As opposed to a comma. Thread: Some tricky punctuation (for native speakers & advanced learners). Classes of introductory words by meaning

1. Introductory words and phrases are not members of the proposal. With their help, the speaker expresses his attitude to the content of the statement (confidence or uncertainty, emotional reaction and etc.):

Example: Unfortunately, he didn't have watercolors(Soloukhin).

Introductory sentences can also perform the same function.

For example: I dare say I was loved in the house(Turgenev) - the structure is a definite personal one-part sentence; In life, do you know, there is always room for exploits(M. Gorky) - the structure is a two-part sentence; We, if you want to know, we came to demand(Gorbatov) - in structure, a conditional one-part clause.

In writing, introductory words, phrases and sentences usually separated by commas.

Rank introductory words by value

Meaning	Introductory Components	Examples
1. Evaluation of what is being reported in terms of reliability, etc.:
1.1. Confidence, authenticity	Of course, of course, indisputably, undoubtedly, without a doubt, certainly, really, in fact, truly, of course, naturally, truly and etc.	Undoubtedly, someone is sucking the life out of this strange girl who cries when others in her place laugh (Korolenko). The heroine of this novel, goes without saying, there was Masha (L. Tolstoy). Indeed, since my mother died... I was very rarely seen at home (Turgenev).
1.2. Uncertainty, assumption, uncertainty, assumption	Probably, it seems, as it seems, probably, in all likelihood, right, tea, obviously, perhaps, perhaps, it is visible, apparently, as it seems, it is true, maybe, it should be, it seems, I think, I believe, one must believe, I hope , in some way, in some sense, suppose, suppose, let's say, if you want, one way or another and etc.	She probably still drinks coffee and cookies in the morning.(Fadeev). Life, it seems, has not yet begun(Paustovsky). Apparently the free bread was to my liking(Mezherov). And he dreamed, perhaps, to approach by a different route, to knock at the window with the expected guest, dear(Tvardovsky). I have a headache. Must be due to bad weather(Chekhov).
2. Different feelings:
2.1. Joy, approval	Fortunately, to happiness, to joy, to the joy, to the pleasure of someone, what is good, what is even better and etc.	Fortunately, Alekhine left the house an hour earlier and caught the ship sailing to Frankfurt(Kotov). Here, to Petya's indescribable admiration, an entire metalworking workshop has been set up on an old kitchen table(Kataev).
2.2. Regret, disapproval	Unfortunately, unfortunately, unfortunately, to the shame of someone, to regret, to annoyance, to misfortune, as if unfortunately, as if on purpose, by a sinful act, what is even worse, what is offensive, alas and etc.	Unfortunately, I must add that in the same year Pavel passed away(Turgenev).
2.3. Surprise, bewilderment	To surprise, amazing, amazing thing, to amazement, strange, strange thing, incomprehensible thing and etc.	Naydenov, to Nagulny's amazement, in one second he shrugged off his leather jacket and sat down at the table(Sholokhov).
2.4. Fear	The hour is uneven, God forbid, whatever happens and etc.	Just look, the oar will rip out and he will be thrown into the sea(Novikov-Priboy).
2.5. General expressive nature of the utterance	In conscience, in justice, in essence, in essence, in soul, in truth, in truth, in truth, one must tell the truth, if the truth is to be told, it is funny to say, to say in honor, between us, speaking between us, there is nothing to say in vain, I confess, except jokes, actually and etc.	There were, however, some weaknesses behind him(Turgenev). I admit, I don’t really like this tree - aspen...(Turgenev). Nothing offends me more, dare I say, offends me so much, as ingratitude(Turgenev).
3. Source of message	According to someone, according to someone, in my opinion, according to you, according to someone, according to someone, according to rumors, according to a proverb, according to legend, from the point of view of someone, I remember, one can hear, they say, they say, as one can hear, as I think, as I think, as I remember, as they say, as they believe, as is known, as was pointed out, as it turned out, as they said in the old days, in my opinion and etc.	Pesotsky, they say, has apples as big as his head, and Pesotsky, they say, made his fortune from the garden(Chekhov). The calculation, in my opinion, was mathematically accurate(Paustovsky). Twenty years ago Line Lake was such a wilderness that, according to foresters, not every bird dared to fly there(Paustovsky).
4. Order of thoughts and their connections	Firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally, so, therefore, therefore, thus, on the contrary, on the contrary, for example, for example, in particular, in addition, in addition, to top it all off, in addition, moreover, on the one hand, on the other hand, however, by the way, in general, in addition, therefore, the main thing, by the way, by the way, by the way and etc.	On the one hand, the darkness was saving: it hid us(Paustovsky). Forest air is healing, it lengthens life, it increases our vitality, and, finally, it turns the mechanical and sometimes difficult process of breathing into pleasure(Paustovsky). So, the next day I stood in this room behind the doors and listened as my fate was decided(Dostoevsky).
5. Assessing the style of expression, manner of speech, ways of forming thoughts	In a word, in one word, in other words, in other words, directly speaking, roughly speaking, in fact, in fact, in short, in short, more accurately, better to say, directly to say, easier to say, so to speak, how to say, so to speak, what's called and etc.	In a word, Storeshnikov was thinking more and more strongly about getting married every day.(Chernyshevsky). In short, this is not a master in science, but a worker(Chekhov). We got up and went to push ourselves to the well, or rather, to the fountain(Garshin).
6. Assessment of the measure, the degree of what is being said; the degree of commonality of the facts stated	At least, at least to one degree or another, to a large extent, as usual, as usual, it happens, happens, as usual, as always, as it happens, as it happens, as it happens sometimes and etc.	Talked to me at least like an army commander(Simonov). Behind the counter, as usual, Nikolai Ivanovich stood almost the entire width of the opening...(Turgenev) It happens that mine is luckier(Griboyedov).
7. Drawing the interlocutor’s attention to the message, emphasizing, emphasizing	Do you see, know, remember, understand, believe, listen, allow, imagine, imagine, can imagine, believe, imagine, admit, believe, believe, not believe, agree, notice, do me a favor, if you want to know, I remind, we remind, I repeat, I emphasize what is important, what is even more important, what is essential, what is even more significant and etc.	You were afraid, admit it, when my fellows threw a rope around your neck?(Pushkin). Imagine, our young people are already bored(Turgenev). We, if you want to know, we came to demand(Gorbatov). Where was this, please?(Pavlenko).

2. In terms of their grammatical correlation, introductory words and constructions can go back to different parts of speech and different grammatical forms:

nouns in various cases with and without prepositions;

Without a doubt, for joy, fortunately and etc.

adjectives in short form, in various cases, in the superlative degree;

Right, guilty, the main thing, in general, the most important thing, the least.

pronouns in indirect cases with prepositions;

In addition, besides, meanwhile.

adverbs in the positive or comparative degree;

Undoubtedly, of course, probably, in short, more accurately.

verbs in various forms of the indicative or imperative mood;

I think, believe me, they seemed to say, imagine, have mercy.

infinitive or combination with an infinitive;

See, know, admit, funny to say.

combinations with participles;

To tell the truth, in short, to put it roughly.

two-part sentences with a subject - a personal pronoun and a predicate - a verb with the meaning of expression of will, speaking, thought, etc.;

For as long as I can remember, I often think.

impersonal offers;
It seemed to her that we all remember it well.
vaguely personal proposals.
This is how they thought about him, how they usually talked about him.

That is why it is necessary to distinguish between introductory words and homonymous forms and constructions.

Note!

Depending on the context, the same words act either as introductory words (hence, not members of the sentence), or as members of the sentence. In order not to make a mistake, you should remember that:

A) you can ask a question to a member of a sentence;

b) the introductory word is not a member of the sentence and has one of the meanings listed above;

V) the introductory word can usually (but not always) be removed from the sentence.

Compare the sentences given in pairs:

This is true(Dostoevsky). - True, sometimes... it’s not too fun to wander along country roads (Turgenev).

During the summer, he can become attached to this weak, talkative creature, get carried away, fall in love (Chekhov). - You may have thought that I was asking you for money!(Dostoevsky).

Listen, we right went? Do you remember the place? (Kassil). - Donkey shouts: we’ll probably get along if we sit next to each other(Krylov).

In a number of cases, the criterion for distinguishing between introductory words and sentence members is the possibility of adding the word speaking.

By the way, he never came(“by the way”); You really shouldn't have come("as a matter of fact"); In short, the book is useful("in short"); To be honest, I don’t want to go back to what was said.("in truth").

When determining syntactic function and placing punctuation marks, in some cases it is necessary to take into account several conditions.

1) The word probably is introductory in the sense of “probably, apparently”:

The sisters are probably already asleep(Korolenko).

The word probably is a member of a sentence in the meaning “undoubtedly, definitely”:

If I know(How?) Maybe that I have to die, then I’ll tell you everything, everything!(Turgenev).

2) The word is finally introductory:

if it indicates a connection of thoughts, the order of their presentation (in the meaning of “and also”) completes the enumeration:

Opekushin came from the common people, first a self-taught person, then a recognized artist and, finally, an academician(Teleshov).

Often a word is finally preceded by homogeneous members of the word Firstly Secondly or on the one hand on the other hand, in relation to which the word finally ends the enumeration;

if it gives an assessment of a fact from the point of view of the speaker’s face or is used to express impatience, to strengthen, emphasize something:

Yes, finally leave!(Chekhov).

Note!

The word finally is not introductory and serves as a circumstantial meaning “at the end”, “finally”, “after everything”, “as a result of everything”.

Gave three balls every year and squandered it finally (Pushkin).

In this meaning, finally, the particle - can usually be added to the word (with an introductory word such an addition is impossible).

Wed: Finally got to the station (Finally got to the station). - You can finally turn to your father for advice(adding a particle -That impossible).

3) The distinction between the combination finally as an introductory one and as a member of a sentence is a circumstance similar in terms to the word finally.

Wed: After all, in the end, we haven’t decided anything yet! (in the end denotes not time, but the conclusion to which the speaker came as a result of a series of reasoning). - In the end agreement was reached(meaning of the circumstance “as a result of everything”).

4) The word, however, is introductory if it appears in the middle or at the end of a simple sentence:

The heat and fatigue took their toll, however.(Turgenev); How cleverly I did it, however(Chekhov).

At the beginning of a sentence (part complex sentence) or as a means of communication homogeneous members the word however has the meaning of an adversative conjunction (it can be replaced by the conjunction but), therefore a comma is placed only before this word:

However, it is desirable to know - by what witchcraft did the man gain such power over the entire neighborhood?(Nekrasov).

Note. In rare cases, however, the word is separated by a comma at the beginning of the sentence, approaching in meaning an interjection (expresses surprise, bewilderment, indignation), for example: However, what a wind!(Chekhov).

5) The word of course is usually separated by commas as an introductory word:

Fedor was still working in the rear, of course, he heard and read many times about “ folk heroes» (Furmanov).

But sometimes the word of course, pronounced in a tone of confidence, conviction, takes on the meaning of an affirmative particle and is not punctuated:

Of course it's true!; Of course it is.

6) The word is indeed introductory in the sense of “yes, so, right, exactly” (usually it occupies a position at the beginning of a sentence):

Indeed, from the battery there was a view of almost the entire location of the Russian troops(L. Tolstoy).

As an adverb, it really means “really, truly, in fact” (usually it stands between the subject and the predicate):

I really just like you say(Dostoevsky).

7) A word in general is introductory if it is used in the meaning “generally speaking”:

In general, one could agree with this statement, but it is necessary to check some data; In general, I would like to know what really happened.

In other cases, the word is generally used as an adverb in different meanings:

in the meaning of “in general”, “on the whole”:
Pushkin is for Russian art what Lomonosov is for Russian enlightenment at all (Goncharov);
in the meaning “always”, “at all”, “under all conditions”:
He lights fires at all forbade it, it was dangerous(Kazakevich);
in the meaning “in all respects”, “in relation to everything”:
He at all looked like a weirdo(Turgenev).

This provision also applies to the form in general.

Wed: In general, there is nothing to be sad about(introductory word, can be replaced - generally speaking). - These are the terms generally simple process(meaning “in the end”); I made a few comments regarding various little things, but All in all praised him very much(Garshin) (meaning “as a result”).

8) Combination anyway is introductory if it has a restrictive-evaluative meaning:

Anyway, his last name was not Akundin, he came from abroad and performed for a reason (A.N. Tolstoy); This information at least in the short term, it will be difficult to check (the entire turnover is highlighted).

In the meaning “under any circumstances” this combination is not introductory:

You anyway you will be informed about the progress of the case; I was firmly convinced that anyway I'll see him at my mom's today(Dostoevsky).

9) The combination, in turn, is not distinguished as occupied if it is used in a meaning close to direct, or in the meaning “in response”, “for its part”:

He in its turn asked me(i.e. when it was his turn); The workers thanked their bosses for their help and asked to visit them more often; in turn, representatives of the patronage organization invited workers to a meeting of the theater’s artistic council.

In a figurative meaning, the combination, in turn, takes on the meaning of introduction and is punctuated:

Among newspaper genres, there are informational, analytical and artistic-journalistic genres; among the latter, in turn, the essay, feuilleton, and pamphlet stand out.

10) The combination in fact meaning “really” is not introductory. But if this combination serves to express bewilderment, indignation, indignation, etc., then it becomes introductory.

11) In particular, indicating the relationship between the parts of the statement, it is highlighted on both sides with commas:

He is interested, in particular, in the origin of individual words.

But if in particular it is part of a connecting structure (at the beginning or at the end), then it is allocated as occupied along with this structure:

Many will willingly take on this work, and in particular me; Many people will be willing to take on this work, and I in particular.

If in particular included in the design in general and in particular, then this construction is not separated by commas:

Over tea the conversation turned to housekeeping in general and in particular about gardening(Saltykov-Shchedrin).

12) The combination is mainly introductory if it serves to highlight a fact in order to express its assessment.

For example: There was a wide alley... and along it, mainly, the public was walking(Gorky) (it is impossible to form the combination “mainly for a walk”, so in this example the combination mainly is not a member of the proposal); The article should be corrected and, mainly, supplemented with fresh material (mainly meaning “the most important thing”). The combination mainly included in the connecting structure (at the beginning or at the end) is separated by commas along with it, for example: With fifty people mostly officers, crowded nearby(Pavlenko).

The combination is mainly not introductory in the meaning of “first of all”, “most of all”:

He achieved success mainly due to his hard work; What I like about him mainly is his sincerity.

13) The word main is introductory in the meaning of “especially important”, “especially significant”:

You can take any topic for the story, but the main thing is that it is interesting; Details can be omitted, but the main thing is to make it entertaining(a comma cannot be placed after the conjunction a, and to enhance punctuation, a dash is placed after the introductory combination).

14) A word means is introductory if it can be replaced with introductory words therefore, it became:

People are born, get married, die; that means it’s necessary, that means it’s good(A.N. Ostrovsky); So, does that mean you can't come today?

If the word means is close in meaning to “means,” then the punctuation depends on the place it occupies in the sentence:

in the position between the subject and the predicate, it means that it serves as a means of connecting the main members of the sentence, a dash is placed before it, and no sign is placed after it:

To fight is to win;

in other cases it means that it is not separated or highlighted by any signs:

if the word means is located between a subordinate and main clause or between parts of a non-union complex sentence, then it is highlighted on both sides with commas:

If he defends his views so stubbornly, it means he feels he is right; If you didn’t save the child, then you have yourself to blame.

15) The word is the opposite meaning “in contrast to what is said or expected; on the contrary” is introductory and is separated by commas:

Instead of slowing down, he, on the contrary, stood on the box and desperately twirled his whip over his head.(Kataev).

If, on the contrary (after the conjunction and) is used as a word replacing a member of a sentence or a whole sentence, then the following punctuation is observed:

when a member of a sentence is replaced, no sign is placed before the conjunction:

In the picture, light tones turn into dark and vice versa(i.e. dark to light);

when, on the contrary, it is added to a whole sentence, a comma is placed before the conjunction:

The closer the light source, the brighter the light it emits, and vice versa(the whole sentence is replaced: The further away the light source is, the less bright the light it emits; a kind of compound sentence is formed);

when, and vice versa, it is attached to a subordinate clause, a comma is not placed before the conjunction:

This also explains why what was considered criminal in ancient world considered legal in the new one and vice versa(Belinsky) (as if homogeneous subordinate clauses with a non-repeating conjunction And: ...and why what was considered criminal in modern times was considered legal in the ancient world).

16) The combination is at least introductory if it has an evaluative-restrictive meaning, that is, it expresses the speaker’s attitude to the thought being expressed:

One person, driven by compassion, decided to at least help Akakiy Akakievich with good advice(Gogol); Vera Efimovna advised us to try to transfer her to a political position or, at least, to work as a nurse in a hospital(L. Tolstoy).

If the introductory combination is at least at the beginning of a separate phrase, then it is separated by commas along with it:

Nikolai Evgrafych knew that his wife would not return home soon, at least five o'clock! (Chekhov).

The combination is at least not separated by commas if it means “no less than”, “at least”:

From his tanned face one could conclude that he knew what smoke was, if not gunpowder, then at least tobacco(Gogol); At least I will know that I will serve in the Russian army (Bulgakov).

17) The phrase including the combination from the point of view is separated by commas if it means “in opinion”:

Choosing a place to build a cottage, from my point of view, successful.

If such a combination has the meaning “in relation”, then the rotation is not separated by commas:

I know a crime has been committed when you look at things from the point of view general morality; From the point of view of novelty, the book deserves attention.

18) The word approximately is introductory in the sense of “for example” and is not introductory in the sense of “approximately”.

Wed: I'm trying to think about her("For example"), not thinking is impossible(Ostrovsky). - We are approximately("approximately") in these tones and with such conclusions they conducted a conversation(Furmanov).

19) The word is for example associated with the following punctuation:

separated by commas as introductory:
Nikolai Artemyevich liked to persistently argue, for example, about whether it is possible for a person to travel all over the world during his entire life. Earth (Turgenev);
stands out together with the revolution, at the beginning or end of which there is:

requires a comma before itself and a colon after itself, if it is after a generalizing word before listing homogeneous members:

Some mushrooms are very poisonous, for example: toadstool, satanic mushroom, fly agaric.

Note!

Never are not introductory and the words are not separated by commas:

as if, as if, hardly, barely, supposedly, almost, even, precisely, after all, only, certainly, just, after all, necessarily, suddenly.

3. General rules for placing punctuation marks for introductory words, combinations and sentences.

1) Basically, introductory words, phrases and sentences are separated by commas:

I admit, he didn't make a good impression on me(Turgenev); Yes, you probably saw her at that evening(Turgenev).

2) If the introductory word comes after the listing of homogeneous members and precedes the generalizing word, then only a dash (without a comma) is placed before the introductory word, and a comma after it:

Books, brochures, magazines, newspapers - in a word, all types of printed materials lay on his desk in complete disarray.

If the sentence is complex, then a comma is placed before the dash based on general rule separating parts of a complex sentence:

The men drank, argued and laughed - in a word, the dinner was extremely cheerful (Pushkin).

3) When two introductory words meet, a comma is placed between them:

What good, perhaps, and gets married, out of tenderness of the soul...(Dostoevsky); So, in your opinion Should everyone, without exception, engage in physical labor?(Chekhov).

Intensifying particles in introductory words are not separated from them by a comma:

This is probably true, since there are no contraindications.

4) If the introductory word is at the beginning or end of a separate phrase (isolation, clarification, explanation, accession), then it is not separated from the phrase by any sign:

The dark, stocky captain calmly sips his pipe, apparently Italian or Greek (Kataev); Among my comrades there are such poets, lyrics or what?, preachers of love for people(Bitter).

Introductory words are not separated from a separate phrase, even if they are at the very beginning or the very end of the sentence:

Apparently fearing snow drifts, the group leader canceled the climb to the top of the mountain; Leave these new arguments, unconvincing and far-fetched of course.

If the introductory word is in the middle of a separate phrase, then it is separated by commas on a general basis:

The child, apparently frightened by the horse, ran up to his mother.

Note!

It is necessary to distinguish between cases when the introductory word is at the beginning of a separate phrase, and cases when it is located between two members of the sentence.

Wed: He had information seems to have been published recently (a separate phrase, the introductory word seems to be part of it). - In his hand he held a small, it seems, technical reference book(without the introductory word there would be no punctuation mark, since the definitions small And technical heterogeneous, the introductory word refers to the second of them).

In the presence of homogeneous definitions, when doubt may arise as to which of the homogeneous members, preceding or subsequent, the introductory word located between them refers to, the second definition, together with the introductory word, can form a clarifying construction.

This information was gleaned from new, seems special for thiscase compiled, directory(without an introductory word, there would be a comma between homogeneous definitions); Silence and grace reigned in this, obviously forgotten by God and people, corner of the earth(clarifying definition for the demonstrative pronoun this).

If the introductory word is at the beginning of a phrase enclosed in brackets, then it is separated by a comma:

Both messages (apparently recently received) have attracted widespread attention.

5) If there is a coordinating conjunction before the introductory word, then the punctuation will be like this. Introductory words are separated from the previous one coordinating conjunction a comma if the introductory word can be omitted or rearranged to another place in the sentence without disturbing its structure (as a rule, with conjunctions and, but). If the removal or rearrangement of the introductory word is impossible, then a comma is not placed after the conjunction (usually with the conjunction a).

Wed: The entire circulation has already been printed, and the book will probably go on sale in a few days (The entire circulation has already been printed, and the book will go on sale in a few days.); This issue has already been considered several times, but, apparently, the final decision has not yet been made (This issue has already been considered several times, but a final decision has not yet been made.); It is not coal that can be used here, but rather liquid fuel (It is not coal that can be used here, but liquid fuel). - The calculations were made hastily and therefore inaccurately(impossible: The calculations were made hastily and inaccurately); Maybe everything will end well, or maybe vice versa(impossible: Maybe everything will end well, but vice versa).

Note!

A homogeneous member of a sentence that comes after introductory words and therefore, and therefore, is not isolated, that is, a comma is not placed after it.

For example: As a result, the strength of the electromagnetic field of incoming signals, and therefore the strength of reception, increases many times; This scheme, and therefore the entire project as a whole, needs to be verified.

6) After an connecting conjunction (at the beginning of an independent sentence), a comma is usually not placed, since the conjunction is closely adjacent to the introductory word that follows it:

And imagine, he still staged this performance; And I dare to assure you, the performance turned out wonderful; And what do you think, he achieved his goal; But one way or another, the decision was made.

Less often (with intonation emphasis introductory words or introductory sentences, when they are included in the text through a subordinating conjunction), after the connecting conjunction, a comma is placed before the introductory construction:

But, to my great chagrin, Shvabrin, usually condescending, decisively announced that my song was not good(Pushkin); And, as usual, they remembered only one good thing(Krymov).

7) Introductory words before comparative turnover(with the union as), target phrase (with the union so), etc., are separated from them based on the general rule:

All this seemed strange to me, as did others; The son thought for a minute, probably to collect his thoughts(usually in these cases the introductory word refers not to the previous, but to the subsequent part of the sentence).

8) Instead of a comma, a dash can be used in introductory words, phrases and sentences.

A dash is used in the following cases:

If introductory phrase forms an incomplete construction (a word is missing that is restored from the context), then a dash is usually placed instead of one comma:

Chichikov ordered to stop for two reasons: on the one hand, to give the horses a rest, on the other, to rest and refresh himself.(Gogol) (the comma before the subordinate clause is absorbed by the dash);

a dash is placed before the introductory word as an additional sign after the comma if the introductory word stands between two parts of a complex sentence and in meaning can be attributed to either the preceding or the following part:

The dog disappeared - probably someone chased it out of the yard(the dash emphasizes that it is not “the dog probably disappeared”, but that “the dog was probably driven away”).

Sometimes an additional sign emphasizes cause-and-effect or connecting relationships between parts of a sentence:

It was difficult to verify his words - obviously, circumstances had changed a lot.

Sometimes a comma and a dash are placed before the introductory word at the beginning of a separate phrase, and a comma after it to avoid possible ambiguity:

Since there is still time, we will call someone additional to the exam - for example, those taking it again (let's say in the meaning of “suppose”, “say”);

a dash is placed before the introductory word after a comma if the part of the sentence following the introductory word summarizes what was said in the first part:

Chichikov asked with extreme precision who the city's governor was, who the chairman of the chamber was, who the prosecutor was - in a word, he did not miss a single significant person(Gogol);

using a dash, introductory sentences can be highlighted if they are quite common (have secondary members):

Suspect Yakov Lukich of sabotage - now it seemed to him- it wasn't easy(Sholokhov); Let the enemy leave, or - as they say in solemn language military regulations - letting him get away is a major nuisance for the scouts, almost a shame(Kazakevich).

PUNCTUATION FOR PURPOSE WITH NON-PRIMINATIVE1 PREPOSITIONS

General rules

Circumstances can be introduced into a sentence using non-primitive (derivative) prepositions - simple ( thanks to, despite, as a result of, contrary to, according to etc.) and composites ( depending on, in order to avoid, in connection with, for lack of and etc.). Such constructions can be isolated, but the punctuation difficulty is that their isolation is not always appropriate, and sometimes even erroneous.

Turnover is isolated, if you need to indicate its boundaries (so that the sentence does not look ambiguous):

To avoid misunderstanding of the phrase by the director, changes have been made to the document. – To avoid misunderstanding the phrase, the director made changes to the document.

... Kazbich imagined that Azamat with the consent of the father stole his horse... M. Lermontov, Hero of our time. (Lermontov’s meaning: Kazbich imagined that Azamat’s father agreed to the theft.) Cf. change in meaning when the phrase is isolated: ... Kazbich imagined that Azamat, with his father’s consent, stole his horse...(=Kazbich imagined that Azamat stole the horse.)

Wed. Also: The sons of the wind divided the people against their wishes . I. Efremov, On the edge of the Oikumene. She walks through life with her head held high on par with a man, because freedom is impossible without full responsibility for one’s destiny. I. Efremov, The Razor's Edge. Evening was coming in Kolya's room according to the laws of nature, because the light had not been on there for a long time. L. Petrushevskaya, Vanya Kozel.

In other cases we can talk about optionality of segregation of turnover(depending on the degree of its prevalence, proximity to the main part of the sentence, word order in the sentence, author’s intent and other factors). In this case, a number of factors can be identified that influence the placement of punctuation marks.

Usually the revolutions are separated, which:

are located between the subject and the predicate: All you have to do is press your finger on the eyeball, and everything is real. items – as opposed to hallucinations- will split into two. A. and B. Strugatsky, Monday begins on Saturday. Left wall, as opposed to the right, reflected the concept of early death. I. Efremov, Hour of the Bull. AND mother, in spite of all misfortunes, gathered me, although no one from our village in the area had studied before. V. Rasputin, French lessons. Our fires burned all night, and ship, in case of emergency, was ready to sail. V. Yan, Phoenician ship. Dining table, depending on the circumstances, turned into a desk, then into a bed, when one of the friends who came from the front stayed overnight. V. Kaverin, Open book.

are not at the beginning or at the end of the sentence: Exactly at three o'clock, in accordance with labor laws, Doctor of Sciences Ambrose Ambruazovich Vybegallo brought the keys. A. and B. Strugatsky, Monday begins on Saturday. ...I have re-examined the situation in Prague, which should become - on a par with Vienna and the Alpine redoubt- the center of a decisive battle against Bolshevism. Yu. Semenov, Seventeen moments of spring. At first, just what, along with praise for my art, I haven’t heard enough! V. Kataev, Grass of oblivion.

contain an explanation of what is said in the sentence and are highlighted intonationally: ... Children, due to being young, did not assign any positions, which, however, did not in the least prevent them from becoming completely lazy... I. Turgenev, Raspberry water. By the way, Bim had no idea due to lack of experience that no one ever counts time based on such dead half-roosters. G. Troepolsky, White Bim Black Ear.

However, other punctuation options are possible, depending on the author’s intention. For example: And yet, choosing a convenient moment, Khizhnyak in violation of all the rules I overtook on the right side and caught up with the Jeep...(V. Bogomolov, Moment of Truth) – failure to highlight the phrase located between the subject and the predicate; In the next morning thanks to numerous aliens in a quarter of an hour the skeleton of the new dugout was completed(V. Obruchev, Sannikov Land) – failure to highlight a phrase that is not at the beginning or at the end of a sentence.

In controversial cases, the final decision on punctuation marks is made by the author of the text.

Some patterns

Revolutions with the following prepositions may or may not be separated depending on the above conditions: thanks to, in view of, depending on, in violation of, in order to avoid, in fulfillment of, in contrast to, up to, in contrast to, in contrast to, in connection with, due to, as a result of, in case of, in accordance with, minus, for insufficiency, for lack of, for lack of, out of spite, on the basis of, in defiance of, along with, along with, in case of, under the guise, similarly, under the pretext, after, according to the measure, according to the standards, by right, for the reason, on the occasion, according to conditions, if available, subject to, against(meaning “contrary to”) , above(meaning “except, besides”) according to, accordingly.

Usually isolated(except for those cases when the phrase is part of the predicate or is closely related to it in meaning) phrases with verbal prepositions including, excluding, based on, starting from, despite, despite, depending on, judging by, and restrictive phrases with prepositions in spite of, for except except, regardless of, besides.

Usually not isolated phrases with prepositions instead of, in response to, as a result, like, at the expense of, like, on the contrary, without reaching, about, for the sake of, after.

1 All prepositions are divided into primitives and non-primitives (derivatives). Preformative prepositions- this is a small closed group of words that are not connected by living word-formation relationships with any significant words. These include prepositions such as in, behind, to, from, under and etc.

Non-primitive prepositions– prepositions that have living word-formation relationships and lexical-semantic connections with significant words - nouns, adverbs and verbs (gerunds). Non-primitive prepositions are much more numerous than primitive prepositions. All of them are divided into three groups: prenominal prepositions ( in view of, as a result of, with the exception of, like, about, under the guise etc.), adverbial ( on the contrary, like, according to etc.) and verbal ( including, excluding, not counting, after and etc.).

Some compound denominative prepositions that have retained living and close connections with the corresponding noun (for example: in contrast to, on the basis of, under the pretext etc.) are called prepositional combinations.

Against

adverb, preposition, introductory word and particle

1. Adverb. Same as "on opposite side", "otherwise, vice versa." Does not require punctuation.

Against There was a rocky ridge along the shore, covered with sparse forest. D. Mamin-Sibiryak, Near Nodi. The girl settled down against in your favorite position, with your legs tucked under you. I. Efremov, Shadow of the Past.

2. Pretext. The phrases with the preposition “on the contrary” are not isolated.

He only now noticed that the wall against the place where he was sitting was very low, no more than one and a half arshins. A. Kuprin, White Poodle. Against Sokhacha was sitting with his dog Chuika and carefully watching his owner’s every move. D. Mamin-Sibiryak, Raspberry Mountains.

3. Introductory word. The same as “contrary to what was said, what was expected.” Identified by punctuation marks, usually commas. For details on punctuation for introductory words, see Appendix 2. ()

She was somewhat dreamy, but did not try to show it, against, I was ashamed of this as a weakness. M. Lermontov, Princess Ligovskaya. “In that case, I won’t give you evidence,” said the doctor, touching his coat. “Whoever doesn’t want to get married is not crazy, but, against, smartest man... A. Chekhov, Groom and Dad. My dear, my priceless angel, my treasure, I do not reproach you, against, You are even sweeter to me, more priceless with such feelings!.. E. Radzinsky, Old actress for the role of Dostoevsky’s wife.

4. Particle (in response). Same as “not at all.” Isolated or issued as a separate offer.

“Don’t you like opera?” – “ On the contrary, I love you very much!”

Dictionary-reference book on punctuation. - M.: Reference and information Internet portal GRAMOTA.RU. V. V. Svintsov, V. M. Pakhomov, I. V. Filatova. 2010 .

Synonyms:

Antonyms:

See what “opposite” is in other dictionaries:

against- against … Spelling dictionary-reference book

AGAINST- ON THE OPPOSITE, adv. 1. Right in front of someone on the opposite side of someone or something. He lives opposite. || The same in meaning. prepositions with gender Sit opposite someone. Their door is opposite ours. 2. for whom or without additional. Otherwise, contradicting, out of spite... Dictionary Ushakova

AGAINST- and on the contrary, on the contrary, on the contrary prev. since birth against, against, against, directly before something or whom, opposite. Give me the casket opposite the clock. There are vegetable gardens behind my house, neighbors on the sides, a booth at an angle, and a storage shed opposite. | conjunction, instead of a, same: I... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

against- Against, opposite; in defiance, in opposition, in contrast, in contrast, in spite of, in spite of, in spite of, in defiance. Everything is contrary, everything is topsy-turvy, there is a contradiction in everything. Despite reason, despite the elements. Mushroom. He always does the opposite, in defiance... Synonym dictionary

against- ON THE OPPOSITE, against, bookish. counterpart, outdated opposite... Dictionary-thesaurus of synonyms of Russian speech

AGAINST- 1. adv. Directly in front of whoever, on the opposite side. He lives n. House n. 2. adv. Otherwise, contrary. Whatever you ask, N does it all. 3. intro. and particle. The same as vice versa (in 3 and 4 digits). Not rude, n., polite. Is he rude? N. 4.… … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

against- (Source: “Complete accentuated paradigm according to A. A. Zaliznyak”) ... Forms of words

against- adv., used often 1. If someone or something is opposite you, it means that it is, is happening in front of you, on the opposite side. A boy was sitting at the table opposite, eating ice cream. | There was a small restaurant in the house opposite... Dmitriev's Explanatory Dictionary

against- opposite, adv., preposition p. birth, introductory sl. and particle Adverb: A young man was sitting opposite. Preposition: Opposite the palace is the town hall with a turret. Introductory word: The disease does not go away, but, on the contrary, it gets worse. particle... Together. Apart. Hyphenated.

against- opposite I live opposite... Spelling difficult adverbs

http://www.gramota.ru/spravka/punctum/punctum_attach3
PUNCTUATION IN CONSTRUCTIONS WITH COMPOUND SUBORDERING CONJUNCTIONS
Subordinate clause in a complex P a sentence can be attached to the main one using compound subordinating conjunctions, for example:in view of the fact that, instead of, in case, despite the fact that, before, because, before and etc.
The punctuation difficulty lies in the fact that such conjunctions can be entirely included in the subordinate clause (in this case, the parts of the conjunction are not separated by a comma) or dismembered (in this case, a comma is placed before the second part of the conjunction, and the first is included in the main part of the complex sentence as a correlative word).
The compound subordinating conjunction is dismembered and a comma is placed between parts of the conjunction if at least one of the following conditions is met:
A) before a compound conjunction there is a negation “not” :
She loved Richardson
Not because I read it
Not because Grandison
She preferred Lovelace...
A. Pushkin, Evgeny Onegin.
I want to call you my wife
Not for tell everyone about it
Not because you've been with me for a long time,
According to all idle gossip and signs.
K. Simonov,
b) before a compound conjunction there are intensifying, restrictive and other particles, introductory words, adverbs:

The sketch seemed insignificant to her, and she wrote it just to to have an extra excuse to go to the artist.
A. Chekhov, Jumping.

And the heart is beating just to the hair became longer and more beautiful.Yu. Koval, Nedopesok.
In that village, one Cossack, nicknamed Korzha, had a worker, whom people called Peter Bezrodny; maybe because no one remembered either his father or his mother. N. Gogol, Evening on the eve of Ivan Kupala.

That is, to tell the truth, I myself don’t know why I returned; probably because I remembered you...I. Turgenev, Rudin.
Reality irritated him, frightened him, kept him in constant anxiety, and, perhaps in order to To justify this timidity of his, his aversion to the present, he always praised the past and what never happened...
A. Chekhov, Man in a Case.
"This, must be because I’ve been living in the world too long,” thought Mostovskoy. V. Grossman, Life and Fate.
V)the first part of a compound conjunction is included in a number of homogeneous members of the sentence or parallel constructions:

Romashov blushed to real tears from his powerlessness and confusion, and from pain for the insulted Shurochka, and because of Through the deafening sounds of the quadrille he was unable to get a single word in. A. Kuprin, Duel.
d) the author wishes to emphasize that the first part of the compound conjunction falls logical stress:

The men are quiet, timid and polite because of everyone has a stone for their weight... M. Prishvin, World Cup.
I asked my father what “special evening” meant. My father explained to me that this evening is called this because he is not like everyone else. K. Paustovsky, Storyteller.
In that case, if the compound conjunction is entirely included in the subordinate clause , punctuation marks are placed as follows:

A) If the subordinate part of the sentence follows the main one -The comma is placed only before the conjunction .

[Kalugin] trotted towards the bastion, so as to by order of the general to transmit some orders there.
L. Tolstoy, Sevastopol in May.
We started running along the edge of the shore itself, and everything turned out great, although Here and there the ice broke and water came out. D. Mamin-Sibiryak, Bad Comrade.
B) If the subordinate part is inside the main part - commas are placed before the union And after the entire subordinate clause .

He, although I was in the intoxicating haze of beer and wine, and felt that it was somewhat indecent to be in the presence of an outside witness in such a form and with such an action. N. Gogol, Nevsky Prospekt.
All the carts because large bales of wool lay on them; they seemed very tall and plump . A. Chekhov, Steppe.
Artist, because of drank two glasses of porter, somehow suddenly became drunk and unnaturally animated. A. Chekhov, Seizure.
C) If the subordinate part precedes the main one -a comma is placed only after the entire subordinate clause .
Since eternal judge
He gave me the omniscience of a prophet,
I read in people's eyes
Pages of malice and vice. M. Lermontov, Prophet.
Instead of become a crowd against a crowd, people disperse separately, attack one by one.
L. Tolstoy, War and Peace.

If The Contractor has not fulfilled its obligations within the time limits specified in this Agreement, the Customer has the right to terminate the Agreement.

Some patterns

Analysis of examples from fiction allows us to divide compound subordinating conjunctions into four groups (depending on the features of punctuation) and identify the following patterns:
1. Compound subordinating conjunctionsdue to the fact that; instead of; in case/when; while; in order to; before; not only that; in case; although; because of; before as; similar to; as; after; because; before; despite the fact that; so as to; since can be entirely included in the subordinate clause (and not separated by a comma), but can also be dismembered – depending on the above conditions.
It should be noted that unionsin view of the fact that, before, in case more often dismembered, unionbefore more often it is not dismembered, but before the unionalthough the comma is retained even if it is divided (this is due to the fact that the conjunction is formed with the participation of a verbal preposition).
2. Compound subordinating conjunctionsthanks to; in order to; regarding that; to the point that; due to the fact that; due to the fact that; due to the fact that; compared to what; until; due to the fact that; then, in order to / so that; for what; because of; on the basis of the fact that; about the fact that; on the grounds that; no matter what; under the guise that; under the pretext that; under the pretext that; about what; because of; for the reason that; with all that; provided that/if; in order to; earlier than; for the purpose of dismembered (i.e. a comma is placed between parts of the union).
Moreover, if the subordinate part is joined by conjunctions to the point that; due to the fact that; based on the fact that; on the grounds that; no matter what , it is possible to place a comma not only between parts of the union, but also before
3. Compound subordinating conjunctionsbased on the fact that; despite the fact What;depending on what; judging by the fact that (formed with the participation of verbal prepositions), as well as conjunctionscontrary to the fact that; except that; except that; Besides that dismembered , and the comma is placed not only between parts of the union, but also before conjunction (if it is not located at the beginning of the sentence).
4. Compound subordinating conjunctionsas if; between / meanwhile as; because; as if; So (in the meaning of a consequence);especially since; whereas are not dismembered (i.e., there is no comma between parts of the conjunction).
http://www.gramota.ru/spravka/punctum/punctum_attach3

Thanks for your hard work!

Introductory words are words that are not formally related to the members of the sentence, are not members of the sentence and express an attitude towards the message being communicated or its characteristics. From a grammatical point of view, introductory words are represented by various verbal forms (personal forms, infinitives, gerunds), nouns, pronouns (with and without prepositions), adverbs, nominal and verbal phraseological units.

Introductory words and combinations of words are highlighted (or separated) by commas . However, it is necessary to draw the reader's attention to two difficulties associated with punctuation in introductory words.
The first difficulty is that among the introductory words and combinations there are very few that are used only as introductory ones and, therefore, are always isolated (for example,firstly, in my opinion, if I may say so ).
In most cases, the same words can be used both as introductory words and as members of a sentence (usually predicates or adverbials) or function words (conjunctions, particles). The differences between them appear in context. Examples of punctuation of words and combinations that can be used or are always used as introductory words are given in the relevant articles of the reference book.
The second difficulty is that the punctuation of words that are introductory also depends on their environment. Basic rules and patterns that are not commented on in dictionary entries are given below.
1. Meeting of two introductory words

When two introductory words (introductory combinations, sentences) meet, a comma is placed between them.

He's the same unfortunately, How You you see, handsome, that is, ruddy, smooth, tall... I. Goncharov, Ordinary history.
As a matter of fact, to tell the truth , I want love, or what, what is it called? V. Veresaev, Sisters.
And here, like a sin, as if on purpose, Uncle Misha arrives. A. Rybakov, Heavy sand.
Actually , strictly speaking, in this situation you should just wake up . A. and B. Strugatsky,A billion years before the end of the world.
This visit took up the entire evening and completely destroyed the feeling of loneliness he so loved. In the end, Maybe, and it’s good that he destroyed it... V. Bykov, Poor people.
2. Introductory word and separate phrase

The introductory word or combination can come at the beginning or end detached member sentences, as well as being inside it. Punctuation marks in these cases are placed as follows:
A) If the introductory word is at the beginning of a separate phrase, commas are placed before the introductory word And after the entire isolated turnover. There is no comma after the introductory word (in other words, the comma, which was supposed to “close” the introductory word, is moved to the end of the isolated phrase).
Little by little, everyone joins their company, having completed quite important household activities, such as: talking with their doctor about the weather and about a small pimple that has popped up on their nose, learning about the health of horses and their children, howevershowing great talents... N. Gogol, Nevsky Prospekt.
Vera Nikolaevna felt awe in love before her master - who, in general, was not at all like Ivan the Terrible, maybe even the admiration of a loyal subject. V. Kataev, Grass of oblivion.
I’m also used to writing down my thoughts on anything, particularly on cigarette boxes. K. Paustovsky, Golden Rose.

...Regarding gold, which Cagliostro mined without any labor from all other metals, for example from copper, turning them into gold with the touch of his hands, Stroganov also had a low opinion. Yu. Tynyanov, Citizen Ocher.
B) If the introductory word is inside a separate phrase, it separated by commas on both sides , while the signs at the beginning and end of a separate revolution are preserved.
Overcome by these bitter thoughts, not entirely fair, however, and inspired by Anikanov’s letter that excited him Travkin walked out of the barn into the cold dawn. E. Kazakevich, Zvezda.
This is my essay - or rather a lecture– has neither a definite form nor a chronological structure, which I do not recognize... V. Kataev, My Diamond Crown.
C) If the introductory word is at the end of a separate phrase, commas are placed before separate turnover And after him. There is no comma before the introductory word .

And instead of a speck, another road appeared ahead, that is, not really a road, just a scratch on the earth, groove rather. V. Astafiev, This is how I want to live.
We decided to go somewhere for the holidays, to Kyiv for example.
Note 1.
If a phrase is enclosed in brackets, then the introductory word at the beginning or end of it is separated by a comma according to the general rule:
He was a Kazakh with an almost Russian surname and a Russian (I think it's initial) education . Yu. Dombrovsky, Guardian of Antiquities.

Two are alive (as long as their bill is extended),
third (superfluous, probably) buried in heaven...B. Okudzhava, The black raven will look through the white cloud...
At one time I even had a weakness (or courage, maybe) figure out in my mind how I would take on this, if only... V. Nabokov, Gift.
Note 2.
Introductory words preceding phrases that begin with the conjunctions “how” and “so that” are separated by commas according to the general rule:

The day she lived seemed meaningless to her, in essence, like and all life.
He thought for a moment, probably to choose the right words.
Note 3.
Some sources indicate that introductory words or rather, more precisely, those that give the statement a clarifying character are separated by commas, while the members of the sentence following them are not separated. Such punctuation is indeed possible:

But for you, boy, or rather, I owe something to your name . L. Cassil, Be ready, Your Highness!

And in front of Tanya's door, or rather, the floor below was crowded with a line of congratulators. S. Soloveichik, Band “Seven Winds”.
I turn from side to side, or rather, from my stomach to my back and I think... About what? Yes, it's all about the same... V. Nekrasov, Look and Something.
Outside the window, Leonid knew, there was a dried branch of an old poplar, and attached to it, more precisely, a “glass” of radio wiring is screwed into it . V. Astafiev, Sad detective.
However, in examples from fiction, a different arrangement of punctuation marks is often found:
clarifying sentence members introduced by words or rather, more precisely, are isolated, and these words themselves, standing at the beginning of a separate phrase, in accordance with the general rule, are not separated from it by a comma (but sometimes they can be separated by a dash):

Unfortunately, doctors still have little ability to recognize hysterical, or rather mental, the nature of a number of diseases .
I. Efremov, The Razor's Edge.
A whole series of characters or rather carriers of opinions, seems to me possible to be embodied in the characters of a modern Soviet-human comedy . Y. Olesha, Book of Farewell.
Partisan leader more precisely, the military leader of the Kezhemsky association of partisans of the Trans-Ural region, sat right in front of the speaker’s nose in a defiantly careless pose... B. Pasternak, Doctor Zhivago.

...The she-wolf suddenly clearly heard within herself, more precisely inside the womb, live tremors. Ch. Aitmatov, Scaffold.
Analyze the past or rather – bad things in the past, makes sense only if, based on this analysis, it is possible to correct the present or prepare the future . V. Nekrasov, In the trenches of Stalingrad.
I want to write something that is easy, not difficult. The hard part is when you write, thinking that someone will read it. Syntax branch, or rather – rod of syntax, threatens you all the time. Y. Olesha, Book of Farewell.
3. Introductory word and conjunction
Introductory words and combinations may or may not be separated by a comma from the preceding coordinating conjunction, depending on the context.
Comma after conjunction is put, if the introductory word can be omitted or rearranged to another place in the sentence without disturbing its structure.

I only learned that he was once a coachman for an old childless lady, ran away with the three horses entrusted to him, and disappeared for a whole year And, there must be, having become convinced in practice of the disadvantages and disasters of a wandering life, he returned on his own, but already lame... I. Turgenev, Singers.
However, Volodya, seeing how difficult it was for the boy, did not swear at all, A, vice versa, said something encouraging. Yu. Vizbor, Alternative peak Klyuch .
Before leaving, I took the list out from under the glass and, with extreme pressure, scratched out the word “Volobuy” with my rainbow pen. I decided to do this because it was shaggy with paper fluff. And, Means, he had already been scratched with a claw before me...
K. Vorobyov, Here comes a giant.
She suffered for a very long time after separation, But, as is known, time heals any wounds.
If it is impossible to remove the introductory word (i.e., the conjunction is included in the introductory construction, forming a single combination with it), then a comma after the conjunction not placed(usually this happens with a union A).
“You don’t bother me at all,” he objected, “if you please shoot yourself, but by the way, as you please; your shot remains behind you; I am always ready at your service." A. Pushkin, Shot.
It seems that you later loved the Portuguese,
Maybe, you left with the Malay. A. Vertinsky, Where are you now...
The grass in our clearing, yellowed and withered, still remained alive and soft, free from play, people tinkered on it. or better yet, lost guys. V. Rasputin, French lessons.
Does the gas appear randomly or not, is it associated with cyclones, which means Whether it is possible to predict based on this criterion is a question that requires clarification. A. Gladilin, Forecast for tomorrow.
The introductory word is usually not separated by punctuation from the connecting conjunction at the beginning of the sentence.
And indeed , during these four years, while I have been serving in the gymnasium, I feel how strength and youth are leaving me drop by drop every day. A. Chekhov, Three Sisters.
“No, life is still wise, and we must obey its laws,” he said thoughtfully. – And besides, life is Beautiful".
A. Kuprin, Lenochka.
And generally speaking , now that he was a little distracted from the thought of the loss of the violin and began to consider what exactly had been stolen from him from his personal belongings, household property, some kind of shy awkwardness appeared in him...
A. and G. Weiner, Visit to the Minotaur.
On the second floor there was a soft carpet in the corridor, and Dmitry Alekseevich felt the closeness of his superiors. And indeed, he immediately saw a thick glass sign: “Director.” V. Dudintsev, Not by bread alone.
In 1925, he seemed to still have some time left. Yes besides, he has already done something worthwhile.
D. Granin, Zubr.
Note.
When emphasizing the introductory word intonationally, it can be separated by a comma from the conjunction:
But , to my great chagrin, Shvabrin, usually condescending, decisively announced that my song was not good.
A. Pushkin, The Captain's Daughter.
4. Introductory word at the boundary of homogeneous members or parts of a complex sentence

Introductory words and combinations that stand on the border of homogeneous members or parts of a complex sentence and relate to the word or sentence that follows them are not separated from it by a comma:

A sharp knock was heard the shutter must have fallen off . A. Chekhov, Bride.
(Wed: A sharp knock was heard. Must be, the shutter came off.)

To avoid misunderstanding of the phrase by the director, changes have been made to the document. –
To avoid misunderstanding the phrase, the director made changes to the document.

Turnover not isolated, if it is part of the predicate or is closely related to it in meaning. (As a rule, in such cases the phrase cannot be removed from the sentence without distorting the meaning of the phrase.) For example:

... Kazbich imagined that Azamat with the consent of the father stole his horse...M. Lermontov, Hero of our time.(Lermontov’s meaning: Kazbich imagined that Azamat’s father agreed to the theft.)
Wed. change in meaning when the phrase is isolated:
... Kazbich imagined that Azamat, with his father’s consent, stole his horse...
(=Kazbich imagined that Azamat stole the horse.)

Wed. Also: The sons of the wind divided the people against their wishes . I. Efremov, On the edge of the Oikumene.

She walks through life with her head held high on par with a man, because freedom is impossible without full responsibility for one’s destiny. I. Efremov, The Razor's Edge.

Evening was coming in Kolya's room according to the laws of nature, because the light had not been on there for a long time.
L. Petrushevskaya, Vanya Kozel.

Typically, revolutions are isolated that:

A) are located between the subject and the predicate:

All you have to do is press your finger on the eyeball, and everything is real. items – as opposed to hallucinations- will split into two.

Left wall, as opposed to the right, reflected the concept of early death. I. Efremov, Hour of the Bull.

AND mother, in spite of all misfortunes, gathered me, although no one from our village in the area had studied before. V. Rasputin, French lessons.

Our fires burned all night, and ship, in case of emergency, was ready to sail. V. Yan, Phoenician ship.

Dining table, depending on the circumstances, turned into a desk, then into a bed, when one of the friends who came from the front stayed overnight. V. Kaverin, Open book.

b) are not at the beginning or at the end of the sentence:

Exactly at three o'clock, in accordance with labor laws, Doctor of Sciences Ambrose Ambruazovich Vybegallo brought the keys. A. and B. Strugatsky, Monday begins on Saturday.

...I have re-examined the situation in Prague, which should become - on a par with Vienna and the Alpine redoubt- the center of a decisive battle against Bolshevism. Yu. Semenov, Seventeen moments of spring.

At first, just what, along with praise for my art, I haven’t heard enough!
V. Kataev, Grass of oblivion.

...Children, due to being young, did not assign any positions, which, however, did not in the least prevent them from becoming completely lazy... I. Turgenev, Raspberry water.

By the way, Bim had no idea due to lack of experience that no one ever counts time based on such dead half-roosters.G. Troepolsky, White Bim Black Ear.

However, other punctuation options are possible, depending on the author’s intention.
For example R:

And yet, choosing a convenient moment, Khizhnyak in violation of all the rules I overtook on the right side and caught up with the Jeep...(V. Bogomolov, Moment of Truth)– failure to highlight the phrase located between the subject and the predicate;

In the next morning thanks to numerous aliens in a quarter of an hour the skeleton of the new dugout was completed (V. Obruchev, Sannikov Land)– failure to highlight a phrase that is not at the beginning or at the end of a sentence.

In controversial cases, the final decision on punctuation marks is made by the author of the text.

Some patterns

Phrases with the following prepositions may or may not be isolated depending on the above conditions: thanks to, in view of, depending on, in violation of, in order to avoid, in fulfillment of, in contrast to, up to, in contrast to, in contrast to, in connection with, due to, as a result of, in case of, in accordance with, minus, for insufficiency, for lack of, for lack of, out of spite, on the basis of, in defiance of, along with, along with, in case of, under the guise, similarly, under the pretext, after, according to the measure, according to the standards, by right, for the reason, on the occasion, according to conditions, if available, subject to, against (meaning “contrary to”) , above(meaning “except, besides”) according to, accordingly .

Usually, phrases with verbal prepositions are isolated (except for those cases when the phrase is part of the predicate or is closely related to it in meaning) including, excluding, based on, starting from, despite, despite, depending on, judging by, as soon as you are proficient enough to read in Russian. It is like learning spelling: obviously, only native speakers need these crutches, as foreigners are typically already learning language in WRITTEN form.

It could be mildly useful if someone happened to translate them into English. Still, for advanced level only.

No, language learners do not know Russian punctuation and make a lot of mistakes because of this.

1. Introductory words and phrases are not members of the proposal. With their help, the speaker expresses his attitude to the content of the expression (confidence or uncertainty, sensory reaction, etc.): Unfortunately, he didn't have watercolors.

The same function can be performed by introductory sentences:

Me, dare I say, fell in love in the house- the structure is a definite personal one-part sentence;

In life, do you know, there is always room for exploits— the structure is a two-part sentence;

We, in that case you want to know, came to achieve- according to the structure, a conditional one-part clause.

In writing, introductory words, phrases and sentences are usually separated by commas.

2. Classifications of introductory words by meaning

Values

Introductory structures

1. Evaluation of what is being reported based on beliefs about reliability, etc.:

1.1. Confidence, authenticity

Naturally, obviously, certainly, of course, without doubt, certainly, truly, in truth, truly, of course, of course, truly and etc.

Certainly, someone is sucking the life out of this unusual girl who cries when others in her place laugh.
The heroine of this novel, of course, there was Masha.

1.2. Uncertainty, assumption, uncertainty, assumption

Surely, it seems, as it seems, perhaps, in all likelihood, right, tea, clearly, maybe, perhaps, it is visible, apparently, as it seems, correctly, perhaps, it must be, it seems, I think, I suppose, it is necessary to consider, I have no doubt, in some way, in some sense, let’s suppose, imagine, let’s say, in that case you want, one way or another and etc.

She, for sure, as before, drinks coffee and cookies during the day.
Life, Seems, hasn't started yet.
Free bread, it is seen, I liked it .
I have a headache. Must be, to bad weather.

2. Different feelings:

2.1. Satisfaction, approval

Fortunately, for happiness, for joy, for satisfaction, for the pleasure of someone, which is excellent, which is even better and etc.

Fortunately, Alekhine left the monastery an hour earlier and managed to catch the ship.

2.2. Regret, disapproval

Unfortunately, unfortunately, to the chagrin, to the shame of someone, to regret, to annoyance, to failure, as if it were a failure, as if on purpose, as a vicious deed, what is even more terrible, what is sad, no matter how annoying it may sound and etc.

I, unfortunately, I must add that in the same year Pavel passed away.

2.3. Surprise, bewilderment

Surprisingly, mind-blowingly, an unusual thing, to amazement, amazingly, a strange thing, an incomprehensible thing and etc.

Naydenov, to Nagulny's amazement, in a second he brushed his leather jacket off his shoulders and sat down at the table .

2.4. Fear

The hour is uneven, what good, God forbid, just look and etc.

Just look at it, the oar will rip out and he will be thrown into the sea .

2.5. General expressive character of expression

In conscience, in justice, in fact, in essence, in character, in truth, in truth, in truth, one must tell the truth, in that case it is necessary to tell the truth, it is funny to say, to say it in honor, between us speaking, there is nothing to say in vain, I admit, jokes aside, in essence and etc.

Followed him Truth, some helplessness.
I, I confess, I don’t really like this tree - aspen.

3. Source of message

According to someone's message, according to someone's opinion, in my opinion, in your opinion, according to someone's words, according to someone's expression, according to rumors, according to a proverb, according to legend, based on the beliefs of someone, I remember, one can hear, they say, they say, as one can hear, as I think, as I think, as I remember, as they say, as they think, as it is clear, as indicated, as it turned out, as they said in the old days, in my opinion and etc.

At Pesotsky's, They say, apples from the head, and Pesotsky, They say, made a fortune for himself with the garden.
Calculation, In my, was mathematically accurate.
20 years ago

4. Order of thoughts and their connections

Firstly, secondly, thirdly, in the end, so, as follows, means, therefore, on the contrary, on the contrary, for example, for example, namely, besides that, to that but, to top it all, in addition, moreover, on the one hand, on the other hand, in general, among other things, in general, in addition, therefore, the main thing, by the way, by the way, by the way and etc.

Forest air is healing, it lengthens life, it increases our actual strength, and, in the end, it turns the mechanical and immediately difficult process of breathing into pleasure.

5. Assessment of style of expression, manner of speech, methods of thought design

In a word, in one word, in other words, in other words, directly speaking, roughly speaking, actually speaking, in fact, in short, in short, more precisely, better to say, directly to say, easier to say, so to speak, like to say, in that case there is the opportunity to express oneself in such a way that it is called and etc.

In a word Every day Storeshnikov began to think more and more strongly about getting married..
In short, this is not an owner in science, but an employee.

6. Assessment of the measure, the degree of what is being said; the degree of commonality of the facts stated

Very little, at least, to one degree or another, to a significant extent, as usual, according to custom, it happens, happens, usually, as always, as it happens, as it happens, as it happens from time to time and etc.

Spoke to me at least as army commander.
Behind the counter usually, Nikolai Ivanovich stood almost the entire width of the hole.

7. Recruiting the interlocutor’s attention to the message, emphasizing, emphasizing

Do you see, know, remember, understand, believe, listen, allow, imagine, imagine for yourself, can imagine for yourself, believe, imagine, admit, believe, will you believe , you won’t believe it, agree, mind you, do me a favor, in that case you want to know, I remember, we remind, I repeat, I emphasize what is fundamental, what is even more important, what is significant, what is even more significant and etc.

You were afraid admit it, when did my fellows throw a rope around your neck for you?
Imagine, our young ones are already bored.
We, in that case you want to know, came to achieve.
Where is this? let me, was?

3. According to their own grammatical correlation, introductory words and constructions can go back to different parts of speech and different grammatical forms:

nouns in different cases with and without prepositions:

without a doubt, to satisfaction, fortunately and etc.;

adjectives in short form, in different cases, in a stunning degree:

right, blame, main thing, in general, the most important thing, the least;

pronouns in indirect cases with prepositions:

besides, besides, meanwhile;

adverbs in a positive or comparative degree:

certainly, naturally, perhaps, in short, more precisely;

verbs in different forms of the indicative or imperative mood:

I think, do you believe it, they seemed to say, imagine, have mercy;

infinitive or combination with an infinitive:

apparently, know, admit, funny to say;

combinations with gerunds:

to tell the truth, in short, to put it roughly;

two-part sentences with a subject - a personal pronoun and a predicate - a verb with the meaning of expression of will, speaking, thought, etc.:

as far as I can remember, I often think;

Impersonal offers:

she imagined it, we all remember it very well;

vaguely personal proposals.

they thought about him the way they usually talked about him.

4. NIt is necessary to distinguish between introductory words and homonymous forms and constructions.

Depending on the context, the same words act either as introductory words (as follows, not members of the sentence), or as members of the sentence. Eg:

This Truth . — Is it true, from time to time it's not very fun to wander along the country roads.

In the direction of summer he Maybe to become attached to this weak, verbose creature, to get carried away, to fall in love. — You, Maybe, thought that I was asking you for funds!

Listen, we Right went? —We, Right, we'll get along if we sit next to each other.

In order not to make a mistake, you should keep in mind What:

a) there is an opportunity to pose a question to a member of the proposal;

b) the introductory word is not a member of the sentence and has one of the above meanings;

c) introductory words usually (but not always) can be removed from the sentence;

d) in a number of different cases, an aspect of the distinction between introductory words and sentence members is the possibility of adding a word speaking.

By the way, he never came(“by the way”); In fact, it would be possible for you not to come("as a matter of fact"); In short, the book is necessary("in short"); To be honest, I don’t feel like going back to what was said("in truth").

Words are never introductory or separated by commas: as if, as if, hardly, barely, supposedly, practically, even, specifically, since, only, necessarily, just, after all, certainly, suddenly.

5. Determination of syntactic function and placement of punctuation symbols for certain words.

1) Word for sure is introductory in the sense of “probably, apparently”: The sisters are probably already dozing.

Word for sure is a member of a sentence in the meaning “undoubtedly, definitely”: In that case I will know(How?) I am sure that I must die, then I will tell you everything, everything!

2) Word in the end is introductory:

in this case, it indicates the connection of thoughts, the order of their presentation (in the meaning of “and also”), and completes the enumeration: Opekushin came from ordinary people, at first he was self-taught, then a generally recognized painter and, in the end, an academician. Often the word in the end preceded by homogeneous members of the word firstly, secondly or on the one hand, on the other hand, in relation to which the word in the end is the end of the enumeration;

in this case, it gives an assessment of the fact based on the beliefs of the person speaking or is used to express impatience, to strengthen, emphasize something: Yes, leave, in the end!

Word in the end is not introductory and makes the function of the incident in the meaning “at the end”, “finally”, “after everything”, “in the end of everything”: He gave three balls once a year and ended up squandering it. In this sense, by the way in the end usually a piece can be added -That(with an introductory word such an addition is unrealistic): Finally got to the station(Finally we got to the station). — There is an opportunity, in the end, to turn to dad for advice(adding a particle -That unreal).

3) Combination differentiation in the end as an introductory and as a member of a sentence - an incident similar in terms to the word in the end: Because, in the end, we haven’t decided anything at all yet! (in the end denotes not time, but the conclusion to which the speaker came as a result of a series of reasoning). — Eventually an agreement was reached(the meaning of the incident is “in the end of everything”).

4) Word But is introductory, in which case it stands in the middle or at the end of a regular sentence: The heat and lethargy have taken their toll, but;How clever I am, but.

First, sentences (parts of a complex sentence) or as a means of connecting homogeneous members of the word But has the meaning of an adversative conjunction (it is possible to change it with a conjunction however), therefore a comma is placed only before this word: But you know better— By what witchcraft did a man gain such power over the entire region?

In the rarest cases, the word but is separated by a comma at the beginning of the sentence, approaching in meaning an interjection (expresses surprise, bewilderment, indignation): But what a wind!

5) Word naturally usually separated by commas as an introduction: Fedor was still working in the rear, naturally, he heard and read more than once about “national heroes”.

However, from time to time a word naturally, pronounced in a tone of conviction, takes on the meaning of an affirmative particle and is not punctuated: Naturally true!; Of course it is.

6) Word really is introductory in the sense of “yes, so, correctly, exactly” (usually it takes the position at the beginning of the sentence): Indeed, the battery revealed a view of almost the entire location of Russian troops.

As an adverb really has the meaning “indeed, truly, in reality” (usually it stands between the subject and the predicate): I really am what you say.

7) Word in general is introductory, in that case it is used in the meaning “generally speaking”: In general, it would be possible to agree with this statement, but some data needs to be checked; In general, I would like to find out what actually happened.

In other cases the word in general used as an adverb in various meanings:

in the meaning of “in general”, “on the whole”: Pushkin is for Russian art what Lomonosov is for Russian education in general;

in the meaning “always”, “at all”, “under all conditions”: He generally forbade lighting fires, it was unsafe;

in the meaning “in all respects”, “in relation to everything”: He generally looked like an eccentric.

This provision also applies to the form All in all : In general, there is nothing to be sad about(introductory word, it is possible to change - generally speaking). — These are the components of a generally easy process(meaning “in the end”); He made a few comments regarding various little things, but overall he was very complimentary(meaning “as a result”).

8) Combination anyway is introductory, in that case it has a restrictive-evaluative meaning: In any case, his last name was not Akundin, he came from abroad and performed for a reason; It will be difficult to verify this information, at least in a short time (the entire turnover is highlighted).

In the meaning “under any circumstances” this combination is not introductory: In any case, you will be informed of the progress of the case; I was firmly convinced that in any case I would meet him now at my mother’s.

9) Combination in its turn is not separated by commas, in which case it is used in a meaning close to direct, or in the meaning “in response”, “from one’s own side”: He in turn asked me(i.e. when it was his turn); The workers thanked their bosses for their help and asked to visit them more often; in turn, representatives of the patronage organization invited workers to a meeting of the theater’s artistic council.

In a figurative sense, the combination in its turn takes on the meaning of introduction and is punctuated: Among the newspaper genres, there are informational, analytical and artistic-journalistic genres; among the latter, in turn, the essay, feuilleton, and pamphlet stand out.

10) Combination frankly in the meaning of “really” is not introductory. However, in this case, this combination serves to express bewilderment, indignation, indignation, etc., then it becomes introductory: You really have nothing to do with it("really"). — That he, in truth, pretends to be literate!

11) Namely , indicating matters between parts of the expression, is highlighted on both sides with commas: He is interested, namely, in the origin of individual words.

However, in that case namely is included in the connecting structure (either at the beginning or at the end), then it is separated by commas together with this construction: Many will willingly take on this work, including me; Many people would be willing to take on this work, including me.

In that case namely goes into the design in general and specifically, then this construction is not separated by commas: Over tea we started talking about farming in general and specifically about gardening.

12) Combination mainly is introductory, in which case it serves to highlight a fact in order to express its assessment: There was a wide alley, and mainly the public was walking along it(it is unrealistic to form the combination “mainly to walk”, therefore in this example the combination mainly is not a member of the proposal); The article should be corrected and, mainly, supplemented with the latest material (mainly meaning “the most important thing”).

Combination mainly, which is part of the connecting structure (at the beginning or at the end), is separated by commas together with it: About fifty people, mostly officers, crowded nearby.

Combination mainly is not introductory in the meaning of “first of all”, “most of all”: He achieved success mainly due to his own hard work; What I like about him is mainly his sincerity.

13) Word The main thing is introductory in the sense of “especially important”, “especially significant”: You can choose any topic for the story, however, the main thing is that it is interesting; It is possible to omit details, but most importantly— to make it interesting(comma after conjunction A cannot be placed, and to enhance punctuation, a dash is placed after the introductory combination).

14) Word means is introductory, in which case it is possible to change it to introductory words as it should be:People are born, get married, die; means so necessary, means excellent; So, does that mean you can't come now?

In that case the word means close in meaning to “means”, then the punctuation depends on the place it occupies in the sentence:

in the position between subject and predicate means serves as a means of connecting the main members of the sentence; a dash is placed before it, and no sign is placed after it: Fight— means to overcome;

in that case, the word means is located between the subordinate and main clauses or between parts of a non-union complex sentence, then it is separated on both sides by commas:

In that case, he so stubbornly defends his views, which means he feels he is right; If you didn’t save the child, it means you’re complaining about yourself;

in other cases means is not separated or highlighted by any signs: When you ask for forgiveness, it means that you feel guilty.

15) Word against in the sense of “in contrast to what is spoken or expected; on the contrary” is introductory and is separated by commas: Instead of slowing down, he, on the contrary, stood on the box and desperately twirled his whip over his head..

In that case against(after union And) is used as a word replacing a member of a sentence or a whole sentence, then the following punctuation is observed:

when a member of a sentence is replaced, then before the conjunction And no sign is placed: In the picture, light tones flow into dark ones and vice versa(i.e. dark to light);

When and vice versa joins a whole sentence, then a comma is placed before the conjunction: The closer the light source, the brighter the light it emits, and vice versa(the whole sentence is replaced: The further away the light source is, the less bright the light it emits; a kind of compound sentence appears);

When and vice versa is added to a subordinate clause, a comma before the conjunction And not put: This also explains why what was considered criminal in the ancient world is considered legitimate in the new world and vice versa(seemingly homogeneous subordinate clauses with a non-repeating conjunction are formed And: ...and why what was considered criminal in modern times was considered legitimate in the ancient world).

16) Combination at least is introductory, in that case it has an evaluative-restrictive meaning, in other words it expresses the speaker’s attitude to the thought being expressed: One person, driven by sympathy, dared to at least help Akaki Akakievich with good advice.; Vera Efimovna recommended that she be transferred to a political position or, at the very least, to become a nurse in a clinic.

In that case, the introductory combination at least If it first stands as a separate phrase, then it is separated by commas together with it: Nikolai Evgrafych knew that his wife would not return home soon, at least at 5 o’clock!

Combination at least is not separated by commas, in which case it has the meaning “no less than”, “at least”: From his tanned face it was possible to conclude that he knew what smoke was, in that case not gunpowder, then at least tobacco; At least I will know that I will serve in the Russian army.

17) A turnover including a combination based on conviction , separated by commas, in this case it means “in opinion”: The choice of place to build a cottage, from my point of view, is successful.

In this case, such a combination has the meaning “in relation”, then the revolution is not separated by commas: I know that a sin has been committed, in which case you look at things based on the convictions of general morality; Based on its novelty, the book deserves attention.

18) Word approximately is introductory in the sense of “for example” and is not introductory in the sense of “approximately”: I'm trying to figure it out approximately("For example"), don't think— not realistic at all. — We are approximately("approximately") in these tones and with such conclusions they conducted a conversation.

19) Word For example associated with subsequent punctuation (always introductory):

separated by commas as introductory: Nikolai Artemyevich loved to vigorously argue, for example, about whether it is possible for a person to direct the whole own life travel around the globe;

stands out together with the turnover, at the beginning or at the end of which there is: Even in cities, for example in Moscow, when the shallow Moscow River begins to move, all its banks and bridges are strewn with people; Others, for example, have dealt with this problem;

asks for a comma in front of itself and a colon after itself, in which case it is placed after a generalizing word before listing homogeneous members: Some mushrooms are very poisonous, for example: toadstool, satanic mushroom, fly agaric.

Exercise for the topic “Distinguish between introductory words and homonymous forms and constructions”

Exercise: look at pairs of sentences; prove that in some cases the highlighted words and constructions are introductory, and in others they are not; fill in the missing punctuation marks.

1. Realizing the enormity of his own talent, Mayakovsky always strived to be in the “storm of life.” — Some of the poet’s forecasts seem to be this moment gullible but they do not lose their own attractiveness.

2. Tsvetaeva never tried to hide from life; on the contrary, she wanted to live with people. — The gymnasium where I studied was located opposite the Cathedral of Christ the Savior.

3. By the way, he’s easy to remember. “He didn’t know how to bow at the right time or bother in the right way.”

4. In the narrow twilight of the summer night, her face seemed paler and younger. — The little pink clouds didn’t seem to float by, but went into the very depths of the sky.

5. Here they say they provide points. — At the adjacent table they are talking about gold.

6. And if this is not there, then it means there is nothing. - Remembering what this means, Kashtanka jumped onto a chair.

7. He has no one to exchange a word with now. “My uncle became a father figure for me, raised me at his own expense, and with his words did for me what my own father would not always do.

8. No, friends, it can be 100 times worse, I know that for sure. “Potugin definitely adored him and knew how to speak.”

9. This happens, but it also happens the other way around. “Instead of slowing down, he stood opposite on the box and desperately twirled his whip.

10. The time will come when everything will change your way, they will live your way, and later you will become obsolete, people will appear who will be better than you. - In your opinion, I can’t even dream of happiness! However, in that case I am happy!

11. From the first glance at his face, it was obvious that he had no permanent occupation. “The path we were traveling along was rocky, wet, and clearly resembled the bed of a dry river.

12. Balyasnikov made a daring speech, in which, among other things, he said that I was arrogant. - Moral women, strict judges and, among others, Nil Andreevich loudly condemned her...

13. It is also true that until now he had never had the opportunity to go out on business. “It’s really disgusting of you,” said Valya, proudly raising her upper lip, “when you returned and didn’t go in.”

14. Apparently they did not expect such a passage from me and did not give any order regarding me. “It was obvious that Paul’s words affected their deepest memories.

15. Their lace edges, shaggy and light, like cotton paper, slowly, but apparently changed. - Apparently you will have to start by studying these documents.

16. My wound healed slowly; however, in fact, I had no ill feelings against my father. - This is actually the story, and its plot is not surprising.

17. At the moment, honest and gifted popularizers are at least as needed as unique thinkers and independent researchers. “I feel that all the workers, at least most of them, will take arms, in which case it will come in handy.”

18. On one side there were silent distant mountains, on the other side the noise of the nearby sea. - And on the other hand, Kirsanov played his role with the same impeccable artistry.

19. Energy comes from somewhere, and most importantly you don’t feel lethargic. “She did not have the opportunity to remember her own night thoughts, but the main thing from them remained and filled her being with that “something” that was bound to be happiness.

20. In the end, the trail was found, and we walked on amusingly. — Having sat down somewhere on a mound in the steppe, or on a hill above a river, or, finally, on a very familiar cliff, the blind man listened only to the rustling of leaves and the whisper of grass or vague sighs of the wind.

21. In general, spring has turned out to be uniquely protracted and bad. — He made a few comments regarding various little things, but overall he was very complimentary.

22. Perhaps from his own point of view he is not stupid. - I know that a sin has been committed, in which case you look at things based on the convictions of general morality.

Source of material Internet site

Section “Introductory words, phrases and sentences” in the manual by L.V. Balashova, V.V. Dementieva “Russian language”

When is the word “opposite” introductory?

1. Introductory words and phrases are not parts of the sentence. With their help, the speaker expresses his attitude to the content of the expression (confidence or uncertainty, sensory reaction, etc.): Unfortunately, he did not have watercolors. Introductory sentences can also perform the same function: I, I dare say, was loved in the house - the structure is a definitely personal one-part sentence; IN...