Basic concepts of valeology. Valeology: tasks, foundations and principles of the formation of science What does valueology study as a science

Valeology (from the Greek "valeo" - health) is the science of health and a healthy lifestyle. The object of interest of this science is a person as an integral, self-regulating system, and not a set of organs. The human body is a unity of physicochemical, energetic and emotional components. And health is the most precious treasure that a person can possess. As you know, health is not only the absence of disease, but a state of physical and emotional comfort. Valeology combines methods and techniques that prevent diseases and restore health without the use of chemicals.

The phenomenon of man, which arose in the process of evolution of the organic world, became the subject of study of a huge variety of natural (biology, genetics, anthropology, chemistry, etc.) and social (history, philosophy, sociology, psychology, economics, etc.) sciences. However, until now, a person cannot give definitive answers to many questions concerning not only his essence, but also being. This fully applies to one of the fundamental aspects of his life and activity - health. At the same time, the very idea of health in recent decades has acquired particular relevance due to the fact that the quality of health is experiencing a steady downward trend. At the same time, it becomes more and more clear that to go “from the opposite”, from illness to ensuring health - and in fact, it is precisely this principle, despite the declared idea of prevention, that medicine professes - both wrong and harmful. The difficulty, however, is that the health methodology does not yet exist. This is not surprising, since until very recently there was, paradoxically, the science of health itself!

Russian scientist I.I. Brekhman was one of the first modern times sharpened the problem of the need to develop the foundations of a new science and in 1980 introduced the term "valeology" (as a derivative of the Latin valeo - "health", "be healthy"). Since then, the term has become generally accepted, and valueology as a science and as academic discipline is gaining more and more recognition not only in Russia, but also far beyond its borders. Its fundamental positions can be summarized as the following definitions:

Valeology is an interscientific direction of knowledge about human health, about the ways of its provision, formation and preservation in specific conditions of life. As an academic discipline, it is a body of knowledge about health and a healthy lifestyle.

The central problem of valeology is the attitude to individual health and the education of a culture of health in the process of individual development of the personality.

The subject of valeology is individual health and human health reserves, as well as a healthy lifestyle. This is one of the most important differences between valeology and preventive medical disciplines, the recommendations of which are aimed at preventing diseases.

The object of valeology is a practically healthy person, as well as a person in a state of pre-illness in all the boundless diversity of his psychophysiological, sociocultural and other aspects of existence. It is such a person who is out of the sphere of health care until he goes into the category of sick people. When dealing with a healthy or at-risk person, valeology uses the functional reserves of the human body to maintain health, mainly through familiarization with a healthy lifestyle.

The method of valueology is the study of ways to increase the reserves of human health, which includes the search for means, methods and technologies for the formation of motivation for health, familiarization with a healthy lifestyle, etc. Here an important role is played by the qualitative and quantitative assessment of human health and health reserves, as well as the study of ways to improve them. If the qualitative assessment of health is traditionally used in medicine in its practice, then the quantitative assessment of the health of each individual person is purely specific to valeology and successfully develops and complements the qualitative analysis. Thanks to this, the specialist and the person himself acquire the opportunity to dynamically assess the level of his health and make appropriate adjustments to his lifestyle.

Homeostasis, or homeostasis, is the ability of an organism to maintain its parameters and physiological functions within a certain range, based on the stability of the internal environment.

It is this indicator - the ability to homeostasis - that is often considered as the biological basis of health.

To preserve the biochemical and functional constants of the body, it is necessary to maintain a constant temperature of the whole organism, its parts and systems and even organs, glucose content, pH and other physicochemical properties of blood, stability of the cellular composition, etc.

The constants of the organism are quite rigid, but there are also relatively mobile constants with wide adaptive values. Hard constants are necessary condition preservation of life, and mobile ones ensure the maintenance of the first, rigid constants.

However, the conditions in which the organism exists are constantly changing, which inevitably leads to changes in homeostasis. This feature is called "the law of deviation of homeostasis as a condition for development" and states the need for constant training loads as an obligatory way to improve the mechanisms of homeostasis and to ensure health. That is why one should strive to expand the limits of these indicators of homeostasis, which can be compensated without disturbing the normal functioning of the body, which should mean a transition to a new, higher level of health.

Mapping the defining features of the human health sciences

Defining features of science 1. Medicine (clinical, preventive, theoretical, experimental).

2. Hygiene (general, communal, social, radiation, nutrition, labor, adolescent).

3. Valeology (medical, pedagogical, psychological, ecological, biological)

Main directions of science Main concept, doctrine Object of study

Deliverance of a person from diseases, their diagnosis, treatment and prevention;

Research and maintenance of healthy living conditions for a person and his environment;

Formation, strengthening and preservation of human health.

Adaptation (adaptation, adaptive reactions) is the development of new biological properties in an organism that ensure the vital activity of the biosystem when the external environment or the parameters of the biosystem itself change.

The adaptive nature of life is one of its essential features: the entire life activity of the organism proceeds in accordance with the events of the external environment, changes in which also determine changes in life activity. The purpose and meaning of these changes in the body is to ensure the preservation and maintenance of the life of an individual and species, their development. Adaptation allows you to maintain the constancy of the internal environment, increases the power of homeostatic mechanisms, communicates with the external environment and, ultimately, allows you to keep the essential parameters of the body within the physiological limits that ensure the stability of the system. According to academician P.K. AnokhinY, each organism is a dynamic combination of stability and variability, in which adaptive reactions protect its hereditarily fixed vital constants.

The beneficial effect of adaptation also consists in increasing the body's ability to withstand the destructive influence of environmental factors, its resistance. The latter is based on the mechanisms fixed in evolution and determines the adaptive norm of the reaction of an individual or a species as a whole. It is clear that resistance is a very important indicator of the organism. There are three types of adaptive changes - urgent, cumulative and evolutionary.

Urgent adaptation is characterized by continuously occurring adaptive changes that occur in response to continuously changing environmental conditions.

The characteristic properties of urgent adaptation are:

Their occurrence only with direct external influence, therefore, urgent reactions are not fixed in the body and disappear immediately after the elimination of this influence;

The nature and intensity of the urgent adaptive reaction correspond exactly to the nature and strength of the external stimulus;

An organism can respond with urgent reactions only to influences that, by their strength, nature and time, do not exceed the physiological capabilities of the organism.

Cumulative adaptation is characterized by such changes that occur in response to long-term repeated external or internal influences. At the same time, the body becomes able to respond with faster, more accurate and adequate responses at the level of its functional reserves. If repeated influences correspond to certain patterns of irritating changes (in strength, duration, periodicity, etc.), then the body acquires the ability to perform more work (in terms of volume, intensity, frequency of repetitions, etc.), that is, the transition of adapted body systems to a qualitatively different state occurs.

The essence of evolutionary adaptation lies in the fact that if the changed environmental conditions persist for a sufficiently long time (at least 10 generations are assumed), then this leads to adaptive changes in the gene structure, as a result of which such conditions become “their own”, natural for subsequent generations.

Adaptive protective-adaptive reactions are divided into specific and non-specific. The first of them provide stability and resistance of the body only against a given stimulus (typical examples are adaptation to given physical loads in training and immunity of the body to certain types of pathogens of infectious diseases in the form of immunity). Nonspecific adaptive responses contribute to the increase of stability and overall resistance of the organism to any disturbing environmental factors. In humans, the non-specific adaptation mechanism has been noticeably developed through purposeful volitional training, which ensures the growth of the body's reserve capabilities.

Adaptation should not always be seen as a positive development. Depending on the type and characteristics of the stimulus, it can be accompanied by varying degrees of stimulation of the functional systems of the body, because in the process of adaptation they can not only be activated, but also depleted.

In the problem of health, the concept of adaptation should be considered central. The essence of their interdependence can be formulated as follows: health is a state of balance between the adaptive capabilities of the body (human potential) and constantly changing environmental conditions. This is especially clearly manifested in the nature of age-related changes in adaptation. Thus, the newborn does not have rigid mechanisms of adaptation, due to which the range of adaptation turns out to be quite wide, which allows him to survive in a rather large range of changes in living conditions. In the future, the formation of rigid adaptation mechanisms is accompanied, however, not by a decrease, but by an increase - mainly due to socio-psychological factors - in the number of disturbing factors. That is why, with age, the number of people with a breakdown in adaptation is growing, and fewer and fewer people have a satisfactory adaptation to environmental conditions.

In addition to the age limitation of the limits and rigidity of adaptation, this is largely due to two more interdependent circumstances: on the one hand, the fact that instead of training adaptation mechanisms by natural factors of existence, a person changes the very conditions of existence, and on the other hand, the lack of demand for adaptive reserves by comfortable living conditions. Therefore, the reserves of adaptive capabilities in the body are always higher than their implementation.

Genotype and phenotype. The genotype is understood as the hereditary basis of the organism, the totality of genes localized in the chromosomes. In a broader sense, it is the totality of all hereditary factors of the organism. The genotype is formed as a natural consequence of genetic development due to the improvement of adaptive mechanisms to relatively constant and changing environmental conditions.

The phenotype is understood as the totality of all the signs and properties of the organism, formed in the process of its individual development. The phenotype is determined by the interaction of the genotype, that is, the hereditary basis of the organism, with the environmental conditions in which its development proceeds.

Belonging to the species Homo sapiens does not mean at all that all its representatives are genotypically identical. In this regard, all people differ in a number of geno- and phenotypic features:

Adaptive nature, determined by climatic and geographical factors; therefore, the adaptation of the Eskimo to the conditions of Central Africa (as well as the Ethiopian to the conditions of the tundra) will be rather inadequate;

Historical and evolutionary nature in the form of an ethnos, distinguished by its specific religious, national, cultural, etc. features, therefore, for example, the Scandinavian ethnos differs from the Mongoloid;

Social nature, leading to differences in lifestyle, culture, social claims, etc., between an intellectual and a peasant, a city dweller and a village dweller;

Economic character, due to belonging *: to one or another socio-economic group (banker and worker, businessman and clerk).

Thus, the nature of the organism's vital activity presupposes its determinism by the genotypic program and living conditions. This means that the development of an individual in each this moment and in the future there is a single process of life, by no means completely predetermined by its genotype, but determined by its internal program, in which the genetic component is included only as an initial basis, which is corrected in the course of life. Such self-development, self-programming of an individual is carried out under the influence of the external environment.

It should be noted that in ensuring health, in organizing a healthy lifestyle, the genotypic component has not been given due attention so far. That's why most often practical advice on the formation of health are universal and do not take into account individual genotypic characteristics. The latter should be understood as: the type of physique, the nature of blood coagulation, the type of higher nervous activity, features of gastric juice secretion, the predominant type of autonomic nervous regulation and much more. On the other hand, the person himself, in choosing the trajectory of his individual development, must know (or learn) the features of his genetic nature - without the implementation of this condition, one cannot speak of his valeological literacy and valeological culture. In particular, in such an important aspect of human life as professional activity, V Russian Federation only less than 3% of people have chosen a profession corresponding to the genotype. Therefore, it is natural to say that in 97% of cases professional activity comes into conflict with the characteristics inherent in its carrier. individual features, which often results in a breakdown in adaptation and a transition to a disease.

A significant part of life a person devotes to the knowledge of himself. Over the millennia, many questions have not yet been answered related to the human essence. The main fundamental of a full-fledged life -. Until recently, there was no science of health, however, the relevance of a healthy lifestyle in last years received wide recognition in many countries. Valeology, as the science of a healthy lifestyle, first appeared only in 1980.

What is valeology - general information

Today there are several definitions of the concept of valeology.

A direction that combines several sciences in order to study the reserves of the body, which ensure the constant development and preservation of human health under the influence of changing external factors.
The body of knowledge about a healthy lifestyle.

The subject of science is the study of the individual health of a person and the reserves of his body, the foundations of a healthy lifestyle.

It is important! The main difference between valeology and many medical sciences is the study of a healthy person. It is this fact that distinguishes it from other sciences, because a healthy person is not the subject of study of any science.

The method of valeology is a quantitative and qualitative assessment of health, the volume of its reserves. Wherein scientific methods are unique, as they are used exclusively for valeology. Based on the characteristics obtained, it is possible to assess the level of health and make adjustments to a person’s lifestyle.

The main goal of valeology is to use the maximum amount of vital reserves inherited by a person at birth, as well as maintaining his adaptive abilities to the conditions of the external and internal environment.

It is important! The task of science is to develop methods for achieving and maintaining a healthy lifestyle.

Features of the formation of a healthy lifestyle

Aspects of a healthy lifestyle are primarily aimed at increasing the birth rate and the proper upbringing of adolescents. Today it is fashionable to live right, so young people attend special places where they are trained and learn how to maintain health and methods for restoring it.

Fashion for a healthy lifestyle is supported at the global level. WHO has defined the concept of "health" as a state of absolute physical, social and psychological harmony. Especially relevant is the application of the basics of valeology in children's preschool institutions, at the stage of formation and formation of personality. At this age, it is much easier to instill in a child an understanding of a correct, harmonious life. If a child learns the motto: “My choice is health”, in the future this will help to avoid many diseases.

scientific concept

In the concept of valeology, a healthy lifestyle is the ability of the body to adapt to constantly changing conditions and maintain vital activity. Every person should strive for such a standard. For science uses theoretical and practical tools. Motivation for a healthy lifestyle is reinforced by physical exercise, proper nutrition, giving up bad habits.

It is important! The concept of “wellness” is inextricably linked with the science of a harmonious personality, which in translation means well-being.

Science falls into two broad categories:

general;
industry.

The mission of general valeology is the formation of laws, methods and tools for a harmonious life.

Branch valueology considers human health in combination with other sciences. This scientific direction is divided into several branches:

psychological;
family;
pedagogical;
sports.

Each direction has its own object, methodology and specific tasks. A common object for all directions is a healthy person and a person who is at the stage of pre-illness.

It is important! Predisease - the occurrence of pathological processes that can lead to a deterioration in a person's condition. We are talking about processes that develop as a result of a reduction in body reserves.

Valeology uses a whole set of methods and technologies aimed at timely detection of problem situations and their elimination. Using special scientific methods - statistical, logical - it is possible to bring a person out of the pathological state of pre-illness.

It is important! Valeological methods and technologies are inherently morbidity prevention.

Of course, valeological principles can be applied to an already ill person. It is about secondary prevention of morbidity.

The importance of applying scientific principles is confirmed by the positive results. Regular recovery in accordance with valeological principles allows you to:

increase health reserves;
prevent the development of pathology;
activate the processes of self-healing.

Methodological valueological principles

Health is perceived as an independent category that can be measured quantitatively and described qualitatively.
The main task of science is to form and increase one's own health.
The transition from a healthy state to a pre-disease is necessarily preceded by a state in which the body's reserves are reduced.

It is important! Human health in valeology is natural, not medical. This means that the conversation on the topic of valueology is to attract people to a harmonious, correct way of life.

If your motto is to choose a healthy lifestyle, you have specific tasks:

to work on ;
work to improve their own standard of living;
strive for adaptation in society;
explore the characteristics of your own body, work on its development and strengthening.

About valeology and hygiene

Some compare two concepts - valeology and hygiene, believing that they are identical. However, there are differences between the two sciences.

Thus, the two sciences follow the opposite direction. Valueology follows from people to the environment, and hygiene - from external factors to people.

It is important! In recent years, research by hygienists has been based on an assessment of the factors that directly shape health.

Speculation and myths

Some people mistakenly believe that valeology is a struggle for a healthy lifestyle. However, the concept of "way of life" includes many areas - physical culture, emotional state, level of cultural development,. Valeology - forms the principles of a lifestyle in which health is strengthened and multiplied.

Today, slogans are heard more and more often - we choose a healthy lifestyle. It is not surprising that the young science of valeology, which is essentially in its infancy, is already popular all over the world.

Various aspects became the foundation for its popularization:

ecology;
anatomy;
sociology;
physical education;
hygiene;
pedagogy.

Today, the motto: “We choose harmony and health” is not just big words, but the need to thoroughly study your body in order to sensitively respond to any pathological changes.

Myths about a healthy lifestyle:

sicknesses are given for sins;
all diseases are hereditary;
the cause of the disease is communication with energy vampires;
sickness due to parents;
all diseases are a punishment for mistakes made in a past life.

There are a huge number of such speculations, but valeology helps to correctly form an attitude towards one's own health and harmonious life.

If you are for a healthy lifestyle, pay attention to such a science as valeology. But such book about valeology let it always be at hand. It will help you to know yourself, your reserves and opportunities. Fashion for a healthy lifestyle covers the whole world, be in trend and follow fashion trends.

How to improve the body with the help of your own resources - look at the video.

Valeology and valeological culture, as a combination of biological and medical sciences with other sciences and areas of human activity, is not only a guide to a healthy lifestyle, but also a whole philosophy. The main problem is the attitude to individual health, as well as the education of a culture of health in the process of personality development. The main goal of this science: the maximum implementation of reserves and mechanisms of life, their maintenance on high level, the ability to adapt the body to the conditions of the external and internal environment.

The subject of valeology is health and its reserves, a healthy lifestyle.

The main tasks of science include the study and assessment of the state of health and its reserves, the formation of a healthy lifestyle, strengthening and maintaining good health through introducing a person to a healthy lifestyle. Valueology has from other sciences that also study the state: the sphere of interest of valeology is health and a healthy person, in medicine it is a disease and a patient, in hygiene it is the living conditions and human environment.

Valeology is divided into individual and social. Individual valeology is aimed at preserving and increasing the health of an individual. It is a combination of the concepts of personal hygiene, mental hygiene, hardening, physical activity, rational nutrition, and healing methods. Public valueology is the preservation and maintenance of the physical, spiritual, mental, social and economic health of society.

What is valeological culture

Valeological culture is a part of a universal culture that implies a person's knowledge of his physiological, genetic and psychological capabilities, possession of methods for maintaining, controlling and developing health, as well as the ability to disseminate this knowledge to others.

Valeological education allows children to develop a reasonable attitude towards their body, helps to instill cultural and hygienic skills, and helps the child adapt to changing conditions. environment.

For the formation of a valeological culture in children, the following is necessary:
- development of interest in the improvement of the body and a conscious attitude to a healthy lifestyle;
- development of skills and habits of a healthy lifestyle;
- Development of personal responsibility for their well-being and the well-being of others.

Thus, the main goal of the valeological culture of education is to help children grow up healthy. The child must understand that health is the main value, and a healthy lifestyle is adequate behavior in different situations.

The phenomenon of man, which arose in the process of evolution of the organic world, became the subject of study of a huge variety of natural (biology, genetics, anthropology, chemistry, etc.) and social (history, philosophy, sociology, psychology, economics, etc.) sciences. However, until now, a person cannot give definitive answers to many questions concerning not only his essence, but also being. This fully applies to one of the fundamental aspects of his life and activity - health. At the same time, the very idea of health in recent decades has acquired particular relevance due to the fact that the quality of health is experiencing a steady downward trend. At the same time, it becomes more and more clear that to go “from the opposite”, from illness to ensuring health – and in fact, it is precisely this principle, despite the declared idea of prevention, that medicine professes – both wrong and harmful. The difficulty, however, is that the health methodology does not yet exist. This is not surprising, since until very recently there was, paradoxically, the science of health itself!

Russian scientist I.I. Brekhman was one of the first in modern times to sharpen the problem of the need to develop the foundations of a new science and in 1980 introduced the term "valeology" (as a derivative of the Latin valeo - "health", "to be healthy"). Since then, the term has become generally accepted, and valueology as a science and as an academic discipline is gaining more and more recognition not only in Russia, but also far beyond its borders. Its fundamental positions can be reduced to the following definitions:

The central problem of valeology is the attitude to individual health and the education of a culture of health in the process of individual development of the personality.

The subject of valeology are individual health and reserves of human health, as well as a healthy lifestyle. This is one of the most important differences between valeology and preventive medical disciplines, the recommendations of which are aimed at preventing diseases.

Object of valeology - a practically healthy person, as well as a person in a state of pre-illness, in all the boundless diversity of his psycho-physiological, socio-cultural and other aspects of existence. It is such a person who is out of the sphere of health care until he goes into the category of sick people. When dealing with a healthy or at-risk person, valeology uses the functional reserves of the human body to maintain health, mainly through familiarization with a healthy lifestyle.

Valeology method is a study of ways to increase human health reserves, which includes the search for means, methods and technologies for the formation of motivation for health, familiarization with a healthy lifestyle, etc. Here an important role is played by the qualitative and quantitative assessment of human health and health reserves, as well as the study of ways to improve them. If the qualitative assessment of health is traditionally used in medicine in its practice, then the quantitative assessment of the health of each individual person is purely specific to valeology and successfully develops and complements the qualitative analysis. Thanks to this, the specialist and the person himself acquire the opportunity to dynamically assess the level of his health and make appropriate adjustments to his lifestyle.

Basic purpose of valeology serve to maximize the use of inherited mechanisms and reserves of human life and maintain a high level of adaptation of the organism to the conditions of the internal and external environment. In theoretical terms, the goal of valeology is to study the patterns of maintaining health, modeling and achieving a healthy lifestyle. In practical terms, the goal of valeology can be seen in the development of measures and the definition of conditions for the preservation and promotion of health.

The main tasks of valeology:

1. Research and quantification of the condition health and health reserves person.

2. Formation of installation on a healthy lifestyle.

3. Preservation and strengthening health and health reserves person by introducing him to a healthy lifestyle.

Valeology is fundamentally different from other sciences that study the state of human health. This difference lies in the fact that health and a healthy person are in the field of interest of valeology, while medicine has a disease and a sick person, and hygiene has a habitat and living conditions for a person. From here come the essential differences in the fundamental premises of each of these sciences in the subject, method, object, goals and objectives. That is why valueology should take the basic premises of Socrates (“man, know yourself”) and Confucius (“man, create yourself”) and determine its main strategic position: “Man, know and create yourself!”.

Mapping the defining features of the human health sciences

Valeology (vale (lat.) - the usual greeting formula of the ancient Romans "be healthy"; logos (Greek) - a word, a doctrine.) is a fairly young science of a proper and healthy lifestyle. This term was introduced into modern medical and educational practice in the early 1980s. 20th century famous domestic doctor I. I. Brekhman. The most acute relevance of valeology lies in the fact that in a concise and extremely practical form it sets out the knowledge and skills that a person needs in order to go through his life path in the best possible way, i.e. be as happy and prosperous as possible.

Valeology is based on practical knowledge extracted from many ancient cultures and traditions, from modern scientific research that allows a person to solve his problems, contribute to his personal growth, physical and moral health, and professional development.

The evolutionary history of man ended with the formation of a fundamentally new species, qualitatively different from other animals inhabiting the Earth, however, the mechanisms and factors that acted during the evolution of our ancestors did not differ in any way from the mechanisms and factors of evolution of any other species of living beings. What contributed to such a jump in evolution? From a certain stage of development in the evolution of mankind, social factors began to play a greater role than biological ones. The origin and evolution of a person began to be considered from the point of view of the interaction of many factors: hereditary, environmental, social, etc. Thus, valueology, as a science of human health in all its aspects, borders on biology, genetics, anthropology, sociology, philosophy, chemistry, psychology and ecology.

The central problem of valeology is the attitude to individual health and the education of a culture of health in the process of individual development of the personality.

The main goal of valeology is to maximize the use and preservation of the inherited mechanisms and reserves of human life and maintain a high level of adaptation of the body to the conditions of the internal and external environment. In theoretical terms, the goal of valeology is to study the patterns of maintaining health, modeling and achieving a healthy lifestyle. In practical terms, the goal of valeology can be seen in the development of measures and the definition of conditions for the preservation and promotion of health.

The main tasks of valeology:

1. Research and quantitative assessment of the state of health and reserves of human health.

2. Formation of installation on a healthy lifestyle.

3. Preservation and strengthening of human health and reserves of health through introducing it to a healthy lifestyle.

Valeology has all the attributes of science: it has its own subject, method, object, goals, tasks, etc. Nevertheless, it is necessary to determine the general foundations of the relationship of valueology as an independent science (or scientific direction) with other sciences, based primarily on the fact that the subject of valeology is health.

Biology (general biology, genetics, cytology, etc.) explores the patterns of life of organisms in phylogeny, forms an evolutionary view of the nature of health, and creates a holistic picture of the biological world.

Ecology provides the scientific basis for rational nature management, explores the nature of the relationship "society - man - environment" and develops optimal models for their construction, forms knowledge about the aspects of the dependence of health on the environment.

Medicine (anatomy, physiology, hygiene, sanology, etc.) develops standards for ensuring health, substantiates a system of knowledge and practical activities to promote and maintain health, to prevent and treat diseases. The following components are considered to be the structure of medicine: the science of diseases (pathology), the science of a healthy living environment (hygiene), the science of the mechanisms of recovery (sanogenesis) and the science of public health (sanology).

Physical education and physical culture determine the patterns of maintaining and improving the physical development and physical fitness of a person as integral characteristics of health.

Psychology studies the patterns of human mental development, the state of the psyche in various conditions of life, and the psychological aspects of ensuring health.

Pedagogy develops the goals, objectives, content and technologies of valeological education and upbringing aimed at creating a vitally sustainable motivation for health and introducing a person to a healthy lifestyle.

Sociology reveals the social aspects of maintaining, strengthening and preserving health and health risk factors.

Political science determines the role, strategy and tactics of the state in ensuring and shaping the health of its citizens.

Economics substantiates the economic aspects of ensuring health and, on the other hand, the economic value of health in ensuring the well-being of the people and the security of the state.

Philosophy determines the patterns of development of nature and society, while the subject and object of both is a person: acting on nature and society, he changes them, but, in turn, experiences on himself, including his health, their influence. The formation of a philosophical, dialectical worldview of a person is a very significant factor in the correct assessment of the role of health in human existence.

Culturology determines the goals and ways of cultural training of a person, an essential part of which is valeological culture.

History traces historical roots, continuity of ways, means and methods of maintaining health in the world, region, and ethnic group.

Geography establishes the climatic and geographical and socio-economic specifics of the region and the relationship of man with the environment in the aspect of human adaptation and ensuring a healthy lifestyle.

Of course, the relationships of valueology defined above do not reflect the full picture, since in quantitative terms there are immeasurably more such relationships and valueology is only one of the branches of that area of human knowledge called science, the subject of which, in turn, is a person.

The relationship of valeology with other sciences is two-sided. Using the data of related sciences, valueology itself can give significant results for the development and concretization of the problems of human knowledge.

Being at the crossroads of many sciences, valueology, with its methodology, problems, data, makes representatives of these sciences take a fresh look at their own problems in certain aspects. It is not surprising, therefore, that in valeology itself there is a noticeable differentiation, reflecting the specifics of the interests of scientists who came to valeology from various branches of science.

At present, the following main directions can be distinguished in valeology.

General valueology is the basis, the methodology of valueology as a science or field of knowledge. It determines the place of valueology in the system of human sciences, the subject, methods, goals, objectives, the history of its formation. This should also include questions of the biosocial nature of man and its role in ensuring health.

General valeology can be considered as a trunk of a tree of science, from which branches, branches of valeology depart.

Medical valeology determines the differences between health and disease and their diagnosis, studies methods of external health maintenance and disease prevention, develops methods and criteria for assessing the health status of the population and individual social and age groups and methods for using the body's reserve capabilities to eliminate the onset of the disease, explores external and internal factors that threaten health, develops recommendations for ensuring human health and a healthy lifestyle.

Pedagogical valueology studies the issues of education and upbringing of a person who has a strong life attitude towards health and a healthy lifestyle at various age stages of development. Now this branch of valeology is developing most dynamically, which is due to at least two of the following circumstances: 1) the need of society for urgent measures to improve a person with the possibility of the fastest return; 2) the relative cheapness of the introduction and implementation of valeological programs in the educational process for a state in difficult financial and economic conditions.

The basic concepts of pedagogical valeology are valeological education, valeological education, valeological education, valeological knowledge, valeological culture.

Under valeological education is understood a continuous process of education, upbringing and development of human health, aimed at the formation of a system of scientific and practical knowledge and skills, behavior and activities that provide value relations to personal health and the health of people around.

Valeological education is the process of forming knowledge about the patterns of formation, preservation and development of human health, mastering the skills of maintaining and improving personal health, assessing the factors that form it; mastering knowledge about a healthy lifestyle and the skills to build it, mastering the methods and means of conducting advocacy work on health and a healthy lifestyle.

Valeological education is the process of forming value-oriented attitudes towards health and a healthy lifestyle, built as an integral part of life values and general cultural outlook. In the process of valeological education, a person develops an emotional and at the same time conscious attitude to health, based on positive interests and needs, the desire to improve their own health and to take care of the health of those around them, to develop their creativity and the spiritual world, to conscious perception and attitude towards society.

Valeological knowledge is a set of scientifically based concepts, ideas, facts accumulated by mankind in the field of health and representing the initial basis for the further development of science and valeological knowledge itself.

The result of valeological education should be a valeological culture of a person, which implies knowledge of his genetic, physiological and psychological capabilities, methods and means of control, preservation and development of his health, the ability to disseminate valeological knowledge to others.

Valeological education is connected and actively interacts with other types of education: mental, physical, professional, political and others. Such interaction contributes to a more effective performance of the functions of each of these types of education, the specific preparation of people (and especially children and youth) to fulfill their personal and social duties in society.

The principles of pedagogical valueology are generally recognized principles of pedagogy. In addition, it is necessary to supplement them in application to valeology with humanistic, anthropological and health-creative principles.

Age valueology studies the features of the age-related formation of human health, its relationship with external and internal environmental factors in different age periods and adaptation to living conditions. At each age stage, the state of any of the body systems corresponds to the implementation of the genetic program for this particular period of development. That is, we are talking about the fact that the assessment of the level of health and its individual indicators should be dynamic, carried out from the standpoint of the age development of the individual, and not refer to any average standards of adult age.

Differential valeology is engaged in the study of individual typological features of health, built on the genetic and phenotypic assessment of the individual; develops a methodology for constructing individual programs for changing the quantity and quality of health.

Professional valueology studies issues related to the problem of professional testing and career guidance, built on scientifically based methods for assessing individual typological personality traits. In addition, it considers the peculiarities of the influence of professional factors on human health, determines the methods and means of professional rehabilitation both in the process of work and throughout life.

Special valeology investigates the influence of various special, life-threatening and extreme factors on human health and the safety criteria for these factors, determines the methods and means of maintaining and restoring health during and as a result of the impact of such factors. Special valeology is closely connected with the discipline "basics of life safety".

Family valueology studies the role and place of the family and each of its members in shaping health, develops recommendations for ways and means of ensuring the health of each generation and the whole family as a whole. Apparently, this section of valeology has a great future, since the formation of health - from preparing for childbearing to educating a conscious attitude to health - can be carried out most purposefully and consistently in the family.

Ecological valueology investigates the influence of natural factors and the consequences of anthropogenic changes in nature on human health, determines human behavior in the prevailing environmental conditions in order to maintain health. Human intervention in the natural development of nature creates more and more distinct contradictions between it and the human body, which is a product of biological evolution. In this regard, valueology should, on the one hand, study the nature of the influence of the changed environment on human health, and on the other hand, develop recommendations on the optimal, from the point of view of health, human behavior in the prevailing conditions.

Social valueology aims to study human health in society, in its diverse and multivariate social relations with people and with society. In the field of interests of social valueology and the study of the state of health in social groups (permanent or temporary), both in general (collectives, groups), and each of its elements.

Probably, over time, further differentiation of valeology will occur.

The introduction of the term "valeology" into mass circulation is caused by the desire of people to preserve their health in the conditions of an irresponsibly destroyed natural environment, reducing the availability of qualified medical care to the general population, the growth of statistical indicators of morbidity and negative trends in the demographic state of Russia. To meet the need for health, many resort to "fashionable" means - from telehealing to nutritional supplements "Herbalife", because, unfortunately, the current system of medical healthcare and traditional methods The systems of physical education focused on preparation for mandatory normative tests turned out to be in the modern environment not adapted to the needs and needs of the population.

The formation of mankind in the past was provided by the main factor - the ability to preserve and reproduce life, the ability to adapt to the environment and the degree of reproductive success.

Life is the highest in comparison with the physical and chemical form of the existence of matter, naturally arising under certain conditions in the process of its development.

Preservation and promotion of health can be represented as a formalized process of health management. The management process consists of the following formal stages: collection and analysis of information about the state of the object, its forecast; formation of a program of control actions, its implementation; analysis of the adequacy and effectiveness of the control program (feedback). As you can see, the current state of medical science does not make it possible to form a reasonable program of "management" of health. The creation of "healthy" living conditions (including personal hygiene), for the scientific justification of which the hygienic science is responsible, is a "passive-defensive" way of prevention. And the active position of recovery cannot be justified without defining the essence of individual health, its mechanisms that should be “managed”. This is the main problem of the doctrine of health.

It should not be thought that this problem has not been raised in medicine. According to historians, Hippocrates believed that only Nature can cure the patient, and the doctor's task is to enhance the "healing power" of Nature in the treatment of the patient, to direct it and not create obstacles for it. The healing heritage of Hippocrates, which for centuries was considered perfect, was forgotten, and only today doctors have chosen his name for the name of their professional oath.

The first modern attempt to formulate provisions on the mechanisms of health and methods of influencing them was made at the end of the 60s of our century by pathologist S. M. Pavlenko and internist S. F. Oleinik. They substantiated the scientific direction, called "sanology". Sanology was defined as "the general doctrine of the body's resistance to disease", which is based on "sanogenesis" - a dynamic complex of adaptive mechanisms (physiological or pathological) that occurs when exposed to an extreme stimulus and develops throughout the entire disease process - from the state of pre-illness to recovery. Although sanogenetic mechanisms are constantly operating in the body, the authors of the concept, as pathologists, focused on their functioning at the risk of developing a disease (exposure to an extreme stimulus) and put forward “pre-illness” and “recovery” as the main categories. The creators of this direction argued that many mechanisms of sanogenesis can be significantly improved in order to increase the body's resistance and maintain health in general.

The weak point of this direction was the position that the "dynamic complex of protective and adaptive mechanisms" manifests itself only when there is a danger of disease. This purely theoretical miscalculation almost ruined the whole concept of sanogenesis, and extensive materials of three sanological conferences (Lvov, 1967-1969) were devoted to the role of protective mechanisms that are activated exclusively at the stages of “pre-disease-disease-recovery”. The concept of sanogenesis was not accepted by the medical community and was forgotten for 1.5-2 decades.

Meanwhile, on present stage the development of science, it became obvious that sanogenesis, i.e. The mechanisms for maintaining and strengthening health are constantly operating in a healthy person, and only when the balance between the strength of the acting factor and the reserves of these mechanisms is disturbed, they are woven into pathogenesis as a resistance to the actual damage, contributing to the preservation of homeostasis and recovery.

A significant contribution to the development of the problem was made by representatives of military medicine, who are involved in medical support for people working under extreme conditions. In the early 70s. I.A. Sapov together with colleagues (G.L. Apanasenko, Yu.M. Bobrov, A.S. Solodkov, V.S. Shchegolev and others) formulated the doctrine of the “physiological support” of submarine voyages. For the first time, an attempt was made to “control” the body functions responsible for the professional performance of submarine specialists. In astronautics, the concept of “prenosological diagnostics” was formulated (R.M. Baevsky, 1973), which was also successfully used in civil health care (V.P. Kaznacheev et al., 1980). Mention should also be made of the works concerning the problems of normology that appeared in the 70s (A.A. Korolkov, V.P. Petlenko). However, "norm" has the same relation to valeology as "syndrome" has to pathology.

A significant contribution to the formation of the prerequisites for the emergence of valeology was made by a group of scientists from the Kiev Research Institute of Medical Problems of Physical Culture of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine (1969-1986), who developed the theory of the physical state of a person (G.L. Apanasenko, S.A. Dushanin, L.Ya. Ivashchenko, I.V. Muravov, E.A. Pirogova, etc.). Unfortunately, this research institute, which is in fact the only scientific institution in the former USSR dealing with the health problems of a practically healthy person, was disbanded in 1986.

The founder of the science of health in its modern sense is rightfully considered a graduate of the Naval Medical Academy I.I. Brekhman, who for the first time after a long oblivion (1982) raised the methodological foundations of protecting the health of practically healthy people. Investigating the role of adaptagens and forming a new scientific direction - pharmacosanation ("drugs for the healthy"), he came to the idea of the need to change the entire healthcare strategy by studying the etiology and mechanisms of an individual's health. Calling the scientific direction he justified “valeology” (from the Latin valeo – “health”, “to be healthy”), in 1987 he published the first monograph on the problem, in which he argued that the science of health should not be limited to medicine alone, but be integral, being formed on the basis of ecology, biology, psychology, medicine and other sciences. In 1990, the second, expanded and revised edition of this book was published.

Kyiv became the second center for the development of valeology, where the formation of the valeological direction was associated with sports medicine (sports medicine has the largest in medical science data bank on the state of the functions of healthy people). In 1985, at an off-site meeting of the Bureau of the Scientific Council of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences "Medical problems of physical culture and sports", G. L. Apanasenko for the first time presented the model he substantiated, suitable for assessing the level of somatic health of an individual by direct indicators, provided evidence of its informativeness, revealed the prospects for using this model in disease prevention and health improvement of the population. In the same year, his first article was published on the methodology for quantifying the level of health of an individual (the journal "Hygiene and Sanitation").

The acceleration of the pace of social development (social, economic, technological), as well as the growing environmental problems affect the biological nature of man. There is a decrease in the functional reserves of organs and systems of the body as a whole, a violation of self-regulation processes, the birth of weakened offspring, and much more. As a result, the nature of diseases developing in modern man is changing. If in the past humanity suffered from infectious diseases, in our time chronic non-communicable diseases have become widespread, new infectious diseases have appeared (AIDS, Ebola, SARS) against which there is not even an adequate treatment today. But the biggest problem is the so-called polysyndromic conditions, which are a serious problem for classical medicine, because do not fit into the known forms of diseases of classical medicine and are incomprehensible from the point of view of the pathogenesis of the disease.

In cases of polysyndromic conditions, different specialists of a narrow profile often establish “their own” diagnosis for the same patient and prescribe appropriate treatment. As a result, several different treatment regimens can be recommended to the patient at the same time, which not only may not be consistent with each other, but even conflict or mutually exclude each other.

Both Hippocrates and Avicenna singled out several gradations of health. So, Avicenna singled out six such transitional states. I.I. Brekhman defined the so-called third state, characterizing it as incomplete health, in which the body can be for a long time and from which it can go both into health (the first state) and into illness (the second). The third state is not necessarily a threat of transition to a disease, but rather an opportunity, time, a chance given to a person by nature in the process of microevolution to restore the capabilities of their functional systems through a certain degree of stress on self-regulation mechanisms.

There are four states of the body:

With sufficient adaptive capacity;

Prenosological, when adaptation is realized due to a higher than normal tension of regulatory systems;

Premorbid with a decrease in functional reserves;

Disruption of adaptation with a decrease in the functional capabilities of the body is already a condition in which a clinical diagnosis is made.

Unfortunately, states 2 and 3, when the body is fighting for the transition to state 1, are not of interest to physicians (most likely, due to the workload in state 4 and, possibly, because the doctor has no idea what to do with a person in the first three states).

There is a more specific classification of transitional health conditions:

Conditional health;

Functional deviations;

Border states;

chronic diseases;

Disability;

Complete loss of functions;

Fatal outcome.

Thus, regardless of the classifications given, the task in principle is to bring a person to a higher degree of health.

The modern educational process with its technology, amount of information, construction, specifics of classes, conditions for their conduct, etc. makes great psychological and physiological demands on students, which for the most part do not correspond to the individual age, mental and physical capabilities of students. This discrepancy leads to early stages learning to reduce the reserves of body systems, its compensatory and adaptive capabilities. As a result, the body's resistance to the effects of social, environmental and professional factors is impaired. In the structure of the incidence of students, there has been an increase over the past ten years in patients with tuberculosis, diseases of the musculoskeletal system, cardiovascular system, endocrine system. The number of infectious diseases, including viral hepatitis, has increased.

It should be noted that 90% of the increase in somatic diseases in children and adolescents develop against the background of dysfunctions of the central nervous system, dysfunctions of interaction and compensation between brain structures, dysfunctions of regulation and compensation due to the interaction of body systems.

At the end of the 20th century, there was a sharp increase in the disability of children. The main health disorders that cause disability are diseases of the central nervous and immune systems, visceral and metabolic disorders, eating disorders, motor and mental disorders. The number of disabled children, according to social statistics, has been steadily growing since 1980, increasing by 10-20% per year. This figure increased most rapidly in 1991-1992. (35-38% per year). The prevalence of disability among boys is higher than among girls. For the first time, disability is registered most often between the ages of 0 and 4 years, that is, most children with disabilities have congenital malformations and developmental disorders. Among more than 500 thousand children with disabilities, 78% suffer from mental disorders.

An analysis of the state of the health problem of pupils and students in the Russian Federation indicates the need to attract the latest tools and technologies to solve it.

The issues of assessing the level of health and its development are being developed in many educational institutions of the regions of Russia. Since 1996, the Russian Institute of Preventive Medicine (St. Petersburg) begins to hold annual national congresses "Preventive Medicine and Valeology". Since 1996, the scientific and practical journal "Valeology" has been published. The journal was founded by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, the Federal Agency for Education, the Russian Academy of Education, the Southern Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, SFU (Southern Federal University), the Southern Branch of the Russian Academy of Education, the Univ. Until 2007, the journal was included in the list of VAK journals. The Ministry of Health approves the post of "doctor-valeologist". The Ministries of Education of Russia, Belarus and Ukraine are introducing the subject "valeology" at universities and schools. At present, the teaching of the subject "Valeology" in Russia is a consequence of the initiative of individual educational institutions. In Belarus, the teaching of the subject "Valeology" in secondary schools is preserved as an elective.

In Rostov-on-Don, the only in Russia Educational and Research Institute of Valueology of the Russian State University operates, which has accumulated significant experience in organizing health centers in universities and school institutions in Russia. In the Kemerovo region, 47 Health Centers have been created in schools and universities, in the Altai State University, Ryazan RTA, Samara Technical University, Tomsk and Tula State Universities and other Russian universities, methodological foundations for equipping and functioning such health centers have been developed. Since 1996, the scientific and practical journal "Valeology" has been organized and published. The publishing and printing complex "Valeology" has been created and is functioning. A series of textbooks, educational and methodological literature on health culture, age-related physiology, and the physiological foundations of health has been published.

According to the programs of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, a series of hardware and software tools, hardware complexes, expert systems for diagnosing, predicting and correcting the psychophysiological reserves of the body systems and the body as a whole is being developed and widely used.

A number of Russian universities are training and retraining specialists in health-saving education technologies. A draft educational standard has been prepared for the specialty "Culture of Health" (Moscow State Pedagogical University).

Thus, in universities, research and other institutions of the Ministry of Education of Russia, the number of scientific, pedagogical, educational, methodological, informational, instructive, organizational, regulatory, software and technical and other materials on the formation, development and preservation of the health of children, adolescents and youth is constantly increasing. However, the exchange of these materials is unsatisfactory and is random. In this regard, there is an urgent need to create conditions for prompt reception, processing, storage, transmission, and dissemination of information on health problems.

The Russian Orthodox Church reacted sharply negatively to the emergence of a new science. In particular, Priest Sergiy Rybakov, speaking of valeology, noted the following:

Valeology is not a science, but it claims to develop a worldview, i.e. is a religious doctrine.

Valeologists strive to have an impact on a wide range of children, school (teenagers), and youth audiences.

Valeologists have the goal of destroying the established system of education and upbringing and, which is especially dangerous, encroaches on the foundations of the family.

Valueology forms a cult of the body and has a pronounced emphasis on issues of sexual relations. This leads to the development of egocentrism and selfishness in children, a violation of an adequate perception of the world around them, and various mental and physical abnormalities.

Thus, valeology is accused of destructiveness, aggressiveness in the forms and methods of its dissemination and anti-science, which allowed representatives of the Russian Orthodox Church to attribute the young science to religious sectarian teachings of a totalitarian nature.

Nevertheless, the introduction of the plan and program of the basics of valeology into the practice of training healthcare professionals in the mid-80s contributed to their wide distribution and the activation of the creative developments of many researchers and institutions. At the same time, the developers of valueological ideas and recommendations relied on various previous works of famous domestic scientists (N.M. Amosov, P.K. Anokhin, I.A. Arshavsky, V.I. Vernadsky, N.D. Graevskaya, V.P. Kaznacheev, A.V. Korobkov, V.V. Frolkis, etc.), which can rightly be called the fundamental blocks of modern valueology, the theoretical and methodological foundations of the formation of a healthy image life of the population of Russia.

The dissemination of ideas and activities of valueology, the formation and implementation of a healthy lifestyle is greatly influenced by public opinion, which means the following: 1) a system of relatively stable assessments of social life, traditional attitudes towards social phenomena; 2) the intellectual reaction of broad sections of society to a particular phenomenon or event. Public opinion about a healthy lifestyle is formed, formed and developed on the basis of:

Knowledge socially significant functions and the effects of a healthy lifestyle, the impact on a person of physical culture, fixed by the relevant basic information in vice legislative acts and teaching aids, generalized and personal experience, propaganda materials;

Impressions arising under the influence of intense information flows, selectively and / or randomly characterizing particular aspects and effects of a healthy lifestyle, physical culture, medicine and psychology.

The inclusion in public opinion and public consciousness of the ideas and principles of valeology, a healthy lifestyle was largely influenced by their propaganda aimed at various groups of the population (N.M. Amosov, Yu.F. Zmanovsky, Yu.P. Lisitsyn, A.A. Mikulin, G.I. Tsaregorodtsev, etc.). Of particular importance and effectiveness is the promotion of health-improving effects of physical culture, as well as the inclusion of their description and analysis in educational publications. The most significant result of these processes was the active involvement of teachers and educational institutions in the formation of a healthy lifestyle using the basics of valeology and even the allocation of this direction to independent educational specializations, disciplines, courses. As noted by the Minister of Education of the Russian Federation E.V. Tkachenko, due to the fact that the health of children deteriorates 4-5 times during schooling, changes are needed in the organization of health-improving work and that it is for this purpose that a new specialty is being opened - “Pedagogical valueology”, a standard is being developed for this specialty, educational and methodological literature is being prepared. The first successful steps have already been taken. An example is the implementation of the concept "Physical culture, health and sport" developed by the Samara Department of Education, which is based on activities that allow students to form an internal need for physical culture and sports, to form in them a wide fund of vital motor skills, skills and related knowledge that contribute to the formation of a healthy lifestyle, professional self-determination, the development of physical, intellectual and moral abilities, as well as the achievement of a level of sports success in accordance with abilities.

Control questions:

What does valueology study, what are its subject, method, purpose and tasks?

What is the place of valueology in the system of human and social sciences?

What are the main directions of valeology?

What are the prospects for the development of valeology in the future?

What are the causes of occurrence and what is the relevance of valeology?

Describe medical valeology.

Determine the purpose and objectives of pedagogical valeology.

Give examples of facts from the media available to you that prove the impact of deteriorating ecology on public health.

Define health.

What factors determine a healthy lifestyle?

1. The founder of valeology is:

E.N. weiner

I.I. BrekhmanA

ON THE. Dobrolyubov

2. Sanology is:

The general doctrine of the body's resistance to disease;

Dynamic complex of adaptive mechanisms;

The totality of all the signs of an organism, formed in the process of its individual development.

3. The main concepts of pedagogical valueology are:

Valeological education;

Valelological training;

Valeological education;

Valeological knowledge;

Valeological prophylaxis.

4. Polysyndromic conditions are:

A state of intoxication caused by narcotic or other substances;

Human response to directly acting stressors;

Incomprehensible from the point of view of pathogenesis, diseases characterized by multiple manifestations and complex symptoms.

5. The third state is:

Incomplete health, in which the organism can stay for a long time and from which it can pass into both health and disease;

An intermediate state between life and death;

Adolescent puberty.

6. The term "health" means:

The state of balance between the adaptive capabilities of the body (human potential) and constantly changing environmental conditions;

Harmony of mental and physical condition;

The harmonious state of the body and the unity of all kinds of metabolic processes in it.

7. Indicate which concepts from the following are not related to valeology:

Health and disease;

Healthy lifestyle;

Adaptation;

Condensation.

8. Indicate that from the following, various areas of valeology are studied (general valeology, medical valeology, pedagogical valeology, age-related valeology, professional valeology):

Methods of external maintenance of health and disease prevention;

Features of the age formation of the body,

Studies the problems of professional testing and professional orientation;

Represents the methodology of valueology as a science;

He studies the issues of education and upbringing of a person.

I.I. Brekhman;

Hippocrates;

V.Ya. Danilevsky.

10. Complete the list of factors hindering the education of a culture of health:

Lack of a coherent and continuous health education system;

Lack of strong motivation for health;

Orientation of existing health education work towards treatment rather than prevention of disease;