Maximum allowable concentration of nitrogen dioxide. Why is phenol in the air harmful? Symptoms of phenol poisoning

The small value of the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of phenols in natural waters (0.001 mg/l) poses a difficult task for analytical chemistry. In particular, many methods for the determination of phenols (bromatometric, colorimetric using /g-nitroaniline, 4-aminoantipyrn, etc.) used for the analysis Wastewater, due to low sensitivity are not applicable to the analysis of natural waters.[ ...]

Phenol CbH5OH is a combustible colorless crystalline substance. Soluble in ethanol ethyl ether, chloroform. Solubility in 100 g of water at 15 °C - 8.2 g, forms an azeotropic solution with water, boiling at 99.52 °C. Water content 90.79% (mass.). Fire extinguishing media - water mist, saponified chemical and air-mechanical foam. Phenol acts on nervous system, has a strong local irritant and cauterizing effect. Inhalation of vapors causes dizziness, heaviness in the head, shortness of breath, hoarseness. The maximum permissible concentration in the air of the working area is 0.5 mg / m3, in the water of reservoirs for drinking and domestic water use 0.001 mg / l. Personal protective equipment - overalls made of dense fabric, rubber gloves, boots and a gas mask with a box brand B.[ ...]

The maximum allowable concentration has not been established. Probably should be of the same order as for phenol.[ ...]

The maximum permissible concentration of phenol in the air is 5 mg/m3.[ ...]

The maximum permissible concentration of phenol in the water of reservoirs of fishery importance is set equal to 0.001 mg/l without any reservations.[ ...]

Phenol is a nerve poison, has a strong irritating and cauterizing effect. The maximum allowable concentration in the water of water bodies for drinking and domestic water use is 0.001 mg/l. It belongs to the 4th hazard class.[ ...]

The average annual concentration of dust, phenol, ammonia and nitrogen dioxide in Russian cities is above the sanitary standard. In these cities in 1991 - 1993. levels of the so-called "extremely high" pollution were noted above the maximum permissible coefficient. This is evidenced by the ranked list of Russian cities with the highest emissions of pollutants into the air in 1993[ ...]

Guided by the maximum allowable standards for the content of individual substances in the water of a reservoir, it should be borne in mind that substances such as oil and phenol, the discharge of which is limited by organoleptic indicators, when combined. presence will degrade water quality to a greater extent than either of them alone. Therefore, water may sometimes be unsuitable for domestic water use, despite the fact that the sanitary discharge standards for each substance separately have been met. To avoid such a phenomenon, the maximum permissible concentration of pollution must be reduced as many times as the number of substances in the complex.[ ...]

Very low values ​​of the maximum permissible concentration of phenols in water dictate the need for highly sensitive and specific methods for their determination.[ ...]

In the second group of substances (phenol and xylene), each separately does not exceed the maximum permissible concentration. But together in a reservoir, they can only be in a concentration that is 50% of the maximum allowable, i.e., reduced by half. Therefore, additional measures are needed to reduce the concentrations of these substances in the joint presence.[ ...]

Air saturated with phenol vapor at 24°C may contain about 2.35 g/m3 of phenol. The maximum allowable concentration of phenols in the air at the workplace is 5 mg/m3.[ ...]

Phenols differ from other organic substances in that the presence of the smallest amounts of them in water is sufficient for strong and extremely unpleasant chlorophenolic odors and tastes to appear in it during chlorination. If the threshold concentration of phenol is 25 mg / l by smell, then during chlorination the threshold by smell decreases to 0.001-0.0002 mg / l, for tricresol - 0.0025 and 0.001-0.0002, for creosote - 0.125 and 0.01 - 0.05 mg/l, respectively. The maximum allowable concentration of phenol in water is 0.001 mg/l. Ozonation of phenol-containing water not only does not provoke the smell of phenol, but also destroys this compound to oxalates and bicarbonates.[ ...]

On the same basis, the maximum permissible concentration of phenol was established. Its content in water of 0.01 mg/l does not have a toxic effect on fish and other aquatic organisms, but fish meat acquires an unpleasant aftertaste. Based on these considerations, the State Sanitary Inspectorate recommends a concentration of 0.001 mg/l.[ ...]

The sensitivity of methods for the determination of phenols (as well as all organic substances) can also be increased by concentrating on sorbents, in this case, filtering a certain volume of wastewater containing phenol through an active carbon column at a rate of approximately 2-3 m/h. Then a small amount of 2.5 N is passed through active carbon several times. alkali solution and determine phenol already in the resulting small volume of this solution. This method can determine 0.001 mg/l of phenol, which is the maximum allowable concentration established by the State Sanitary Inspectorate.[ ...]

Makhinya A.P. Materials for the hygienic substantiation of the maximum permissible concentrations of sulfur dioxide in combination with phenol. - In the book: Biological effect and hygienic significance of atmospheric pollution. M., 1968, p. 151.[ ...]

Unlike pollution of nature by oil, pollution by phenols occurs on a much smaller scale. The rate of decomposition of phenols in water depends both on their chemical structure, as well as environmental conditions. A special role is played by UV radiation, microorganisms and the concentration of oxygen in the water. Simple phenols under aerobic conditions under the action of the corresponding bacteria completely decompose within 7 days by 96-97% of the original amount. Under anaerobic conditions, decomposition is slower. Phenol concentrations in European waters are generally non-toxic. For example, in the Ruhr region, the average concentration of phenols is 0.25 µg/l. Such small concentrations still affect the taste of water and fish meat. In highly chlorinated water, chlorophenols are formed, which worsen the taste of water to an even greater extent than non-halogenated phenols. The regulations adopted for drinking water set the maximum allowable concentration of phenols at the level of 0.5 µg/l.[ ...]

The Main State Sanitary Inspectorate of the USSR established the maximum permissible concentration of volatile phenols in drinking water, equal to - 0.001 mg / l.[ ...]

Professor: Let's carry out the simplest calculation of the filter resource for phenol and everything will become clear. Suppose that your family consumes a bucket of water (10 liters) per day for food purposes. Let the phenol content in the water to be treated reach the level of 1990, i.e. 30 MPC (I remind you that the maximum permissible concentration of phenol according to SanPiN is 0.001 mg / d).[ ...]

The presence of a large number of substances, for each of which the maximum permissible concentration is established, sets the task for the monitoring station to determine the list of substances and indicators to be controlled in the first place. There are different approaches to this selection. Thus, monitoring is carried out primarily for substances, the release of which is massive, and therefore pollutes the environment (for oil products, phenols, detergents, some metals, especially toxic substances, as well as substances specific for emissions in a given area). Monitoring can be carried out over the temperature regime of a water body, the content of suspended solids, salinity, water color, transparency, etc.[ ...]

Example 1. Determine the number of steps required to reduce the phenol content in water to the maximum permissible concentration.[ ...]

Semenchenko and Kaplin developed a method for the separate determination of monohydric phenols (carbolic acid, cresol, xylenols) and dihydric phenols (pyrocatechol, hydroquinone, resorcinol) in natural waters using gas-liquid chromatography. The method is based on the preliminary conversion of phenols to their methyl esters, since their direct determination is hampered by the high polarity of dioxybenzenes, which causes peak asymmetry in the chromatogram of phenols and places strict requirements on the choice of a solid carrier. Methyl esters of monohydric and especially dihydric phenols have a significantly lower polarity than mono- and dihydroxy-benzenes. The method has good sensitivity and accuracy. With a sample volume of 50 ml, 0.050 mg/l of phenols can be determined with an accuracy of ±10%. Despite the fact that the sensitivity of the described method is insufficient for the determination of phenols in the water of reservoirs at the level of their maximum permissible concentration, there are certain opportunities for its improvement in this direction. In particular, it is possible to increase the volume of the sample several times, apply a more sensitive chromatograph, etc. The prospects of the method are obvious.[ ...]

A number of reservoirs in our country are also exposed to pollution. In some reservoirs, the concentrations of harmful impurities (for example, phenols) exceed the maximum allowable.[ ...]

The principle of the method. The method is based on obtaining a nitroso compound by reacting phenol with nitrous acid. A nitro-iso compound with an excess of ammonia forms a yellow-colored reaction product, which is determined colorimetrically using a standard scale. The sensitivity of the method is 2 mg/m3. The maximum permissible concentration of phenol in the air is 5 mg/m3. Other phenols interfere with the determination.[ ...]

When developing thermal waters, an important indicator is the presence of toxic substances (phenols, benzene, arsenic, ammonia, etc.). Thermal waters are divided into: toxic, in which the content of components exceeds the maximum permissible concentration, and non-toxic, in which the content of the components meets these standards.[ ...]

In the joint treatment of wastewater from refineries and petrochemical plants, the main pollutant is, as a rule, phenol. Studies and experience in the operation of domestic and foreign biochemical treatment facilities at refineries and petrochemical plants show that the maximum allowable concentration of phenol in the treatment of oily wastewater is 50 mg/l. True, there is evidence that with a sufficiently long adaptation and the absence of volley emissions in the aerotank, wastewater with a concentration of phenols reaching 2-3 g / l can be purified. Such high concentrations, apparently, can be achieved by treating only phenolic effluents.[ ...]

In the process of industrial wastewater treatment, highly toxic and explosive substances(phenols, methanol, formaldehyde, etc.) can get into the work area and cause mass poisoning of workers, as well as create an explosion threat, so ventilation of production facilities is of paramount importance. The purpose of ventilation is to maintain the concentration of harmful substances in the working area at a level not exceeding the maximum allowable. Most often, general exchange supply and exhaust ventilation is used with the device of local suction and aspiration hoods at the places of the greatest emission of harmful substances. The polluted air is thrown out from the top or bottom zone of production rooms. Fresh air should be taken from areas that are not polluted with harmful substances. The frequency of air exchange is established on the basis of data on the composition of pollution in the working area (taking into account the measures for sealing equipment and communications) and the nature of production. The mode of operation of ventilation units is constantly monitored. The results of the inspection, repair and control check enter I! special magazine. All ventilation units must be adjusted to the designed power and provided with appropriate certificates.[ ...]

Treatment of wastewater containing organic compounds. In case of exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations, local treatment is necessary. The discharge of these wastewaters into the I or P sewerage system is decided depending on the degree of salt content.[ ...]

Quite often, industrial wastewater contains a number of harmful substances, which are attributed to different groups according to their action. Their maximum permissible concentration in these cases is determined for each group separately. So, for example, when a number of substances such as cyanides, pyridine, benzene, phenol and xylene are contained in water, the limiting indicator of the harmfulness of the first three substances is sanitary-toxicological, and for the last two - organoleptic. Thus, in this case, according to one indicator 2=3, and according to another 2=2.[ ...]

In the production of plastics, salicylic and picric acids, surfactants, oil and gasoline additives, etc. phenol wastes (С6Н50Н) are formed. Phenol is obtained from coal tar and synthetically. It is a toxic substance that causes burns if it comes into contact with the skin; its maximum permissible concentration in the air is 5 mg/m3, in wastewater 1-2 mg/m3. Phenol is the main raw material in the production of phenol-formaldehyde plastics. Production wastes are phenol resin and phenol water. Phenolic resin is formed at the stage of acid decomposition of isopropylbenzene hydroperoxide into phenol and acetone.[ ...]

Significant emissions of specific harmful substances, such as hydrogen sulfide, carbon disulfide, fluorine compounds, benzo (a) pyrene, ammonia, phenol, hydrocarbon, due to high toxicity predetermined the excess of permissible sanitary and hygienic standards. Annual average concentrations of carbon disulphide exceed the maximum allowable concentrations in Magnitogorsk - 5 times, in Kemerovo - 3 times, benzo (a) pyrene: in Novokuznetsk - 13 times, Magnitogorsk - 10 times, Novo-troitsk - 7 times, Nizhny Tagil - 5 times, Cherepovets - 13 times, etc.[ ...]

Small rivers die from unaccounted discharges, especially in Kalmykia, Bashkiria, Belgorod, Voronezh, Saratov, Chelyabinsk, Vologda regions. Petroleum products and phenols strangled the Okhta River in St. Petersburg - their maximum permissible concentrations were exceeded there 10 times.[ ...]

The use of wastewater for industrial water supply fundamentally changes a number of requirements for the quality of wastewater treatment. In a number of cases, most of the maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants that are established according to toxic and hygienic indicators remain in force, but it turns out to be unnecessary to maintain the MPC established for domestic and drinking water according to organoleptic indicators. Thus, the elusive compliance with the MPC of phenol of 0.001 mg/l is important when using a reservoir for drinking water supply, since chlorination of water containing a large amount of phenols leads to the appearance of a chlorophenol odor and taste. When treated wastewater is used to feed systems of closed drainless industrial water supply, from which purge discharges are not made, the permissible phenol content in water can be increased several thousand times, i.e. it can be 1-3 mg / l without any harm to the equipment , pipelines and service personnel. The content of biogenic elements in this case should be limited more strictly than when discharging treated effluents into a reservoir.[ ...]

The change in the content of sulfides especially affected the process. With an increase in the content of sulfides in the initial effluents to 40 mg/l and more, it was not possible to achieve the previous degree of purification from oil products and phenols, despite the fact that water was completely purified from sulfides. Therefore, the recommended maximum allowable concentration of sulfides is 30 mg/l.[ ...]

Currently, the content of about 900 organic compounds is standardized in natural waters. Among the existing analytical methods, chromatography methods are the most promising for solving this problem. However, the maximum allowable concentrations in the waters of most organic pollutants lie below the detection limit of these methods, so concentration, usually sorption, is a necessary step. The implementation of the sorption process does not require complex instrumentation and in many cases makes it possible to achieve the required degree of concentration. The purpose of the communication is to study the conditions, as well as the calculation of the sorption concentration of organic substances using the example of phenol, followed by analysis of the concentrate by gas chromatography.[ ...]

The processes of dilution and mixing of wastewater with the water of the reservoir also depend on other conditions that are difficult to take into account. Many toxic organic substances require a very large dilution to reduce their actual concentration to the maximum allowable. Thus, dilution of phenol in water bodies to the maximum allowable concentration of 0.001 mg/l often requires a decrease in its actual concentration by several million times, and the settlement points of the first water use are often located close to the place of discharge of wastewater and the degree of their dilution is small.[ ...]

Phenol-formaldehyde resins are used in the vulcanization of diaphragms for curing formers. They belong to the II hazard class, cause irritation of the mucous membranes. With direct contact, dermatitis and eczema are possible. The maximum permissible concentration of phenol-formaldehyde resins for phenol is 0.3 mg/m3.[ ...]

It should be noted that, as practice shows, even the most advanced methods of wastewater treatment cannot completely eliminate all pollution. Meanwhile, the content of only 0.2-0.4 mg / l of oil gives the water a specific smell that does not disappear even when it is chlorinated and filtered, and the maximum allowable concentration of phenols in places of water use is 0.001-0.002 mg / l (1-2 billionths of ).[ ...]

The most important measures for the prevention of poisoning of animals and the prevention of contamination of milk, meat, eggs, and honey are the collection of only ripe vegetable fruits from areas treated with herbicides; prevention of livestock grazing and haymaking in areas treated with phenol derivatives for the following period: DNOC - 3.5 months; nitrafen - 2 months; PCP and PCPN-1 month, and in case of drought 2-3 months, i.e. until the soil (and, consequently, the grass) does not completely detoxify the herbicides.[ ...]

Radiation removal of tastes and odors gives excellent results in the case of chlorophenol odor. This smell is one of the most persistent and difficult to remove. It is because of the formation of chlorophenols during chlorination of water, in order to disinfect it, GOST 2874-54 requires an extremely low, maximum permissible concentration of phenol after cleaning. It is 0.001 mg/l. With a higher concentration of phenol, the chlorophenol formed during chlorination gives the water an unpleasant and persistent odor.[ ...]

Quite unexpectedly, it turned out that many organic substances that do not exist in nature at all or exist only in the form of hypothetical intermediate products in the biochemical cycle are easily oxidized in biochemical installations by specific microorganisms of directed action. However, even substances known as disinfectants and bacterial poisons, such as phenol and formaldehyde, can oxidize when diluted appropriately. Particularly favorable conditions for the oxidation of these substances are created in the presence of nitrogen and phosphorus, the most important nutrients for plants. However, care should always be taken not to exceed the maximum allowable concentrations for biochemical facilities, and inorganic toxic substances must also be eliminated.[ ...]

In a number of cities, underground lakes of oils and diesel fuel were accidentally discovered, for example, near the Kursk oil base at a depth of 7 m with a volume of 100 thousand tons, covering an area of ​​​​up to 10 hectares. Similar "deposits" were found in Tula, Orel, Rostov and Kamchatka. Small rivers die from unaccounted discharges, especially in Kalmykia, Bashkiria, Belgorod, Voronezh, Saratov, Chelyabinsk, Vologda regions. Petroleum products and phenols strangled the Okhta River in St. Petersburg - their maximum permissible concentrations were exceeded there 10 times.[ ...]

In some countries, large cities are exposed to photochemical fogs, called smogs. Smog occurs in polluted air as a result of photochemical reactions occurring under the action of short-wave (ultraviolet) solar radiation on gaseous emissions. Some of these reactions create compounds that are far more toxic than the original compounds. Numerous facts of mass poisoning from smog (sometimes fatal) are known. The main components of photochemical smog are photooxidants (ozone, organic impurities, nitrates, peroxyacetyl nitrate), nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and dioxide, hydrocarbons, aldehydes, ketones, phenols, etc. These substances are often present in smaller amounts in the air big cities; in photochemical smog, their concentration sometimes significantly exceeds the maximum allowable limits.

In cities, the air is very heavily polluted by harmful emissions from vehicles and industrial enterprises, emitting a whole range of substances, each of which adversely affects human health with varying degrees of intensity.

For all pollutants, there are norms for MPC (maximum permissible concentrations) of substances in the air. Compliance with these norms should be monitored by special bodies (in Moscow it is the Mosecomonitoring GPU) and, in case of their systematic violation, certain sanctions should be imposed: from a fine to the closure of an enterprise.
This page contains brief characteristics some of the most common harmful substances emitted into the air by vehicles and industrial enterprises.
Hazard class of harmful substances- a conditional value intended for a simplified classification of potentially hazardous substances.
Standard GOST 12.1.007-76 "Classification of harmful substances and General requirements security" establishes the following features to determine hazard class of harmful substances:
According to the degree of impact on the body, harmful substances are divided into four hazard classes:
I Substances are extremely dangerous
II highly hazardous substances
III Substances moderately hazardous
IV Substances of low hazard

MPC- maximum allowable concentration of a pollutant in the atmospheric air - a concentration that does not have a direct or indirect adverse effect on the present or future generation throughout life, does not reduce a person's working capacity, does not worsen his well-being and sanitary living conditions.
MACs- maximum allowable average daily concentration of a chemical in the air of populated areas, mg/m3. This concentration should not have a direct or indirect harmful effect on a person during indefinitely long (years) inhalation.

Characteristics of harmful substances.

Sulfur dioxide (sulfur dioxide) SO2
Hazard class - 3
MPCs - 0.05
MPCmr - 0.5
A colorless gas with a characteristic pungent odor. Toxic.
In mild cases of poisoning with sulfurous anhydride, cough, runny nose, lacrimation, a feeling of dryness in the throat, hoarseness, chest pain appear; in acute poisoning of moderate severity, in addition, headache, dizziness, general weakness, pain in the epigastric region; on examination - signs of a chemical burn of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract.
Prolonged exposure to sulfur dioxide can cause chronic  poisoning. It is manifested by atrophic rhinitis, damage to the teeth, often aggravated by toxic bronchitis with attacks of suffocation. Damage to the liver, blood system, development of pneumosclerosis are possible.
Especially high sensitivity to sulfur dioxide is observed in people with chronic respiratory disorders, with asthma.
Sulfur dioxide is formed when using reserve fuels  by enterprises of the heat and power complex (fuel oil, coal, low quality gas) and emissions from diesel vehicles.

Nitric oxide (nitric oxide) NO.
Hazard Class -
MPCs - 0.06
MPCmr - 0.4
A colorless gas with a faint sweet smell, known as "laughing gas" because significant amounts of it have an exciting effect on the nervous system. In a mixture with oxygen, it is used for anesthesia in light operations.
The compound has a positive biological effect. NO is the most important biological conductor, capable of causing a large number of positive changes at the cellular level, which leads to an improvement in blood circulation, immune and nervous systems.
Nitric oxide is formed during the combustion of coal, oil and gas. It is formed by the interaction of nitrogen N2 and oxygen O2 of the air at a high temperature: the higher the combustion temperature of coal, oil and gas, the more nitrogen oxide is formed. Further, at normal temperature, NO is oxidized to NO2, which is already a harmful substance.

Nitrogen dioxide (nitrogen dioxide) NO2
Hazard class - 2
MPCs - 0.04
MPCmr - 0.085
At high concentrations, a brown gas with a suffocating odor. Acts as an acute irritant. However, at the concentrations that are present in the atmosphere, NO2 is more of a potential irritant and only potentially it can be compared with chronic lung diseases. However, in children aged 2-3 years there was some increase in bronchitis.
Under the influence of solar radiation and in the presence of unburned hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen react with the formation of photochemical smog.
Often, various oxides of nitrogen, which are formed during the combustion of any type of fuel, are combined into one group "NOx". However, it is nitrogen dioxide NO2 that poses the greatest danger.

Carbon monoxide CO (carbon monoxide)
Hazard class - 4
MPCs - 0.05
MPCmr - 0.15
The gas is colorless and odorless. Toxic. In acute poisoning, headache, dizziness, nausea, weakness, shortness of breath, rapid pulse. Loss of consciousness, convulsions, coma, circulatory and respiratory disorders are possible.
With chronic poisoning, headache, insomnia appear, emotional instability occurs, attention and memory deteriorate. Possible organic lesions of the nervous system, vascular spasms
Carbon monoxide is formed as a result of incomplete combustion of carbon in fuel. In particular, during the combustion of carbon or compounds based on it (for example, gasoline) in conditions of lack of oxygen. A similar formation occurs in the furnace furnace when the furnace damper is closed too early (until the coals have completely burned out). The resulting carbon monoxide, due to its toxicity, causes physiological disorders (“burnout”) and even death, hence one of the names - “carbon monoxide”
The main anthropogenic source of CO is currently the exhaust gases  of internal combustion engines of cars. Carbon monoxide is formed during the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels in internal combustion engines at insufficient temperatures or poor adjustment of the air supply system.

Carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide) CO2
A colorless gas with a slight sour odor. Carbon dioxide is non-toxic, but does not support breathing. Large concentrations in the air cause suffocation. Causes hypoxia (lasting up to several days), headaches, dizziness, nausea (end 1.5 - 3%). At conc. above 61%, working capacity is lost, drowsiness appears, weakening of breathing, cardiac activity, and there is a danger to life.
CO2 absorbs infrared rays emitted by the Earth and is one of the greenhouse gases, as a result of which it takes part in the process of global warming

Vanadium pentoxide V2O5.
Hazard class - 1
MACs - 0.002
Poisonous. Causes irritation of the respiratory tract, pulmonary bleeding, dizziness, disruption of the heart, kidneys, etc. Carcinogen.
The compound is formed in small quantities during the combustion of fuel oil.

Carbon disulphide (carbon disulfide) CS2, colorless liquid with an unpleasant odor.
Hazard class - 2
MACs - 0.005
MPCmr - 0.03
Vapors from carbon disulfide are poisonous and highly flammable. It acts on the central and peripheral nervous systems, blood vessels, and metabolic processes.
With mild poisoning - narcotic effect, dizziness. With moderate poisoning, excitation occurs with a possible transition to a coma. With chronic intoxication, neurovascular disorders, mental disorders, sleep disorders, etc. occur.
With prolonged poisoning, encephalitis and polyneuritis can occur. There may be relapses of convulsions with loss of consciousness, respiratory depression. When ingested, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain occur. Upon contact with the skin, hyperemia and chemical burns are observed.

Xylene (dimethylbenzene)
Hazard class - 3
MPCs - 0.2
MPCmr - 0.2
Forms explosive vapour-air mixtures.
Causes acute and chronic lesions of the hematopoietic organs, dystrophic  changes in the liver and kidneys, and dermatitis upon contact with the skin.

Benzene
Hazard class - 2
MPCs - 0.1
MPCmr - 1.5
Colorless volatile liquid with a peculiar mild odor.
Carcinogen.
In acute poisoning, headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, agitation alternating with depression, rapid pulse, and a drop in blood pressure are observed. In severe cases - convulsions, loss of consciousness.
Chronic poisoning is manifested by a change in the blood (dysfunction of the bone marrow), dizziness, general weakness, sleep disturbance, fatigue. In women, menstrual dysfunction.

Benzpyrene, benzo(a)pyrene
Hazard class - 1
MPCs - 0.01
It is formed during the combustion of hydrocarbon liquid, solid and gaseous fuels (to a lesser extent with the combustion of gaseous fuels). It can appear in flue gases during the combustion of any fuel with a lack of oxygen in certain combustion zones.
Benz(a)pyrene is the most typical chemical environmental carcinogen, it is dangerous to humans even at low concentrations, since it has the property of bioaccumulation. Being chemically relatively stable, benzo(a)pyrene can migrate from one object to another for a long time. As a result, many objects and processes environment, which themselves do not have the ability to synthesize benzo(a)pyrene, become its secondary sources. Benz(a)pyrene also has a mutagenic effect.

Toluene (methylbenzene)
Hazard class - 3
MPCs - 0.6
MPCmr - 0.06
Colorless flammable liquid.
Limits of explosive mixture with air 1.3 - 7%.
Toluene (methylbenzene) - is a highly toxic poison that affects the function of the body's hematopoiesis, as well as its predecessor, benzene. Violation of hematopoiesis manifests itself in cyanosis, hypoxia.
Toluene vapors can penetrate intact skin and respiratory organs, cause damage to the nervous system (lethargy, disruption of the vestibular apparatus), including irreversible

Chlorine
Hazard class - 2
MPCs - 0.03
MPCmr - 0.1
Yellow-green gas with a pungent, irritating odor. Irritates mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory tract. Secondary infection usually joins the primary inflammatory processes. Acute poisonings develop almost immediately. When medium and low concentrations are inhaled, chest tightness and pain, rapid breathing, pain in the eyes, lacrimation, increased levels of leukocytes in the blood, body temperature, etc. are noted. Possible bronchopneumonia, pulmonary edema, depression, convulsions. As long-term consequences, catarrhs ​​of the upper respiratory tract, bronchitis, pneumosclerosis, etc. are observed. Activation of tuberculosis is possible. With prolonged inhalation of small concentrations, similar, but slowly developing forms of the disease are observed.

Chrome Hexavalent
Hazard class - 1
MACs - 0.0015
MPCmr - 0.0015
Toxic. The initial forms of the disease are manifested by a feeling of dryness and pain in the nose, sore throat, difficulty breathing, coughing, etc. With prolonged contact, signs of chronic poisoning develop: headache, weakness, dyspepsia, weight loss, etc. The functions of the stomach, liver and pancreas are impaired. Bronchitis, asthma, diffuse pneumosclerosis are possible. When exposed to the skin, dermatitis, eczema may develop.
Chromium compounds have a CARCINOGENIC effect.

Soot
Hazard class - 3
MPCs - 0.5
MPCmr - 0.15
Dispersed carbon product of incomplete combustion. Soot particles are not interact with atmospheric oxygen and are therefore removed only by coagulation and precipitation, which are very slow. Therefore, very strict control of soot emissions is needed to keep the environment clean.
Carcinogen, promotes skin cancer.

Ozone (O3)
Hazard class - 1
MPCs - 0.03
MPCmr - 0.16
Explosive blue gas with a pungent characteristic odor. It kills microorganisms, so it is used to purify water and air (ozonation). However, only very small concentrations are allowed in the air. Ozone is extremely toxic (more than carbon monoxide CO).

Lead and its compounds(except tetraethyl lead)
Hazard class - 1
MACs - 0.0003
Poisonous, affects the central nervous system, even small doses of lead  cause a lag in the development of intelligence in children. Damage to the nervous system is manifested by asthenia, with severe forms - encephalopathy, paralysis (mainly of the extensors of the hands and fingers), polyneurism.
In chronic intoxication, damage to the liver, cardiovascular system, and endocrine dysfunction (for example, in women - miscarriages) are possible. Inhibition of immunobiological reactivity contributes to increased overall morbidity. Deadly poisonings are also possible.
Lead affects the human nervous system, which leads to a decrease
intelligence, causes a change in physical activity, coordination  hearing,
affects the cardiovascular system, leading to heart disease.
This has a negative impact on the health of the population and, in the first place,
turn children who are most susceptible to lead poisoning.
Carcinogen, mutagen.

Tetroethyl lead
SHEETS - 0.000003
combustible
Above 77°C explosive vapour/air mixtures may form.
The substance is irritating to eyes, skin, respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects  on the central nervous system, resulting in irritability, insomnia, cardiac disorders. Exposure may cause clouding of consciousness. Exposure to high concentrations may cause death. Shown medical supervision.
May cause toxic  effects on human reproduction through long-term or repeated exposure.

Formaldehyde HCOH
A colorless gas with a pungent odor.
Toxic, has a negative effect on genetics, respiratory organs, vision  and skin. It has a strong effect on the nervous system. Formaldehyde is listed as a carcinogen.
The substance may have effects on the liver and kidneys, resulting in impaired function
Formaldehyde is used in the manufacture of plastics, and the main part of formaldehyde is used in the manufacture of chipboard and other wood-based materials. In them, phenol-formaldehyde resin is 6-18% by weight of the chips.

Phenol
Phenol is a volatile substance with a characteristic pungent odor. Its vapors are poisonous. When it comes into contact with the skin, phenol causes painful burns. In acute poisoning, a violation of the respiratory functions, the central nervous system. In chronic poisoning - violation of the functions of the liver and kidneys

selenium dioxide
Hazard class - 1
MPCs - 0.05
MPCmr - 0.1
The substance is corrosive to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. Inhalation may cause pulmonary edema (see Notes). The substance may cause effects on the eyes, resulting in an allergic-like reaction of the eyelids (red eyes). Shown medical supervision.
Repeated or prolonged contact may cause skin sensitization. The substance  may have effects on the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract, the central nervous system and the liver, resulting in nasal irritation, gastrointestinal distress and persistent garlic odor and liver damage.

hydrogen sulfide
Hazard class - 2
MPCmr - 0.008
A colorless gas with a rotten egg odor.
The substance is irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract. Inhalation of the gas may cause   pulmonary edema Rapid evaporation of the liquid may cause frostbite. The substance may have effects on the central nervous system. Exposure may cause loss of consciousness. Exposure may cause death. Effects may be delayed.

Bromobenzene C6H5Br.
Hazard class - 2
MPCs - 0.03
The substance is irritating to the skin. Swallowing the liquid may cause aspiration into the lungs with the risk of chemical pneumonia. The substance may have effects on the nervous system
May have effects on the liver and kidneys, leading to functional impairment

Methyl mercaptan CH3SH
Hazard class - 2
MPCmr - 0.0001
A colorless gas with a characteristic odor.
The gas is heavier than air. and can creep along the ground; possible ignition at a distance.
The substance is irritating to eyes, skin and respiratory tract. Breathing the gas can  cause pulmonary edema. Rapid evaporation of the liquid may cause frostbite. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system, resulting in respiratory failure. High dose exposure can cause death.
Due to its strong unpleasant odor, methyl mercaptan is used to add to odorless harmful gases for leak detection.

Nitrobenzene

Hazard class - 4
MPCs - 0.004
MPCmr - 0.2
The substance may have effects on blood cells , resulting in the formation of  methemoglobin. Exposure may cause clouding of consciousness. Effects may be delayed.
With prolonged exposure, it can have an effect on the hematopoietic organs and  on the liver.

Ammonia

Ammonia NH3, hydrogen nitride (ammonia odor), almost twice as light as air
Hazard class - 2
MPCs - 0.004
MPCmr - 0.2
A colorless gas with a pungent, suffocating odor and a pungent taste.
Poisonous, highly irritating to mucous membranes.
Acute ammonia poisoning affects the eyes and respiratory tract, at  high concentrations may be fatal. Causes a strong cough, suffocation, with a high concentration of vapors - agitation, delirium. On contact with skin - burning pain, swelling, burns with blisters. In chronic poisoning, indigestion, catarrh of the upper respiratory tract, hearing loss are observed.
The mixture of ammonia with air is explosive.

Phenol refers to toxic substances. The use of this substance is common in the construction, chemical and pharmaceutical industries. It is desirable for a person to know the symptoms of phenol poisoning, and the assistance that needs to be provided in this situation.

Phenol is the simplest representative of substances that belong to the class of phenols or so-called aromatic hydrocarbons. Most often, this substance is used for the needs of construction, the production of organic materials (plastics) and the chemical industry. It is also in demand in other branches of science, including medicine and agricultural chemistry.

In 1834, during the distillation of coal tars, phenol was discovered, and it was not synthesized, like some other substances, but isolated from coal seams. For more than a century and a half, the substance managed to change its name (the old name is “carbolic acid”; chemists still call it “carbolic acid”).

To date, the name chemical compound, which includes phenol - hydroxybenzene. Over time, some physical properties phenol, which in the 19th century was problematic to establish without errors. Molar mass phenol is 94.11 g / mol, its density is 1.07 grams per cubic centimeter.

Interestingly, at a temperature of 40.9 degrees Celsius, the substance - which in its usual state of aggregation is crystalline - begins to melt, acquiring a characteristic shade. At normal (room) temperature, phenol is a small crystals that do not have color. These crystals smell strongly of gouache; the smell of phenol is very specific and is able to "cling" to objects and clothes for a long time.

The ability of hydroxybenzene to form homogeneous systems with other substances (in other words, solubility) is not very high; this substance cannot be completely dissolved in water. Phenol, the formula of which is C6H5OH, is a toxic and caustic substance related to irritants - irritants of the mucous membrane and human skin.

As an antidote to phenol, a 10% solution of calcium gluconate is used (usually intravenously). However, it should be noted that if a person has never injected anyone in his life, then it would be better to wait for the doctors to arrive, where the victim will be provided with the necessary assistance in the toxicology department.

Phenol is a chemical organic matter, hydrocarbon. Other names are carbolic acid, hydroxybenzene. It is of natural and industrial origin. What is phenol and what is its significance in human life?

Origin of matter, chemical and physical properties

The chemical formula of phenol is c6h5oh. By appearance the substance resembles crystals in the form of needles, transparent, with a white tint. In the open air, when interacting with oxygen, the color becomes light pink. The substance has a characteristic odor. Phenol smells like gouache paint.

Natural phenols are antioxidants that are present in varying amounts in all plants. They determine the color, aroma, protect plants from harmful insects. Natural phenol is beneficial for the human body. It is found in olive oil, cocoa beans, fruits, nuts. But there are also poisonous compounds, for example, tannin.

The chemical industry produces these substances by synthesis. They are poisonous and highly toxic. Phenol is dangerous to humans, and the industrial scale of its production significantly pollutes the environment.

Physical properties:

  • phenol is normally soluble in water, alcohol, alkali;
  • has a low melting point, turns into a gas at 40°C;
  • in its properties, it resembles alcohol in many respects;
  • has high acidity and solubility;
  • at room temperature are in a solid state;
  • the smell of phenol is sharp.

How are phenols used?

More than 40% of substances are used in the chemical industry to obtain other organic compounds, mainly resins. Also from it artificial fibers - kapron, nylon. The substance is used in the oil refining industry to purify oils that are used in drilling rigs and other technological facilities.

Phenol is used in the production of paints and varnishes, plastics, chemicals and pesticides. In veterinary medicine, agricultural animals are treated with a substance on farms to prevent infections.

The use of phenol in the pharmaceutical industry is significant. It is part of many drugs:

  • antiseptics;
  • painkillers;
  • antiplatelet agents (thin the blood);
  • as a preservative for the production of vaccines;
  • in cosmetology as part of preparations for chemical peeling.

In genetic engineering, phenol is used to purify DNA and isolate it from the cell.

The toxic effect of phenol

Phenol is poison. According to its toxicity, the compound belongs to the 2nd hazard class. This means that it is highly hazardous to the environment. The degree of impact on living organisms is high. Substance capable of causing serious harm ecological system. The minimum recovery period after the action of phenol is at least 30 years, provided that the source of pollution is completely eliminated.

Synthetic phenol has a negative effect on the human body. Toxic effect of the compound on organs and systems:

  1. When inhaled or swallowed, the mucous membranes of the digestive tract, upper respiratory tract, and eyes are affected.
  2. Skin contact results in phenol burns.
  3. With deep penetration causes tissue necrosis.
  4. It has a pronounced toxic effect on internal organs. With kidney damage, it causes pyelonephritis, destroys the structure of red blood cells, which leads to oxygen starvation. Can cause allergic dermatitis.
  5. Inhalation of phenol high concentrations disrupted brain activity, can lead to respiratory arrest.

The mechanism of the toxic action of phenols is to change the structure of the cell and, as a result, its functioning. Neurons (nerve cells) are most susceptible to toxic substances.

Maximum Permissible Concentration (MAC of phenol):

  • the maximum single dose in the atmosphere for populated areas is 0.01 mg / m³, which is kept in the air for half an hour;
  • the average daily dose in the atmosphere for populated areas is 0.003 mg/m³;
  • The lethal dose when ingested is 1 to 10 g for adults and 0.05 to 0.5 g for children.

Symptoms of phenol poisoning

The harm of phenol to a living organism has long been proven. Upon contact with the skin or mucous membranes, the compound is rapidly absorbed, overcomes the hematogenous barrier and spreads throughout the body with blood.

The brain is the first to react to the effects of poison. Signs of poisoning in humans:

  • Psyche. Initially, the patient experiences a slight excitation, which does not last long and is replaced by irritation. Then comes apathy, indifference to what is happening around, the person is in a depressed state.
  • Nervous system. Growing general weakness, lethargy, loss of strength. Tactile sensitivity is smeared, but the reaction to light and sounds is aggravated. The victim feels nausea, which is not related to the work of the digestive system. Dizziness appears, the headache becomes more intense. Severe poisoning can lead to convulsions and unconsciousness.
  • Skin covers. The skin becomes pale and cold to the touch, in severe condition it acquires a blue tint.
  • Respiratory system. When even small doses enter the body, a person develops shortness of breath and rapid breathing. Due to irritation of the nasal mucosa, the victim has continuous sneezing. With moderate poisoning, a cough and spastic contractions of the larynx develop. In severe cases, the threat of spasm of the trachea and bronchi increases and, as a result, suffocation, leading to death.

Circumstances under which poisoning can occur - violation of safety regulations when working with especially dangerous substances, an overdose of drugs, household poisoning with detergents and cleaning products, as a result of an accident.

If the house contains low-quality furniture, children's toys that do not meet international safety standards, the walls are painted with paint not intended for these purposes, then a person constantly inhales outgoing phenol vapors. In this case, chronic poisoning develops. Its main symptom is chronic fatigue syndrome.

First Aid Principles

The first thing to do is to interrupt the contact of a person with a poisonous source.

Take the victim out of the room to fresh air, unfasten buttons, locks, zippers to better provide oxygen access.

If the phenol solution comes into contact with clothing, remove it immediately. Rinse the affected skin and mucous membranes of the eyes repeatedly and thoroughly with running water.

If phenol enters the oral cavity, do not swallow anything, but rinse your mouth immediately for 10 minutes. If the substance managed to get into the stomach, you can drink the sorbent with a glass of water:

  • activated or white charcoal;
  • enterosorb;
  • enterosgel;
  • sorbex;
  • carbolene;
  • polysorb;
  • Lactofiltrum.

You can not wash the stomach, as this procedure will increase the degree of burn and increase the area of ​​\u200b\u200bmucosal damage.

Phenol antidote - calcium gluconate solution for intravenous administration. In case of poisoning of any severity, the victim is taken to the hospital for observation and treatment.

It is possible to remove phenol from the body in a hospital with severe poisoning by the following methods:

  1. Hemosorption - cleansing the blood with a special sorbent that binds the molecules of a toxic substance. The blood is purified by running in a special apparatus.
  2. Detoxification therapy is an intravenous infusion of solutions that dilute the concentration of a substance in the blood and promote its natural excretion from the body (through the kidneys).
  3. Hemodialysis is indicated in severe cases when there is a potential threat to life. The procedure is carried out using an "artificial kidney" apparatus, in which blood passes through special membranes and leaves the molecules of a poisonous substance. The blood returns to the body clean and saturated with useful microelements.

Phenol is a synthetic toxic substance that is dangerous to humans. Even a compound of natural origin can be harmful to health. To avoid poisoning, it is necessary to take responsibility for work in production, where there is a risk of contact with poison. When shopping, be interested in the composition of products. The unpleasant smell of plastic products should alert. When using drugs containing phenol, observe the prescribed dosage.

Due to the active development of manufacturing enterprises, factories, the expansion of the chemical industry, more and more problems arise with atmospheric air, namely, with its chemical and bacteriological composition. Far from always, production facilities use high-tech means for filtering emissions, not to mention the fact that a huge part of the negative elements and substances enter the air, leaking from the objects surrounding a person: furniture, elements of a modern house, etc. So, and in an amount exceeding the norm, it negatively affects the well-being of a person, his health, as well as on living organisms in general.

In order to prevent such an impact in a timely manner, it is necessary to conduct atmospheric studies for the presence of phenol, and most importantly, for exceeding its maximum permissible concentration in the air. This is done by professional laboratories of experts who have at their disposal special research complexes, devices, and are also qualified to conduct analyzes of this kind. Examinations can be carried out in public institutions, and independent organizations, such as the non-profit partnership "Federation of Forensic Experts".

Independent experts are just as qualified and authorized to conduct any research in this industry as government specialists, since each private expert is required to be certified. After that, he gets the right to present official conclusions and the results of the analysis. Many give preference to independent organizations of experts, as they, unlike state laboratories, work in a competitive environment and value their reputation. That is why the client receives the results promptly, and their quality and accuracy are guaranteed to be high.

Phenol is a highly toxic substance, which is listed in the state regulation as category two. This means that the chemical element is quite harmful and even dangerous for the body, therefore, it is necessary not only to conduct research on the atmospheric air in the house, workplace or facility, but also, if necessary, to introduce special measures to remove it from the air.

Phenol can be detected in the air of the working area quite often, especially if the work process takes place in close proximity to chemical industry facilities. This chemical element is used in the manufacture of plastics, in the insulation of houses on construction sites, or in the manufacture of special consumables. In addition, it is not uncommon to find phenol in the air of an apartment, especially if these are new buildings, since the bulk of modern appliances, furniture, and even finishing materials include a number of highly toxic materials in elevated level concentration.

In order to have an idea of ​​how harmful this substance is, government agencies have established upper graces - the levels of the maximum permissible concentration (MAC) of elements (measured in mg per m3), at which, in this case, phenol cannot immediately irreparably affect the functioning human body. Thus, according to the regulations and rules, the MPC of phenol in the air of the working area should not exceed 0.3 mg/m3. The concentration specification in the work area means that the element will be relatively neutral to the human body if its exposure does not exceed 8 hours 5 days a week.


Taking into account that phenol in the atmospheric air can also be located outside the working or residential areas, there are norms for the maximum permissible concentration for the average daily emission - 0.003 mg / m3. Such a low threshold once again proves that the chemical element is very dangerous for all living things. This level (and it is desirable to have indicators even lower) should be found not only on the streets of cities, but also directly on objects, for example, in industrial production zones. Also, there are situations when there is a one-time effect on the body of this substance. The maximum one-time MPC of phenol in the air should in no case exceed 0.01 mg/m3.

When interacting with phenol, additional protection is required for the mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory tract, especially if regular work with this substance is meant. Such conditions are predetermined by GOST, and their failure to comply with and neglect of such rules may adversely affect not only the employee, but also the employer, if the relevant state control authorities find out about it. The determination of phenol in the air can be an impetus for the introduction of cleansing measures, since the element tends to be absorbed into the body very quickly and affect the cardiovascular system, respiratory tract, lungs and bronchi, as well as the nervous system, causing side effects such as headaches, loss consciousness, nausea, dizziness, etc.

Thus, the air must be regularly examined and checked for compliance with the maximum allowable concentration of phenol, otherwise, the consequences can be extremely negative. Turning to experts in independent research laboratories for help, you can be sure that you will receive the results of the examination in the shortest possible time without having to wait in line government centers. NP "Federation of Forensic Experts" guarantees high accuracy and efficiency. In addition, NP FSE also specializes in conducting a wide range of other examinations that are not related to atmospheric research: chemical, biological, genetic, medical, economic and other examinations.

Expertise cost

Service Research Protocol Expert opinion (pre-trial examination, 15-25 pages) Expert opinion (forensic examination, from 15 pages)
Chemical analysis of air for heavy metals, organochlorine compounds, organophosphorus compounds, organofluorine compounds, carbon monoxide (II), carbon monoxide (IV), oxygen (%), nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, hydrogen sulfide, mineral acid vapors, organic acids, PAHs, diphosphorus pentoxide, mercaptans, phenols (hydroxybenzene and derivatives), formaldehyde, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, anthracene, benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, ethenylbenzene (styrene), dimethylbenzene (xylenes), phenanthrene, cumene, cresol, vinyl chloride, diphosphorus pentoxide (P 2 O 5), mercaptans (according to ethanethiol), esters of carboxylic acids, benz (a) pyrene, ammonia, amines, suspended solids (dust), silicate dust, asbestos dust, etc., polymetallic dust and a number of other compounds (up to 2500 substances in total) From 1 400 rubles. for one indicator in one sample From 11 400 rubles. From 21 400 rubles.
Bacteriological (microbiological) air analysis (BAC analysis) 3 000 rubles for one test From 13 000 rubles. From 23 000 rubles.
Comprehensive air analysis (basic for 14 indicators) 14 000 rubles for one test From 24 000 rubles. From 34 000 rubles.
Comprehensive air analysis (extended by 20 indicators) 18 000 rubles for one test From 28 000 rub. From 38 000 rubles
Collect and dispose of mercury. Localization of mercury and determination of vapor concentration. Up to 25 m 2 - 8,000 rubles. +2 000 rubles/additional room

Additional services:

mob_info