Artworks similar to the theme the power of money over. Composition "The power of money over a person." The destructive power of money
I option
It's amazing how money changes and enslaves people! “If the king himself owed me, countess, and did not pay on time, I would sue him ...,” says the usurer Gobsek to Countess de Restaud, ruining her children for the sake of the scoundrel Maxime de Tray. The usurer is entertained by the opportunity to look into the innermost depths of the human heart, into someone else's life without embellishment. An ingot of metal in the hands of a human automaton is equivalent to a human heart: “I see only hunted deer in my place, followed by a whole pack of lenders.” The secret price of bills that fall into the hands of a usurer is despair, stupidity, recklessness, love or compassion. Gobsek compares his clients with the actors who give a theatrical performance for him, and himself with God reading in their hearts. He loves to soil the carpets in luxurious houses with dirty shoes - not out of petty vanity, but to make you feel the clawed paw of Inevitable.
Gobsek believes that there is nothing vicious on earth, there are only conventions, only the feeling invested by nature is unshakable, -\u003e the instinct of self-preservation. Of all earthly goods, he singles out only one reliable enough to make it worth chasing after him - gold. And his only joy is vanity. Gold in the bud contains human vices and whims, material possibilities. Gobsek's gold owns the world, this is his happiness and joy, he has fun, controlling the destinies of people and watching their passions. The usurer claims that he is rich enough to buy the conscience of clients, to rule over all-powerful ministers. Gobsek is the ruler of the destinies of the Parisians, quiet, unknown to anyone. For him, all life is a machine driven by money, gold is the spiritual essence of the whole society. But the usurer hates his heirs and does not allow the thought that someone will become the owner of his fortune.
None of his neighbors knows whether he is poor or rich, whether he has relatives or friends. Due to excessive secrecy and caution, Gob-sec refused his own gold coin, which fell out of his pocket and was kindly picked up by a neighbor. His wrinkles keep the secret of terrible trials, sudden terrible events, unexpected successes, wealth and ruin, mortal dangers. The moneylender tried every opportunity to get rich, even trying to find gold buried in America.
Over the years, the wealthy Gobsek turned into a mystery with seven seals, into a golden idol, not knowing that in the world there is a woman's love and happiness, feelings, there is God. For Gobseck, the world existed only to travel through it and ransack it, weigh it, evaluate it, and rob it. But, of course, everything is relative. And Gobsek dies all alone, and, as you know, you cannot take money and palaces with you to the grave.
II option
The pinnacle of French critical realism is the work of Honore de Balzac, the greatest master of the realistic novel.
One of the best works of Balzac is the story "Gobsec", the hero of which is the personification of the power of gold over people. Gobsek, who was already 76 years old, rented two poorly furnished rooms in one of the gloomy, damp houses in Paris. He was an "automaton man" preoccupied with collecting high interest in time from the bills of his victims who borrowed money from him, or, since "things ended just like that, appropriate their property and jewelry."
Gobsek, imbued with confidence in Derville, shared his thoughts with him. He had a consistent, but frightening in its frankness, in its cynicism, system of views in which we, the readers, can easily detect the worldly philosophy of the miser.
“Of all earthly blessings,” said Gobsek, “there is only one that is reliable enough to make it worth a man to chase after him. It...
gold. Money is a commodity that can, with a clear conscience, be sold dearly or cheaply, as the case may be.
Gobsek did not believe in the morality of people, in their decency. “Man is the same everywhere: everywhere there is a struggle between the poor and the rich, everywhere it is inevitable. So it’s better to push yourself than to let others push you.” Gobsek is the usurer of the time when money becomes the most important force in public life. People like Gobseck, who own them in unlimited quantities, hold in their hands merchants and businessmen, ministers and aristocrats of the Faubourg Saint-Germain, writers and artists. To control the destinies, and perhaps even the lives of these "people who consider themselves" the salt of the earth "and to dictate their conditions to them, to be a witness to their humiliation - that's what Gobsek is intoxicated with.
“My gaze is like the gaze of the Lord,” says Gobsek. — I read in the hearts; nothing is hidden from me, nothing is denied to the one who tightens and unties the bag of money. I am rich enough to buy the conscience of those who govern ministers, from clerks to their mistresses. Isn't that power? I can, having the most beautiful women, enjoy their most tender caresses. Isn't that a pleasure?"
Gobsek embodies the most negative features of money-grubbing. He is endowed with a remarkable mind, capable of broad generalizations. At the heart of his views on life lies the philosophy of an entire era: "In gold," says Gobsek, "all human powers are concentrated."
Derville believed in human nobility, from Gobsek he learned the truth about the fierce struggle, the more tragic the scenes associated with the ruin of the Resto family, which he witnessed, seemed to Derville.
Derville understood the ominous reason for the dominance of Gobsek over many people, as well as the true reason for their tragedies, which always had common ground: one took money from another. “No, really, it all comes down to money!” he exclaims. Gobsek for Balzac is the living embodiment of that predatory force that is persistently making its way to power.
And what is being done now, have we gone a step forward or have we remained in place? Everyone claims that we are making progress, but is it true? All relationships are built on money, nothing happens without them. Rarely are marriages based on true love. And I want to ask if gobseks exist now?
Yes! Our world, our time is simply filled with such stingy people who work and only for the sake of money. How can culture and education develop if we stand still? The destructive power of money has taken over humanity. We can save ourselves only by capes.
III option
Above all blessings for them coupon and rent ...
Balzac saw the "nerve of life" of his time, "the spiritual essence of the entire current society", at the same time the Evil and the Deity of the bourgeois world in monetary relations that dominated everything. A new deity, a fetish, an idol - money, distorted human lives, took away children from their parents, wives from their husbands ... All these problems are behind the individual episodes of the Gobsek novel.
In the center of the story is the figure of the usurer Gobsek, who embodies the essence of the monetary society. Gobsek is a wizened, pointed-nosed old man, hiding yellow, like a ferret, eyes without eyelashes under a large visor of a shabby cap, with a pale impassive face, “as if poured out of silver,” the personification of avarice. He lives in a poor room with a liquid rug by the bed and a peephole on the front door, eats bread and coffee with milk, walks in a shabby dress, and in his pantry mountains of food rot, heaps of gold and silver are piled up, which he does not trust the bank . His avarice turned into a manic passion, senseless hoarding on the threshold of death acquired the character of madness. The rich beggar dries and languishes among the treasures. Debtors pay Gobseck both in money and in kind; they bring him silverware and caskets of family jewels, baskets of fresh fish and pâtés. He could sell these supplies to some shop owner, but he fears that he will give a price below the market price. And supplies rot. The stench of decay, dead heaps of goods under lock and key, and among them a dying old gruel, shaking over his treasures. Hobsek's accumulation became an end in itself. Greedy passion devoured him.
The result of the life of a usurer is worthy of him - he dies alone, despised by everyone, in a dirty room. One of the bloodsuckers passes away - leaves, leaving millions acquired on tears and blood.
There are many features of romantic aesthetics in the novel. The romantic exaggeration of the mystery and power of Gobsek gives him the character of an almost supernatural being. Balzac was opposed to romantic effects, but here, apparently, he wanted to show the destructive power of money. But Gobsek's life could have turned out differently! Since his mother assigned him as a cabin boy on a ship, he lived a long life full of vicissitudes and dangers: he starved, endured violence and cruelty, was a pirate, spy, gold digger, but always and everywhere he was possessed by an irrepressible thirst for wealth. By the time the novel is set, Gobsek is a silent, outwardly inconspicuous old man who is in fact one of the rulers of Paris. Gobsek secretly managed the banks, the affairs of the stock exchange, trade, and loans. This unofficial association of financiers turns out to be the only real power in France.
Gobsek's life, or rather its finale, could not have been otherwise. In the whole tragic situation, Gobsek sees only his entertainment - he does not sympathize with any of the people, he does not try to save anyone from suicide or execution. The thirst for gold has etched even kindred feelings in his soul: his only heiress commits suicide in unbearable need.
From Derville, he takes extortionate interest, and leaves the Comte de Restaud's family without funds, taking advantage of a fictitious will and the countess's confusion. Gobsek has a wolfish rule not to spare anyone, not to help anyone, but to use what one can take free of charge.
Gobsek despises people for their inability to use wealth, for their inability to save gold, because only it, in his opinion, gives true strength and power. Aristocrats grovel before him, secular ladies are ready to crawl on their knees, because he has their vile secrets in his hands, and bills in his pocket. His reasoning is frank and cynical: “I am rich enough to buy a human conscience, to manage all-powerful ministers through their favorites, starting with clerical servants and ending with mistresses. Isn't this power?.. But aren't power and pleasure the essence of your new bourgeois system?
Balzac draws the final conclusion that the old man knew how to weigh everything, take into account, never compromised his advantage, but he “did not take into account” only one thing, that hoarding cannot be the goal of a reasonable human life.
IV option
The central image of the small Balzac story "Gobsec" is the image of a great generalizing power. It embodied one of the main themes of world literature - the theme of stinginess. Molière's Harpagon, Gogol's Plyushkin, Pushkin's Miserly - people who felt the power that money gives to its owner, and who obeyed this power. Gobsek is another bright figure in this type gallery.
Gobsek's profession is a usurer. This profession makes it possible to get rich without doing anything, giving money on bail. Gobsek well mastered the main principle of relations in society: “It is better to put pressure on yourself than to allow yourself to be pressed.” He went through a harsh school of life: "At the age of ten ... sailed to the Dutch possessions of the East Indies, where he wandered for twenty years." He served as a cabin boy, was a gold digger, a pirate, a spy. Years of wandering, the lack of love, warmth, participation in the life of the hero gave rise to the philosophy of a spider with a stranglehold.
Behind the colorless, inconspicuous appearance of the hero lies a predator waiting in the wings. His wealth is also hidden from human eyes behind a beggarly situation. Here, firebrands barely smolder in the fireplace, the desk is covered with shabby cloth. The reader involuntarily asks himself the question: why does this "man save money, if even he himself does not bring any joy. Wealth in itself, money for the sake of money - this is the goal of Gobsek's life, who knows neither sympathy nor compassion , "man-bill".
Having taken possession of the wealth of the Resto family, Gobsek does not want to part with him, even anticipating death. Already seriously ill, he is involved in a major scam, does not disdain bribes, offerings: “Every morning he received gifts and looked at them greedily, like some kind of minister or nabob, considering whether it is worth signing a pardon for such a price. The dying Gobsek, already losing his last strength, rises from his bed: it seems to him that gold is rolling around the room.
Instructing the young attorney Derville, Gobsek argues that there is nothing lasting in the world, that the concept of morality is conditional, and the laws of morality are verbiage, and “out of all earthly goods, there is only one sufficiently reliable ... This is ... gold.” He claims that the basis of relations between people is selfishness. He reveals to Derville the secret springs of the organization of society, the state, where "to protect their wealth, the rich chose tribunals, judges, the guillotine."
Indeed, next to the usurer Gobsek, Balzac shows a secular society in which money dominates people. Drawing the image of the Countess de Resto, the author tears off the mask of decency, refinement, piety from the aristocracy. The countess rummages through the documents of her husband who has just died, in fear of poverty, in the struggle for an inheritance. Exposed in connection with an insignificant person, she is not tormented by remorse, her conscience is money. A large inheritance received by the young de Resto reconciles the family of Camille Granlier with the scandalous reputation of his mother. Money is the law of life not only for the bourgeois, but also for the aristocracy.
In the story "Gobsek" Balzac shows that money can completely subjugate a person, deprive him of everything human. This story is a formidable warning to the reader: empty hoarding leads to spiritual death.
Oct 24 2010
His father came from a peasant family, later was an official and for some time served as assistant to the mayor of Tours. He changed the surname of Balsa to a more sonorous, noble one - de Balzac. In 1814 the family moved to Paris. After graduating from private schools, Balzac continued his education at the School of Law. At the same time he listened to lectures on the Sorbonne. After graduating from the School of Law in 1819, Balzac abandoned his legal career and told his parents about his desire to try his hand at the literary field. The first work that brought Balzac fame was the historical Chouans (1829), dedicated to the events of the recent past - the suppression of the counter-revolutionary rebellion in Brittany in 1799. Since then, for twenty years, working 15-16 hours a day, he created his epic cycle, which was supposed to consist of 150 works.
It was supposed to become, according to the author, an artistic study of the entire "social reality" of his time. 96 works were written. But even in its unfinished form, “Human” is the greatest creation of an artistic genius, a comprehensive panorama of human destinies, relationships, characters, a close study of the life of French society in the period from Waterloo to the 1848 revolution. In the preface to his grandiose epic, Balzac wrote: “The enormous scope of the plan, embracing at the same time the history and criticism of society, the analysis of its ulcers and the discussion of its foundations, I think, allows me to give it the title under which it now appears: “The Human Comedy”.
This title expresses Balzac's intention - to create, which would have the same meaning as Dante's great poem "The Divine Comedy" had for the Middle Ages. But Balzac contrasted the divine, the otherworldly with the earthly, human, the circles of Dante's hell had to be opposed by the circles of social life. In accordance with the artistic task, Balzac singled out three main sections in The Human. The first included "Etudes on Morals", which, in turn, were divided into six cycles: scenes privacy, Parisian, provincial, military, political and rural life.
This most extensive section was made up of works depicting the life and customs of various strata of French society - "Eugene Grande" (1833), "Father Goriot" (1834-1835), "Lost Illusions" (1837-1843), "Museum of Antiquities" (1837), "Peasants" (1844) and other works. In the second section were collected "Philosophical Studies", which were supposed to summarize the artistic discoveries made in the "Etudes on Morals", to identify the patterns of life - "Shagreen Skin" (1830-1831), "Search for the Absolute" (1834), etc. Finally, Analytical Studies were to formulate the laws that govern reality. To understand and artistically comprehend such a huge amount of facts and life material, Balzac was helped by his rich experience and ability to turn his own failures into an object of study. The short story "Gobsek" was written in 1830 and is included in the scenes of the private life of "Etudes on Morals". , usurer-accumulator, - a generalization characteristic features private property psychology.
The power of money over a person, the perversion of relations between people are revealed by the author with the laconism of a great master. In this short story, Balzac not only brought out the typical bourgeois of the era of capital accumulation, but also showed that the nobility was not adapted to this era and was doomed to death by the very course of history. Balzac was an important milestone in the history of world realistic art.
One of the essential moments of Balzac realism is the desire to recreate a complete picture of the era. The breadth of reality depicted by Balzac is unparalleled: the life of Paris, the French province, the village. Balzac creates a gallery of typical images in which representatives of various classes, estates and professions find their embodiment.
The same important role is played for Balzac by typical circumstances. The actions of the characters are motivated by the position they occupy in society, the goals they pursue. The artistic innovation of Balzac is the extraordinary historical concreteness in the reproduction of pictures of social life of any period, the social and everyday detail of biographies and situations.
Pointing in his articles to the development of the dramatic form in the novel of the 19th century, Balzac gives the composition of any work the character of a tense drama, sometimes rising to high tragedy. The realism of Balzac is harsh and merciless. truthfully shows what effect the thirst for hoarding and the very process of enrichment has on a person.
Need a cheat sheet? Then save - "The power of money over a person in the novels of Balzac. Literary writings!The destructive power of money
(According to the stories of O. Balzac "Gobsek" and "Eugene Grande")
Creating the "Human Comedy", Balzac set himself a task still unknown to literature at that time. He strove for truthfulness and a merciless display of contemporary France, a display of the real, real life of his contemporaries.
One of the many themes that sound in his works is the theme of the destructive power of money over people, the gradual degradation of the soul under the influence of gold.
This is especially clearly reflected in two famous works of Balzac - "Gobsek" and "Eugene Grandet".
Balzac's works have not lost their popularity in our time. They are popular both among young readers and among older people who draw from his works the art of understanding the human soul, striving to understand historical events. And for these people, Balzac's books are a real storehouse of life experience.
The usurer Gobsek is the personification of the power of money. Love for gold, thirst for enrichment kill everything in it human feelings, drown out all other beginnings.
The only thing he aspires to is to have more and more riches. It seems absurd that a man who owns millions lives in poverty and, while collecting bills, prefers to walk without hiring a cab. But these actions are also due only to the desire to save at least a little money: living in poverty, Gobsek pays a tax of 7 francs with his millions. Leading a modest, inconspicuous life, it would seem that he does not harm anyone and does not interfere in anything. But with the few people who turn to him for help, he is so merciless, so deaf to all their pleas, that he resembles some kind of soulless machine rather than a person. Gobsek does not try to get close to any person, he has no friends, the only people he meets are his professional partners. He knows that he has an heiress, a great-niece, but does not seek to find her. He does not want to know anything about her, because she is his heiress, and it is hard for Gobsek to think about heirs, because he cannot come to terms with the fact that he will someday die and part with his wealth. Gobsek strives to spend his life energy as little as possible, which is why he does not worry, does not sympathize with people, always remains indifferent to everything around him.
Gobsek is convinced that only gold rules the world. However, the author endows him with some positive individual qualities. Gobsek is an intelligent, observant, insightful and strong-willed person. In many judgments of Gobsek
we see the position of the author himself. So, he believes that the aristocrat is no better than the bourgeois, but he hides his vices under the guise of decency and virtue. And he takes cruel revenge on them, enjoying his power over them, watching how they kowtow to him when they cannot pay their bills. Turning into the personification of the power of gold, Gobsek at the end of his life becomes pathetic and ridiculous: accumulated food and expensive art objects rot in the pantry, and he bargains with merchants for every penny, not inferior to them in price. Gobsek dies, his eyes fixed on the huge pile of gold in the fireplace.
Papa Grande is a stocky "good man" with a moving bump on his nose, a figure not as mysterious and fantastic as Gobsek. His biography is quite typical: having made a fortune for himself in the troubled years of the revolution, Grande becomes one of the most eminent citizens of Saumur. No one in the city knows the true extent of his fortune, and his wealth is a source of pride for all the inhabitants of the town. However, the rich man Grande is distinguished by outward good-naturedness and gentleness. For himself and his family, he regrets an extra piece of sugar, flour, firewood to heat in the house, he does not repair the stairs, because he feels sorry for the nail.
Despite all this, he loves his wife and daughter in his own way, he is not as lonely as Gobsek, he has a certain circle of acquaintances who periodically visit him and maintain good relations. But still, because of his exorbitant stinginess, Grande loses all trust in people, in the actions of those around him he sees only attempts to live at his expense. He only pretends that he loves his brother and cares about his honor, but in reality he does only what is beneficial to him. He loves Nanette, but still shamelessly uses her kindness and devotion to him, exploits her mercilessly.
Passion for money makes him completely inhuman: he is afraid of the death of his wife because of the possibility of dividing property. Taking advantage of his daughter's boundless trust, he forces her to renounce the inheritance. He perceives his wife and daughter as part of his property, so he is shocked that Evgenia dared to dispose of her own
them gold. Grande cannot live without gold and often counts his wealth hidden in his study at night. Grande's insatiable greed is especially disgusting in the scene of his death: dying, he snatches a gilded cross from the priest's hands.
What brought Papa Goriot to his death
(Based on the novel by O. Balzac "Father Goriot")
Balzac is one of the greatest novelists of the 19th century. The most important feature of his work is that he wrote not just a large number of novels, but the history of an entire society. The protagonists of his works - doctors, lawyers, statesmen, usurers, secular ladies, courtesans - pass from volume to volume, and thus the tangibility and reliability of the world created by Balzac is created.
In 1834, Balzac made the first draft of a plan for a future series of novels, which he would later call "The Human Comedy". This series begins with the novel "Father Goriot", written in December of the same, 1834. This book opens a grandiose epic, it involves the most important characters of the "Human Comedy", hundreds of dramas are tied in it, each of which in turn will become the theme of a new masterpiece. "Father Goriot" is the cornerstone in the writer's work.
How do events develop in the novel?
Balzac leads the reader to the rue Sainte-Genevieve in Paris, on which is located a four-story house belonging to Madame Vauquet. This is a kind of boarding house, where inconspicuous, worn-out people live for various fees. Lonely old people live out their days here - former shopkeepers, retired petty officials, retired widows. Here those who are just starting their journey find refuge - the offspring of poor families who came to Paris from the provinces, poor students, dowry orphans. In this secret corner of the Parisian jungle, in the midst of
small people hiding under the guise of a merchant and a runaway convict.
Madame Vauquet measures portions and pours the least for old Goriot. Still would. He so deceived her expectations! When he settled in a boarding house a few years ago, he was still quite fresh and strong, and he had money. Madame Vauquet was thinking about marrying him to herself, but before her eyes Goriot turns into a decrepit ruin, a pitiful poor man.
Instead of a brand new tailcoat, he is wearing some kind of rags, he stopped powdering his wig, gave up tobacco. From the best room of the boarding house, Goriot gradually migrated to a closet in the attic. A respected guest has turned into an outcast, a scapegoat, an object of ridicule for all residents. Why did this happen? Mrs. Voke does not know the reasons and assumes the worst.
The old man does not notice anyone and nothing around, he is completely lost in his thoughts, absently rolls balls of bread and now and then sniffs them, determining the quality of the flour.
Only one of the residents of the boarding house looked at the old man with sympathy. This is the student Rastignac. He learned the story of Goriot's life, a sad story...
In his youth, Goriot was a vermicelli worker, "clever, thrifty and so enterprising that in 1789 he bought his master's entire business." After the revolution, in the famine years, he made his fortune in flour speculation. "All his mental faculties went into the trade in bread." All his feelings went into love for the family - his wife and two daughters. Outside the shop and outside the family, he had no interests: he did not read books, he fell asleep in the theater. Goriot's wife died early, and he himself raised and raised his daughters. He dressed them up, pampered them, fulfilled their every whim. "His paternal feeling has crossed all reasonable boundaries," his daughters became his idols. Goriot "exalted them above himself, loved even the evil that he suffered from them." And over the years, this evil has become more and more palpable.
Having endowed his daughters with a rich dowry, Goriot married them off. The eldest, Anastasi - for Count Resto, the youngest, Delfina - for the banker Nusingem. They became society ladies
and were embarrassed that their father was selling flour. In order to please them, the old man abandoned his business. The daughters did not want to take him to them, the sons-in-law were ashamed of their father-in-law with a plebeian appearance. Then Go-rio settled in a boarding house.
He thought he would live happily ever after. If only their daughters were allowed to visit them. But his daughters let him in very rarely, and then secretly, from the back door. They only wanted his money. When they could not get money from their husbands for some whim, they rushed to their father, and gradually he gave them everything he had. Decrepit, decrepit, he stood for hours on the street to at least catch a glimpse of his idols. And they both turned away from him. "They squeezed the lemon and threw the rind out into the street."
In his deathbed delirium, Goriot makes crazy plans to get rich in order to help his "angels". He dies, and his daughters never came to him at his death hour. As if having seen the light before death, Goriot realizes the cause of his misfortune. They don’t need him because he is poor: “Oh, if I were rich, if I didn’t give them my wealth, but kept it with me, they would be here, my cheeks would be shiny from their kisses.”
Father Goriot is one of the most clear examples people possessed by passions; the irrepressible development of such passions, which leads to the complete destruction of the individual who has become their victim, is one of the most characteristic features of Balzac's art. Leading his hero from concession to concession, from one victim to another, Balzac leads him to complete collapse, Goriot is completely lost in paternal feeling, he has nothing in the world, he does not think about anyone but his daughters. His passion has grown on selfish soil, and the very strength of this passion becomes a weakness, leading Goriot to death.
Balzac created the world of "The Human Comedy" in the image and likeness of the real world. His works in a vivid artistic form reflect the mores of the French bourgeois society of the first half of XIX century, show the boundless power of money. He is an explorer descending into the depths of the ocean. This ocean is human life, with the swell of everyday affairs, with storms of passions, with secret backwaters.
crimes and vices, ever-changing, ever-moving. And in this movement, in this chaos, in the chain of accidents, catastrophes, in the depths of human fall and the highest ups and downs of thoughts, labor, daring, Balzac is looking for the main thing, he explores the laws that govern the ebb and flow of the human ocean.
GUSTAVE FLAUBERT
The tragedy of the image of Emma Bovary
Bovary- it's me.
G. Flaubert
The best guardian of the traditions of critical realism of the second half of the 19th century in French literature is Gustave Flaubert, in whose work there is a complete absence of any illusions about life, an intolerant attitude towards all sorts of attempts to throw a romantic veil over the cruel truth of reality. value.
Flaubert's work reaches its peak in the 50s and 60s. It was the time of the Second Empire, all the vileness of which Flaubert exposed in his best works: Lexicon, Madame Bovary, Education of the Senses.
In the novel "Madame Bovary" Flaubert mercilessly exposes the musty provincial petty-bourgeois little world.
The main character of the work is Madame Bovary. Emma was brought up in a monastery, in an atmosphere of artificial imprisonment, Emma's only favorite pastime was reading novels in which sublime, ideal "heroes with a capital letter" acted: "In these novels, there was only love, mistresses, lovers, pursued ladies, falling unconscious in secluded pavilions ... oaths, kisses in a shuttle in the moonlight, nightingales in a grove, gentlemen, brave as lions, and meek as lambs ... ".
That is why Emma, having read such literature, dreamed of meeting a loved one who would make her happy. This love will take her to wonderful world, full of romantic mysteries, poetry. She imagined herself as a heroine in one of the most fascinating novels.
She had to experience a moment of happiness once, having got to a wonderful ball in the castle of a marquis. This ball left a bright and strong impression in Emma's soul. "A week, two weeks ago, I was there that day ...", Bovary recalled all her life.
Emma did not find happiness in family life. Her husband, a boring and uninteresting person, did not look like those romantic heroes that she dreamed about in her dreams. The lovers turned out to be deceitful and vulgar. "Run, run away from everything! But where?" - screams the soul of a young woman, longing for great human happiness.
Hopelessness throws Flaubert's heroine into the dirty spider paws of the usurer Leray.
The terrible loop of Emma's false life is tightened tighter and tighter. She is being deceived and she is deceiving. She begins to lie even when there is no need for this lie. "If she said she was walking on one side of the street, it was safe to say that she was actually walking on the other side."
Emma's life in such a world has become unbearable, and she ends it herself by drinking arsenic. In terrible agony, Madame Bovary is tormented, and at the very moment of death she hears the sounds of an obscene song of an old, half-rotten beggar.
The image of Madame Bovary is tragic. Everything that Emma dreamed about, believed in, turned out to be far away, inaccessible. Her life has been a severe disappointment.
Honor, conscience, faith, love, happiness - all this blurred in the fog, drowned, died and was lost forever in that past and musty world that the young, dreamy, full of strength, energy and passion romantic soul faced
Emma. And she broke! It's a pity! That is why Flaubert is great, which puts the reader face to face with the cruelest truth of life.
GI DE Maupassant
Morality and morality in the short story by Guy de Maupassant
"Pyshka"
The famous French realist writer of the 19th century, Guy de Maupassant, shocked the entire French public, the elite sections of society with his new stories, short stories, novels.
The time when Maupassant lived was quite prosperous for France, it fell on the heyday of the bourgeoisie. It's no secret that under a decent and decent mask, representatives of the refined strata of society hid hypocrisy, hypocrisy, general venality, shameless pursuit of profit, adventurism and depravity. Like no one else, Maupassant knew the life of high society, the cycle of gossip, the abyss of revelry. In his work, he did not even try to veil the problems (for bringing them to the public discussion, the tabloid press hated him), - they are read in plain text. Maupassant, one might say, was a surgeon of society, but his works did not even act as light therapy on society. I think that if literature were "healed" by society, then at the present time we would not live like that.
In 1870 it began Franco-Prussian War, and from the first day of the war, Maupassant has served in the army. At this time, he completely hated the French bourgeoisie, who showed themselves in the days of the war from the most unattractive side. And the result of his observations was the short story "Pyshka".
From the city occupied by Prussian troops, a stagecoach leaves with six noble persons, two nuns, a democrat man and a special
I call Pyshka. By the way, Maupassant gives an unflattering, caustic and brief description famous people, revealing the ins and outs of their former life, making a fortune, receiving titles. Pyshka's presence offended the virtuous wives of the bourgeois, and they united against "this shameless corrupt creature ... Despite the difference in social status, they felt like brothers in wealth, members of the great Freemason lodge, uniting all owners, everyone, who has gold in his pockets."
The donut was the only one who foresaw that on the road you would want to eat. Hunger and the fragrant smells of food melt away any ice block of relationships. “It was impossible to eat this girl’s supplies and not talk to her. Therefore, a conversation began, at first somewhat restrained, then more and more relaxed ...”
The village where the stagecoach entered was occupied by the Germans. Checking documents delayed the passengers. Killing time, they stiltedly talk about patriotism and war. A German officer, allegedly for no reason, refuses to allow the stagecoach to leave the village. Maupassant put rich people in a dead end. Their thoughts are rushing about, they are trying to understand what is the reason that is holding them back. "They tried their best to make up some plausible lie, hide their wealth, impersonate poor, very poor people." The reason was soon revealed - the Prussian officer wants to use the services of Pyshka, the only person who is truly patriotic and fearless. Pyshka is furious and offended by the humiliating offer. You-needed "rest" has already begun to annoy passengers. "We need to convince her" - the decision was made. Talk about self-sacrifice "was presented in disguise, deftly, decently." Compatriots persuaded Pyshka to yield German officer, masking her desire to continue the path and motivating her by the fact that she, as a true patriot, will save their lives.
While Pyshka was "working out" freedom for everyone, representatives of the bourgeoisie were having fun, making vile jokes, "laughing to the point of colic, to shortness of breath, to tears."
And that the patriot Pyshka received as a reward - "the look of offended virtue", everyone shunned her, as if they were afraid of an "unclean touch". "Those honest bastards" who sacrificed her, ate their provisions in a moving stagecoach and coolly examined the tears of a dishonored girl.
In the short story "Dumbnut" Maupassant masterfully described on several pages all the hypocrisy, meanness and cowardice of people who inherit the right to be elected or claim that step that is inaccessible to mere mortals.
CHARLES DICKENS
The fate of Oliver Twist
(Based on the novel by Ch. Dickens "Oliver Twist")
The English realist writer C. Dickens in his novel "Oliver Twist" fully reveals the problem of the plight of the masses of people. Through the story of the protagonist - the child and the people around him - the writer outlined the fate of the English people, destroyed, forced to survive with the help of lies, theft, force.
The hero of the novel, Oliver, was born in a workhouse, which initially places him in the class of disadvantaged people. In the workhouses of the 30s and 40s of the 19th century, according to English legislation, such a regime was established that turned them into a "Bastille for the poor." They grow stunted, exhausted, eternally hungry children, not living, but trying to survive. The fate of such weak children as Oliver was sealed, and only a miracle could save them.
Any attempt at protest is brutally suppressed and punished by educators. The "obstinate" Oliver, for example, becomes one of the candidates for the gallows, as he dared to ask for more liquid gruel. He is subjected to solitary confinement, severe flogging, and then they try to give him away to the despotic chimney sweep, who has already beaten several boys to death, and the undertaker.
In the second part of the novel, Oliver, having run away from his master, receives new life lessons in London, where he is surrounded by criminals - a gang of thieves. The upbringing of young Oliver is now handled by the buyer of stolen goods Fagin, the robber Sikes, the prostitute Nancy and the sinister "gentleman" Monks. They are trying to force the boy to engage in thieving trade, but Oliver showed firmness of character and refused to participate in vile undertakings. However, brought up by the criminal world, Nancy has retained a warm soul, she protects and helps Oliver.
By a happy coincidence, life path the boy meets the good old Mr. Brownlow (later it turns out that he was a friend of Oliver's father), who gives him shelter. Not thinking about his own benefit, Mr. Brownlow helps a child who was destined to hang-face in a workhouse, and then becomes his adoptive father.
Dickens recognized himself as a writer-preacher, so he idealized his heroes somewhat. So, Oliver Twist is kind, truthful, virtuous, and no dirt of the world around him can stain him. And the kind people he meets on his way are a kind of reward for the boy's devotion. So Mr. Brownlow is the first disinterested savior of an orphan, whom Oliver later loved with all his heart.
Dickens himself is very interested in the fate of his hero and makes us worry, empathize with him, hardships and joys. On the last pages The novel has some touch of sadness, although Oliver's life improved, he found his home and loving family.
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On earth, the whole human race
Honors one sacred idol;
He reigns over the entire universe:
That idol is a golden calf!
(Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Faust. Couplets of Mephistopheles)
The power of money. What is it, and who is behind this secret power? In the first part, the professional implementation of the olfactory was mentioned - politics and financial systems. It would seem that there is no direct relationship between them, meanwhile, in their formation, these olfactory activities in the history of mankind go hand in hand.
Using the example of a conditionally isolated human flock, we can clearly trace how the specific role of the olfactory, the representative of the power of money, contributed to the emergence of such a field of activity as counterintelligence (everywhere this unpleasant type - the adviser to the leader - stuck his nose in! And to this day he does not let up) . To understand why the olfactory is especially pronounced in the sphere foreign policy, financial systems and monetary settlements, it is worth referring to a later period - the entry of mankind into the anal phase of development, characterized by the isolation of families, clans (clans), and subsequently states.
isolated flock early man in the muscular phase of the development of mankind, in order to realize the most important tasks of its existence - to survive at all costs and continue itself in time - it was engaged in driven hunting and gathering, in later times the breeding of domesticated livestock and ancient crop production, i.e., the appropriating type of economy. Both wars between packs with the robbery of other people's settlements, and expansion as an expansion of the pack's territory were aimed at increasing stocks. The distribution of prey from war and hunting was carried out by the leader - to each member of the pack according to shortages, taking into account the contribution to the common cause, i.e. ranking.
The power of money. The beginning of the exchange and the search for an equivalent
Already in the muscular phase of human development, irregular processes of material exchange arise between flocks, which can be considered a prototype first of barter, and then of trade in the usual sense of the word. These processes, with the onset and development of the anal phase of mankind, will require an assessment of the equivalence of the exchanged goods. Such an assessment already at the dawn of the anal phase is carried out not with food or stone axes, but with the use of rare objects (in China, for example, very rare cowrie shells), in the future such assessments will be made with the help of noble metals.
Representative of the power of money. We distribute salaries
Over time, these items are equivalents, and then money will acquire the properties of means of circulation (settlements), accumulation, payments. Their distribution also depended on the performance of the specific role: realized, contributed to the common cause - get your share (only now not with food, but with money), sat, beat the thumbs - you are not supposed to do anything. In the most general form, the early monetary "salary" became an indicator of the value of a person's merits to society. Behind the distribution of "wages" is the olfactory man, who manages the money reserves of the "flock" because money is his instrument. The power of money. Money as a ranking tool
It is clear that the accumulation of equivalent items occurred primarily among leather workers (this is how their inclination to trade, the ability to save money and put a penny for a rainy day under lock and key, orientation to good and profit is manifested at an early stage). But his share of trade operations has always been smaller than that of the authorities and especially close to it. This number includes the olfactory.The power of money is gradually being strengthened. The development of trade was far ahead of the extraction of precious metals, and this led to the emergence of paper money. Other sources state that historically the need to replace money from precious metals on monetary units from other materials due to the emergence of large-scale trade, which made it impossible to transport significant amounts of money (very hard!). Until the 70s of the XX century, any banknote had a gold equivalent. Surely not the last role was played by robberies on trade routes, land and sea.
In fact, the replacement of money from precious metals with paper money and the emergence of cashless payments became the solution to not one, but a whole range of problems. Historians of economics and finance argue over who first began to cast coins - Gyges in Lydia or the Chinese during the reign of the Tang Dynasty. Be that as it may, from the position of system-vector psychology, we can say with confidence that money (and later finance) has become a tool for managing society that meets the realities of the time.
The theory of economics and finance distinguishes between money and finance. Money is a special kind of universal commodity used as a universal equivalent through which the value of all other commodities is expressed. Money performs the following classical functions: measures of value, means of circulation, means of payment, means of accumulation and savings, the function of world money.
Finances are economic relations associated with the formation, distribution and use of centralized and decentralized funds of funds in order to fulfill the functions and tasks of the state and ensure conditions for expanded reproduction.
Financial relations arose much later than money - in the skin phase of humanity. Their emergence is directly connected not only with the emergence of manufacturing (as the forerunner of industrial) production, the need to establish the legal status of private ownership of the means of production and the result of labor, but also with the need to maintain and strengthen the state. At the same time, financial relations are based on cash turnover.
Modern financial relations began to form soon after the first bourgeois revolutions, their development, along with the emergence of manufacturing production, the formation of the right to private property, became the basis on which, after the Second World War, the transition to the skin phase of human development will take place.
With the onset of the skin phase of human development, one of the first laws establishes the duty of citizens to pay taxes. Thus, the olfactory measure manifests itself in maintaining the integrity of the "flock"-state.
Developing, humanity goes to the complication. There are not only more people, but more and more individuals are distinguished by polymorphism, and therefore there is a need for new forms of regulation of social relations - such forms in which the whole variety of relations at different levels of social interaction could be regulated, not allowing the flock to fall apart. The flock needs new power, the regulatory power of money.
If in an isolated early human flock the very appearance of the olfactory man forced everyone to “wiggle their paws”, fulfilling their specific role, i.e., to work for the good of the flock, then such factors as the growth in the number of people and the increase in the variety of functions performed by them, the division of labor, isolation in families have adjusted this process. The fulfillment by the olfactory of its species role in the image of its vector ancestor in the flock became impossible. And olfactory control began to be carried out with the help of the power of money and finance, allowing you to influence the most remote corners of the world, even without being there. Who had the money, and who still has it today? Those who fulfill their role in society. And where would we all be if we didn’t have to fight every day for the money that ensures our existence, our life?
Monetary systems are a modern tool for olfactory management: everyone’s income is no longer determined by a piece of food, but by the amount of money equivalent to the citizen’s contribution to the implementation of all the same basic tasks of humanity - to survive at all costs and continue in time. At the same time, today the contribution of each is still determined by the realization of his specific role outside (for the benefit of society) through the performance of professional functions, and the quality of performance and the level of tasks assigned to a citizen are directly related to the degree of his development.
Figuratively speaking, society does not care how many and what books, for example, an anal person has read - it evaluates how he applied the information received in these books for the benefit of society: did he pass on knowledge to new generations, did his analysis of information contribute to a qualitative improvement in any area or not. Thus, through the power of money, one can characterize the place of any person in modern society, and each such place has its own value, determined in terms of money.
Assessment of public utility. The power of money ranks the "flock"
Remuneration of labor is both an assessment of the social usefulness of a citizen's activity and an incentive for the growth of the quality of this. At the same time, the desire to earn as much as possible is actually a desire to satisfy large quantity desires, which forces the vast majority of people to be sensitive to money in general and to its quantity in particular. And this is a reflection of our unconscious ranking in the "flock" society. 1. The theme of the power of money in the world and in the human soul. 2. Accumulation and waste. 3. Moral degradation of the individual. Death awaits you - so spend, not sparing, wealth; But life is not over: take care of the good. Only that person is wise who, having comprehended both, saves good in moderation, and spends it in moderation. L. Samossky One of the leading motives in O. de Balzac's story "Gobsek" is the power of money over people. In Balzac's story, this power is visibly embodied in the image of a usurer with a telling surname: Gobsek in Dutch means "live lot". The theme that Balzac touched upon in his work is one of the eternal themes. Many writers have turned to the image of the miser, which is both comical and tragic at the same time. It should be noted that Balzac's Gobsek is far from unambiguous. The author shows this character through the eyes of a young lawyer, Derville, who, at first meeting the main character, could not understand what kind of person he was: “Did he have relatives, friends? Was he poor or rich? No one could answer these questions." Derville talks about “, a tragicomic incident from the life of Gobsek: an old usurer accidentally dropped a gold coin, and when it was given to him, he resolutely declared that this \\ money was not his: “Would I really live like that if I were rich!” The remark is very sensible - indeed, it is difficult to believe that a rich man would begin to live the way Gobsek lives, "man-automaton", "man-promissory note". However, as it becomes clear from the following narration, Gobseck's exclamation is most likely a maneuver intended to divert eyes. Like a typical miser, he fears that no one would know about his wealth. Gobsek's only interest is the acquisition of wealth - it should be noted that in this area the talents of this man are truly massive. Gobsek also has his own philosophy, in which money takes pride of place. As the main life value, the concentration of all possibilities and aspirations, material wealth acts: “Live with me, you will find out that of all the blessings of the earth there is only one reliable enough to make it worth a person to chase him. Is this gold. All the forces of mankind are concentrated in gold.” So, here is the answer to Derville's unspoken question, does Gobsek know about God, does he believe in Him? What religion does this person belong to? Gold is the only power that the old usurer recognizes: “It takes time to fulfill our whims, we need material opportunities or efforts. Well! In gold, everything is contained in the germ, and it gives everything in reality. Gobsek enjoys the consciousness of his power, which he has thanks to money. He sincerely believes that nothing in the world has power over him. However, the power of Gobsek manifests itself to a greater extent in the sphere of speculation than in reality. Of course, the usurer shakes out solid money from his clients, but this is where the manifestations of his power end. Gobsek lives as if he does not have a huge fortune. The old usurer, like Pushkin's stingy knight, is enough to think that he could have everything he wants. But the worst thing is that the hero no longer wants anything but the money itself. Talking about their power, Gobsek almost becomes a poet for a few moments - this single topic inspires him so much. “This wizened old man suddenly grew in my eyes, became a fantastic figure, the personification of the power of gold. Life and people inspired me at that moment with horror. “Does it all come down to money?” - such is Derville's reaction to the revelations of Gobsek. And yet, despite his millions, despite his power, Gobsek is at the same time pathetic. At least the young lawyer at some point looked at the usurer as if he was "gravely ill." And he is really sick - spiritually sick. He has no family, no children, he is old, weak. For whom does he accumulate untold wealth? Why live like a poor man with millions? Nothing in the world has power over him except money, his idol. Gobseck enjoys the specter of the power that money has. Actually, he needs money not as a means of acquiring various things, but as a way to exercise power over others. Balzac, showing the power of money over people, did not limit himself to the traditional image of a miser-usurer. In the life of Countess Resto, money also plays an important role. It should be noted right away: the countess, unlike Gobsek, considers money precisely as a means by which she maintains the external gloss of a secular lady and keeps her lover, a vicious person with an angelic appearance. The need for money, which the lover constantly demands, forces the countess to turn to the moneylender. The fear that her husband will deprive her younger children of her inheritance pushes her to unworthy intrigues - a woman is ready to take advantage of her eldest son's affection for her and her father, only to get into the hands of the dying count's will. So, Balzac contrasts two ways of relating to money - the accumulation of wealth for their own sake and unbridled spending, clearly showing the inferiority of both positions. It is no coincidence that the author described last days Gobsek's life. The old man is sick, lying in bed, he understands that his days are numbered - but meanwhile the enrichment mechanism continues to operate. Gobsek's stinginess reaches terrifying proportions, loses all logic. Clients brought him various gifts - food, silver utensils, which he sold to shops. But because of the unwillingness of the stingy old man to sell the goods a little cheaper, the products deteriorate. Money, goods matter when they are used - that is the meaning of the picture of rotting food in the apartment of the late Gobsek. And to whom will his fortune go? A prostitute, his distant relative. It can be assumed that this woman is likely to quickly spend easy money and slide back into the usual abyss. “Yes, I have everything, and I have to part with everything. Well, well, father Gobsek, do not be afraid, be true to yourself ... ”- these are the last words of the old usurer. No regrets about a joylessly spent life devoted to acquiring money, which he himself almost never used, no thoughts about his soul - nothing ... And what is the soul for a person who recognizes gold as the only power in the world? So, Balzac showed the power that money has over a person. But it is necessary to note the following: it is by no means money that makes a person a miser or a spendthrift. Only the person himself determines what is the main value for him. As long as a person is alive, it is not too late to reconsider one's position if following it negatively affects inner world and the outer life of the individual. After all, it was not money that destroyed the countess's family, caused the death of her husband, but the way of life of this woman. The reason for the moral death of Gobsek, which occurred long before his physical death, also lies not in money as such, but in the attitude of this man towards them, who, like the Jews brought out of slavery, bowed before the golden calf, forgetting about the eternal greatness and power of God.
