrying logical stress(for example, Age crises), with the exception of cases of well-established phrases (for example, Age-related psychology). In some cases, inversion is allowed (for example, Peoples of the North Institute). Etymological references are given where necessary. Links between different articles are established by means of references (the title of the corresponding article in the text of another article is given in italics). For the sake of compactness, the abbreviations adopted in the encyclopedia are used, a list of which is given on p. 7-8.
The editorial board expresses its gratitude to all organizations and individuals who took part in the creation of the Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia.

RUSSIAN
PEDAGOGICAL
ENCYCLOPEDIA
IN TWO VOLUME

VOLUME I
(A-L)

Editor-in-Chief V. G. PANOV
Deputy editors: V. I. BORODULIN, A. P. GORKIN, A. A. GUSEV, N. M. LANDA

Moscow

1993

Editor-in-chief V. V. DAVYDOV
EDITORIAL TEAM


I. Ya. Lerner, A. V. Mudrik, B. M. Yemensky,

M. N. SKATKIN, N. M. SHAKHMAEV

37(03)P76

Head edited by Yu. H. KOPOTKOB, D. V. IGNATIEV,
leading scientific editors L. S. GLEBOVA, O. D. GREKULOVA, S. R. MALKINA.
scientific editors S. S. STEPANOV, A. O. TOLSTIKHINA, I. V. SHADRINA,
editor N. V. LARIONOVA.

Deputy editor-in-chief of the publishing house, doctor geogr. Sciences A.P. GORKIN.
Consultant A. I. FOTEEVA.
Leading Scientist Editor of the Scientific and Editorial Council Candidate of Philology Sciences G. V. YAKUSHEVA.
Head Editorial Board of Philosophy Candidate of Philosophy. Sciences N. M. LANDA.
Group of medicine - scientific. editor candidate of biol. Sciences N. E. VESENINA.
Edition of the dictionary - scientific. editors T. A. SVIRIDOVA, L. P. SIDOROV.
Literary-control rslakgia - head. edited by G. I. ZAMANI, T. N. PARFYONOV, Art. editor I. I. PETROVA, editors G. I. LEMESHONOK, N. G. RUDNITSKAYA.
Bibliography group - art. scientific editor V. A. STULOV, art. editors 3. S. IZMAILOVA, T. N. KOVALENKO.
Group of transcription and etymology - scientific. editors E. L. RIF, N. K. TOLMACHEVA, M. S. EPITASHVILI.
Fact Verification and Comparison Group - group leader T. V. ZHUKOVA, researcher. editor, candidate of art criticism M. V. ESIPOVA, editors E. V. ADAMOVA, N. I. RODINA, I. S. RYAKHOVSKAYA, G. F. SERPOVA.
Control and dispatch service - head G. S. SHURSHAKOVA, editors T. I. KRASOVITSKAYA, A. V. SAVINA.
Technical edition - head. edited by R. T. NIKISHIN, tech. editor T. F. ALEKSANDROVA.
Production department - deputy. head department V. N. MARKIN, process engineers M. H. ANDREEVA, V. F. KASYANOV.
Correction - head. proofreader Zh. A. ERMOLAEVA, art. proofreaders S. N. BUTYUGINA, V. N. IVLEVA, S. F. LIKHACHEVA.
Department of reading and production of typesetting original head. department N. V. SHEVERDINSKAYA, Art. proofreaders T. B. SABLINA, I. T. SAMSONOVA, E. E. TRUBITSYNA.
Department of Manuscript Reprinting - Head. department L. A. MALTSINA.
Editorial illustrations - head. edited by A. V. AKIMOV, artist. editors G. A. ZHURAVLEVA, M. K. MOREINIS.
Artist B. K. MIROSHIN.
Deputy production director N. S. ARTYOMOV.
Deputy Commercial Director YI ZAVEDETSKY.
4303000000-021 007(01) - 93
ISBN 5-85270 140-8 (vol. 1) 5-85270-114-9
© Scientific publishing house "Bolshaya Russian Encyclopedia", 1993

LIST OF MAIN ABBREVIATIONS
abs. - absolute
Aug. - august
ed. - autonomous
adm. - administrative
Asian. - Asian
acad. - academician

alm. - almanac
AMN - Academy medical sciences the USSR
AN - Academy of Sciences
antique - antique


arch. - archivist, architect
archit. - architectural
ace. - assistant

AH - Academy of Arts
B. - Big
b. g. - without a year
b. m. - without a place
b. hours - most, for the most part
bibl. - bibliography, bibliographic
biol. - biological
b-ka - library
Bl. East - Middle East
nerd. - botanical letters. - literally byv. - former bul. - bulletin V. - east
in. - century, issue
including - including

centuries - centuries

vet. - veterinary

incl. - inclusive
VKP(b) - All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

external - external
external - extracurricular

internal - internal
military - military
east - oriental
VS - Supreme Council
Vseros. - All-Russian
Vses. - All-Union
intro. - introductory

higher - higher
g. - year. city
gas. - newspaper
GBL - State. library of the USSR. V. I. Lenin
gg. - years, cities
gene. - general, general
geogr. - geographical
geol. - geological
ch. - chief, chief
ch. arr - mainly
mountains - urban
state - state
state - state
civil - civil
lips. - province

D. Vostok - Far East
d.h. - real member
democratic - democratic
dep. - deputy, department
village - village
det. - children's
diss. - dissertation
doc. - documentary
Report - Reports
docs - documents

doshk. - preschool
dr - doctor
Dr. - Ancient
others - other
DYUSSH - Children's youth sports school_
European - European
units - unit
monthly - monthly
well. e. - railway
railroad - railway
wives, - female
magazine - Journal
3. - west
head - manager
deputy - Deputy
Zap. - Notes
app. - western
zarub. - foreign

zool. - zoological
fav. - favorites
Izv. - famous, known
ed. - edition
publishing house - publishing house
ill. - illustrations
them. - name

industr. - industrial
eng. - engineering

inspector - inspector
in-t - institute
inform. - informational


art - art
research - study
ist. - historical
source - sources
IUU - Institute for the Advancement of Teachers
cand. - candidate

cafe - department
class - Class
c.-l. - any
book. - book
Ph.D. - some
qty - quantity
coll. - collective
colon. - colonial
Kolkh. - collective farm
coma. - Komsomol
con. - the end
conf. - Conference of the CPSU - Communist Party of the Soviet Union
to-ry - which
to-t - committee



Linen. etc. - Lenin Prize
leningr. - Leningrad
to lay down. - medical
lit. - literary
lit-ra - literature

Max. - maximum

math. - mathematical
materials - materials







MSU - Moscow State University
honey. - medical, medal
intl. - international
month - month
method. - methodical
min - minute
min. - minister
min-in - ministry
min. - minimal

ml. - younger
million - million
billion - billion
pl. - many



sea - marine
sinks - Moscow
MP - Ministry of Education
husband. - male
music - musical
Muslim - Muslim
N. ST. - A NEW STYLE
n. e. - our era
called - called, called
name - title
max. - most, greatest
name - name, smallest
e.g. - for example
nar. - folk
US. - population
present - real
People's Commissar - People's Commissar

scientific - scientific
nat. - National
early - beginning, initial, chief
week - week

some - some
several - several

















about. - Island
society - society
region - region, regional
OK. - about
env. - county



org. - organized, organized
org-tion - organization
orig. - original
main - founded, main
resp. - responsible
otd. - separate department
fatherly - domestic
official - official
part. - party
ped. - pedagogical
per. - translation
rename - renamed (new)
petersburg - Petersburg
petrograd. - Petrogradsky
sq. - area
floor. - half
polygraph. - polygraphic
polytechnic - polytechnic
pom. - assistant
settlement - village
ate. - dedicated
fast. - ruling, staging, permanent
post. h. - honorary member
etc. - premium, other
pr-in - government
prev. - chairman
foreword - foreword
Pres. - the president. Presidium
preim. - predominantly
approx. - approximately
adj. - Appendix
approx. - note
prov.-» province
prod. - work
production - production
prom. - industrial
industry - industry
prof. - professor, professional
prof.-tech. - vocational
pseudo. - pseudonym
psychol. - psychological

publ. - publication
R. - river, born
sec. - chapter
sec. - various

RAO - Russian Academy education
roar. - revolutionary
ed. - editor, editorial
dir. - producer
religious - religious
rep. - Republican
ref. - essay
rec. - review
Rome. - Roman
rice. - picture
district - district
genus. - was born
grew up - Russian
rr. - rivers

S. - north
s - second
from. - village, page
dignity. - sanitary
from. x-in - agriculture
Sat. - collection, collections - collections
St. - over
s.-d. - social democrat, social democratic
sowing - northern
sat down - rural, village
ser. - middle, series
sib. - Siberian
track. - next
see - see
CM - Council of Ministers
et al. - co-author
SNK, Council of People's Commissars - Council of People's Commissars
coll. - meeting
coll. op. - collected works
own - actually
owls. - Soviet
joint - jointly, jointly
modern - modern
abbr. - abbreviation, abbreviated
op. - writing
specialist. - special
sport. - sports

cf. - compare, average
Wed-century. - medieval
Art. - article, station, senior
stlb. - column
verse. - poem
building - construction
s.-x. - agricultural
SH - Union of Artists
t. - volume
i.e. - i.e.
because - since
so-called. - so-called
then. - thus
tab. - table
t-in - partnership
text. - textile
terr. - territorial, territory
tetra. - notebook
tech. - technical
technol. - technological
t-p - theater
tr. - works

tt. - volumes
TU - technical school
thousand - thousand, millennium
Youth theater - theater of the young spectator
y. - county

un-t - university

conv. - conditional
obsolete - obsolete
uch. - educational
student - students
school - school
fam. - surname
fash. - fascist
feud. - feudal
FZD - factory nine-year plan


FZU - factory apprenticeship
physical - physical
Phys.-Math. - physical and mathematical
physiol. - physiological
fi lol. - philological
philosophy - philosophical
finance. - financial
fp. - piano

f-t - faculty
x-in - farm
chem. - chemical
household - economic
Christ. - Christian
artistic - artistic
church - church
Central Committee - Central Committee


h - hour
h. - part
people - human
thurs. - quarter
member - member
h.-k. - corresponding member
school - school
ShKM - school of peasant youth, school of collective farm youth
SHSM - school of rural youth
SHRM - school of working youth
PCS. - state, piece

copy. - instance
economy - economic
experimental - experimental
ethnogr. - ethnographic
Yu - south

south - southern
UNRSCO - Organization
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
legal - legal
lang. - language
Note. 1. Abbreviations are used for words denoting state, language or nationality (for example, English - English, Russian - Russian), the name of the months (for example, April - April, April). 2. In adjectives and participles, cutting off endings and suffixes is allowed: “al”, “anny”, “spruce”, “spruce”, “en”, weighty”, “ionic”, etc. (for example, central, foreign , means., published, natural, practical, demonstrative, etc.).
Abbreviations in the names of common scientific periodicals of the USSR»
VLU - "Vestnik LGU"
VMU - "Bulletin of Moscow State University"
VP - "Issues of psychology"
VF - "Questions of Philosophy"
VYa - "Issues of Linguistics"
DAN - "Reports of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR"
IAN - "Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR" UZ - "Scientific Notes"
PZh - "Psychological Journal" CHOIDR - "Readings in the Society of History and
TODRL - "Proceedings of the Department of Old Russian Russian Antiquities at the Moscow University of Literature of the Institute of Russian Literature"

BSh - "Biology at school"
BBIII - "High School Bulletin"
VS - "Education of schoolchildren"
GSh - "Geography at school"
DV - "Preschool education"

enlightenment"
IAPN - "Proceedings of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences" IYaSH - " Foreign languages at school"
LSh - "Literature at school"
MSh - "Mathematics at school"
BUT - " public education»
NSh - "Primary School"
NIS - "Teaching History in School"
VET - "Vocational and technical education"


RYASH - "Russian at school"
Joint venture - "Soviet Pedagogy"

School - "Family and School"
UG - "Teacher's newspaper"
FS - "Physics at school"
ХШ - "Chemistry at school"
SHIP - "School and production
Abbreviations for city names
In Russian
A.-A. - Alma-Ata Ash. - Ashgabat B. - Baku V. - Vilnius G. - Bitter Dush. - Dushanbe Er. - Yerevan K. - Kyiv Kaz. - Kazan Kish. - Chisinau L. - Leningrad M. - Moscow
Mn. - Minsk
Novosib. - Novosibirsk
Od. - Odessa
P. - Petrograd (Petersburg)
R. - Riga
SPB - Saint Petersburg
Tal. - Tallinn
Tash. - Tashkent
Tb. - Tbilisi
Fr. - Frunze
in foreign languages
B. - Berin
Bdpst - Budapest
Brat. - Bratisava
Brux. - Bruxees
Buc. - Bucuresti
Camb. - Cambridge
Fr./M. - Frankfurt am Main
Gen. - Geneve
gott. - Gottingen
Hamb, Hamburg
hdeb. - Heideberg
L.-London
Lpz. - Leipzig Mi. - Miano Munch. - Munchen N. Y. - New York Oxf. - Oxford P. - Paris Stockh. - Stockhom Stuttg. - Stuttgart W. - Wien Warsz. - Warszawa Z. - Zurich.

RUSSIAN
PEDAGOGICAL
ENCYCLOPEDIA
IN TWO VOLUME

VOLUME II
(M-Z)

Chairman of the Scientific and Editorial Board of the publishing house A. M. PROKHOROV
Editor-in-Chief A.P. GORKIN
Deputy editors: V. I. BORODULIN, V. M. KAREV, N. M. LANDA

Moscow
Scientific publishing house "GREAT RUSSIAN ENCYCLOPEDIA"
1999

EDITORIAL TEAM
V. V. DAVYDOV (editor-in-chief),
E. D. DNEPROV (deputy editor-in-chief),
V. P. ZINCHENKO, I. S. KON, V. Ya. Lakshin,
I. Ya. Lerner, A. V. Mudrik, B. M. Nemensky,
A. V. PETROVSKY, M. A. PROKOFIEV,
M. N. SKATKIN, N. M. SHAKHMAEV

UDC 37(03) BBK 74 i2 P 76
Editorial Board of Pedagogy and Public Education
Head edited by D. V. IGNATIEV,
leading scientific editors L. S. GLEBOVA, O. D. GREKULOVA,
scientific editors S. S. STEPANOV, A. O. TOLSTIKHINA,
editor N. V. LARIONOVA.
Continuous reading - doctor geogr. Sciences A. P. GORKIN, Ph.D. Sci. H. M. L AND A.
The following people took part in the preparation of the publication:
Editorial illustrations - the chief artist of the publishing house A. V. AKIMOV, leading artist. editor N. I. KOMISSAROVA, artist B. K. MIROSHIN.
Literary and control edition - head. edited by T. N. PARFYONOV, editors S. L. LAVROV, N. G. RUDNITSKAYA.
Bibliography group - group leader T. N. KOVALENKO, editors G. A. SADOV, N. K. TOLMACHEVA.
Group of transcription and etymology - head of the group, candidate of philol. sciences Yu. F. PANASENKO, editor M. S. EPITASHVILI.
Technical edition - head. edited by O. D. SHAPOSHNIKOV, tech. editor T. F. ALEKSANDROVA.
Production department - head. department I. A. VETROVA, leading process engineer G. N. ROMANOVA, process engineer V. F. KASYANOVA, leading specialist G. S. SHUR-SHAKOVA.
Correction - head. proofreader Zh. A. ERMOLAEVA, art. proofreaders L. S. Vainshtein, V. N. IVLEVA, E. A. KULAKOVA, S. F. LIKHACHEVA, A. V. MARTYNOVA, L. A. SELEZNEVA, A. S. SHALAYEVA, M. D. SHTRAMEL, proofreader A. A. VOLCHENKOVA.
Department of reading and production of typesetting original - head. department N. V. SHEVERDINSKAYA, Art. proofreaders O. V. GUSEVA, T. B. SABLINA, I. T. SAMSONOVA, V. I. CHUVILEVA, G. B. SHIBALOVA.
Department of Manuscript Reprinting - Head. L. P. GORYACHEV and L. A. MALTSIN.
Commercial department - head. Department of I. N. Danilov.
Chief Economist A. I. SOLODOVNIKOV A.
First Deputy director N. S. ARTYOMOV.
Deputy Commercial Director I. 3. NURGALIEV.
Federal program of book publishing in Russia.
ISBN 5-85270-286-2
© Scientific publishing house "Big Russian Encyclopedia", 1999.

LIST OF MAIN ABBREVIATIONS
abs. - absolute
ed. - autonomous
adm. - administrative
Asian. - Asian
acad. - academician
AKB - Academy of Communist Education. N. K. Krupskaya
alm. - almanac
AMN - Academy of Medical Sciences
AN - Academy of Sciences
antique - antique
AON - Academy of Social Sciences
APN - Academy of Pedagogical Sciences
arch. - archivist, architect
archit. - architectural
ace. - assistant
ACS - Automated control system
AH - Academy of Arts
B. - Big
b. g. - without a year
b. m. - without a place
b. hours - most - mostly
bibl. - bibliography
biol. - biological
b-ka - library
Bl. East - Middle East
nerd. - botanical
letters. - literally
ex. - former
bul. - bulletin
V. - east
in. - century, issue
including - including
VASKHNIL - All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences. V. I. Lenin
centuries - centuries
Vel. Fatherland war - great Patriotic War 1941-45
vet. - veterinary
VKIP - Higher Communist Institute of Education
incl. - inclusive
VKP(b) - All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
Komsomol - All-Union Leninist Communist Youth Union
ext. - external
external - extracurricular
VNIK "School" - temporary research team "School"
GNP - gross national product
internal - internal
military - military
east - oriental
VS - Supreme Council
Vseros. - All-Russian
Vses. - All-Union
intro. - introductory
university - higher education institution
VUS - All-Russian Teachers' Union
higher - higher
city ​​- year, city
gas. - newspaper
GBL - State. library of the USSR. IN AND. Lenin
gg. - years, cities
gene. - general, general
geogr. - geographical
geol. - geological
ch. - chief, chief
ch. arr. - mainly
mountains - urban
state - state
state - state
civil - civil
lips. - province
GUS - State Academic Council
D. Vostok - Far East
d.h. - real member
democratic - democratic
dep. -g- deputy, department
village - village
det. - children's
diss. - dissertation
doc. - documentary
Report - Reports
docs - documents
add. - additional, addition
doshk. - preschool
dr - doctor
Dr. - Ancient
others - other
DYUSSH - Children's youth sports school
European - European
units - unit
monthly - monthly
well. e. - railway
railroad - railway
female - female
magazine - Journal
3. - west
head - manager
deputy - Deputy
Zap. - Notes
app. - western
zarub. - foreign
honored activity - Honored Worker
zool. - zoological
fav. - favorites
Izv. - famous, known
ed. - edition
publishing house - publishing house
ill. - illustrations
imp. - emperor, imperial
industry - industrial
eng. - engineering
INO - Institute of Public Education
inspector - inspector
in-t - institute
inform. - informational
IPAN - Institute of Psychology of the USSR Academy of Sciences
IPK - Institute for Advanced Studies
art - art
research - study
ist. - historical
sources. - sources
IU - Teachers' Improvement Institute
candidate
cand. diss. - PhD thesis
class - Class
c.-l. - any
book. - book, prince
Ph.D. - some
qty - quantity
coll. - collective
colon. - colonial
Kolkh. - collective farm
coma. - Komsomol
con. - the end
conf. - conference
CPSU - Communist Party of the Soviet Union
to-ry - which
to-t - committee
cult.-clearance. - cultural and educational
LGPI - Leningrad State pedagogical institute them. A. I. Herzen
Leningrad State University - Leningrad State University
Linen. Prize - Lenin Prize
leningr. - Leningrad
to lay down. - medical
lit. - literary
lit-ra - literature
LIFLY - Leningrad Institute philosophy, literature, history
Max. - maximum
MAPRYAL - International Association of Teachers of Russian Language and Literature
math. - mathematical
materials - materials
mash.-builds. - machine-building
IBE - International Bureau of Education
MVTU - Moscow Higher Technical School. N. E. Bauman
MGZPI - Moscow State Correspondence Pedagogical Institute
MGPDI - Moscow State Pedagogical Defectological Institute
MGPI - Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. V. I. Lenin
MGPI them. Potemkin - Moscow City Pedagogical Institute. V. I. Potemkina
MSTU - Moscow State Technical University them. N. E. Bauman
MSU - Moscow State University. M. V. Lomonosov
honey. - medical, medal
intl. - international
months - month
method.- methodical
min - minute
min. - minister
min-in - ministry
min. - minimal
MIFLI - Moscow Institute of Philosophy, Literature and History
ml. - younger
million - million
billion - billion
pl. - many
MNP - Ministry of Public Education
MOIP - Moscow Society nature testers
MOPI them. Krupskaya - Moscow Regional Pedagogical Institute. N. K. Krupskaya
sea - marine
MOSK. - MOSCOW
MP - Ministry of Education MSGU - Moscow Pedagogical State University
MPU - Moscow Pedagogical University
husband. - male music - Musical Muslim. - Muslim
N. ST. - A NEW STYLE
n. e. - our era
called - called, called
name - title
max. - most, greatest
name -name, smallest
e.g. - for example
nar. - folk
People's Commissar - People's Commissar
Narkompros - People's Commissariat enlightenment
US. - population
present - real
scientific - scientific
nat. - National
early - beginning, initial, chief
weeks - a week
unknown - unknown, unknown
some - some
several - several
n.-i. - research
NII - research institute
Research Institute of Defectology - Research Institute of Defectology APN USSR
NII DV - Research Institute of Preschool Education of the Academy of Pedagogical Education of the USSR
Research Institute of ICT - Research Institute of Informatics and Computer Engineering of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR
Research Institute of Educational Education - Research Institute of General Education for Adults of the USSR
Research Institute of OPP - Research Institute of General and Pedagogical Psychology of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the USSR
NII OP - NII general pedagogy APN USSR
Research Institute of OPV - Research Institute of General Problems of Education of the APS of the USSR
Research Institute PRYANSH - Research Institute of Russian Language Teaching in national school APN USSR
Research Institute of PTP - Research Institute of Vocational Pedagogy of the APS of the USSR
NII SIMO - Research Institute of content and teaching methods of the APS of the USSR
NII TOP - Research Institute of Labor Training and Career Guidance of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the USSR
NII UENO - Research Institute of Management and Economics of Public Education of the USSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences
Research Institute FDP - Research Institute of Physiology of Children and Adolescents of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR
NII KhV - Research Institute of Artistic Education of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the USSR
NII SHOTSO - Research Institute of School Equipment and Teaching Aids of the USSR Academy of Sciences
new - new
about. - Island
society - society
region - region, regional
OK. - about
env. - county
ONO - Department of Public Education
UN - United Nations
publ. - published, published
org-tion - organization
orig. - original
main - founded, main
otv -responsible
otd - separate, department
fatherland - domestic
official - official
party - party
ped-pedagogical
lane - translation
rename - renamed
Petersburg - Petersburg
petrogr - petrogradsky
pl - area
half - half
polygraph - printing
polit - political
polytechnic - polytechnic
pom - assistant
pos - settlement
having eaten - dedicated
post - ruling, staging, permanent
poch h - honorary member
pr - premium, other
pr-in - government
pre - chairman
foreword - foreword
Pres - President, Presidium
preim - predominantly
approx - approximately
app - application
prim - note
prov - province
product - product
production - production
prom - industrial
industry - industry
prof - professor, professional
prof-tech - vocational
pseudonym - alias
psycho - psychological
vocational school - vocational school
public - publication
p - river, born
RAEY - Russian Academy of Natural Sciences
section -section
diff - various
RAMS - Russian Academy of Medical Sciences
RAS - Russian Academy of Sciences
RANION - Russian Association of Research Institutes of Social Sciences
RAO - Russian Academy of Education
RSL - Russian State Library
RGGU - Russian State University for the Humanities
roar - revolutionary
red - editor, editorial
director - director
religion - religious
rep - republican
ref - abstract
rec - review
rome-roman
rice - drawing
district - district
RNL - National Library of Russia
ros-russian
rr-rivers
RTO - Russian Technical Society
RF - Russian Federation
C - north
s - second
c - village, page
san - sanitary
from x to - agriculture
Sat - collection, Sat - collections
ev - over
s -d - social democrat, social democratic
sowing - northern
village - rural, village
ser - middle, series
sib - siberian
next - next
see - see
CM - Council of Ministers
Mass media - mass media
co-author
SNK - Council of People's Commissars - Council of People's Commissars
CO - learning tools
sobr - assembly
sobr op - collected works
own - actually
owls - soviet
joint - joint, joint
modern - modern
abbr - abbreviation, abbreviated
op - composition
special - special
sports - sports
SPTU - secondary vocational school
cf - compare, average
Wed-Century - Medieval
st - article, station, senior
stlb - column
verse - poem
building - construction
from -x - agricultural
SH - Union of Artists
t - volume
those - that is
t to - since
t and - the so-called
then - thus
tabl - table
t-in - partnership
text - textile
terr - territorial, territory
tetra - notebook
tech - technical
technol - technological
t-r - theater
tr-procedures
TSO - technical training aids
tt-volumes
TU - technical school
thousand - thousand, millennium
Youth theater - theater of the young spectator
u - county
UVK - educational complex
un-t - university
UPC - training and production plant
uel - conditional
obsolete - obsolete
uch - educational
student - students
school - school
fam - surname
fascist - fascist
fief - feudal
FZD - factory ninth plate
FZO - factory training
FZS - factory seven-year plan
FZU - factory apprenticeship
physical - physical
physics and mathematics - physical and mathematical
fiziol - physiological
philol - philological
philosophy - philosophical
finance - financial
fp - piano
FPK - faculty of advanced training
f-t - faculty
fundam - fundamental
x-in - farm
chem - chemical
household - economic
christian - christian
artistic
church - church
Central Committee - Central Committee
CEC - Central Executive Committee
CNS - central nervous system
h - hour
h - part
person - person
thursday - quarter
chl - member
h-k - corresponding member
shk - school
ShKM - school of peasant youth, school of collective farm youth
ShRM - school of working youth
SHSM - school of rural youth
piece - state, piece
COMPUTER - electronic computer
ex - instance
economy - economic
experiment - experimental
ethnographic - ethnographic
Yu - south
South Africa - Republic of South Africa
south - south
UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
legal - legal
yaz - language
Note 1. Abbreviations are used for words denoting state, language or nationality (for example, English - English, Russian - Russian), the name of the months (for example, April - April, April) , “anny”, “spruce”, “spruce”, “enny”, “esky”, “ionic”, etc.
Abbreviations in the names of common scientific periodicals
VLU - "Bulletin of LSU" VMU - "Bulletin of Moscow State University" VP - "Issues of Psychology" VF - "Issues of Philosophy" VYa - "Issues of Linguistics"
DAN - "Reports of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR" IAN - "Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR" PJ - "Psychological Journal" TODRL - "Proceedings of the Department of Old Russian Literature of the Institute of Russian Literature"
UZ - "Scientific Notes"
CHOIDR - "Readings in the Society of Russian History and Antiquities at Moscow University"
Abbreviations in the titles of pedagogical periodicals
BSh - "Biology at school"
VVSh - "Bulletin of Higher School"
VS - "Education of schoolchildren"
GSh - "Geography at school"
DV - "Preschool education"
ZHMNP - "Journal of the Ministry of People's
education" IAPN - "Proceedings of the Academy of Pedagogical
Sciences"
IYASH - "Foreign Languages ​​at School" LS - "Literature at School" MS - "Mathematics at School" NO - "People's Education" NSh - "Primary School" II - "Pedagogy"
HSP - "Teaching History in School" VET - "Vocational Education"
RYANSH - "Russian language in the national school"
RYASSH - "Russian language in the Soviet school"
RYASH - "Russian at school"
Joint venture - "Soviet Pedagogy"
SSO - "Secondary specialized education"
School - "Family and School"
UG - "Teacher's newspaper"
FS - "Physics at school"
ХШ - "Chemistry at school"
SHIP - "School and production"

"Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia" - a collection of information on the problems of education and upbringing. It contains over 2,000 articles on the theory, history, and methodology of the psychological and pedagogical sciences. The history and current state of education systems in Russia and abroad are covered. The focus is on the formation of the student's personality. The encyclopedia is intended for teachers and other specialists in the field of education, students of pedagogical universities, as well as parents and all those who are interested in issues of pedagogy and humanitarian knowledge.

UDC 37(03) BBK 74 i2
License No. 0101144 dated 140197. Tax benefit - all-Russian classifier of products OK-005 93, volume 2, 953000. Handed over to the set 25 06 96 Signed for printing 18 09 96 Edition format 84 x 108 "/16 Offset paper No. 1 Typeface Times. Printing offset Volume of publication 70.56 standard printed sheets, 70.56 standard printed sheets, 134.47 standard printed sheets Circulation 5000 copies Order 1611. P. 2.
Scientific publishing house "Great Russian Encyclopedia" 109028, Moscow, Pokrovsky Boulevard, 8 JSC "Tver Polygraphic Plant" 170024, Tver, Lenina Prospekt, 5.

Note!
1. This version of the text of the encyclopedia does not contain graphics and tabular data, with the exception of the text of articles in which tables are an important part of the content;2. After automatic cleaning, the text was not checked for errors, which is why a number of shortcomings were noticed in it: - there may be missing or incorrectly recognized punctuation marks and symbols, as well as letters and words in the wrong case, extra spaces and symbols; - all letters, not included in the alphabets of Russian and German, are lost and replaced with the characters of the alphabets of the two mentioned languages ​​that are closest to them; - all accents are lost; - the typeface and text formatting may differ from the original ones; - theoretically, some blocks of text may be placed in the wrong order (shortcomings of the segmentation module in the OCR program ).
Usage
Once you've selected the link with the letter you want, use your browser's "Case Sensitive Search" feature. Enter the keyword of the article in the search bar CAPITAL LETTERS. If the search fails to find the article you are looking for, then the title of the article may contain a spelling error. In this case, the desired article will have to be searched manually by scrolling :-). Use your browser's BACK and FORWARD buttons to navigate.

ABAY KUNANBAYEV, Kazakh, poet-educator, founder of the new written Kazakh literature. He studied at the madrasah in Semipalatinsk, independently studied Persian, the language. The formation of his worldview was influenced by humanistic. ideas of Nizami, Navoi and others, views of Rus. Democrats. A.K. gained fame among the Kazakhs as a connoisseur of nar. life, customs, judicial decisions in litigation, etc., as the author of many others. satirical poems, which were memorized by Kazakh youth. In poetry and prose. "Words of Edification" expressed educational ideas.
A. K. saw the cause of most of the vices of Kazakh society in ignorance, which is spreading due to the lack of properly organized education for children. Existed in the Semipalatinsk region several. governments, boarding schools for the Kazakhs did not provide education for the children of nomads. Hopes for the enlightenment of the people A.K. associated with the education of boys and girls in Russian. schools. He recommended to include in the training general elementary knowledge, information about the culture of the East and West, Kazakhs, and Russian. peoples. He proposed teaching children and youth both their native and Russian languages, seeing this as the key to understanding the world and the national. cultures and the path to the equal position of the Kazakhs among other peoples. According to A.K., a broad general education develops the mind, will, worldview of a person, contributes to his striving for truth and justice. A. K. encouraged the youth to take a serious attitude to learning, to be independent, and to master skills that are useful in everyday life.
In production AK paid much attention to morals. and labor education of youth, a decisive role in which he assigned to the family, ch. arr. put the example of parents and older relatives. In morals. AK attached special importance to the improvement of man to poetry and music. According to A.K., the nobility of a person depends on the development of a sense of beauty. A.K. translated into Kazakh, lang. poems by A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, fables by I. A. Krylov. The ideas of Russian-Kazakh cultural cooperation expressed by A.K. Prod. A.K. were first published in Kazakh, yaz. Petersburg in 1909.
Op.: in Kazakh, lang. - Poly, coll. soch., v. 1 - 2, A.-A., 1977; in Russian per. - Izbr., M., 1981; Words of edification. A.-A., 1982.
Lit .: Tazhibaev T. T., Philos., psi-hol. and ped. the views of Abai Kunanbaev, A.-A., 1957; And at ez o v M. O., Abai Kunanbaev. Art. and issl., [A.-A., 1967]; Sombay / in A.I., Enlightener-Democrat Abay Kunanbaev, SP, 1970, No. 8; Shaimerdenova K. Ped. views of Abai Kunanbaev, A.-A., 1990.
G. M. Khrapchenkov.

ABAKUMOV Sergey Ivanovich, linguist, methodologist, Ph.D. APN RSFSR (1947). Graduated from history-philology. Faculty of Kazan un-ta (1912). Conducted teaching and research. work in universities and scientific institutions of Moscow, including in the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. V. I. Lenin (1933-41), Scientific Research Institute of Teaching Methods of the APS (1944-49). Considering linguistics and teaching methods in close connection, A. proceeded from the need to give students an idea about Russian. lang. as a complete system. He pointed to practical the importance of exercises for mastering the basics. norms of grammatically correct and stylistically ordered lit. speech. Developed an approximate classification of stylistic. mistakes, the program of work on stylistics at school. attached great importance development of students' speech, developed an original theory and methodology of reading ("Creative Reading", 1925). His ideas about the need for "active" reading, creative. assimilation of the text, about a different method, approach to reading business and artistic. texts, oh met

YABLONSKYS(Jablonskis) Jonas, lit. linguist, educator, teacher. Graduated from history-philology. Faculty of Moscow. University in the specialty “classical philology". Pupil of F. E. Korsh (candidate of unta, 1888). From 1890 he taught at gymnasiums in Mitava (Jelgava), Revel (Tallinn), etc., at the teacher's seminary in Paneve-zhis and at the Voronezh teacher's institute. In 1902-03 for involvement in the litas. foreign press was sent to Pskov. Prof. at Kaunas University (1922-26). With their linguistic works written under the influence of Russian. philol. schools (F. F. Fortunatov and others), contributed to the formation of the norms of litas. lit. language. Lithuanian grammar. language "J. (1901) was a generalization of this process and after the official. permission to teach the native language (1905) became the first manual for teaching this subject in litas. schools. Author of the first program (1906) and a number of studies. allowances for litas. language. Streamlined the spelling of litas. lang., adopted in the 20s. Compiled one of the first anthology of litas. literature (parts 1-2, 1916-35). Was the author of the method, manuals for teachers. Contributed to the development of terminology for a number of school subjects. course: chemistry, mathematics, geography, etc., as well as linguistics. Converted to litas. lang. some artists. works by I. A. Krylov and other Russian. authors, books by J. Sand and others; uch. manuals on arithmetic by A.P. Kiselyov, on geography by S.P. Mecha, etc. For the first time he published under his editorship Op. Chew.

Op. in lit. lang.: Collected. cit., vols. 1-5, Kaunas, 1932-36; Fav. cit., vols. 1-2, Vilnius, 1957-59; Letters, Vilnius, 1985; Articles and letters, Vilnius, 1990.

Lit. in lit. lang.: Pirochkinas A. M., At the origins of literature. language, Vilnius, 1977; his own, I. Yablonsky and litas. lit. language, Vilnius, 1978. A. M. Pirochkinas.

YAVORSKY Boleslav Leopoldovich, musicologist, composer, pianist, teacher, society, activist; der Art Criticism (1941), prof. Kievskaya (1916) and Mosk. (1938) conservatories. Graduated from Moscow. conservatory (1903) in composition class. A student of S. I. Taneyev. Since 1906, he took part in the organization and taught at the first Moscow Moscow. nar. conservatory, prepared for her account. plans, programs, method, materials. Organizer "Muz. exhibitions". Considered Nar. conservatory as a school, which is able to attach to the muses.

culture of the general population. Since 1917, the director of the Kiev Nar. conservatory (KNK). Organizer and leader of music training courses. teachers from students and graduates of KNK. Compiled a program for music groups. education - children and adults. Contributed to the opening of 35 children in Kyiv. music schools and classes in education. institutions for sick children, including, for example, in the "House of the Blind".

Since 1921, at the invitation of A. V. Lunacharsky, he was in charge of the music. department of the People's Commissar of Millet. Under the leadership of J. reorganization of the muses. education and related institutions, programs have been revised and a single account has been created. plan. In 1921-31 he taught at the 1st Moscow. music college. In 1922, the first det. music school, which worked according to the Ya. system as the first stage of prof. music education.

Contributed to the creation of the foundations of mass music. education in the country. The purpose of the music education considered the development of the intellectual and creative qualities of the child, contributing to the formation of art. and music. thinking. I. believed that int. artistic the potency of the child awakens "listening to the sounds of nature, to the sound human voice, into the direct intonations of humanity - Nar. song in its entirety... Attaching importance to the educational environment as the initial stimulus for creativity, I. already in his early works indicated that the acquisition of knowledge and skills is not a brake on the intensity of education. work. According to Ya., music. art acts in a trinity: composer - performer - listener. Perception, or, according to Ya., listening to music, naib, an active form of music. activities.

Combining the formation of an aesthetically prepared listener with the development of personality traits, I. brought to the fore the formation creativity. He used movement, choral singing, performing activities, drawing, storytelling, etc. Music. images gave rise to literary, pictorial and vice versa. Developing associative thinking skills decomp. types of artists activity, I. sought to stimulate the muses through them. creation. The process of its formation covered, but according to Ya., the accumulation of impressions, their spontaneous, sensory-motor, visual and speech manifestations, improvisation, the creation of orig. compositions.

At the heart of the teaching system Y. - "expansion method", pursuing the goal of disclosure and development of artistic and musical. the gifts of the child; the initiative of the children was important. The solution to this problem I. connected with the selection for the study and performance of works marked by vivid images, conveying deep feelings, evoking an emotional response in children.

Op.: Selected. works, vol. 2, part 1, ed. D. D. Shostakovich, M, 1987.

Lit. B. Yavorsky. Articles, memoirs, correspondence, vol. l, M, 19722; Morozova S., From the history of mass music. education. B. L. Yavorsky, “Music. education at school”, 1977, c. 12; with e f e, Far-close. (B. L. Yavorsky about the musical education of children), ibid., 1985, c. 16.

FROM. N Morozov.

YAGawa TOKUMITSU(1900, Nagasaki - 14.7.1983, Tokyo), Japanese. teacher. Graduated from the University of Kyoto. Prof. a number of high fur boots of Japan. In the 30s. published in a journal. "New Pedagogy" articles about owls. school and pedagogy. After the 2nd World War in the works "Criticism of the New Education" (1950), "The Crisis of Japan. education” (1953), “Nar. Pedagogy” (1957) opposed the ideas of Nar. pedagogy new upbringing. In book. "The development of owls. Pedagogy" (1950), "Modern. owls. Pedagogy ”(1955) Y. T. covered the main. owl ideas. pedagogy, theory and practice of A. S. Makarenko, gave an interpretation of the Polytechnic. training in owls. school. Ya. T. was a member of the Society for the Democratization of Nar. education, since 1960 before. Society for the study of owls. pedagogy, created on his initiative. Translated to Japanese. lang. ped. op. N. K. Krupskaya, A. V. Lunacharsky, A. S. Makarenko, a number of textbooks and monographs of owls. teachers.

In the works "On methodological the meaning of determinism in owls. Pedagogy" (1961), "Search for Nar. education” (1962), “What is education” (1970) and others. Ya. T. formulated his own concept of personality, considering the child as an “object-subject” of education.

M L Rodionov.

YAGODIN Gennady Alekseevich (born June 3, 1927, Bolshoi Vyas village, now in the Penza region), educator, chemist, teacher, Ph.D. RAS (Ch.-C. USSR Academy of Sciences since 1976), acad. RAO (1992), der chem. Sciences (1967), prof. (1967). Graduated from Moscow. chemical-technological in-t im. D. I. Mendeleev (MKhTI, 1950), subsequently taught there (from 1966 dean of the faculty; in 1974-86 rector). Author of works and inventions in chemistry and technology inorganic. materials of nuclear technology. State. etc. USSR (1985). In 1963-1965 deputy. gene. Director of the IAEA (Vienna).

Since 1985 min. higher and cf. specialist. education of the USSR, in 1987-91 before. State. to the USSR according to Nar. education. One of the initiators of the first congress of educators in the USSR (1988), on which he received societies, support for the course towards the humanization of educators. process and democracy

tization of account management. establishments. Ch. considered the nomination of the personality of the student to the center of the ped. work will educate. institutions, the transformation of the school from a purely state institution into a managed one with the broad participation of the public, parents and students themselves, the restoration of the principles of internal. autonomy and economy. independence of universities (book "Through humanization and democratization to a new quality of education", 1988). Since 1991, the rector of the International. un-ta (Moscow), one of the first in Ros. Federation of Non-Gos. Univ.

In the field of scientific interests Ya - environmental problems. education. In MKhTI he organized the department of industrial. Ecology (1966), which for the first time began to produce engineers of this profile. Head (since 1988) of the Center for Ecological. education in Moscow. Author and co-author pl. books on this issue, including those addressed to schools. teachers (“Problems of environmental education”, Kaz., 1990). Ed. Ya published in Russian. translation of T. Miller's textbook "Life in environment"(1993-95).

Cit.: Continuous Ecological. preparation of students, M., 1984 (co-author); About the ecological training of process engineers, M., 1985 (co-author); Nar. education in the USSR threshold of the XXI in .: the course of perestroika and renovation, M., 1988; Some recommendations for creating a system of continuous ecological. education, M., 1995.

YAGODOVSKY Konstantin Pavlovich, Methodist naturalist. Graduated from Petersburg. un-t (1901), taught natural science at schools in Orenburg and St. Petersburg. Since 1916, he headed the teaching institute in Hlukhiv (now in the Sumy region of Ukraine). After 1919, Ya. opened an account in Glukhov. an institution of a new type, in which he put into practice the ideas of the labor school. In 1923-43 he worked in a ped. universities and scientific institutions of Leningrad, Moscow, Sverdlovsk. Proceedings on the methodology of natural science in the beginning. school, in to-ryh DOS. attention was paid to the management of the process of formation and development of concepts. Developed the content and methodology of practical. And laboratory work in natural science, botany, anatomy and physiology, sought to give them exploratory character taking into account the interests and abilities of students. Author pl. visual aids.

C o h .: Lessons in natural science at the beginning. school, part 1-2, P., 1916; the same, part 1-2, [M.], 1921; A living corner at school and at home. Plants, M.-L., 1927; Questions of the general methodology of natural sciences. Intro. article by M. N. Skatkin, M., 1936; M., 19542.

Lith.. Raikov B. E., Ways and methods of naturalistic. education, M., I960.

3. A. Klepinina.

LANGUAGE OF LEARNING, the language in which education is carried out. process in this education. institution (i.e. the language of communication between the teacher and students in the classroom, the language of programs and textbooks, etc.). In a number

legal documents (for example, in the Law "On the languages ​​of the peoples of the RSFSR"), the concept of "language of education and training" is also used, which is not clearly defined.

In the mononational state-wah Ya. o., as a rule, serves as the state language, which is also the native language for most students.

The problem of Ya is much more complicated. in multinational state-wah, where along with the majority (i.e., prevailing) there are so-called. minority languages ​​(minority languages). Free choice by the student (or his parents) of one or another I. o. is one of the fundamental linguistic human rights (along with the right to choose one's native language). The right to such a choice is enshrined in a number of international, regional, and legal documents. Yes, in Europe. Charter on the Region, Languages ​​and Minority Languages, adopted by the Council of Europe on 5 Nov. 1992, provides for the obligations of the parties to "make available" doshk., Nach., Wed., Tech. and prof., university and other higher education in the region, languages ​​and minority languages ​​"in accordance with the situation of each of these languages ​​and without prejudice to teaching official language", as well as to take measures to provide courses for adults and courses continuing education, where teaching is conducted Ch. arr. or entirely to the region, languages ​​or minority languages.

The UN Declaration on the rights of persons belonging to nat. or ethnic., religious. and Linguistic Minorities (18 Dec. 1992) is more cautious: “States shall take appropriate measures to ensure that, where practicable, persons belonging to minorities have adequate opportunities to learn their mother tongue or to be taught in their mother tongue » (Article 4.4).

In this regard, the legislation of the Russian Federation corresponds to the world and European ones. level. In the current Law on the languages ​​of the peoples of the RSFSR (October 1991) in Art. 8 provides for the right to freely choose the language of education and training, state. ensuring the creation of a system of education. institutions in the languages ​​of the peoples of Russia, the right to choose parents will form. institutions with one or another language of education and training, as well as the assistance of the state-va "in organizing various forms of education and training in their native language" for Russian citizens living outside their national-state. and national-terr. formations, as well as those that do not, for representatives of small peoples and ethnic groups. In the Law of the Russian Federation on Education, the right to choose Ya. given to the founder institutions. These rights are limited in practice by objective conditions, for example, the lack or lack of trained teachers, textbooks, etc. materials, the lack of writing in the language

Noah form, undeveloped scientific. and socio-political. terminology, etc.

In most of the laws on the languages ​​of the republics within the Russian Federation, the structure is copied and the wording of the federal law is reproduced. One exception is the law on languages ​​in force in Tuva, which emphasizes, in particular, the importance of "continuity and continuity of education and training in the native language."

I. o. in multinational (multilingual) state-wah often changes when moving from one level of education to another. So, in the Russian Federation, along with languages ​​used at all levels of education from elementary to higher (for example, Bashk., Tat., Rus.), there are languages ​​that are Ya. only for beginning and cf. education, or I. about. only for beginning schools (Avar, Dargin, Komi-Zyryan, etc.) or even only in 1-2 cells. (Kalmyk, Karelian). In the future, this language usually continues to be studied already as a subject, and as I. o. Russian is used. lang. I. o. in high school most often is Russian, other languages ​​are used as Y. o. only when training specialists in a given language, literature and culture; so bashkir is ya o. only on f-those heads. philology and journalism Bashk. un-ta, f-tah chump. philology and early Bashk classes. ped. in-ta and similar f-takh Ster-Litamak ped. in-ta.

Among the "minority" languages ​​of the Russian Federation there are many unwritten or written languages, but limited in their social functions, mainly by everyday communication and not used in the education system. In these cases from the very beginning I. about. serves as the language of international. communication. Necessary condition for this is massive bilingualism, taking place, for example, among the Khants, Kets (with the Russian language), among a number of small peoples of Dagestan (with the Avar language). However, in practice, not all children with a native non-written language are sufficiently proficient in the language of interethnic languages. communication, which drastically reduces the effectiveness of learning on it.

According to the decree “On Schools for the National minorities”, adopted by the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR in 1918, all the peoples of Russia had the right to organize schools. education in their native languages; This right was actively exercised in the 1920s. Hence the increased attention of the authorities to education

just in their native language. So, in 1922, the Yakut language was introduced into the Yakut, schools as Yakut, and from 1929 it became compulsory in the Yakut, nat. schools. In 1926 in the USSR there were approx. 86 thousand schools with one Ya. (in 57.5 thousand of them it was Russian), approx. 2.6 thousand - with two and about the same number of "mixed" schools with Russian Ya. and the study of other languages ​​as subjects. In con. 90s in the Russian Federation schools with Russian Y. o. OK. 58 thousand, with others. Ya. - OK. 6.2 thousand, bilingual - approx. 4.3 thousand, mixed about 1.5 thousand. In bilingual schools, languages ​​were often used, in which there was no monolingual teaching, for example, Abaza, Karelian, Veps, Karachay, Teleut, Khakass.

In 1934, there were 104 Ya. O. in the USSR, in 1988 - 44. In the schools of the RSFSR, to the middle. 80s used 23 Ya. The reduction in their number in the previous period was influenced by objective factors associated with the involvement, therefore, of the masses of the non-Russian population in households. and political processes where the Russian language prevailed. In the USSR in the 50-70s. a trend has taken shape to turn Russian into a second native language for many. ethnic groups. This led to the displacement of the native language itself from the decomp. spheres of its functioning, including education. On the individual, the motivation in choosing I. o. influenced the quality of education. training, higher among students of schools with Russian language education, and the opportunity to continue their education in Russian-speaking technical schools and universities (hence, wider prospects for professional and social mobility).

Number I. about. in ros. schools in the 90s made St. 50. Harmonization of individual, ethnic. and public interests in solving problems Ya. depends on the sequence of national policy and further education reforms.

Lit.: National culture in Ros. Federation. Information bull., c. 1-3, M., 1992-93; Dyachkov M.V., Problems of bilingualism (multilingualism) and education, M., 1991; his, social role languages ​​in multi-ethnic societies, M., 1993; Batsy and V.K., Kuzmin M.N., Nat. problems of education in Ros. Federation, M., 1994; Xp usl o in G. V. (comp.), Ethnic language rights. minorities in education, M., 1994; LeontievA. A., Language human rights. Obozrevatel, 1994, No. 1; Red Book of the Languages ​​of the Peoples of Russia, M., 1944; State. languages ​​in Ros. Federation, M., 1995; Skutnabb-Kan-g a s T, Language and literacy rights minorities, L., 1990; Linguistic Human Rights, B.-N. Y., 1994; Multilingualism for all, Lisse, 1995.

A. A. Leontiev.

JACOBSON(Jakobson) Carl Robert, est. teacher, writer, society, activist. He graduated from the Valga Teachers' Seminary (1859). Worked as a teacher schools in Torma (1859-62) and Yamburg (1862-63), a home teacher and a gymnasium teacher in St. Petersburg (1864-71). Since 1878 editor of gas. "Sakala" ("Sakala"), to-paradise

la leading body est. nat. movements of the 70s and 80s. 19th century One of the initiators of the creation and since 1881 prez. About-va est. writers, who launched an active work on the publication of textbooks for schools. In journalism, he opposed class privileges in the Baltic-German. landlords in the field of education, for the creation of a system of bunks. schools run by the state bodies, not parishes and churches. authorities, for translating education into their native language Est. peasants.

Author school. textbooks for est. nar. schools. His "New ABC" ("Uus Aabit-saraamat", 1867) approved the sound method of teaching literacy and a new spelling. In "Book for Schools. readings” (“Ko-oli lugemise raamat”, parts 1-3; 1867-76) along with the works of Estonian. literature widely used information on natural science and history; applied lesson planning, the material was presented systematically, with the selection of fragments for repetition; in the appendix to the 2nd part he gave a brief grammar of Estonian. language. "The book ..." Ya. for 40 years withstood 15 editions and was the most popular est. book of its time. Compiled and published. geography textbooks (1868; first developed the Estonian academic terminology for this course) and German. language (1878), school. geogr. atlas (1873), an anthology for teaching girls "Beads" ("Helmed", 1880), several. scientific and popular books. Ya.'s activities contributed to the creation of an organizational-ped. foundations of mass est. nar. schools.

As a writer, J. is known for his poems and the play Arthur and Anna (1872).

C o.: Valitud teosed, kd. 1-2, Tallinn, 1959.

Lit.: Jansen E., Pöldmae R., C. R. Jakobson, Tallinn, 1968. A. Yu. Elango.

YAKOVLEV Ivan Yakovlevich, Chuvash, educator, democrat teacher, writer. Genus. in a peasant family. Got prof. education. In 1867 he entered the gymnasium and organized in Simbirsk (1868) a school for the Chuvash, with the support of I.N. Ulyanova was accepted at the state content. St. 50 years taught at this school, which became the center of nat. Chuvash, culture. After graduating from the Kazan University (1875), he headed the school organized by him, was at the same time the inspector of the Chuvash, schools of the Kazan Uch. districts (until 1903). He contributed to the spread of education among non-Russians. peoples of the Volga region: with his participation, St. 1200 schools. Expanded the training of teachers from the Chuvash, boys and girls.

Under the leadership of N.I. Ileminsky improved (jointly with the student-philologist I. I. Belilin) ​​Chuvash, the alphabet into Russian. graphic basis, to-ry began to be used for publishing decomp. books in Chuvash, yaz. Prepared and published

the first bilingual Primer for the Chuvash... (1872). With the participation of Ya., books were compiled for reading at the beginning. school containing his orig. stories from folk everyday life, creatively processed samples of folklore. In these accounts manuals Ya applied didactic. ideas of K. D. Ushinsky. For account. goals translated into Chuvash, lang. books for reading and "New ABC" by L. N. Tolstoy. Translated production. A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, N. A. Nekrasov and others. Books Ya. contributed to the formation of modern. Chuvash, yaz. and the formation of an original Chuvash, literature. Wrote "The original textbook of Russian. lang. for the Chuvash" (1892). It means that he has achieved success in spreading Russian. lang. among non-Russians. students. In the methodology of training paid special attention to the formation of active bilingualism. Contributed to the implementation of school. teaching Chuvash girls, created orphanages. He provided a method, assistance to teachers, organized teachers' congresses and courses.

From about h: Det. stories, [Cheboksary, 1968]; Memoirs, Cheboksary, 19832; Letters, Cheboksary, 1985.

Lit.: Spiridonov S. S., Worldview of I. Ya. Yakovlev, M., 1965; I. Ya. Yakovlev in the memoirs of his contemporaries, [Cheboksary, 1968]; Volkov G. N., Ideas of the interethnic community in the society.-ped. activities of I. Ya. Yakovlev, SP, 1973, No. 6; Krasnov N. G., I. Ya. Yakovlev. A life. Activity. Ped. ideas. Essays, Cheboksary, 1976; Chernova G. M., Goltsman Yu. Literature index, ChebEksary, 1960. G. Ya. Volkov

YAKUTIA, The Republic of Sakha, part of Ros. Federation. Pl. 3103.2 thousand km2. US. St. 1 million people (1994), including Yakuts (about 34%), Russians (about 50%), Ukrainians (about 7%). The capital is Yakutsk.

Per 1000 people population aged 15 years and older in 1994 accounted for 911 people. with higher and secondary (complete and incomplete) education (in 1979 - 792 people). In the sectors of the economy, St. 170 thousand specialists, including St. 70 thousand with higher and St. 71 thousand from cf. specialist. education.

The first Russian schools (garrison) opened in 1730; in 1739 they were converted into navigational ones; after decomp. reorganizations, the Yakut school worked until 1783, the Okhotsk school - until 1870. Since 1735, schools of the Office of the Orthodox Faith appeared. Since 1808 county schools were opened (the first - in Yakutsk), since 1812 - parish schools of the MNP. Worked early. Cossack schools. Enlighten, doer-

The exiled Decembrists M. I. Muravyov-Apostol (from 1828 in Vilyuisk; compiled several handwritten textbooks), A. A. Bestuzhev-Marlinsky.

The first brief grammar of the Yakuts. lang. published in 1858 in Moscow by D. V. Khitrov (an alphabet on a Russian graphic basis). In the 70s. 19th century Russian began to open. early schools in uluses and villages, several appeared. private schools. The training of the Yakuts was facilitated by many. Russian polit, exiles. In 1882 he opened a home school in the village. Amga writer V. G. Korolenko, who used the method, techniques of K. D. Ushinsky and N. F. Bunakov in teaching practice. In 1869, a pro-gymnasium was founded on the basis of the district school in Yakutsk, which in 1890 was reorganized into a gymnasium. In 1882, a women's shop was opened. progymnasium (since 1900 gymnasium). In 1912 a teacher's seminary was organized. By 1917 there were 173 educational institutions. institutions, including 164 one-class schools (total 4.6 thousand students), 5 schools of an increased type and 4 medium. uch. institutions. School enrollment did not reach 10%. Literacy among the Yakuts by 1917 was 2%. Teaching in all areas institutions was conducted in Russian. lang.

Since 1920, the creation of owls began. schools. in Yakut. ASSR (since 1922) the Yakut was introduced, the alphabet in lat. graphic based and published primer compiled by S. A. Novgorodov (one of the leaders of the Yakut provinces. ONO), as well as the first book for reading at school. In 1923/24 school. there were 132 schools (6.4 thousand students). The first children appeared. gardens. Work began to eliminate illiteracy. Already in 1921 St. 100 points of educational program. The “Yras oloh” society (“Down with illiteracy!”) was organized. The eradication of mass illiteracy was completed in the 1940s.

From 1923/24 account. in schools with a predominant contingent of Yakut students, instruction in the native language was introduced. The practice began to include boarding education of children, which over time became massive and violated the continuity of family traditions of sowing. peoples. Since 1926 Yakut. state The publishing house launched the release of the Yakuts. uch. liters. Since 1920, teachers have been preparing ped. courses (3 years of study), later - ped. technical College.

In 1931/32 account. G. began the introduction obya-zat. early learning. A prominent contribution to its implementation was made by the state. figure, scientist and writer P. A. Oyunsky and organizer of the Nar. education S. N. Donskoy. In 1931/32 account. there were St. 480 schools (38.2 thousand students). The creation of prof. uch. institutions (in 1934 there were 17 technical schools and educational institutions). At the technical school of communications, the first courses of the FZO were opened for the training of minders, fitters, and others. In 1934, Yakut was opened. ped. in-t. From 1934/35 account. school began. education in the Evenki language, the first Evenki primer was published (author - G. M. Vasilevich). In con. 30s Yakut, and Evenki writing translated into Russian. graphic basis.

From 1949/50 account. was introduced obligatory. 7 years of study. In 1950/51 St. 630 schools, including 37 secondary schools (a total of 65.5 thousand students; over half of them studied at 7-year schools). In 1961/62 account. 8-year general education was carried out. In 685 general education. schools were engaged in St. 108 thousand students, St. 6.2 thousand teachers. In the 70-80s. a course was carried out on a universal Wed. youth education. At the same time, the sphere of education of the indigenous peoples of the North in their native language. decreased. As a result, the tendencies of separation, which means the masses of children from the nat. traditions, loss of knowledge of the native language, culture, history.

In 1996, in 911 doshk. institutions brought up St. 67 thousand children. Coverage of children of the appropriate age doshk. institutions was St. 68%. St. 500 institutions were educated. work in Yakut, Even, Evenki and other languages ​​of the North. peoples (about 30 thousand people).

In 1996, St. 700 day general education. schools, including those run by the Ministry of Education - 380 secondary, 114 basic, St. 80 primary (total approx. 200 thousand students). In con. 80s work on the revival of the Yakuts has been launched. lang. at school, to expand the teaching of Evenki and other languages. Various are being developed. development options for the national education systems. In 1992, the republic was introduced. basic account plan (16 options), in which the principles of differentiation and individualization of education, the development of bilingualism are implemented. 9 gymnasiums (more than 2 thousand students) were created. There are 4 non-gos. cf. schools. In 19 evening schools, St. 4 thousand people St. 80 vneshk. institutions covered St. 30 thousand students. In schools, etc. general education. institutions are occupied by St. 18 thousand teachers and educators, including St. 70% off higher education. Professional development is carried out by Yakut. rep. IUU (founded in 1939). There is a branch (founded in 1961) of car washes. Inst. education problems.

Vocational education is provided by 30 vocational schools (more than 8,000 students). Secondary specialized education is provided by 19 schools. institutions (total 10.5 thousand students). There are 4 ped., cult.-enlightenment., Music. and artist school. In the Yakutsk un-those (founded in 1956 on the basis of a pedagogical institute; 10 f-tov - in 1992) studies approx. 7 thousand students. In 1987, the main Yakut. s.-x. in-t (now the academy). In 3 universities - approx. 10 thousand students.

Since 1992 they have been published in Russian. and Yakut, journal languages. Nar. formation of Yakutia”, gas. "Teacher's Bulletin". Released det. periodicals, including journal. "Chuoran-chik" ("Bell", since 1987).

Lit.: Afanasiev VF, School and development of ped. thoughts in Yakutia, Yakutsk, 1966; S o s i A. A., The flowering of culture in Yakutia, [Yakutsk, 1972]; Zhirkov E.P., How to revive the nat. school. Steps of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), M., 1992.

FROM. P. Vasilyeva, H. H. Vinokurova.

YAMAL-NENETS AUTONOMOUS DISTRICT, included in Ros. Federation.

Pl. 750.3 thousand km2. US. 488 thousand people (1996), including Nenets (18 thousand), Khanty (6.6 thousand), Selkups (1.8 thousand), Mansi (0.1 thousand). Center - Salekhard.

The first Russian native school. in 1850 in Obdorsk (now Salekhard). In con. 19th century opened a boarding school. In the 60s. in Obdorsk there were 2 private schools, a 2-class school and elementary school: church-parish and missionary with a boarding house for the children of the Nenets, Khanty and Selkups. Education included St. 150 students, including approx. 20 representatives of the indigenous population. Literacy of the indigenous population in the beginning. 20th century was approx. one%.

First national A school on Yamal was opened in 1921 by P. E. Khatanzeev. In 1928-31, cultural bases began to operate in Yar-Sale and Hammer-Sede for the Nenets and Selkups.

Based on the Unified Sev. alphabet was first developed (1931) Nenets and Khanty writing (since 1937 in Russian graphics). In the 20s. in training, books compiled by V. G. Bogoraz and S. N. Stebnitsky were used. Primers were published for the Obdorsk Khanty - "Khanty-book" by Khatanzeev (1931) and for the Nenets - "The New Word" by P. G. Prokofiev (parts 1-2, 1932-33, the first Nenets scientist A. P. Pyrerka).

From the 30s. introduced a universal beginning. education. By 1940, there were 46 schools (more than 4,400 students, including more than 1,800 representatives of the indigenous population). 950 children of northerners were brought up in 28 boarding schools. In con. 30s the literacy of the population was St. 60%.

Implementation of the beginning universal education and the elimination of illiteracy continued in the 50s. A 7-year-old (1956) and an 8-year-old (1962) general education was introduced. From the 2nd floor. 70s supported the course for a universal Wed. youth education. One of the main difficulties in the organization of training - multinational. composition of students.

In 1996, 265 doshk. institutions, there were 38 thousand pupils (over 62% of children of the corresponding age). There were 136 general educational institutions. schools (over 86 thousand students), including 112 secondary schools (about 85 thousand students). Ch. arr. representatives of the indigenous peoples of the North (over 6.5 thousand students). From 1st to 7th grade. they study Nenets, Selkup, Khanty (in 2 dialects) languages. Published acc. primers (ed. S. I. Irikov, V. E. Anofriev, etc.). The study of the native language. organized for those living on the territory. children's districts

Tatars, Ukrainians, Moldovans, etc. 5.8 thousand teachers are employed in schools. Teachers are preparing Salekhard ped. college (1994; founded in 1933 as a pedagogical school), universities in St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tyumen, etc.

Lit.: BazanovA. G., Essays on the history of missionary schools in the Far North (Tobolsk North), L., 1936; B and z and and about in A. G., Kazansky N. G., School in the Far North, L., 1939; Peoples of Siberia, M. - L., 1956; Khomich L. V., Nentsy, M. - L., 1966; New life of the peoples of the North, M., 1967; Revived Yamal, Tyumen, 1970; Omelchuk A.K., Salekhard, Sverdlovsk, 1978. N. I. Melyakov.

YANZHUL Ekaterina Nikolaevna, educator, journalist, translator ped. liters. Wife and employee of I.I. Yanzhul. Educated in Dresden. Member Scientist to-that MNP in the department of tech. and prof. education (1900). Worked in the Post, the commission on tech. education Russian Technical Society(dealt with issues of women's professional education). She gained fame by publishing articles (including in the journal "Education", "Russian School", "Technical Education", "Bulletin of Europe", "Children's Help", etc.) and books on history, modern. state, problems and trends in the development of schools and pedagogy in Zap. Europe and America, which she studied during joint trips to foreign countries with Yanzhul. In 1896, in the Bulletin of Education, she published a series of articles “What distinguishes Amer. school from the Russian ”and published on their basis the book supplemented with new materials. "Amer. school. Essays on the methods of Amer. pedagogy" (1902; 19268). Works J. devoted to topical issues of the importance of schools, education, literacy for societies, development, culture, increasing productivity; problems of organization and management of schools. deed; amateur performance of students; doshk. education, etc. Studied teaching methods at the beginning. school, and especially the physical and manual labor of schoolchildren. She considered it necessary to introduce needlework as a subject in the general education course. schools. Acquaintance ped. public with the new trends of the world ped. process, warned against the immediate and thoughtless copying of cuttings, experience and called for reflection and discussion of common problems.

At 191<£-23 вела науч. и преподавательскую деятельность в Петрогр. ун-те и Педологич. ин-те дошк. воспитания. Привлекалась Наркомпросом как эксперт по вопросам заруб, образования. Продолжала науч. публикации в журн. «Работник просвещения» и др. Участвовала в пед. дискуссиях о методике обучения грамоте. Издала материалы по использованию за рубежом метода целых слов. Перевела труды У. Килпатрика, К. Уошберна и др.

Cit.: Hours of leisure. Essays and pictures on lit. and economy. questions, St. Petersburg, 1896 (jointly with I. I. Yanzhul); Influence of literacy on labor productivity, in the book: Ekon. appraisal Education, St. Petersburg, 1896; Manual labor in Amer. school, M., 1900; Needlework as a subject of study in general education. school, St. Petersburg, 19102. Kindergartens in the Montessori system, K., 1912; Compare, an essay on school systems. management in France, Germany, England and the United States, ZhMNP, 1917, no. 11-12; Labor beginning in the schools of Europe, M., 19183; Amer. det. the garden as a reconciling doshk system. education of Froebel and Montessori, “Ped. thought”, 1923, No. 2; The practice of the project method in Amer. schools, L., 1925; NOT as applied to school. case. Scientific organization of labor in pedagogy in the USA, M., 1926; Amer. school of our time, M. - L. 1926; The latest trends in the organization of schools. affairs in the USA, L., 1927.

Lit.: Malinin V, The fate of one book, NO, 1975, No. 12.

E. G. Osovsky, N. I. Enaleeva.

YANZHUL Ivan Ivanovich, economist and statistician, educator, Ph.D. Petersburg. AN (1895), der law (1876). Educated in Moscow (1862-69), Leipzig, Heidelberg, Zurich (1872-73) high fur boots. Since 1874 associate professor, in 1876-98 prof. Moscow un-ta (department of financial law) At the same time in 1882-87 the first factory inspector of the Moscow. districts. In his reports, he reflected the facts of the exploitation of children. labor and imperfection of the apprenticeship system; contributed to the adoption of factory legislation (1884), which limited the working day of children 12-15 years old to 8 hours and obliged entrepreneurs to create schools for workers' children. Member of the RTO.

I. - a supporter of the ideas of "state. socialism”, attached great importance to the participation of the state in the development of culture and education. Emphasized the role of education, especially technical education, and literacy in improving the welfare of society, the efficiency of trade and trade. He attributed the preparation of the able-bodied population of Russia to the conditions of industry to the most important tasks of the state. production, raised the question of the universality and accessibility of education. Ya.'s activity contributed to the emergence of the economy of the people in the country. education. Under his leadership, studies were carried out (jointly with A.I. Chuprov, E.N. Yanzhul, L. L. Gavrishev and others) the relationship of literacy, education, prof. preparation and quality of labor, their influence on the attitude of workers to production. The results were heard at the 2nd congress of the Rus. figures on tech. and prof. education (1895-96) and published by the department. ed. "Econ. appraisal education" (1896). He also dealt with issues of ped. sociology and statistics, social pedagogy, organization of extracurricular activities. education. Numerous author. scientific and journalistic articles in periodicals. publications (including in Otechestvennye Zapiski, Bulletin of Education, Russian School, etc.). His textbook for university students “Basic Principles of Financial Policy. The Doctrine of State Revenues ”(1893) of the Academy of Sciences honored

Greig awards. Editor of a number of articles Encyclopedic. Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron (since 1898).

Cit.: In search of a better future Social studies, St. Petersburg, 1893; The value of education for the success of industry and trade, “Tekhn. education”, 1896, No. 3; Statistical assessment of good and bad teacher influences within the walls of the school, Har., 1901; Between this and then. Essays on Nar Education, Economics. politics and societies, life, St. Petersburg, 1904; From the memoirs and correspondence of a factory inspector of the first convocation, St. Petersburg, 1907; Memories of what was experienced and seen in 1864-1809 ..., c. 1, St. Petersburg, 1910.

Lit.: Nebolsin A. G., Organization of courses for adult workers, St. Petersburg, 1897; Dyakonov M. A., I. I. Yanzhul, P., 1914; Bergman E., In memory of I. I. Yanzhul, P., 1914; Sudeikin V. G., I. I. Yanzhul, ZhMNP, 1915, Jan.

E. G. Osovsky, N. I. Enaleeva.

JANKOVICH DE MIRIEVO[Mirievsky (Jankoviö Mirijevski)] Fedor Ivanovich, teacher, member. Russian Academy (1783). Serb by origin. Educated in law. f-te of the Vienna University. He took an active part in the reform of Nar. education in Austria in 1774; in accordance with ped. ideas of I.I. Felbiger disseminated new teaching methods in Serbian schools. In 1782, at the invitation of Catherine II, he moved to Russia. Worked in the Commission on the establishment of Nar. uch-shch (1782-1801), made a school plan. system, enshrined in the Charter of 1786. Ch. considered the structure of the Nar system as questions of reform. school, teacher training and the publication of good textbooks. Initial the plan of J. de M. assumed the device of 3 types of bunks. schools (small, medium and main) in Austria. sample. But after an experiment carried out in 1782-86 in St. Petersburg and the province, the middle ones were abolished. Law 1786 approved school. system in the form of main (in each provincial city) and small bunks. uch. Prior to the introduction of the reform, J. de M. supervised the training of teachers in St. Petersburg. main nar. student (1783-1785). His pupils became teachers in the first reformers. schools. For them, J. de M. joint. from Russian teachers compiled the “Guide to teachers of the first and second grades of Nar. uch-sch Ros. empire" (1783). In the organization of school life attached importance to a rational method of teaching, friendly relations

between teacher and students. Under the supervision and with the participation of J. de M., a set of textbooks for bunks was published. uch-shch; he owns the "Primer", "Recipes and for them a guide to calligraphy", "Rules for students" (all - 1782), "World History" (parts 1-3, 1787-98), and other textbooks. allowances, including processing book. “The World of Sensual Things in Pictures” by Y. A. Comenius - “The Spectacle of the Universe” (1788). At the initiative of J. de M. for Nar. uch-shch were prepared geogr. and ist. maps, atlases and other visual aids; introduced into Russian school use of the blackboard and chalk.

J. de M. led the development of the account. plans for land, sea, artillery and ishk. cadet corps and other uch. establishments. Republished, significantly supplementing, "Compare, a dictionary of all languages ​​​​and dialects ..." (parts 1-4, 1790-91), compiled by P. S. Pallas. In 1802-04 member. Commissions on uch-shah Min-va nar. education (since 1803 Main board of the school).

Lit.: Voronov A., Fedor Ivanovich Yankovich de Mirievo, St. Petersburg, 1858; Rozhdestvensky S.V., Essays on the history of Nar systems. education in Russia in the XVIII-XIX centuries, St. Petersburg, 1912; Dodon L. L., Uch. Russian literature nar. school 2nd floor. 18th century and the role of F.I. Yankovich in its creation. Herzen, 1955, v. 118; Povarova E. V., The Commonwealth of Glories, Peoples in the Development of Pedagogics in the 18th Century. Ped. activity of F. I. Yankovich, in collection: Some questions of the history of pedagogy, in 13, M, 1971 I. S. Vladimirov.

YANOVSKY Kirill Petrovich, scientist and teacher, hon. h. Petersburg. Academy of Sciences (1891) and the Academy of Arts of Russia, member. Society of lovers of natural science, anthropology and ethnography. Ped. started his career as a student. years in Guedouin's private pension. After graduating from physics and mathematics. Faculty of Kiev University taught mathematics at the Rivne gymnasium (1843-51). From 1851 he was a mathematics teacher at the 2nd Odessa gymnasium, and then a teacher of mathematics and physics at the Chisinau gymnasium, from 1856 an inspector, from 1862 the director of this gymnasium and the director of the Nar. school of the Bessarabian region. Since 1871 assistant trustee of St. Petersburg. uch. districts. In 1878-1900 the trustee of the Caucasian uch. districts. Under the leadership of Ya. prepared "Collection of materials for the description of localities and tribes of the Caucasus" (v. 1-21, 1884-96) - scientific. study in geography, natural science, ethnography, archeology and linguistics. Contributed to the expansion of the network of schools in the Caucasus region. district and the correct organization of the uch.-educate. process. Was an opponent of the classical. education. The main in teaching and education. In his work, he considered the versatile development of the personality and the connection between the school and the family. He paid much attention to improving teaching methods, organizing exemplary lessons, and equipping schools with visual aids. Actively contributed to the journal. "Russian school".

From hours: Thoughts on upbringing and education, St. Petersburg, 1900; The exchange and constant movement of matter as a condition of world life in general, in particular - organic life, St. Petersburg, 1900.

Lit.: R. S. T., K. P. Yanovsky, trustee of the Caucasian uch. district, "Bulletin of Education", 1895, No. 1; K. P. Yanovsky [Obituary], ibid., 1902, No. 6; Paskhalov Ya., Trustee-teacher, “Rus. school", 1901, No. 9; Gurevich Ya., K. P. Yanovsky [Obituary], ibid., 1902, No. 7-8; Dzhemardzhidze N., Memories of K. P. Yanovsky, ibid., 1904, No. 7-8. 3. G. Poluyaktova.

JAPAN(Nippon, Nihon), state in East. Asia, located on the Pacific islands of Honshu, Hokkaido, Shikoku, Kyushu, and others (about 4 thousand in total). Pl. OK. 372.2 thousand km2. US. St. 125 million people (1994), St. 99% Japanese. State. lang. - Japanese. Main religions: Shintoism (until 1945 it was an official religion), Buddhism. The capital is Tokyo.

The first schools appeared at the beginning. 7th c. at Buddhist monasteries, which played the role of social and cultural centers. In the beginning. 8th c. The first Law on State schools”, on the basis of which officials were trained for the center and the provincial apparatus. Young men from higher estates studied whale. classical literature, philosophy, laws, history, mathematics. From the 13th century large landowners at their estates began to create clan schools, where young men received knightly education and studied military affairs, classical. literature, etiquette. The training of peasants and fishermen was reduced to the transmission of traditions. labor skills, education - to memorize Shinto prayers. The development of large settlements led to the creation in the middle. 17th century temple schools (te-rakoya) for the children of artisans, poor samurai and wealthy peasants, where they taught writing, reading, counting and manual labor. For boys from the noble classes, there were private schools of an advanced type. Some studied Confucianism, whale. literature and history, in others - Japanese. literature and history; girls were educated at home or in special schools. female schools where they studied sewing, music, dancing, the art of arranging bouquets, the rules of the tea ceremony. Will educate for the formation. settings chap. influenced by Buddhist and Confucian ethics.

After the reforms of the Meiji era (1867-1868), a law was passed (1872), which determined the creation of a single centralization. education systems. Were open state. schools instead of temple and private ones. In 1890, the "Imperial Edict on Upbringing and Education" was published, which determined their main. directions to ser. 20th century Were open Wed. schools of different types: men's and women's, general education. and professional (dead end and preparing for further education). In addition to general education, they studied special. items according to branches of activity: prom. and s.-x. production, commerce, maritime affairs, etc.

After the 2nd World War, the education system underwent a significant restructuring. In 1947, the “Basic Law on Education” was adopted, which proclaimed equal access to education for

all citizens, 9 years of compulsory education (free of charge), co-education of boys and girls, elimination of dead-end schools.

Modern education system. The current education system is defined by law (1947) (with numerous subsequent changes and additions) and covers preschool. institutions for children 3-5 years old, 6-year-old primary, junior (3 years) and senior (3 years) cf. schools, prof. and higher uch. institutions. School training starts at age 6. Beginning and younger cf. schools make up a compulsory system. education, to-ruyu to ser. 90s attended by 99% of children of this age. There are state, municipal, private educational institutions. institutions, part belongs to the religious. org-tions. Especially a lot of private children. kindergartens (over 58%) and universities.

Account system management establishments are carried out by the Ministry of Education and local (prefectural and municipal) to-you. Min-in is developing the foundations of the state. policy in education, the content of school. education, determines account. plans and programs for schools of all types. Under Min-ve there are a number of advisory bodies, including the Center, the Council for Education, the Council for Education. programs, the Council for Private Universities, etc. The functions of the committees (over 3 thousand) include the organization, financing and control over the activities of local schools, the publication of instructional materials, taking into account specific conditions, the hiring and dismissal of teachers. Members of prefectural committees are appointed by the governor, while members of municipal committees are appointed by the local administration.

To finance education in the beginning. 90s highlighted St. 7% national income (St. 11% of the state budget of the country); the share of the state in total expenditure is 25%, the rest is covered from local funds. State. schools are financed directly by the Ministry of Education, and prefectural and municipal schools - from local budgets, so the financial situation of schools depends on the degree of economics. well-being of the prefecture or municipality, which creates far from the same educational opportunities for students. Local education authorities spent on obligatory. schools in the beginning 90s St. 51% of funds, for senior avg. schools - 16%, for higher education - 11.7%.

Preschool education. The first doshk. institutions appeared in Japan after 1872. Their activity was modeled on children's. gardens in the West. Europe and America. In the 2nd floor. 20th century the upbringing of children aged 3 to 5 years is carried out by a network of children. gardens. In connection with attempts to switch to earlier dates for the start of school. education (from the age of 4) there is a trend towards full coverage of children

4-5 years in order to gradually create a school for toddlers. K ser. 90s coverage of children gardens made St. 60% (over 2 million children). 77% of children were brought up in private children. gardens.

General education. Beginning school - 6-year, obligatory for children from 6 to 12 years. Uch. the plan includes the native language, social science, natural science, morality, mathematics, music, drawing, manual labor, physical education and, starting from

5th grade home economics for girls and boys. Weekly load from 24 to 29 hours depending on the year of study. When teaching writing, students master the national. phonemic alphabet (kana), study approx. 1 thousand hieroglyphs (to read a newspaper you need to know about 2.5 thousand). In the lessons of social science, students receive information on geography, history, on the rules of behavior in societies, places; at the lessons of natural science - elementary information about animate and inanimate nature and man; in the classroom in mathematics, they study arithmetic. actions, elementary information on geometry. In 1995, there were 9.6 million students in 24,800 schools.

Modern cf. The school consists of 2 levels. Junior Wed. school - 3-year, obligatory for children 12-15 years old. Uch. The plan consists of subjects - native language, mathematics, social science, natural science, morality, music, portray, art, physical education, the basics of production (for boys), home economics (for girls) and subjects of choice - foreign. lang., technology, home economics, supplement, music courses, physical education, arts. Weekly load 30 hours. At the lessons of their native language, students improve their literacy, practice writing business documents, the number of hieroglyphs studied is not limited, but reaches only 2 thousand. natural science and social science courses, which sometimes leads to schematism and fragmentation of knowledge in chemistry, physics, biology, history, etc. In 1995, 5.6 million people studied in 11 thousand junior schools.

Senior cf. school - 3-year, for boys and girls aged 15-18, paid, differentiated, divided into general education. and prof. departments. 29% of schools have departments of 2 profiles, 48% - only general education, 33% - only vocational. For admission, it is necessary to pass an entrance exam, it is passed by St. 90% of graduates are required. schools. The wide distribution of the complete cf. education is explained by the high prestige of education in Japan. society, the needs of economic development, limited employment opportunities for persons

having training only at the level of obligatory. schools.

General education departments have different streams, including those focused on preparing for admission to higher education. Within their framework, options are possible. plans with a humanitarian or natural science. slope. Among the students Items: Japanese. lang., classical literature, civics, economics, nat. and world history, geography, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, physical education, depict, art, music, foreign. lang., the basics of production (for boys), home economics (for girls). Weekly load 34-36 hours Prof. departments have 5 streams: technol., agricultural, marine, commercial., home economics. All streams (except for commercial ones) have a narrow specialization (more than 90 different programs): on the page - x. flow - agriculture, animal husbandry, horticulture, etc.; at the technological level - electrical engineering, metalworking, woodworking, etc. The choice of programs in each school is limited (2-3). 40% of the time is devoted to specials. subjects, and general education are given according to simplified programs. End of prof. The department is not fixed by the assignment of a qualification or specialty and does not guarantee a job. All this led to a decline in the prestige of Prof. branches. The number of students in these departments is decreasing. When distributing by streams and departments, test results are taken into account.

There is a small number of evening and correspondence schools, in which the number of students is only 6% of all senior students. schools. In 1995 St.

5.5 thousand senior cf. schools covered

5.6 million people

Vocational education is carried out by schools decomp. types (terms of study from several months to 1-2 years on the basis of a compulsory school. 50% of students are girls), 97% of such schools are private, paid, have a narrow specialization. In 1995, there were 442,000 students in 3,500 such schools. Since 1962, there have been 5-year (mostly state-owned) tech. compulsory-based colleges. schools, to-rye provide training in the specialties engineer. profile. In 1995, 51,000 students studied at 62 colleges. Since 1976 the schools of prof. specialist. training of 2 types: 1-3-year-old on the basis of obligatory. schools and 1-2-year-olds on the basis of the senior cf. schools. 87% of these schools are owned by private firms and corporations, which means that they affect the future employment of graduates. By technol. 16% of students studied specialties, commercial - 11%, agricultural - less than 1%, home economics - 18%, general culture - 14%, etc. In 1995 there were 3.2 thousand schools (740 thousand students). Qualifiers workers are trained in centers in firms for a specific workplace or

operations through intensive individual-group training based on general education school training. Firms are in charge of training.

Higher education is provided by high fur boots, tech. and ml. colleges. The first high fur boots were opened after 1866. After the 2nd World War, the high fur boots were modernized, the training period was reduced to 4 years (in medical - 6 years). Modern high fur boots of 2 types: consisting of an arbitrary combination of decomp. f-tov and specialized (technol., medical, ped., etc.). In 1995, 2 million students studied at 499 high fur boots. 71% of universities are private, with high tuition fees (2 times higher than in state universities). 65 high fur boots have evening departments. The largest state un-you: Tokyo (founded in 1877; 11 f-t, 18 thousand students), in Kyoto (1897; 10 f-t, 15 thousand students), in Osaka (1931; 10 f-t, 12 thousand . students), Hokkaido University in Sapporo (1876; 11 faculty, 11 thousand students), Tohoku University in Sendai (1907; 4 faculty, 12 thousand students). The largest private universities: Nihon (founded in 1889; 13 f-t, 94 thousand students), Waseda (1882; 7 f-t, 41 thousand students), Chuo (1885; 5 f-t, 35 thousand . students), Meiji (1923; 8 f-t, 33 thousand students), Tokai (1946; 9 f-t, 27 thousand students) - all in Tokyo; Kansk University in Osaka (1886; 6 f-tov, 23 thousand students). There is, therefore, a number of high fur boots with 1-2 f-tami (200-300 students).

Since 1950 ml. colleges (2-3 years of study) based on cf. schools. Legally, they belong to the highest. education, but short terms of training and actual. training does not correspond to the generally accepted level of higher education. schools. OK. 84% ml. colleges - private, St. 90% of students are girls. Half of the students (50.6%) study at the departments of home economics, general culture, childcare, 23.6% - at the departments of training educators for children. gardens and teachers early. schools. In Japan ml. colleges are considered as a special channel for wives. higher education. In 1994 at 584 ml. 460 thousand students studied in colleges.

Adult education is carried out by the system of so-called. social education through the organization of decomp. short-term courses, lecture halls, seminars, consultations at prefectural and municipal "nar. houses" in general culture, aesthetic. education, home economics and family relations, p. x-woo, etc. In 1994, 17 thousand people worked in Ya. houses."

Teacher Education. After 1872 teachers' schools were opened in Tokyo, Osaka, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, and other cities. Traditionally, teacher training is carried out on a ped. f-tah high fur boots and ped. departments ml. colleges. A diploma of a teacher can also be obtained by students of other f-tov un-tov, provided that a certain swarm of peds.

preparation. Out of 76 state. high fur boots in 54 have schools for teacher training, in private high fur boots - insignificant. number. Ped. a relatively small number of students (7%) receive education in high fur boots. In ml. colleges on ped. departments that train teachers schools and educators. kindergarten, 23.6% of students study. Uch. teacher training plan consists of general education., psychological and ped. and special cycles. Specialist. the cycle includes subjects that the teacher will teach at school; general education cycle - literature, geography, Japanese. and foreign languages, physics, chemistry, mathematics, biology. The student is offered a wide choice of not only the subjects themselves, but also options for programs in terms of complexity and with an emphasis on in-depth study of the department. sections. Ped. cycle is presented as required. subjects in pedagogy and psychology (principles and methods of teaching, moral education, history of pedagogical thought, pedagogical sociology, psychology, developmental psychology, psychological diagnostics, etc.), and elective subjects. The proportion between them is determined by the students themselves. institutions, but taking into account the standards in credit units established by the Ministry of Education. Ped. practice is carried out in basic schools under the guidance of teachers of these schools and lasts 4-8 weeks, the terms of practice are determined by each un-t independently.

Pedagogical scientific institutions. Scientific research. work is concentrated in the State. in-those ped. research - research coordinator in the field of pedagogy. This means that a place is occupied in his work by issues within the framework of the UNESCO program for Asian countries. At local educational authorities in large cities there are research. centers, to-rye combine research. work with work to improve the qualifications of teachers. Small explorers. there are centers in all prefectures, the work of which is connected with the detailed development of schools. programs tailored to local conditions. Scientific work in the field of pedagogy is also carried out on ped. f-tah high fur boots, in ped. colleges and many ped. about-wah. M. L. RODIONOV YARMACHENKO Nikolai Dmitrievich (born September 6, 1928, Cheremoshnya village, Kiev region), teacher, foreigner. member RAO (1995; academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR since 1982), der ped. Sciences (1969), prof. (1970). At the end of the defectological Faculty of Kiev Ped. in-ta im. A. M. Gorky (1951) was left at teaching work (in 1959-70 he was the head of the department of defectology and deaf pedagogy, in 1968-73 vice-rector). Since 1973 director of the Scientific Research Institute of Pedagogy of the Ukrainian SSR. Since 1992 pres. APN of Ukraine. Previous Ped. Society of Ukraine (since 1974). Proceedings on the theory and history of pedagogy, defectology.

Cit.: History of deaf pedagogy, K., 1975 (in Ukrainian); The problem of deafness compensation, K., 1976; Public education in the Ukrainian SSR, Kiev, 1979; Pedagogy, K., 1986; Ped. activity and creative heritage of A. S. Makarenko, K., 1989. V. K. Mayboroda.

YAROSHEVSKY Mikhail Grigorievich (b. 22.8.1915, Kherson), psychologist, postgraduate h. RAO (1993), der psychol. Sciences (1961), prof. (1961). Graduated from LGPI (1937). He worked at the Institute of Philosophy of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1945-51), in ped. in-tah Kulyab, Lenin-abad, Dushanbe (1951-65), in the Taj. un-those (1963-65), where he created and headed the Department of Psychology and Experimental Psychology. laboratories. Since 1965 at the Institute of the History of Natural Science and Technology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Repressed in 1937-38.

Main works in the field of history and methodology of psychology and human sciences, psychology scientific. creativity, science of science. Exploring the patterns of development of psychol. knowledge from antiquity to the present day, developed the concept of categorical analysis scientific. activities, according to a swarm in addition to empirical-theoretical-tich. knowledge stands out the categorical structure of science as a system of extremely generalized concrete scientific. concepts, organizing scientific. knowledge and determining the logic of the development of science. Based on this approach, he put forward the concept of scientific. activity (considered in the unity of its subject-logical, social and personal aspects), the unit of analysis is the research program. The idea of ​​a research program as a consolidating beginning of the collective activity of scientists, implemented through the distribution of scientific. functions (roles), served as the basis for the development of a program-role approach to the study of scientific. collective, which gave rise to a new direction - the social psychology of science. Integration of further work in this direction with the historical and scientific. approach led to the development of orig. system of concepts, revealing psychol. the specifics of scientific creativity. Thus, the foundation was laid for another direction - ist. psychology of science. Research in this area made it possible to reveal the specifics of a special science of behavior that arose in Russia. Ed. I. publ. study "Repressed Science" (2 vols., 1991-1993).

Works: The problem of determinism in the psychophysiology of the 19th century, Dushanbe, 1961; I. M. Sechenov, L., 1968; Development and modern. the state of zarubs, psychology, M., 1974 (jointly with L. I. Antsyferova); Psychology in the XX century, M., 19742; Schools in science, M., 1977 (ed. and co-authors); History of science and school. training, M., 1978 (jointly with L. Ya. Zorina); Sechenov and World Psychology. thought, M., 1981; History of psychology, M., 19853; Psychology. Dictionary (ed. jointly with A. V. Petrovsky), M., 1990; L. S. Vygotsky: in search of a new psychology, St. Petersburg, 1993; Introduction to the history of psychology, M., 1994; History of psychology, M., 1994 (with A. ~A. Petrovsky), M., 1994; East psychology of science, St. Petersburg, 1995; Theory and history of psychology, 2 vols., M., 1996. V. V. Umrikhin.

HAWTS Ivan Maksimovich, philosopher and teacher,

activist enlightenment. Received Wed. spiritual education, but in 1816 he gave up his career as a clergyman and entered the honey. Faculty of Moscow. un-ta (graduated in 1820). In 1825 he defended his doctoral thesis. on human physiology. The next 10 years he devoted to scientific-lit. activities. From 1834 he served in the department of the people. education: director husband. gymnasiums in Grodno (1834-42) and Dinaburg (since 1842). Author of works on history, geography, geology. A special place is occupied by articles and books by Ya. on issues of pedagogy and Nar. education.

Considering enlightenment as a universal phenomenon, I. believed that it can be introduced by one people to another, but only by changing "according to the nature of peoples." The position of Russia was assessed in relation to decomp. classes and its various peoples; both relationships associated with unequal approaches to learning systems. I saw the ideal of enlightenment in public education.

He assigned an important role in education to the study of “natural history” (the history of man in the world), he was critical of the history textbooks that existed in Russia. In the journal Moscow Telegraph published in con. 20s - early 30s 19th century a series of articles, to-rye were supposed to be “a special kind of ist. textbook” (in the form of a separate book, the textbook was not published due to opposition to censorship). According to Ya., the study of history contributes to the knowledge of the laws of nature and society. Among these laws, I. primarily attributed the law of variability. In nature, everything is connected into a common whole. Every being is “partly in captivity, partly in freedom, partly obeys the general nature, partly commands it. The more perfect it is, the weaker its tribute to the general, and the more this general serves for its individual benefit. And the person himself "cannot escape from external influences, which act on him and change him not only physically, but also mentally." In the life of of man and the whole society, the decisive role belongs to reason and enlightenment: reason is the most powerful force on Earth, its tool is enlightenment, which consists in "acquiring ways to control the forces of nature." I. also considered a special type of education, which he called civil, - mastering

the ability not only "to control nature, but also to control those like themselves." From these positions, he examined in detail the tasks of school. education and the role of uch. subjects in becoming a citizen. To account. Y. made a mark on the material, requirements: the information taught to children should not exceed the limits of their understanding; training should contribute to a harmonious mental and physical. development and prepare the ground for further education and self-education; first of all, those disciplines should be taught that correspond to the spirit of the times and the development of which can bring the most benefit to humanity, the homeland and the person himself. In this regard, nature attached particular importance. sciences.

Cit.: On the mental education of children. age, M., 1831; About the organs of the soul, M., 1832; On the system of sciences that are decent for children in our time ..., M., 18332 (new abridged ed., in the book: Anthology of ped. thoughts of Russia in the first half of the 19th century, M., 1987); Confession, St. Petersburg, 1841.

Lit.: Lebedev P. A., I. M. Yastrebtsov and his research in didactics, SP, 1987, No. 4. P. A. Lebedev.

YAKHONTOV Alexander Alexandrovich, entomologist, methodologist in natural sciences, Ph.D. APN RSFSR (1946). After graduating from Moscow un-ta (1904) taught natural science at school. In 1919-25 he worked at the People's Commissariat of Education, in 1920-29 - at the Research Institute of School Methods. work. Participated in the preparation of programs, the development of teaching methods, the creation of accounting. and method, literature, teacher training. In 1925-32, while working in Uchpedgiz, he organized a series of books "To Help the Schoolchild." Since 1932, Ya. has been teaching at the Center, in-those advanced training of personnel Nar. education (until 1935) and at the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute (until 1949); in 1944-60 at the scientific. ped. work at the Scientific Research Institute of Teaching Methods of the APS. Research J. in the field of entomology (St. 30 works) are reflected in the method, and uch. lit-re; in particular, on their basis, a determinant for young naturalists "Our Daytime Butterflies" (1935) was compiled. The author of textbooks, teaching methods, and visual aids, popular science books, in which he consistently pursued the idea of ​​activating teaching methods, substantiated the importance research method And excursions in the teaching of nature. disciplines.

Cit.: Biol. excursions in the city in the mountains. garden, M.-L., 1926; Animal world. Uch. book on zoology, part 1, M.-L., 19295; part 2, M.-L., 192911; The origin of domestic animals, M., 1937; Album of paintings on zoology, M., 1938; Fundamentals of Darwinism, M., 19473 (co-author); Methods of teaching zoology, M., 1955 (ed. and co-authors); Practical classes at school uch.-experimental site, M., 1956 (ed.); Paintings "The World of Animals", M., 1966; Zoology for the teacher. Invertebrates, M., 19822; Zoology for the teacher. Chordates, M., 19852.

Lit.: Raikov B. E., Ways and methods of naturalistic. education, M., 1960.

Z. A. Klepinina.

Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia

Publisher:

Moscow, "Great Russian Encyclopedia", 1993

(Document)

Zhukov E.M. (Chief ed.). Soviet historical encyclopedia. In 16 volumes. Volume 9. Malta - Nakhimov (Document)

Zhukov E.M. (Chief ed.). Soviet historical encyclopedia. In 16 volumes. Volume 12. Reparations - Slavs (Document)

Zhukov E.M. (Chief ed.). Soviet historical encyclopedia. In 16 volumes. Volume 6. Indra - Caracas (Document)

Zhukov E.M. (Chief ed.). Soviet historical encyclopedia. In 16 volumes. Volume 13. Slavic Studies - Xia Cheng (Document)

Mountain Encyclopedia. Volume 4. Ortin-Sociosphere (Document)

n1.doc

RUSSIA

PEDAGOGICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA

Moscow GREAT RUSSIAN ENCYCLOPEDIA 1993-1999

FROM THE EDITORIAL BOARD

The Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia is a reference publication that aims to present, as far as possible, a complete set of generalized and systematized information in the field of theory and practice of education in modern conditions. This publication is intended for practicing teachers of all specialties, researchers and students who need reliable and objective information on theory, history, methodology, methods of psychological and pedagogical sciences and on various educational systems. Since many pedagogical phenomena and patterns are interdisciplinary in nature, the encyclopedia is largely oriented towards specialists in related fields - psychology, philosophy, sociology, etc. At the same time, readers (and, above all, parents and educators of children of any age) individuals will find here a variety of materials on these problems.

Our country has experience in publishing such works. However, the Pedagogical Encyclopedia, published in 1927-29 in 3 vols. ed. A. G. Kalashnikov today is more of a historical and scientific than a reference source. To a certain extent, the same can be said about the two-volume Pedagogical Dictionary (1960-61) and the four-volume Pedagogical Encyclopedia (1964-1968).

The creators of the encyclopedia are aware that not a single scientific reference publication, especially a humanitarian one, can claim to be considered completely independent of the ideological currents of its time, scientific traditions, and sometimes emotional predilections. Similar editions of past years bear the imprint of their era. In recent decades, and especially in the last few years, in the field of psychological and pedagogical knowledge, there has been a reassessment of many theories and facts that previously seemed unconditional. Considerable experience has also been accumulated - both positive and, it must be admitted, negative - in the field of education.

The Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia seeks to reflect as objectively as possible the current level of development of domestic pedagogical science and practice. A complex and contradictory stage in the life of the state and society cannot but affect the state of pedagogy and the education system. Therefore, the material presented in the encyclopedia bears the imprint of those social trends that, even without taking shape completely, now determine the development of pedagogical science and practice.

For the perception of encyclopedic literature that has taken root in us, its assessment by the reader as a normative source is characteristic. From modern positions, this view cannot be considered justified, since in the field of humanitarian knowledge in general and pedagogy in particular, the monopoly on truth does not at all serve the cause of a creative approach to the subject under consideration. Of course, the factual material presented in the encyclopedia has been carefully checked. As for the definitions given to this or that concept, as well as scientific interpretations of various phenomena and facts, the editorial board abandoned attempts to formulate them in the final version. In modern science, a number of concepts have many definitions that are not always consistent with each other. Scientific interpretation of certain phenomena is also carried out from different positions. Therefore, in most cases, the content of a problematic article mainly reflects the position of the specialist who wrote it. The text of the encyclopedia articles in this regard cannot and should not serve as an indisputable argument in scientific discussion. In particular, the bibliography attached to the articles also includes sources that reflect other than the author's approaches to the problem. This partly manifests one of the goals of the encyclopedia - to stimulate scientific thought and creative search.

In the light of emerging trends in modern pedagogy, the content of the encyclopedia has undergone significant changes compared to previous publications of a similar profile. The creators of the encyclopedia sought to free the text from the ideological clichés and attitudes that dominated Russian pedagogy for decades. The material devoted to domestic and foreign scientists and their views, as well as foreign pedagogical experience, is presented as objectively as possible, without unambiguous assessment. Critical analysis of various theories and approaches gave way to exposition and comments. The information presented in this way in the encyclopedia is sufficient for the reader to be able to single out a rational grain in one or another position and make his own assessment.

In general, the unifying position of numerous authors of the encyclopedia was the recognition of childhood as an intrinsically valuable, unique stage in a person's life, as well as the assertion of the right of every child to a full-fledged education in accordance with his abilities and inclinations. The main emphasis is placed on the obvious advantages of democratic forms of education and training over authoritarian approaches. The authors also sought to emphasize the idea of ​​the necessary continuity of positive historical and national traditions in the matter of education and upbringing.

The formation of personality is not a narrowly pedagogical, but a universal problem. The attention of thinkers of different eras was riveted to it, including those who are traditionally not considered teachers, but whose reasoning about human nature played an important role in the development of pedagogical thought. In the encyclopedia, separate articles are devoted to some of these major figures, which do not reflect the fullness of the views of a particular scientist or writer, but are focused on presenting his concept in accordance with the specifics of this publication.

Separate concepts are included in the pedagogical encyclopedia for the first time. This is a series of psychological concepts that have previously received insufficient attention, but which are of fundamental importance for pedagogy. These are also some concepts of philosophy and ethics, without understanding which judgments about the humanization of education lose their scientific ground. Information from the field of medicine, physiology, anatomy, morphology, etc. is presented rather concisely, since it is only indirectly related to pedagogical problems and can be gleaned from other sources.

The material in the Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia is presented in the form traditionally adopted in domestic encyclopedic publications. Articles are arranged in alphabetical order. Terms consisting of two or more words are placed in such a way that the first place is occupied by the word that carries the logical stress (for example, Age crises), with the exception of established phrases (for example, Developmental psychology). In some cases, inversion is allowed (for example, Peoples of the North Institute). Etymological references are given where necessary. Links between different articles are established by means of references (the title of the corresponding article in the text of another article is given in italics). For the sake of compactness, the abbreviations adopted in the encyclopedia are used, a list of which is given on p. 7-8.

The editorial board expresses its gratitude to all organizations and individuals who took part in the creation of the Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia.

RUSSIAN

PEDAGOGICAL

ENCYCLOPEDIA

IN TWO VOLUME

Editor-in-Chief V. G. PANOV

Deputy editors: V. I. BORODULIN, A. P. GORKIN, A. A. GUSEV, N. M. LANDA

Scientific publishing house " GREAT RUSSIAN ENCYCLOPEDIA"

Editor-in-chief V. V. DAVYDOV

EDITORIAL TEAM

I. Ya. Lerner, A. V. Mudrik, B. M. Yemensky,

M. N. SKATKIN, N. M. SHAKHMAEV

Head edited by Yu. H. KOPOTKOB, D. V. IGNATIEV,

leading scientific editors L. S. GLEBOVA, O. D. GREKULOVA, S. R. MALKINA.

scientific editors S. S. STEPANOV, A. O. TOLSTIKHINA, I. V. SHADRINA,

editor N. V. LARIONOVA.

Deputy editor-in-chief of the publishing house, doctor geogr. Sciences A.P. GORKIN.

Consultant A. I. FOTEEVA.

Leading Scientist Editor of the Scientific and Editorial Council Candidate of Philology Sciences G. V. YAKUSHEVA.

Head Editorial Board of Philosophy Candidate of Philosophy. Sciences N. M. LANDA.

Group of medicine - scientific. editor candidate of biol. Sciences N. E. VESENINA.

Edition of the dictionary - scientific. editors T. A. SVIRIDOVA, L. P. SIDOROV.

Literary-control rslakgia - head. edited by G. I. ZAMANI, T. N. PARFYONOV, Art. editor I. I. PETROVA, editors G. I. LEMESHONOK, N. G. RUDNITSKAYA.

Bibliography group - art. scientific editor V. A. STULOV, art. editors 3. S. IZMAILOVA, T. N. KOVALENKO.

Group of transcription and etymology - scientific. editors E. L. RIF, N. K. TOLMACHEVA, M. S. EPITASHVILI.

Fact Verification and Comparison Group - group leader T. V. ZHUKOVA, researcher. editor, candidate of art criticism M. V. ESIPOVA, editors E. V. ADAMOVA, N. I. RODINA, I. S. RYAKHOVSKAYA, G. F. SERPOVA.

Control and dispatch service - head G. S. SHURSHAKOVA, editors T. I. KRASOVITSKAYA, A. V. SAVINA.

Technical edition - head. edited by R. T. NIKISHIN, tech. editor T. F. ALEKSANDROVA.

Production department - deputy. head department V. N. MARKIN, process engineers M. H. ANDREEVA, V. F. KASYANOV.

Correction - head. proofreader Zh. A. ERMOLAEVA, art. proofreaders S. N. BUTYUGINA, V. N. IVLEVA, S. F. LIKHACHEVA.

Department of reading and production of typesetting original head. department N. V. SHEVERDINSKAYA, Art. proofreaders T. B. SABLINA, I. T. SAMSONOVA, E. E. TRUBITSYNA.

Department of Manuscript Reprinting - Head. department L. A. MALTSINA.

Editorial illustrations - head. edited by A. V. AKIMOV, artist. editors G. A. ZHURAVLEVA, M. K. MOREINIS.

Artist B. K. MIROSHIN.

Deputy production director N. S. ARTYOMOV.

Deputy Commercial Director YI ZAVEDETSKY.

4303000000-021 007(01) - 93

ISBN 5-85270 140-8 (vol. 1) 5-85270-114-9

© Scientific publishing house "Great Russian Encyclopedia", 1993

LIST OF MAIN ABBREVIATIONS

abs. - absolute

Aug. - august

ed. - autonomous

adm. - administrative

Asian. - Asian

acad. - academician

alm. - almanac

AMN - USSR Academy of Medical Sciences

AN - Academy of Sciences

antique - antique

arch. - archivist, architect

archit. - architectural

ace. - assistant

AH - Academy of Arts

B. - Big

b. g. - without a year

b. m. - without a place

b. hours - most, for the most part

bibl. - bibliography, bibliographic

biol. - biological

b-ka - library

Bl. East - Middle East

nerd. - botanical letters. - literally byv. - former bul. - bulletin V. - east

in. - century, issue

including - including

centuries - centuries

vet. - veterinary

incl. - inclusive

VKP(b) - All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

external - external

external - extracurricular

internal - internal

military - military

east - oriental

VS - Supreme Council

Vseros. - All-Russian

Vses. - All-Union

intro. - introductory

higher - higher

g. - year. city

gas. - newspaper

GBL - State. library of the USSR. V. I. Lenin

gg. - years, cities

gene. - general, general

geogr. - geographical

geol. - geological

ch. - chief, chief

ch. arr - mainly

mountains - urban

state - state

state - state

civil - civil

lips. - province

D. Vostok - Far East

d.h. - real member

democratic - democratic

dep. - deputy, department

village - village

det. - children's

diss. - dissertation

doc. - documentary

Report - Reports

docs - documents

doshk. - preschool

dr - doctor

Dr. - Ancient

others - other

DYUSSH - Children's youth sports school_

European - European

units - unit

monthly - monthly

well. e. - railway

railroad - railway

wives, - female

magazine - Journal

head - manager

deputy - Deputy

Zap. - Notes

app. - western

zarub. - foreign

zool. - zoological

fav. - favorites

Izv. - famous, known

ed. - edition

publishing house - publishing house

ill. - illustrations

them. - name

industr. - industrial

eng. - engineering

inspector - inspector

in-t - institute

inform. - informational

art - art

research - study

ist. - historical

source - sources

IUU - Institute for the Advancement of Teachers

cand. - candidate

cafe - department

class - Class

c.-l. - any

book. - book

Ph.D. - some

qty - quantity

coll. - collective

colon. - colonial

Kolkh. - collective farm

coma. - Komsomol

con. - the end

conf. - Conference of the CPSU - Communist Party of the Soviet Union

to-ry - which

to-t - committee

Linen. etc. - Lenin Prize

leningr. - Leningrad

to lay down. - medical

lit. - literary

lit-ra - literature

Max. - maximum

math. - mathematical

materials - materials

MSU - Moscow State University

honey. - medical, medal

intl. - international

month - month

method. - methodical

min - minute

min. - minister

min-in - ministry

min. - minimal

ml. - younger

million - million

billion - billion

pl. - many

sea - marine

sinks - Moscow

MP - Ministry of Education

husband. - male

music - musical

Muslim - Muslim

N. ST. - A NEW STYLE

n. e. - our era

called - called, called

name - title

max. - most, greatest

name - name, smallest

e.g. - for example

nar. - folk

US. - population

present - real

People's Commissar - People's Commissar

scientific - scientific

nat. - National

early - beginning, initial, chief

week - week

some - some

several - several

about. - Island

society - society

region - region, regional

OK. - about

env. - county

org. - organized, organized

org-tion - organization

orig. - original

main - founded, main

resp. - responsible

otd. - separate department

fatherly - domestic

official - official

part. - party

ped. - pedagogical

per. - translation

rename - renamed (new)

petersburg - Petersburg

petrograd. - Petrogradsky

sq. - area

floor. - half

polygraph. - polygraphic

polytechnic - polytechnic

pom. - assistant

settlement - village

ate. - dedicated

fast. - ruling, staging, permanent

post. h. - honorary member

etc. - premium, other

pr-in - government

prev. - chairman

foreword - foreword

Pres. - the president. Presidium

preim. - predominantly

approx. - approximately

adj. - Appendix

approx. - note

prov.-» province

prod. - work

production - production

prom. - industrial

industry - industry

prof. - professor, professional

prof.-tech. - vocational

pseudo. - pseudonym

psychol. - psychological

publ. - publication

R. - river, born

sec. - chapter

sec. - various

RANION - Russian Association of Research Institutes of Social Sciences

RAO - Russian Academy of Education

roar. - revolutionary

ed. - editor, editorial

dir. - producer

religious - religious

rep. - Republican

ref. - essay

rec. - review

Rome. - Roman

rice. - picture

district - district

genus. - was born

grew up - Russian

rr. - rivers

S. - north

s - second

from. - village, page

dignity. - sanitary

from. x-in - agriculture

Sat. - collection, collections - collections

St. - over

s.-d. - social democrat, social democratic

sowing - northern

sat down - rural, village

ser. - middle, series

sib. - Siberian

track. - next

see - see

SNK, Council of People's Commissars - Council of People's Commissars

coll. - meeting

coll. op. - collected works

own - actually

owls. - Soviet

joint - jointly, jointly

modern - modern

abbr. - abbreviation, abbreviated

op. - writing

specialist. - special

sport. - sports

cf. - compare, average

Wed-century. - medieval

Art. - article, station, senior

stlb. - column

verse. - poem

building - construction

s.-x. - agricultural

SH - Union of Artists

i.e. - i.e.

because - since

so-called. - so-called

then. - thus

tab. - table

t-in - partnership

text. - textile

terr. - territorial, territory

tetra. - notebook

tech. - technical

technol. - technological

t-p - theater

tr. - works

tt. - volumes

TU - technical school

thousand - thousand, millennium

Youth theater - theater of the young spectator

un-t - university

conv. - conditional

obsolete - obsolete

uch. - educational

student - students

school - school

fam. - surname

fash. - fascist

feud. - feudal

FZD - factory nine-year plan

FZU - factory apprenticeship

physical - physical

Phys.-Math. - physical and mathematical

physiol. - physiological

fi lol. - philological

philosophy - philosophical

finance. - financial

fp. - piano

f-t - faculty

x-in - farm

chem. - chemical

household - economic

Christ. - Christian

artistic - artistic

church - church

Central Committee - Central Committee

h. - part

people - human

thurs. - quarter

member - member

h.-k. - corresponding member

school - school

ShKM - school of peasant youth, school of collective farm youth

SHSM - school of rural youth

SHRM - school of working youth

PCS. - state, piece

copy. - instance

economy - economic

experimental - experimental

ethnogr. - ethnographic

south - southern

UNRSCO - Organization

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

legal - legal

lang. - language

Note. 1. Abbreviations are used for words denoting state, language or nationality (for example, English - English, Russian - Russian), the name of the months (for example, April - April, April). 2. In adjectives and participles, cutting off endings and suffixes is allowed: “al”, “anny”, “spruce”, “spruce”, “en”, weighty”, “ionic”, etc. (for example, central, foreign , means., published, natural, practical, demonstrative, etc.).

Abbreviations in the names of common scientific periodicals of the USSR»

VLU - "Vestnik LGU"

VMU - "Bulletin of Moscow State University"

VP - "Issues of psychology"

VF - "Questions of Philosophy"

VYa - "Issues of Linguistics"

DAN - "Reports of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR"

IAN - "Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR" UZ - "Scientific Notes"

PZh - "Psychological Journal" CHOIDR - "Readings in the Society of History and

TODRL - "Proceedings of the Department of Old Russian Russian Antiquities at the Moscow University of Literature of the Institute of Russian Literature"

BSh - "Biology at school"

BBIII - "High School Bulletin"

VS - "Education of schoolchildren"

GSh - "Geography at school"

DV - "Preschool education"

enlightenment"

IAPN - "Proceedings of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences" IYaSH - "Foreign languages ​​at school"

LSh - "Literature at school"

MSh - "Mathematics at school"

NO - "People's Education"

NSh - "Primary School"

NIS - "Teaching History in School"

VET - "Vocational and technical education"

RYASH - "Russian at school"

Joint venture - "Soviet Pedagogy"

School - "Family and School"

UG - "Teacher's newspaper"

FS - "Physics at school"

ХШ - "Chemistry at school"

SHIP - "School and production

Abbreviations for city names

In Russian

A.-A. - Alma-Ata Ash. - Ashgabat B. - Baku V. - Vilnius G. - Bitter Dush. - Dushanbe Er. - Yerevan K. - Kyiv Kaz. - Kazan Kish. - Chisinau L. - Leningrad M. - Moscow

Mn. - Minsk

Novosib. - Novosibirsk

Od. - Odessa

P. - Petrograd (Petersburg)

SPB - Saint Petersburg

Tal. - Tallinn

Tash. - Tashkent

Tb. - Tbilisi

Fr. - Frunze

in foreign languages

Bdpst - Budapest

Brat. - Bratislava

Brux. - Bruxelles

Buc. - Bucuresti

Camb. - Cambridge

Fr./M. - Frankfurt am Main

gott. - Göttingen

Hamb, Hamburg

hdeb. - Heidelberg

Lpz. - Leipzig Mil. - Milano Munch. - München N. Y. - New York Oxf. - Oxford P. - Paris Stockh. - Stockholm Stuttg. - Stuttgart W. - Wien Warsz. - Warszawa Z. - Zürich.

RUSSIAN

PEDAGOGICAL

ENCYCLOPEDIA

IN TWO VOLUME

Chairman of the Scientific and Editorial Board of the publishing house A. M. PROKHOROV

Editor-in-Chief A.P. GORKIN

Deputy editors: V. I. BORODULIN, V. M. KAREV, N. M. LANDA

Scientific publishing house "GREAT RUSSIAN ENCYCLOPEDIA"

EDITORIAL TEAM

V. V. DAVYDOV (editor-in-chief),

E. D. DNEPROV (deputy editor-in-chief),

V. P. ZINCHENKO, I. S. KON, V. Ya. Lakshin,

I. Ya. Lerner, A. V. Mudrik, B. M. Nemensky,

A. V. PETROVSKY, M. A. PROKOFIEV,

M. N. SKATKIN, N. M. SHAKHMAEV

UDC 37(03) BBK 74 i2 P 76

Editorial Board of Pedagogy and Public Education

Head edited by D. V. IGNATIEV,

leading scientific editors L. S. GLEBOVA, O. D. GREKULOVA,

scientific editors S. S. STEPANOV, A. O. TOLSTIKHINA,

editor N. V. LARIONOVA.

Continuous reading - doctor geogr. Sciences A. P. GORKIN, Ph.D. Sci. H. M. L AND A.

The following people took part in the preparation of the publication:

Editorial illustrations - the chief artist of the publishing house A. V. AKIMOV, leading artist. editor N. I. KOMISSAROVA, artist B. K. MIROSHIN.

Literary and control edition - head. edited by T. N. PARFYONOV, editors S. L. LAVROV, N. G. RUDNITSKAYA.

Bibliography group - group leader T. N. KOVALENKO, editors G. A. SADOV, N. K. TOLMACHEVA.

Group of transcription and etymology - head of the group, candidate of philol. sciences Yu. F. PANASENKO, editor M. S. EPITASHVILI.

Technical edition - head. edited by O. D. SHAPOSHNIKOV, tech. editor T. F. ALEKSANDROVA.

Production department - head. department I. A. VETROVA, leading process engineer G. N. ROMANOVA, process engineer V. F. KASYANOVA, leading specialist G. S. SHUR-SHAKOVA.

Correction - head. proofreader Zh. A. ERMOLAEVA, art. proofreaders L. S. Vainshtein, V. N. IVLEVA, E. A. KULAKOVA, S. F. LIKHACHEVA, A. V. MARTYNOVA, L. A. SELEZNEVA, A. S. SHALAYEVA, M. D. SHTRAMEL, proofreader A. A. VOLCHENKOVA.

Department of reading and production of typesetting original - head. department N. V. SHEVERDINSKAYA, Art. proofreaders O. V. GUSEVA, T. B. SABLINA, I. T. SAMSONOVA, V. I. CHUVILEVA, G. B. SHIBALOVA.

Department of Manuscript Reprinting - Head. L. P. GORYACHEV and L. A. MALTSIN.

Commercial department - head. Department of I. N. Danilov.

Chief Economist A. I. SOLODOVNIKOV A.

First Deputy director N. S. ARTYOMOV.

Deputy Commercial Director I. 3. NURGALIEV.

Federal program of book publishing in Russia.

ISBN 5-85270-286-2

© Scientific publishing house "Big Russian Encyclopedia", 1999.

LIST OF MAIN ABBREVIATIONS

abs. - absolute

ed. - autonomous

adm. - administrative

Asian. - Asian

acad. - academician

AKB - Academy of Communist Education. N. K. Krupskaya

alm. - almanac

AMN - Academy of Medical Sciences

AN - Academy of Sciences

antique - antique

AON - Academy of Social Sciences

APN - Academy of Pedagogical Sciences

arch. - archivist, architect

archit. - architectural

ace. - assistant

ACS - Automated control system

AH - Academy of Arts

B. - Big

b. g. - without a year

b. m. - without a place

b. hours - most - mostly

bibl. - bibliography

biol. - biological

b-ka - library

Bl. East - Middle East

nerd. - botanical

letters. - literally

ex. - former

bul. - bulletin

V. - east

in. - century, issue

including - including

VASKHNIL - All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences. V. I. Lenin

centuries - centuries

Vel. Fatherland war - Great Patriotic War 1941-45

vet. - veterinary

VKIP - Higher Communist Institute of Education

incl. - inclusive

VKP(b) - All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

Komsomol - All-Union Leninist Communist Youth Union

ext. - external

external - extracurricular

VNIK "School" - temporary research team "School"

GNP - gross national product

internal - internal

military - military

east - oriental

VS - Supreme Council

Vseros. - All-Russian

Vses. - All-Union

intro. - introductory

university - higher education institution

VUS - All-Russian Teachers' Union

higher - higher

city ​​- year, city

gas. - newspaper

GBL - State. library of the USSR. IN AND. Lenin

gg. - years, cities

gene. - general, general

geogr. - geographical

geol. - geological

ch. - chief, chief

ch. arr. - mainly

mountains - urban

state - state

state - state

civil - civil

lips. - province

GUS - State Academic Council

D. Vostok - Far East

d.h. - real member

democratic - democratic

dep. -g- deputy, department

village - village

det. - children's

diss. - dissertation

doc. - documentary

Report - Reports

docs - documents

add. - additional, addition

doshk. - preschool

dr - doctor

Dr. - Ancient

others - other

DYUSSH - Children's youth sports school

European - European

units - unit

monthly - monthly

well. e. - railway

railroad - railway

female - female

magazine - Journal

head - manager

deputy - Deputy

Zap. - Notes

app. - western

zarub. - foreign

honored activity - Honored Worker

zool. - zoological

fav. - favorites

Izv. - famous, known

ed. - edition

publishing house - publishing house

ill. - illustrations

imp. - emperor, imperial

industry - industrial

eng. - engineering

INO - Institute of Public Education

inspector - inspector

in-t - institute

inform. - informational

IPAN - Institute of Psychology of the USSR Academy of Sciences

IPK - Institute for Advanced Studies

art - art

research - study

ist. - historical

sources. - sources

IU - Teachers' Improvement Institute

candidate

cand. diss. - PhD thesis

class - Class

c.-l. - any

book. - book, prince

Ph.D. - some

qty - quantity

coll. - collective

colon. - colonial

Kolkh. - collective farm

coma. - Komsomol

con. - the end

conf. - conference

CPSU - Communist Party of the Soviet Union

to-ry - which

to-t - committee

cult.-clearance. - cultural and educational

LGPI - Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute. A. I. Herzen

Leningrad State University - Leningrad State University

Linen. Prize - Lenin Prize

leningr. - Leningrad

to lay down. - medical

lit. - literary

lit-ra - literature

LIFLI - Leningrad Institute of Philosophy, Literature, History

Max. - maximum

MAPRYAL - International Association of Teachers of Russian Language and Literature

math. - mathematical

materials - materials

mash.-builds. - machine-building

IBE - International Bureau of Education

MVTU - Moscow Higher Technical School. N. E. Bauman

MGZPI - Moscow State Correspondence Pedagogical Institute

MGPDI - Moscow State Pedagogical Defectological Institute

MGPI - Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. V. I. Lenin

MGPI them. Potemkin - Moscow City Pedagogical Institute. V. I. Potemkina

MSTU - Moscow State Technical University. N. E. Bauman

MSU - Moscow State University. M. V. Lomonosov

honey. - medical, medal

intl. - international

months - month

method.- methodical

min - minute

min. - minister

min-in - ministry

min. - minimal

MIFLI - Moscow Institute of Philosophy, Literature and History

ml. - younger

million - million

billion - billion

pl. - many

MNP - Ministry of Public Education

MOIP - Moscow Society of Naturalists

MOPI them. Krupskaya - Moscow Regional Pedagogical Institute. N. K. Krupskaya

sea - marine

MOSK. - MOSCOW

MP - Ministry of Education MSGU - Moscow Pedagogical State University

MPU - Moscow Pedagogical University

husband. - male music - Musical Muslim. - Muslim

N. ST. - A NEW STYLE

n. e. - our era

called - called, called

name - title

max. - most, greatest

name -name, smallest

e.g. - for example

nar. - folk

People's Commissar - People's Commissar

Narkompros - People's Commissariat of Education

US. - population

present - real

scientific - scientific

nat. - National

early - beginning, initial, chief

weeks - a week

unknown - unknown, unknown

some - some

several - several

n.-i. - research

NII - research institute

Research Institute of Defectology - Research Institute of Defectology APN USSR

NII DV - Research Institute of Preschool Education of the Academy of Pedagogical Education of the USSR

Research Institute of ICT - Research Institute of Informatics and Computer Engineering of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR

Research Institute of Educational Education - Research Institute of General Education for Adults of the USSR

Research Institute of OPP - Research Institute of General and Pedagogical Psychology of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the USSR

NII OP - Research Institute of General Pedagogics of the Academy of Pedagogics of the USSR

Research Institute of OPV - Research Institute of General Problems of Education of the APS of the USSR

NII PRYANSH - Research Institute for Teaching the Russian Language at the National School of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the USSR

Research Institute of PTP - Research Institute of Vocational Pedagogy of the APS of the USSR

NII SIMO - Research Institute of content and teaching methods of the APS of the USSR

NII TOP - Research Institute of Labor Training and Career Guidance of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the USSR

NII UENO - Research Institute of Management and Economics of Public Education of the USSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences

Research Institute FDP - Research Institute of Physiology of Children and Adolescents of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR

NII KhV - Research Institute of Artistic Education of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the USSR

NII SHOTSO - Research Institute of School Equipment and Teaching Aids of the USSR Academy of Sciences

new - new

about. - Island

society - society

region - region, regional

OK. - about

env. - county

ONO - Department of Public Education

UN - United Nations

org-tion - organization

orig. - original

main - founded, main

otv -responsible

otd - separate, department

fatherland - domestic

official - official

party - party

ped-pedagogical

lane - translation

rename - renamed

Petersburg - Petersburg

petrogr - petrogradsky

pl - area

half - half

polygraph - printing

polit - political

polytechnic - polytechnic

pom - assistant

pos - settlement

having eaten - dedicated

post - ruling, staging, permanent

poch h - honorary member

pr - premium, other

pr-in - government

pre - chairman

foreword - foreword

Pres - President, Presidium

preim - predominantly

approx - approximately

app - application

prim - note

prov - province

product - product

production - production

prom - industrial

industry - industry

prof - professor, professional

prof-tech - vocational

pseudonym - alias

psycho - psychological

vocational school - vocational school

public - publication

p - river, born

RAEY - Russian Academy of Natural Sciences

section -section

diff - various

RAMS - Russian Academy of Medical Sciences

RAS - Russian Academy of Sciences

RANION - Russian Association

tion of research institutes of social sciences

RAO - Russian Academy of Education

RSL - Russian State Library

RGGU - Russian State University for the Humanities

roar - revolutionary

red - editor, editorial

director - director

religion - religious

rep - republican

ref - abstract

rec - review

rome-roman

rice - drawing

district - district

RNL - National Library of Russia

ros-russian

RTO - Russian Technical Society

RF - Russian Federation

s - second

c - village, page

san - sanitary

from x to - agriculture

Sat - collection, Sat - collections

ev - over

s -d - social democrat, social democratic

sowing - northern

village - rural, village

ser - middle, series

sib - siberian

next - next

see - see

CM - Council of Ministers

Mass media - mass media

SNK - Council of People's Commissars - Council of People's Commissars

CO - learning tools

sobr - assembly

sobr op - collected works

own - actually

owls - soviet

joint - joint, joint

modern - modern

abbr - abbreviation, abbreviated

op - composition

special - special

sports - sports

SPTU - secondary vocational school

cf - compare, average

Wed-Century - Medieval

st - article, station, senior

stlb - column

verse - poem

building - construction

from -x - agricultural

SH - Union of Artists

those - that is

t to - since

t and - the so-called

then - thus

tabl - table

t-in - partnership

text - textile

terr - territorial, territory

tetra - notebook

tech - technical

technol - technological

t-r - theater

tr-procedures

TSO - technical training aids

TU - technical school

thousand - thousand, millennium

Youth theater - theater of the young spectator

UVK - educational complex

un-t - university

UPC - training and production plant

uel - conditional

obsolete - obsolete

uch - educational

student - students

school - school

fam - surname

fascist - fascist

fief - feudal

FZD - factory ninth plate

FZO - factory training

FZS - factory seven-year plan

FZU - factory apprenticeship

physical - physical

physics and mathematics - physical and mathematical

fiziol - physiological

philol - philological

philosophy - philosophical

finance - financial

fp - piano

FPK - faculty of advanced training

f-t - faculty

fundam - fundamental

x-in - farm

chem - chemical

household - economic

christian - christian

artistic

church - church

Central Committee - Central Committee

CEC - Central Executive Committee

CNS - central nervous system

person - person

thursday - quarter

h-k - corresponding member

shk - school

ShKM - school of peasant youth, school of collective farm youth

ShRM - school of working youth

SHSM - school of rural youth

piece - state, piece

COMPUTER - electronic computer

ex - instance

economy - economic

experiment - experimental

ethnographic - ethnographic

South Africa - Republic of South Africa

south - south

UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

legal - legal

Note 1. Abbreviations are used for words denoting state, language or nationality (for example, English - English, Russian - Russian), the name of the months (for example, April - April, April) , “anny”, “spruce”, “spruce”, “enny”, “esky”, “ionic”, etc.

Abbreviations in the names of common scientific periodicals

VLU - "Bulletin of LSU" VMU - "Bulletin of Moscow State University" VP - "Issues of Psychology" VF - "Issues of Philosophy" VYa - "Issues of Linguistics"

DAN - "Reports of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR" IAN - "Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR" PJ - "Psychological Journal" TODRL - "Proceedings of the Department of Old Russian Literature of the Institute of Russian Literature"

UZ - "Scientific Notes"

CHOIDR - "Readings in the Society of Russian History and Antiquities at Moscow University"

Abbreviations in the titles of pedagogical periodicals

BSh - "Biology at school"

VVSh - "Bulletin of Higher School"

VS - "Education of schoolchildren"

GSh - "Geography at school"

DV - "Preschool education"

ZHMNP - "Journal of the Ministry of People's

education" IAPN - "Proceedings of the Academy of Pedagogical

IYASH - "Foreign Languages ​​at School" LS - "Literature at School" MS - "Mathematics at School" NO - "People's Education" NSh - "Primary School" II - "Pedagogy"

HSP - "Teaching History in School" VET - "Vocational Education"

RYANSH - "Russian language in the national school"

RYASSH - "Russian language in the Soviet school"

RYASH - "Russian at school"

Joint venture - "Soviet Pedagogy"

SSO - "Secondary specialized education"

School - "Family and School"

UG - "Teacher's newspaper"

FS - "Physics at school"

ХШ - "Chemistry at school"

SHIP - "School and production"

"Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia" - a collection of information on the problems of education and upbringing. It contains over 2,000 articles on the theory, history, and methodology of the psychological and pedagogical sciences. The history and current state of education systems in Russia and abroad are covered. The focus is on the formation of the student's personality. The encyclopedia is intended for teachers and other specialists in the field of education, students of pedagogical universities, as well as parents and all those who are interested in issues of pedagogy and humanitarian knowledge.

UDC 37(03) BBK 74 i2

License No. 0101144 dated 140197. Tax benefit - all-Russian classifier of products OK-005 93, volume 2, 953000. Handed over to the set 25 06 96 Signed for printing 18 09 96 Edition format 84 x 108 "/16 Offset paper No. 1 Typeface Times. Printing offset Volume of publication 70.56 standard printed sheets, 70.56 standard printed sheets, 134.47 standard printed sheets Circulation 5000 copies Order 1611. P. 2.

Scientific publishing house "Great Russian Encyclopedia" 109028, Moscow, Pokrovsky Boulevard, 8 JSC "Tver Polygraphic Plant" 170024, Tver, Lenina Prospekt, 5.
Note!


1. This version of the text of the encyclopedia does not contain graphics and tabular data, with the exception of the text of articles in which tables are an important part of the content;
2. After automatic cleaning, the text was not checked for errors, which is why a number of shortcomings were noticed in it:
- there may be missing or incorrectly recognized punctuation marks and symbols, as well as letters and words in the wrong case, extra spaces and symbols;
- all letters that are not included in the alphabets of the Russian and German languages ​​are lost and replaced by the symbols of the alphabets of the two languages ​​mentioned that are closest to them in outline;
- lost all accents;
- font typeface and text formatting may differ from the original ones;
- theoretically, some blocks of text may be placed in the wrong order (shortcomings of the segmentation module in the OCR program).


Usage


Once you've selected the link with the letter you want, use your browser's "Case Sensitive Search" feature. In the search bar, enter the keyword of the article in CAPITAL letters. If the search fails to find the article you are looking for, then the title of the article may contain a spelling error. In this case, the desired article will have to be searched manually by scrolling :-). Use your browser's BACK and FORWARD buttons to navigate.

Moscow
GREAT RUSSIAN ENCYCLOPEDIA

1993-1999

FROM THE EDITORIAL BOARD

The Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia is a reference publication that aims to present, as far as possible, a complete set of generalized and systematized information in the field of theory and practice of education in modern conditions. This publication is intended for practicing teachers of all specialties, researchers and students who need reliable and objective information on theory, history, methodology, methods of psychological and pedagogical sciences and on various educational systems. Since many pedagogical phenomena and regularities are interdisciplinary in nature, the encyclopedia is largely focused on specialists in related fields - psychology, philosophy, sociology, etc. At the same time, readers (and, above all, parents and educators of children of any age) individuals will find here a variety of materials on these problems.
Our country has experience in publishing such works. However, the Pedagogical Encyclopedia, published in 1927-29 in 3 vols. ed. A. G. Kalashnikov today is more of a historical and scientific than a reference source. To a certain extent, the same can be said about the two-volume Pedagogical Dictionary (1960-61) and the four-volume Pedagogical Encyclopedia (1964-1968).
The creators of the encyclopedia are aware that not a single scientific reference publication, especially a humanitarian one, can claim to be considered completely independent of the ideological currents of its time, scientific traditions, and sometimes emotional predilections. Similar editions of past years bear the imprint of their era. In recent decades, and especially in the last few years, in the field of psychological and pedagogical knowledge, there has been a reassessment of many theories and facts that previously seemed unconditional. Considerable experience has also been accumulated - both positive and, it must be admitted, negative - in the field of education.
The Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia seeks to reflect as objectively as possible the current level of development of domestic pedagogical science and practice. A complex and contradictory stage in the life of the state and society cannot but affect the state of pedagogy and the education system. Therefore, the material presented in the encyclopedia bears the imprint of those social trends that, even without taking shape completely, now determine the development of pedagogical science and practice.
For the perception of encyclopedic literature that has taken root in us, its assessment by the reader as a normative source is characteristic. From modern positions, this view cannot be considered justified, since in the field of humanitarian knowledge in general and pedagogy in particular, the monopoly on truth does not at all serve the cause of a creative approach to the subject under consideration. Of course, the factual material presented in the encyclopedia has been carefully checked. As for the definitions given to this or that concept, as well as scientific interpretations of various phenomena and facts, the editorial board abandoned attempts to formulate them in the final version. In modern science, a number of concepts have many definitions that are not always consistent with each other. Scientific interpretation of certain phenomena is also carried out from different positions. Therefore, in most cases, the content of a problematic article mainly reflects the position of the specialist who wrote it. The text of the encyclopedia articles in this regard cannot and should not serve as an indisputable argument in scientific discussion. In particular, the bibliography attached to the articles also includes sources that reflect other than the author's approaches to the problem. This partly reveals one of the goals of the encyclopedia - to stimulate scientific thought and creative search.
The unifying core of various author's approaches was the general trend - the humanization of pedagogical science and practice, primarily teaching and education in the modern school.
In the light of emerging trends in modern pedagogy, the content of the encyclopedia has undergone significant changes compared to previous publications of a similar profile. The creators of the encyclopedia sought to free the text from the ideological clichés and attitudes that dominated Russian pedagogy for decades. The material devoted to domestic and foreign scientists and their views, as well as foreign pedagogical experience, is presented as objectively as possible, without unambiguous assessment. Critical analysis of various theories and approaches gave way to exposition and comments. The information presented in this way in the encyclopedia is sufficient for the reader to be able to single out a rational grain in one or another position and make his own assessment.
In general, the unifying position of numerous authors of the encyclopedia was the recognition of childhood as an intrinsically valuable, unique stage in a person's life, as well as the assertion of the right of every child to a full-fledged education in accordance with his abilities and inclinations. The main emphasis is placed on the obvious advantages of democratic forms of education and training over authoritarian approaches. The authors also sought to emphasize the idea of ​​the necessary continuity of positive historical and national traditions in the matter of education and upbringing.
The formation of personality is not a narrowly pedagogical, but a universal problem. The attention of thinkers of different eras was riveted to it, including those who are traditionally not considered teachers, but whose reasoning about human nature played an important role in the development of pedagogical thought. In the encyclopedia, separate articles are devoted to some of these major figures, which do not reflect the fullness of the views of a particular scientist or writer, but are focused on presenting his concept in accordance with the specifics of this publication.
Separate concepts are included in the pedagogical encyclopedia for the first time. This is a series of psychological concepts that have previously received insufficient attention, but which are of fundamental importance for pedagogy. These are also some concepts of philosophy and ethics, without understanding which judgments about the humanization of education lose their scientific ground. Information from the field of medicine, physiology, anatomy, morphology, etc. is presented rather concisely, since it is only indirectly related to pedagogical problems and can be gleaned from other sources.
The material in the Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia is presented in the form traditionally adopted in domestic encyclopedic publications. Articles are arranged in alphabetical order. Terms consisting of two or more words are placed in such a way that the first place is occupied by the word that carries the logical stress (for example, Age crises), with the exception of established phrases (for example, Developmental psychology). In some cases, inversion is allowed (for example, Peoples of the North Institute). Etymological references are given where necessary. Links between different articles are established by means of references (the title of the corresponding article in the text of another article is given in italics). For the sake of compactness, the abbreviations adopted in the encyclopedia are used, a list of which is given on p. 7-8.
The editorial board expresses its gratitude to all organizations and individuals who took part in the creation of the Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia.

RUSSIAN

PEDAGOGICAL
ENCYCLOPEDIA

IN TWO VOLUME

VOLUME I
(A-L)

Editor-in-Chief V. G. PANOV
Deputy editors: V. I. BORODULIN, A. P. GORKIN, A. A. GUSEV, N. M. LANDA

Moscow
Scientific publishing house " GREAT RUSSIAN ENCYCLOPEDIA"
1993

Editor-in-chief V. V. DAVYDOV
EDITORIAL TEAM


I. Ya. Lerner, A. V. Mudrik, B. M. Yemensky,

VOLUME II
(M-Z)

Chairman of the Scientific and Editorial Board of the publishing house A. M. PROKHOROV
Editor-in-Chief A.P. GORKIN
Deputy editors: V. I. BORODULIN, V. M. KAREV, N. M. LANDA

Moscow
Scientific publishing house "GREAT RUSSIAN ENCYCLOPEDIA"
1999

EDITORIAL TEAM
V. V. DAVYDOV (editor-in-chief),
E. D. DNEPROV (deputy editor-in-chief),
V. P. ZINCHENKO, I. S. KON, V. Ya. Lakshin,
I. Ya. Lerner, A. V. Mudrik, B. M. Nemensky,
A. V. PETROVSKY, M. A. PROKOFIEV,
M. N. SKATKIN, N. M. SHAKHMAEV

UDC 37(03) BBK 74 i2 P 76
Head edited by D. V. IGNATIEV,
leading scientific editors L. S. GLEBOVA, O. D. GREKULOVA,
scientific editors S. S. STEPANOV, A. O. TOLSTIKHINA,
editor N. V. LARIONOVA.
Solid reading - Dr. Geogr. Sciences A. P. GORKIN, Ph.D. Sci. H. M. L AND A.
Editorial illustrations - the chief artist of the publishing house A. V. AKIMOV, leading artist. editor N. I. KOMISSAROVA, artist B. K. MIROSHIN.
Literary and control edition - head. edited by T. N. PARFYONOV, editors S. L. LAVROV, N. G. RUDNITSKAYA.
Bibliography group - group leader T. N. KOVALENKO, editors G. A. SADOV, N. K. TOLMACHEVA.
Group of transcription and etymology - head of the group, candidate of philol. sciences Yu. F. PANASENKO, editor M. S. EPITASHVILI.
Technical edition - head. edited by O. D. SHAPOSHNIKOV, tech. editor T. F. ALEKSANDROVA.
Production department - head. department I. A. VETROVA, leading process engineer G. N. ROMANOVA, process engineer V. F. KASYANOVA, leading specialist G. S. SHUR-SHAKOVA.
Correction - head. proofreader Zh. A. ERMOLAEVA, art. proofreaders L. S. Vainshtein, V. N. IVLEVA, E. A. KULAKOVA, S. F. LIKHACHEVA, A. V. MARTYNOVA, L. A. SELEZNEVA, A. S. SHALAYEVA, M. D. SHTRAMEL, proofreader A. A. VOLCHENKOVA.
Department of reading and production of typesetting original - head. department N. V. SHEVERDINSKAYA, Art. proofreaders O. V. GUSEVA, T. B. SABLINA, I. T. SAMSONOVA, V. I. CHUVILEVA, G. B. SHIBALOVA.
Department of Manuscript Reprinting - head. L. P. GORYACHEV and L. A. MALTSIN.
Commercial department - Department of I. N. Danilov.
Chief Economist A. I. SOLODOVNIKOV A.
First Deputy director N. S. ARTYOMOV.
Deputy Commercial Director I. 3. NURGALIEV.
Federal program of book publishing in Russia.
ISBN 5-85270-286-2
© Scientific publishing house "Big Russian Encyclopedia", 1999.

37(03)P76
Editorial Board of Pedagogy and Public Education
Head edited by Yu. H. KOPOTKOB, D. V. IGNATIEV,
leading scientific editors L. S. GLEBOVA, O. D. GREKULOVA, S. R. MALKINA.
scientific editors S. S. STEPANOV, A. O. TOLSTIKHINA, I. V. SHADRINA,
editor N. V. LARIONOVA.
The following people took part in the preparation of the publication:
Deputy editor-in-chief of the publishing house, doctor geogr. Sciences A.P. GORKIN.
Consultant A. I. FOTEEVA.
Leading Scientist Editor of the Scientific and Editorial Council Candidate of Philology Sciences G. V. YAKUSHEVA.
Head Editorial Board of Philosophy Candidate of Philosophy. Sciences N. M. LANDA.
Group of medicine - scientific. editor candidate of biol. Sciences N. E. VESENINA.
Edition of the dictionary - scientific. editors T. A. SVIRIDOVA, L. P. SIDOROV.
Literary-control rslakgia - head. edited by G. I. ZAMANI, T. N. PARFYONOV, Art. editor I. I. PETROVA, editors G. I. LEMESHONOK, N. G. RUDNITSKAYA.
Bibliography group - art. scientific editor V. A. STULOV, art. editors 3. S. IZMAILOVA, T. N. KOVALENKO.
Group of transcription and etymology - scientific. editors E. L. RIF, N. K. TOLMACHEVA, M. S. EPITASHVILI.
Fact Verification and Comparison Group - Head of the group T. V. ZHUKOVA, researcher. editor, candidate of art criticism M. V. ESIPOVA, editors E. V. ADAMOVA, N. I. RODINA, I. S. RYAKHOVSKAYA, G. F. SERPOVA.
Control and Dispatching Service - Head G. S. SHURSHAKOVA, editors T. I. KRASOVITSKAYA, A. V. SAVINA.
Technical edition - head. edited by R. T. NIKISHIN, tech. editor T. F. ALEKSANDROVA.
Production department - deputy. head department V. N. MARKIN, process engineers M. H. ANDREEVA, V. F. KASYANOV.
Correction - head. proofreader Zh. A. ERMOLAEVA, art. proofreaders S. N. BUTYUGINA, V. N. IVLEVA, S. F. LIKHACHEVA.
Department of reading and production of typesetting original head. department N. V. SHEVERDINSKAYA, Art. proofreaders T. B. SABLINA, I. T. SAMSONOVA, E. E. TRUBITSYNA.
Department of Manuscript Reprinting - head. department L. A. MALTSINA.
Editing illustrations - head. edited by A. V. AKIMOV, artist. editors G. A. ZHURAVLEVA, M. K. MOREINIS.
Artist B. K. MIROSHIN.
Deputy production director N. S. ARTYOMOV.
Deputy Commercial Director YI ZAVEDETSKY.
4303000000-021 007(01) – 93
ISBN 5-85270 140-8 (vol. 1) 5-85270-114-9
© Scientific publishing house "Great Russian Encyclopedia", 1993

LIST OF MAIN ABBREVIATIONS

abs. – absolute
Aug. – august
ed. – autonomous
adm. – administrative
Asian. – Asian
acad. – academician
AKB - Academy of Communist Education. N. K. Krupskaya
alm. – almanac
AMN - Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR
AN - Academy of Sciences
antique – antique
AON - Academy of Social Sciences
APN - Academy of Pedagogical Sciences
arch. archival, architect
archit. – architectural
ace. - assistant
ACS - Automated Control System
AH - Academy of Arts
B. - Big
b. g. - without a year
b. m. - without a place
b. h. - most, for the most part
bibl. - bibliography, bibliographic
biol. – biological
b-ka - library
Bl. East - Middle East
nerd. - botanical letters. - literally byv. - former bul. – bulletin V. – east
in. - century, release
including - including
VASKHNIL - All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences. V. I. Lenin
centuries – century
Vel. Fatherland war - Great Patriotic War 1941-45
vet. – veterinary
VKIP - Higher Communist Institute of Education
incl. – inclusive
VKP(b) - All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
VLKSM - All-Union Leninist Communist Youth Union
external – external
external – extracurricular
GNP - gross national product
internal – internal
military - military
east - eastern
VS - Supreme Council
Vseros. – All-Russian
Vses. – All-Union
intro. - introductory
university - higher education institution
higher - higher
g. - year. city
gas. - newspaper
GBL - State. library of the USSR. V. I. Lenin
gg. – years, cities
gene. - general, general
geogr. – geographical
geol. – geological
ch. - chief, chief
ch. arr, mainly
mountains – urban
state – state
state - state
civil – civil
lips. – province
GUS - State Academic Council
D. Vostok - Far East
d.h. - real member
democratic – democratic
dep. - deputy, department
village - village
det. - children's
diss. – dissertation
doc. - documentary
Report – Reports
docs - documents
add. - additional, addendum
doshk. – preschool
dr - doctor
Dr. - Ancient
others - other
DYUSSH - Children's Youth Sports School_
European – European
units - unit
monthly – monthly
well. e. - railway
railroad – railway
wives, female
magazine - Journal
3. - west
head - manager
deputy - deputy
Zap. – Notes
app. – western
zarub. - foreign
honored activity - Honored Worker
zool. – zoological
fav. – favorites
Izv. - famous, known
ed. – edition
publishing house - publishing house
ill. – illustrations
them. - name
imp. - emperor, imperial
industr. – industrial
eng. – engineering
INO - Institute of Public Education
inspector - inspector
in-t - institute
inform. – informational
IPAN - Institute of Psychology of the USSR Academy of Sciences
IPK - Institute for Advanced Studies
art - art
research - study
ist. – historical
source – sources
IUU - Institute for the Advancement of Teachers
cand. - candidate
cand. diss. - PhD thesis
cafe – department
class - Class
c.-l. - any
book. - book
Ph.D. - some
qty - quantity
coll. – collective
colon. – colonial
Kolkh. - collective farm
coma. - Komsomol
con. - the end
conf. – Conference of the CPSU – Communist Party of the Soviet Union
to-ry - which
to-t - committee
cult.-clearance. - cultural and educational
LGPI - Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute. A. I. Herzen
Leningrad State University - Leningrad State University
Linen. etc. - Lenin Prize
leningr. - Leningrad
to lay down. - medical
lit. - literary
lit-ra - literature
LIFLI - Leningrad Institute of Philosophy, Literature, History
Max. - maximum
MAPRYAL - International Association of Teachers of Russian Language and Literature
math. - mathematical
materials - materials
mash.-builds. – machine-building
IBE - International Bureau of Education
MVTU - Moscow Higher Technical School. N. E. Bauman
MGZPI - Moscow State Correspondence Pedagogical Institute
MGPDI - Moscow State Pedagogical Defectological Institute
MGPI - Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. V. I. Lenin
MGPI them. Potemkin - Moscow City Pedagogical Institute. V. I. Potemkina
MGU - Moscow State University
honey. - medical, medal
intl. - international
month - month
method. – methodical
min - minute
min. - minister
min-in - ministry
min. – minimum
MIFLI - Moscow Institute of Philosophy, Literature and History
ml. - younger
million – million
billion - billion
pl. - many
MNP - Ministry of Public Education
MOIP - Moscow Society of Naturalists
MOPI them. Krupskaya - Moscow Regional Pedagogical Institute. N. K. Krupskaya
sea – marine
sinks - Moscow
MP - Ministry of Education
husband. - male
music - musical
Muslim – Muslim
N. ST. - A NEW STYLE
n. e. - our era
called - called, called
name - title
max. - most, largest
name - name, smallest
e.g. - for example
nar. - folk
US. - population
present - real
people's commissar - people's commissar
Narkompros - People's Commissariat of Education
scientific – scientific
nat. - National
early - beginning, initial, head
week - week
unknown - unknown, unknown
some - some
several - several
n.-i. – research
Research Institute - Research Institute
Research Institute of Defectology – Research Institute of Defectology APN USSR
NII DV - Research Institute of Preschool Education of the Academy of Pedagogical Education of the USSR
Research Institute of ICT - Research Institute of Informatics and Computer Engineering of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR
NII OOV - Research Institute of General Education for Adults of the Academy of Pedagogical Education of the USSR
Research Institute of OPP - Research Institute of General and Pedagogical Psychology of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the USSR
Research Institute of OP - Research Institute of General Pedagogics of the Academy of Pedagogics of the USSR
Research Institute of OPV - Research Institute of General Problems of Education of the Academy of Pedagogical Education of the USSR
Research Institute PRYANSH - Research Institute of Russian Language Teaching at the National School of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR
Research Institute of PTP - Research Institute of Vocational Pedagogy of the Academy of Pedagogics of the USSR
NII SIMO - Research Institute of Content and Teaching Methods of the APS of the USSR
NII TOP - Research Institute of Labor Training and Career Guidance of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the USSR
Research Institute UENO - Research Institute of Management and Economics of Public Education of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR
Research Institute FDP - Research Institute of Physiology of Children and Adolescents of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR
NII KhV - Research Institute of Artistic Education of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the USSR
NII SHOTSO - Research Institute of School Equipment and Teaching Aids of the USSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences
about. - Island
society - society
region - region, regional
OK. - about
env. – county
IT - Department of Public Education
UN - United Nations
publ. - published, published
org. - organized, organized
org-tion - organization
orig. – original
main - founded (founded), main
resp. - responsible
otd. - separate department
fatherly - domestic
official – official
part. - party
ped. – pedagogical
per. - translation
rename - renamed (new)
petersburg - Petersburg
petrograd. – Petrograd
sq. - area
floor. - half
polygraph. – printing
polytechnic – polytechnic
pom. - assistant
settlement - village
ate. - dedicated
fast. - decision, setting, permanent
post. h. - honorary member
etc. - premium, other
pr-in - government
prev. - Chairman
foreword - foreword
Pres. - the president. Presidium
preim. - mostly
approx. - approximately
adj. - Appendix
approx. - note
prov.-» province
prod. - work
production - production
prom. – industrial
industry - industry
prof. - professor, professional
prof.-tech. – vocational
pseudo. - pseudonym
psychol. – psychological
PTU - vocational school
publ. – publication
R. - river, born
sec. - chapter
sec. – various
RANION - Russian Association of Research Institutes of Social Sciences
RAO - Russian Academy of Education
roar. - revolutionary
ed. - editor, editorial
dir. - producer
religious – religious
rep. - Republican
ref. - essay
rec. – review
Rome. – Roman
rice. - picture
district - district
genus. - was born
grew up – Russian
rr. – rivers
RTO - Russian Technical Society
S. - north
s - second
from. - village, page
dignity. – sanitary
from. x-in - agriculture
Sat. - collection, collections - collections
St. - over
s.-d. - social democrat, social democratic
sowing – northern
sat down - rural, village
ser. - middle, series
sib. – Siberian
track. - next
see - see
CM - Council of Ministers
et al. - co-author
SNK, Council of People's Commissars - Council of People's Commissars
coll. - meeting
coll. op. - collected works
own - actually
owls. - Soviet
joint - jointly, jointly
modern - modern
abbr. - abbreviation, abbreviated
op. - writing
specialist. - special
sport. – sports
SPTU - secondary vocational school
cf. - compare, average
Wed-century. – medieval
Art. – article, station, senior
stlb. - column
verse. - poem
construction - construction
s.-x. – agricultural
SH - Union of Artists
t. - volume
i.e. - that is
because - since
so-called. - so-called
then. - thus
tab. - table
t-in - partnership
text. – textile
terr. - territorial
tetra. - notebook
tech. – technical
technol. – technological
t-p - theater
tr. – works
TCO - technical training aids
tt. - volumes
TU - technical school
thousand - thousand, millennium
Youth theater - theater of the young spectator
y. – county
UVK - educational complex
un-t - university
UPC - training and production plant
conv. - conditional
obsolete - obsolete
uch. - educational
student - students
school - school
fam. - surname
fash. – fascist
feud. – feudal
FZD - factory nine-year plan
FZO - factory training
FZS - factory seven-year plan
FZU - factory apprenticeship
physical – physical
Phys.-Math. – physical and mathematical
physiol. – physiological
fi lol. – philological
philosophy - philosophical
finance. - financial
fp. - piano
FPK - faculty of advanced training
f-t - faculty
x-in - farm
chem. – chemical
household - economic
Christ. – Christian
artistic - artistic
church - church
Central Committee - Central Committee
CEC - Central Executive Committee
CNS - central nervous system
h - hour
h - part
people - human
thurs. - quarter
member - member
h.-k. - corresponding member
school – school
ShKM - school of peasant youth, school of collective farm youth
SHSM - school of rural youth
SHRM - school for working youth
PCS. - state, piece
COMPUTER - electronic computer
copy. - instance
economy – economic
experimental – experimental
ethnogr. – ethnographic
Yu - south
South Africa - Republic of South Africa
south – southern
UNRSCO - Organization
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
legal – legal
lang. - language
Note. 1. Abbreviations are used for words denoting state, language or nationality (for example, English - English, Russian - Russian), the name of the months (for example, April - April, April). 2. In adjectives and participles, cutting off endings and suffixes is allowed: “al”, “anny”, “spruce”, “spruce”, “en”, weighty”, “ionic”, etc. (for example, central, foreign , means., published, natural, practical, demonstrative, etc.).
Abbreviations in the names of common scientific periodicals of the USSR»
VLU - Vestnik LSU
VMU - "Bulletin of Moscow State University"
VP - "Issues of psychology"
VF - "Questions of Philosophy"
VYa - "Issues of Linguistics"
DAN - "Reports of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR"
IAN - "Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR" UZ - "Scientific Notes"
PZh - "Psychological Journal" CHOIDR - "Readings in the Society of History and
TODRL - "Proceedings of the Department of Old Russian Russian Antiquities at the Moscow University of Literature of the Institute of Russian Literature"
Abbreviations in the titles of pedagogical periodicals
BS - "Biology at school"
BBIII - High School Bulletin
VS - "Education of schoolchildren"
GS - "Geography at school"
DV - "Preschool education"
ZHMNP - "Journal of the Ministry of People's
enlightenment"
IAPN - "Proceedings of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences" IYaSH - "Foreign languages ​​at school"
LS - "Literature at school"
MS - "Mathematics at school"
NO - "People's Education"
NS - "Primary School"
NSP - "Teaching History in School"
VET - "Vocational and Technical Education"
RYANSH - "Russian language in the national school"
RYASSH - "Russian language in the Soviet school"
RYASH - "Russian language at school"
JV - "Soviet Pedagogy"
SSO - "Secondary specialized education"
School - "Family and School"
UG - "Teacher's newspaper"
FS - "Physics at school"
ХШ - "Chemistry at school"
SHIP - "School and production
Abbreviations for city names
In Russian
A.-A. - Alma-Ata Ash. - Ashgabat B. - Baku V. - Vilnius G. - Gorky Dush. – Dushanbe Er. – Yerevan K. – Kyiv Kaz. - Kazan Kish. - Chisinau L. - Leningrad M. - Moscow
Mn. – Minsk
Novosib. – Novosibirsk
Od. – Odessa
P. - Petrograd (Petersburg)
R. - Riga
St. Petersburg - St. Petersburg
Tal. – Tallinn
Tash. – Tashkent
Tb. – Tbilisi
Fr. – Frunze
in foreign languages
V. – Berlin
Bdpst-Budapest
Brat. – Bratislava
Brux. – Bruxelles
Buc. – Bucuresti
Camb. – Cambridge
Fr./M. – Frankfurt am Main
Gen. – Geneve
gott. – Gottingen
Hamb, Hamburg
hdeb. – Heidelberg
L.-London
Lpz. – Leipzig Mil. – Milano Munch. – Munchen N. Y. – New York Oxf. – Oxford P. – Paris Stockh. - Stockholm Stuttg. – Stuttgart W. – Wien Warsz. - Warszawa Z. - Zurich.

Pedagogical encyclopedias

and dictionaries, scientific and reference publications on pedagogy and public education containing information on the history, theory and practice of upbringing and education (in general or in individual branches of pedagogical science). Distinguish according to P.'s content e. of a general nature and dedicated to individual problems, sections, disciplines of pedagogical science; by structure - alphabetical dictionary (main type) and systematic; terminological dictionaries - monolingual and so-called language. P. e. as a special type of pedagogical literature began to appear in the late 18th - early 19th centuries. The increase in the number of publications of educational and pedagogical manuals and theoretical works on pedagogy, pedagogical psychology necessitated the generalization of the accumulated pedagogical experience in the most convenient encyclopedic form for review. A characteristic example of such a consolidated fundamental work is the 16-volume edition of the "General Revision of School Science and Education" ("Allgemeine Revision des gesamten Schulund Erziehungswesen", Hamb.-, 1785-1792), compiled under the guidance of the German philanthropist teacher J. G. Campe. From the beginning of the 19th century P. e. compiled in many countries; the greatest influence on their development was exerted by the publications of Germany and France, in the 20th century by Great Britain and the USA.

In Russia, the first attempt to create a set of pedagogical ideas was made by F. Anhalt, who compiled two collections of moralizing aphorisms (in Russian, French, German, Latin) - “The Speaking Wall” (“La muraille parlante”, St. Petersbourg, 1790) and “The Hall rest” (“La salle de récréations”, St. Petersbourg, 1791). In 1829, the publisher S. Glinka published a second edition of these aphorisms in Moscow, calling it "The Art of Learning While Walking, or Manual Encyclopedia for Education." P.N. adding a dictionary of virtues and vices "(St. Petersburg. 1824)," Dictionary of physical and moral education "(parts 1-2, St. Petersburg, 1827)," Dictionary of virtues and vices with the addition of some memorable incidents "(parts 1-2, St. Petersburg , 1828). In 1898-1910, the parent circle of the Pedagogical Museum of military educational institutions in St. Petersburg published a series of brochures on the problems of preschool education - "Encyclopedia of family education and training" (59 brochures); the series was created on the basis of reports in the circle of teachers, doctors and parents, edited by P. F. Kapterev. At the beginning of the 20th century The Kharkov Society for the Propagation of Literacy among the People published 2 pedagogical volumes as part of the People's Encyclopedia of Scientific and Applied Knowledge published by it: v. 9 - "Philosophy and Pedagogy" (M., 1911) and v. 10 - "People's Education in Russia" ( M., 1912), with a wide systematic coverage of pedagogical knowledge and a large amount of factual material. At the same time, a number of cultural figures (N. V. Chekhov, E. M. Charnolusskaya, M. M. Rubinshtein, L. B. Khavkina, V. P. Kashchenko, G. I. Rossolimo and others) created under the general editorship of N. V. Tulupov and P. M. Shestakov "Practical School Encyclopedia" (M., 1912), imbued with the ideas of the labor school.

The first Soviet encyclopedic publication was the 3-volume "Pedagogical Encyclopedia" published in 1927-29 in Moscow, edited by A. G. Kalashnikov and M. S. Epshtein with the participation of the most prominent Soviet teachers. Despite the lack of development of many problems of Soviet pedagogy in the 1920s, the diversity of views of the authors, ideological and methodological errors in a number of articles, the encyclopedia summarized a large amount of material on the history and theory of training and education. In 1960, the APN of the RSFSR published a short two-volume Pedagogical Dictionary (editor-in-chief I. A. Kairov). In 1964-68, the publishing house "Soviet Encyclopedia" published a 4-volume "Pedagogical Encyclopedia" (editor-in-chief I. A. Kairov and F. N. Petrov). The encyclopedia contains about 3 thousand articles on the main psychological issues of education, general problems of pedagogy, didactics, methods of education, extracurricular and extracurricular work, pedagogical and child psychology and physiology, defectology, public education systems in the USSR and other countries, branches of special education , about domestic and foreign teachers and educators.

Among the general P. e. and dictionaries of foreign countries, the following editions have value or retain it to characterize the pedagogy of their time.

Great Britain: Fletcher A., ​​Sonnenschein's Pedagogical Encyclopedia (Fletcher A. E., Sonnenschein's cyclopaedia of education, L., 1888; 3 rev. ed., L. - NY, 1906); theory, methodology, practice, history and development of pedagogy in the UK and abroad", editor A. P. Laurie, vol. 1-7 (4) ("The teacher" s encyclopedia of the theory, method, practice, history and development of education at home and abroad", ed. by A.P. Laurie, v. 1-7, L., 1911-12; 2ed., V.1-4, L., 1922); Watson F., Encyclopaedia and dictionary of education, v. 1-4, L., 1921-22; "Macmillan's Teaching Practice in Primary School [Publishing] Macmillan," editor E. J. S. Lay, vols. 1-7 ("Macmillan's teaching in practice. An encyclopaedia of modern methods of teaching in primary school," bv E. JS Lay, v. 1-7, L., 1931-39); "The practice of teaching in junior schools [publishing house] Macmillan," editor E. J. S. Lay, vol. 1-7 ("Macmillan's teaching in practice for junior schools, A new encyclopaedia of teaching, ed. by E. JS Lay, v. 1-7, L., 1938); Macmillan's teaching in practice for seniors. An encyclopaedia of modern methods of teaching, ed. by E. JS Lay, v. 1-8, L., 1938); "Blond's Pedagogical Encyclopedia [Publishing House]," editor E. Blishen ("Blond's encyclopaedia of education", ed. by E. Blishen,).

GDR: "Small Pedagogical Encyclopedia", editor-publisher G. Frankiewicz and others ("Kleine pädagogische Enzykiopädie", hrsg. von H, Frankiewicz, B., 1960); "Pedagogical Encyclopedia", editor G. Frankiewicz and others, vol. 1-2 ("Pädagogische Enzykiopädie", hrsg. von H. Frankiewicz, Bd l-2, V., 1963).

Germany (until 1945): Reuter D., "Pedagogical Encyclopedic Dictionary, or Handbook of Education and Training" (Reuter D., "Pädagogisches Reallexikon, oder Repertorium für Erziehungs- und Unterrichtskunde und ihre Literatur", Nürnberg, 1811); “The Encyclopedic Pedagogical Dictionary, or the Complete Alphabetical Reference and Manual on Pedagogy and Didactics”, revised and edited by J. G. H. Wörle (“Encyklopädisch-pädagogisches Lexicon, oder Vollständiges alphabetisch geordnetes Hand- und Hilfsbuch der Pädagogik und Didaktik”, bearb. und hrsg. von JGC Wörle, Heilbronn, 1835); "Universal Encyclopedic Dictionary of Education and Training", editor M. K. Münch, vol. 1-3 ("Universal-Lexicon der Erziehungs- und Unterrichtslehre", hrsg. von M. C. Münch, Bd 1-3, Augsburg, 1841-42; 3 Aufl., Augsburg, 1859-1860); “Pedagogical Encyclopedic Dictionary, or Encyclopedic Dictionary of Education and Education and Their History ...”, editor K. G. Hergang, vol. 1-2 ...", hrsg. von KG Hergang, Grimma, 1843-47; 2. Aufl., Bd 1-2, Grimma, 1851-52); "Encyclopedia on all questions of education and training", vol. 1-10 ("Encykiopädie des gesamten Erziehungs- und Unterrichtswesens", Bd 1-10, Gotha, 1859-75; 2. Aufl., 1876-87); "Encyclopedia of pedagogy from the point of view of modern science", vol. 1-2 ("Encykiopädie der Pädagogik vom gegenwärtigen Standpunkte der Wissenschaft", Bd 1-2, Lpz., 1860); "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Education and Education Based on Catholic Principles", revised and general edition by G. Rolfus and A. Pfister, vols. 1-4 ("Real-EncykIopädie des Erziehungs- und Unterrichtswesens nach katholischen Principien", bearb. und hrsg. von H. Rolfus und A. Pfister, Bd 1-4, Mainz, 1863-66; 2. Aufl., Bd 1-4, Mainz, 1872-74, Ergänzungsband, 1884); Wittstock A., "A short encyclopedia of pedagogy" (Wittstock A., "Encykiopädie der Pädagogik im Grundriß", Heidelberg, 1865); Vogel A., "Systematic encyclopedia of pedagogy" (Vogel A., "Systematische Encykiopädie der Pädagogik", Eisenach, 1881); Sander F., "Encyclopedic dictionary of pedagogy" (Sander F., "Lexikon der Pädagogik", Lpz., 1883; 2. Aufl., Breslau, 1889); "Encyclopedic Handbook of Pedagogy", editor V Rein, vol. 1-7(10) ("Encykiopädisches Handbuch der Pädagogik", hrsg. von W. Rein, Bd 1-7, Langensalza, 1895-1899; 2. Aufl., Bd 1-10, 1903-11); Encyclopedic Dictionary of Pedagogy, editor M. Rolov, vol. 1-5 ("Lexikon der Pädagogik", hrsg. von M. Roloff, Bd 1-5, Freiburg im Breisgau, 1913-17; 2. Aufl., 1921); “Desk Dictionary of Public Education”, editor E. Klausnitzer et al. (“Handwörterbuch des Volksschulwesens”, hrsg. von E. Clausnitzer, Lpz.-B., 1920); "Pedagogical Encyclopedic Dictionary", editor G. Schwartz, vol. 1-4 ("Pädagogisches Lexikon", hrsg. von H. Schwartz, Bd 1-4, Bielefeld-Lpz., 1928-31); Handbuch der Pädagogik, hrsg. von H. Nohl und L. Pallat, Bd 1-5, Erg.- Bd, B., 1928-33); "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Modern Pedagogy", editor J. Spieler, vol. 1-2 ("Lexikon der Pädagogik der Gegenwart", hrsg. von J. Spieler, Bd 1-2, Freiburg im Breisgau, 1930-32); Helman W. "[Short] Pedagogical Dictionary" (Hchimann W., "Pädagogisches Wärterbuch", Lpz., 1931; 7. Aufl. [in Germany], "Wörterbuch der Pädagogik", Stuttg., 1964).

Poland: "Encyclopedia of education", edited by Lubomirski [et al.], vol. 1-9 ("Encykiopedyja wychowawcza", pod red. J. T. Lubomirskiego, vol. 1-9, Warsz., 1881-1922); Kersky F., "Desktop Pedagogical Encyclopedia", vol. 1-2 (Kierski F., "Podręzna encykiopedja pedagogiczna", t. I-2, Lwów, 1923-25); Kroliński K., "Desktop Pedagogical Encyclopedic Dictionary" (Króliński K., "Podręzny leksykon pedagogiczny", Poznań, 1935); "Encyclopedia of education", editor-in-chief S. Lempicki, vol. 1-3 ("Encykiopedja wychowania", red. naczelny S. Łempicki, t. I-4, Warsz. 1933).

USA: "Encyclopedia of Pedagogy", editor H. Kiddle, A. Shem ("The cyclopaedia of education", ed. by H. Kiddle and A. J. Schem, N. Y.-L., 1877); the first pedagogical encyclopedia in English, published in the USA and Great Britain; "Encyclopedia of Pedagogy", editor P. Monroe, vols. 1-5 ; "Encyclopedia of educational research", editor W. Monroe ("Encyclopedia of educational research", ed. by W. S. Monroe, NY, 1941; 3 ed., by Ch. W. Harris with the assistant, of M. R. Liba, 1960 ; translated into Spanish: Enciclopedia de la educación científica, La Habana, 1956); Encyclopedia of child guidance, ed. by R. B. Winn, N. Y., 1943; "Encyclopedia of modern pedagogy", editor G. N. Rivlin ("Encyclopedia of modern education", ed. H. N. Rivlin, assoc. ed. H. Schueler, NY, 1943; 2 ed., 1948; translation into Spanish : "Enciclopedia de la educación moderna", v. 1-2, B. Aires, 1956); Dictionary of Education, prepared under the auspices of Phi Delta Kappa CV Good ed..., NY-L., 1945; 2 ed., NY, 1959) ; Dewey J., Dictionary of education, ed. by R. B. Winn, N. Y., 1959.

France: Morard T. V., "A Common Dictionary of Education and Training, or the Art of Self-Education and Teaching Others" (Morard T. V., "Dictionnaire général usuel et classique d" éducation, d "instruction et d" enseignement, ou l "Art de s" instruire soi-même et d "enseigner les autres", P., 1836); "The General Dictionary of Education and Training", editor E. M. Campagne ("Dictionnaire universel d "éducation et d" enseignement", red. par E. M. Campagne, Bordeaux, 1869; 3 ed., P., 1873) ; “Dictionary of Pedagogy and Primary Education”, published under the direction of F. Buisson, part 1 (vol. 1-2) - part 2 (vol. 1-2), 2 additional volume (“Dictionnaire de pédagogie et d "instruction priinaire", publ. sous la dir. do F. Buisson, pt. 1 (t. 1-2)-2 (t. 1-2), 2 suppL, P., 1878-87), 2 tir., 1887 -88; "New Dictionary of Pedagogy and Primary Education", published under the direction of F. Buisson ("Nouveau dictionnaire de pédagogie et d "instruction primaire", publ. sous la dir. de F. Buisson, P., 1911); "General Encyclopedia of French Education", vol. 1-4 ("Encyclopédie générale de l "éducation française", t. I-4, P., 1952-54); "Practical Encyclopedia of Education in France" ("Encyclopédie pratique de l "éducation en France", P., 1960).

Germany: Pedagogical Dictionary (Pädagogisches Fachwörterbuch, Donauwörth, 1952); "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Pedagogy", vols. 1-4, additional volume ("Lexikon der Pädagogik", 3. AufL, Bd 1-4, Freiburg, 1952-55; Ergänzungsband, 1964, 4. Aufl., Bd 1-5 , 1964-65); “Pedagogical Encyclopedic Dictionary”, editor G. G. Groothoff, M. Stallman (“Pädagogisches Lexikon”, hrsg. von H. H. Groothoff und M. Stallman, Stuttg., 1961); “The Big Encyclopedic Dictionary for Parents and Educators”, editor-publisher V. and A. Neubauer (“Das große Lexikon für Eltern und Erzieher”, hrsg. von V. und A. Neubauer, Fr./M.- Innsbruck, 1962) ; "Pedagogical Encyclopedic Dictionary", vol. 1-2 ("Pädagogisches Lexikon", nrsg. von V. Horney, Bd 1-2, ; "Reference book of basic pedagogical terms", editor-publisher I. Speck and G. Velo, vol. 1-2 ("Handbuch pädagogischer Grundbegriffe", hrsg. von J. Speck und G. WehIe, Bd 1-2, Münch., 1970); "New Pedagogical Encyclopedic Dictionary", editor-in-chief G. G. Grothof and M Stallmann (Neues pädagogisches Lexikon, hrsg. von HH Grothoff und M. Stallmann, Stuttg.-B., 1971).

Czechoslovakia: Pedagogical Encyclopedia, editor O. Chlup, J. Kubalek, J. Uger, ch. 1-3 , Prague, 1938-1940); "Pedagogical Dictionary", editor-in-chief B. Kujal [and others], ch. 1-2 ("Pedagogický slovník", hlav. red. B. Kujal, díl. 1-2, Praha, 1965-67).

Switzerland: "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Pedagogy", vols. 1-3 ("Lexikon der Pädagogik", Bd 1-3, Bern, 1950-52); Hanselmann G., "Encyclopedic Dictionary for Parents" (Hanselmann H., "EItern-Lexikon", Z., 1956).

Yugoslavia: "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Pedagogy", editor D. Franković [and others] ("Encikiopedijski rjećnik pedagogije", ured. D. Franković, Zagreb, 1963); “Pedagogical Dictionary”, editor-in-chief R. Teodosich, 1-2 (“Pedagogy riverman”, edited by chief editor R. Teodösic, 1-2, Beograd, 1967).

P. K. Kolmakov.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

See what "Pedagogical Encyclopedia" is in other dictionaries:

Encyclopedias and pedagogical dictionaries- scientific reference publications containing a systematic body of knowledge on pedagogy, education and related disciplines. Pedagogical encyclopedias are divided according to the nature of the content into general and special; by structure into alphabetic and ... ... Pedagogical terminological dictionary

ENCYCLOPEDIAS AND EDUCATIONAL DICTIONARIES- scientific reference publications containing systematizers. body of knowledge on pedagogy, education and related disciplines. Main tasks: disclosure in a concise form of the theory and practice of pedagogy in general or its individual disciplines, description of systems and conditions ... ... Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia

I Pedagogy (Greek paidagogike) is the science of specially organized purposeful and systematic activity for the formation of a person, the content, forms and methods of upbringing, education and training. The main categories… Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Professor of Moscow University, Rector of St. Petersburg University, Senator, Honorary Guardian, Member of the State Council; was born on October 4, 1808 in the city of Romny, Poltava province, in the family of a prosperous Little Russian nobleman, a landowner ... Big biographical encyclopedia

"Krupskaya" redirects here; see also other meanings. Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya ... Wikipedia

Janusz Korczak teacher, pi ... Wikipedia