Lathe with sledge support. Meaning of the Narts Andrei Konstantinovich in a brief biographical encyclopedia. Incarnation in cinema

Outstanding Russian mechanic of the first half of XVIII century Andrey Konstantinovich Nartov was born in 1693 in the family of "a man of simple rank."

From 1709, as a fifteen-year-old teenager, Nartov began working as a turner at the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences (or, as it was more commonly called, the Navigational School), founded by Peter I in 1701. The building of the Sukharev Tower was assigned to the Navigation School in Moscow. The school was subordinated to the Armory in the person of the boyar F.A. Golovin and the famous "profit-maker" clerk Alexei Kurbatov. Since 1706, she moved to the maritime department.

Kurbatov reported in 1703 that “now many of all ranks and subsistence people have recognized that science as a sweetness, send their children to those schools, and now they themselves are undersized and Reitar children (i.e., children of cavalrymen) and young clerks from orders come with great pleasure."

In 1715, the senior classes of the Navigation School were transferred to St. Petersburg and then transformed into the Naval Academy. And the Navigation School in Moscow remained as a preparatory school for it. The navigational school was involved in solving such practical problems as training sailors during the construction of the fleet in Voronezh, measuring the "promising road" between Moscow and St. Petersburg, etc.

The persons who headed the Navigational School, and Peter himself considered the knowledge of crafts necessary for everyone who graduated from this educational institution. A number of workshops were created at the school, where students acquired the appropriate knowledge and skills in crafts and where tools and various equipment were made for the school itself.

In 1703 a turning workshop was established. Peter I paid special attention to her, since he himself was very fond of turning.

Nartov's teacher in turning was master Egan (Johann) Bleer. After his death (in May 1712), the young Nartov was appointed head of the turning workshop and keeper of its equipment.
Turning art originated in ancient times. During the Middle Ages, the lathe underwent various design improvements.

In the 17th-18th centuries, turning was one of the most important types of artistic craft. The requirements for a turner as a master were diverse.

Turning at that time meant all types of processing wood, bone, horn, metal and other materials on a machine tool using cutting tools, except for drilling and reaming. On lathes, they turned the outer and inner surfaces of products, engraved on disks and cylinders, made medals, etc.

Lathes were usually set in motion by the turner himself by means of a hand or foot drive.
One of the French turning experts wrote that a turner must know locksmith and carpentry, be a good mechanic, be able to invent and manufacture various tools for a lathe.

A full-fledged master also had to master the basics of mathematics. And along with this, the manufacture of medals and similar products required truly artistic talents.
Nartov mastered the knowledge and skills of a turning master through diligent, incessant practical work.

Peter I visited the Navigation School and for the sake of recreation and entertainment he worked there in a turning workshop. He drew attention to the "witty" young man, who often helped him with technical advice in the manufacture of this or that thing.

In 1712, Peter transferred Nartov to St. Petersburg, to his personal turning workshop, where Nartov was to work with Peter for 12 years.

The personal turnery of Peter I was located in the Summer Palace next to the reception room and was often the site of the most important secret meetings on foreign and domestic policy.
Soon Nartov received the title of "personal turner" of Peter I. This was the title of a specially trusted person, one of the "closest room" persons. Since Peter regularly spent short hours of leisure at the lathe (usually in the afternoon) and met with those close to him there, the “personal turner” had to not only teach Peter all the intricacies of the craft, but also make sure that no one entered the lathe without Peter's special permission.

This order was followed by the “close room”, the so-called “orderlies”, i.e. orderlies on duty (one of them was later V.I. Suvorov, the father of the famous commander), cabinet-secretary A.V. Makarov and the "personal turner".

There were almost no servants in the Summer Palace. Peter did not like lackeys and limited himself to one single valet Poluboyarov and cook Felten.

During his work at the Summer Palace, Nartov had to closely observe the internal routine of the life of Peter I and meet with his associates - the arrogant nobleman, the "highest" A.D. Menshikov; the glorified winner over the Swedes, Field Marshal B.P. Sheremetev; terrible "Prince-Caesar" F.Yu. Romodanovsky, who held in his hands the "search" for the most important state crimes; Chancellor G.I. Golovkin; Admiral F.M. Apraksin; diplomats P.A. Tolstoy and P.P. Shafirov; Prosecutor General P.P. Yaguzhinsky; chief of artillery, scientist Ya.V. Bruce, whom the clergy denounced as a "warlock", as well as with other scientists, inventors, architects, etc. Nartov subsequently outlined his impressions in an extremely interesting work, which he called "Memorable Narratives and Speeches of Peter the Great."

Only Romodanovsky and Sheremetev had the right to enter Peter's turnery without a report. The rest, even Ekaterina and "cordial friend" Menshikov, were obliged to report on themselves.

The royal turnery was not the only workshop on the territory of the Summer Garden. In addition to Nartov, such turning specialists as the mechanic Singer, foreman Yuri Kurnosy (or Kurnosov), turners Varlam Fedorov and Philip Maksimov worked at the Summer Palace.

During the years 1712-1718, the Narts improved more and more in the art of turning under the guidance of more experienced senior comrades - Yuri Kurnosoy and Singer. The Narts had the opportunity to study the construction of the most advanced machine tools for that time, which replenished the workshops of the Summer Palace.

Peter began to acquire lathe "colossus" during his first trip abroad in 1697-1698. Several medal lathes for the same lathe were made in Moscow by Nartov's teacher Johann Bleer at the beginning of the 18th century.

Of great interest was the lathe, built in St. Petersburg in 1712 and bearing the name "colossus that works roses." This machine made it possible to produce patterned undercuts and processing of relief images on cylindrical (wooden or metal) parts according to the copier.

A lot of attention, as usual in that era, was paid to the external design of the machine, which was a massive oak workbench with twisted legs, carved racks and other decorations.

Nartov took an increasing part in the construction of turning and other "machines". So, in 1716 he made a small press for embossing snuffboxes.

In 1717, Nartov received Peter's order to "remake" three lathes.

In the later inventory of Nartov, “a pink colossus with a set, which is screwed to the table with three screws, was made by me in 1718” appears. Now this machine is in the St. Petersburg Museum "Summer Palace of Peter I".

In 1718, Nartov, together with Singer, began to design a new lathe and copying machine for turning patterns on cylindrical surfaces. This machine was completed in 1729.

In July 1718, the twenty-five-year-old master Nartov was sent by Peter abroad to improve in mathematics and applied mechanics and to get acquainted with the latest achievements of Western European technology.

Berlin was his first destination. The Narts were supposed to deliver the gifts of Peter I to the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm I, including an excellent lathe, as well as several tall soldiers (for the royal guard). In addition, the Narts were obliged to teach Friedrich-Wilhelm the art of turning. Friedrich Wilhelm, a lover of turning, but a very mediocre master, wanted to compare with Peter in this art. For six months the Narts lived in Berlin and Potsdam, teaching the king. Further, he was instructed to "obtain information about the newly invented best soaring and bending of oak used in shipbuilding" and to collect models of physical instruments in London and Paris, as well as various mechanical and hydraulic devices from the best craftsmen.

In March 1719, Nartov wrote a somewhat disappointed letter to Peter from London: “...Here I did not find such turning masters who surpassed Russian masters; and the drawings for the colossus that your royal majesty ordered to be made here, I told the masters and they cannot make them.

But although in this area the skill of English designers did not satisfy Nartov, on the whole, the trip to England brought him great benefit. Having studied a number of advanced industries for that time English technology, Nartov ordered various instruments and mechanisms in England, as well as “mechanical books” both for Peter and personally for himself.

By the way, he spent on this the funds given to him for food, and then the rest of his stay abroad was in dire need.

Having moved to Paris (in the autumn of 1719), Nartov found the “turning colossus” he needed and organized the manufacture of machine tools of this type for shipment to Russia. On the other hand, he also brought to France a machine tool of his design (made in 1717), which is still kept in one of the Parisian museums.
In memory of the Paris Academy of Sciences, Nartov carved bas-relief portraits of the Louis XIV and XV, as well as the ruler of France, the Duke of Orleans, with whom Peter had conducted diplomatic negotiations shortly before. These portraits have not survived to this day. In Paris, only one medallion, carved on the Nartov machine, has survived.

Simultaneously with the demonstration of his turning art, Nartov persistently studied mathematics and other sciences under the guidance of prominent French scientists of that time. The Paris Academy of Sciences took Nartov under its special patronage. Nartov was “assigned” to the famous mathematician and mechanic P. Varignon, the inventor Pigeon and other specialists.

When Nartov left Paris (at the end of 1720), the honorary president of the Academy of Sciences, J.-P. Bignon provided the master with a flattering review, which noted "his constant diligence in mathematical teaching, the great successes that he made in mechanics, especially in that part that concerns the lathe, and his other good qualities."

About the artistic turning works Nartova Bignon speaks like this: “It is impossible to see anything marvelous! Purity, serviceability and slenderness (fineness) are in them, and the metal is no better dressed out from under the stamp, as if it comes out of the lathe of the city of Nartov ... ".

Peter was very pleased with such a review, ordered it to be translated into Russian and repeatedly showed it to young nobles sent to study abroad, while saying: “I wish you to do the same with the same success.”

Upon his return from abroad, Nartov was appointed manager of all the workshops of the Summer Palace. The circle of creative interests of the mechanic expanded more and more. He closely followed the new literature. Nartov's memoirs mention various works translated and published (or prepared for publication) on Peter's orders.

It is primarily about books on technology and applied mechanics. “Plumiere, my favorite art of sharpening, has already been translated (Peter means the work of the French scientist and designer Charles Plumier “Turning Art”) and Sturmov mechanics (a treatise on mechanics by I.-Kh. Sturm),” Peter Nartov said with satisfaction, who saw also in Peter's personal library "more other books belonging to before the construction of locks, mills, factories and mining plants." Mentioned in Nartov's notes are also books on military engineering.

Ch. Plumier's book was translated into Russian by order of Peter in 1716 and was kept in a single handwritten copy in his library.

As for the book I.-Kh. Sturm, work on its translation began in 1708-1709. However, the translation of this work made twice (first by A.A. Vyanius, and then by Ya.V. Bryus) turned out to be unsatisfactory. Instead of "Storm Mechanics" in 1722, a valuable work by G.G. Skornyakov-Pisarev "Static Science or Mechanics" is one of the first original Russian works on mechanics.

The following works on military engineering were published during these decades: “The Victorious Fortress” by the Austrian engineer E.-F. Borgsdorf, written at the end of the 17th century and published in 1708; "New fortification" by the Dutchman Kuthorne (1709); "Military Architecture" of the Sturm mentioned above (1709); "A new manner of fortifying cities" by the French fortification specialist F. Blondel (1711); “A true way to strengthen cities, published by the glorious engineer Vauban” (1724) translated by V.I. Suvorov and others.

The main occupation of Nartov continued to be the construction of various machine tools and other mechanisms. So, in 1721, according to his designs, two machine tools were built in the workshops of the Admiralty. One of them was intended for copying relief images on medals, boxes, cases, etc. (now it is in the Hermitage). The second machine was built for cutting teeth on watch wheels.

In 1722, Nartov built a machine for drilling fountain pipes laid in Peterhof (now Petrodvorets), and in 1723 he completed the manufacture of two more machines.

As early as 1717, Nartov began to train mechanics and turners. Among his students, Stepan Yakovlev stood out for his abilities.

Under the direction of Nartov, S. Yakovlev built, for example, two lathes (now kept in the Hermitage), large clockwork clocks with chimes, etc.

Other students of Nartov were Ivan Leontiev, Pyotr Sholyshkin, Andrey Korovin, Alexander Zhurakhovsky, Semyon Matveev.

Sometimes Nartov had to travel with Peter from Petersburg. So, in the summer of 1724, when Peter for gymnastics and for treatment with ferruginous waters went to the Istinsky (Istetska) ironworks of Meller, he took Nartov with him, firstly, to continue working with the mechanic on a lathe and, secondly to make various experiments on the melting of cast iron for casting cannons.

Nartov was engaged not only in the improvement of machine tools and turning, but also in a wider range of technical issues. In particular, Peter instructed Nartov "to come up with mechanical ways to make it easier and more direct to chop a stone" for the Kronstadt Canal, as well as "how to open and lock the sluice gates on this canal."

Peter undoubtedly appreciated his best technician. However, the financial situation of Nartov remained very difficult, and the talented Russian mechanic could not achieve any normal working conditions.

The need in which the outstanding Russian designer was found is evidenced by the “petition” Nartova addressed to Peter, compiled in the spring of 1723. Only at the end of 1723 Nartov's salary was increased from 300 to 600 rubles a year.

Of the machine tools created by Nartov in the 1920s, the already mentioned large lathe and copying machine of 1718-1729, which was intended for processing cylindrical relief surfaces, is of greatest interest. In the design of the machine, the techniques of artistic crafts, characteristic of the 18th century, were combined with the highest technological achievements of that time.

According to the fashion of that time, the machine was designed "architecturally". It was decorated with wood carvings. The metal parts have been engraved. A special structure was attached to the machine in the form of columns with a portal, on the plinths of which there were bas-relief medals glorifying Peter and the foundation of St. Petersburg by him.
Of great interest are the Nart proposals developed by 1724 on the organization of the Academy of Arts. They testify to the breadth of outlook and education of a thirty-year-old mechanic who became an active participant in the cultural transformations of the first quarter of the 18th century.

Embossed medallion "St. Peter" in the manufacturing process on the restored "personal colossus" of Nartov

It is known that back in 1718-1719, Peter decided "to establish in St. Petersburg a society of learned people who would work to improve the arts and science." The approved project for the creation of the Academy of Sciences was announced by a nominal decree from the Senate in January 1724.

Peter included in the terms of reference of the Academy of Sciences also "arts", i.e., crafts and arts ("there must be a department of arts, and more mechanical").

Nartov, who took part in the discussion of the project of the Academy of Sciences, suggested that Peter organize a special "Academy of various arts." On December 8, 1724, he submitted a corresponding memorandum to Peter.

“By the establishment of such an Academy,” Nartov wrote there, “and by its good intentions… many different and praiseworthy arts will multiply and come to their proper dignity. And this Academy can be composed in common (be created jointly) by those worthy in their ranks masters who have been determined to be in it.

Nartov developed a detailed list of specialist masters who were supposed to work in such an Academy. In this list, in addition to sculptors, painters and architects, there were masters of carpentry, carpentry, turning, plumbing, and engraving. The list also included a master of optical affairs, a master of fountain affairs and other specialists.

Peter I reacted with great attention to Nartov's proposals and compiled his own list of "arts" that were to be studied at this Academy. This list is close to the Nart one. Along with the painting, sculptural and architectural arts, “arts” were listed there - turning, engraving, “all sorts of mills”, “sluices”, “fountains and other things that belong to hydrolics”, mathematical tools, medical tools, watchmaking, etc. .

Peter intended to appoint Nartov director of the Academy of Arts. Together with the architect Mikhail Zemtsov, Nartov was instructed to develop a project for a building with 115 rooms, in which the Academy of Arts was to work and where its future students were to study.

The death of Peter interrupted the discussion of the Nart project. The government of Catherine I rejected it, confining itself to organizing only the Academy of Sciences. However, as we shall see later, many of the workshops envisaged by Nartov were organized in this Academy of Sciences.

The reaction of the nobility in the second quarter of the 18th century had a negative impact on the development of domestic science and technology. Nevertheless, economic and military requirements forced the implementation of the most important measures in that area, outlined during the period of transformations in the first quarter of the century.

Neither Menshikov, who actually seized power after the death of Peter I and the accession to the throne of Catherine I, nor the other temporary workers who came to replace him, did not feel much sympathy for the former "personal turner".

The position of the mechanic worsened. Work on the improvement of lathes and artistic turning in the workshops of the Summer Palace were interrupted. From 1727, even the payment of salaries to Nartov and his assistants ceased.

However, Nartov not only did not lose heart, but even achieved that his knowledge and abilities received a wider scope of application than under Peter.

For a remarkable innovator of technology, a new period began in the creation of various mechanisms for industrial purposes. At the beginning of 1727 Nartov was sent to the Moscow Mint to study the process of making coins. The activities of Nartov were significantly supported by one of the most prominent associates of Peter I - the organizer of new industrial enterprises and the first mining schools, the versatile Russian scientist Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev (1686-1750).

Tatishchev was an adviser to the Berg Collegium, a government agency organized in 1719 by Peter I to manage mining plants. In the future, the Berg Collegium directed primarily state-owned mining and metallurgical plants, but private enterprises were also under its supervision.

The mechanical art of the Nartov “brought into operation many colossal machines for the coinage”, first of all, guilloure machines, i.e., devices for notching the edge of the issued coin, as well as flattening, cutting and printing mills and presses and lathes. This equipment, on orders from Nartov, was carried out by the Tula Arms Plant, as well as some other enterprises of the Tula-Kashirsky region.

In addition, he improved the methods of weighing coins, sought the introduction of accurate scales (made according to his project) and weights, a sample (or, as we now say, a standard) of which would be approved by the government and kept at the Academy of Sciences.

At the end of 1727, an urgent re-minting of a large batch of copper into small change was organized at the Sestroretsk plant (about 30 km from St. Petersburg). It was one of the best metalworking factories in the first half of the 18th century. General Volkov, who was entrusted with supervising the minting of coins, asked to transfer Nartov to the Sestroretsk plant, in whose technical knowledge and energy he was able to verify during his joint work at the Moscow Mint.

From the spring of 1728 until the end of 1729, Nartov was engaged at the Sestroretsk plant in setting up equipment for minting coins, and supervised its release.

In 1733 Nartov was given several assignments in Moscow. First, he returned to work at the Moscow Mint, where he introduced improved coin presses and other mechanisms. Secondly, he was ordered to observe the casting and lifting of the famous Tsar Bell.

However, they did not have time to raise the bell to the bell tower. In 1737, a fire broke out in the Kremlin, during which the bell cracked and a piece weighing about 11.5 tons fell off it.
Nartov again had to deal with the issue of the Tsar Bell in 1754, when he was given for conclusion an estimate for lifting the bell from the pit and subsequent pouring. However, the government did not approve the estimates. Until 1836, the Tsar Bell remained in the ground, then it was raised to a pedestal. Now tourists visiting the Kremlin are looking with interest at this wonderful monument of foundry art of the 18th century.
From the mid-30s of the 18th century, Nartov began his activities at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

As noted above, the decision to organize the Academy of Sciences was made during the life of Peter I. However, the first meeting of the Academy took place only at the end of 1725.

The Academy of Sciences was originally opened in Shafirov's house on the Petersburg side, and then moved to a building with an observatory located on Vasilyevsky Island(now the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography), which houses the Peter's Cabinet of Curiosities (museum) and the library. In another (now defunct) academic building, there was the hall of the “conference” (academic council) of the academy, its archive and printing house.

The administrative side of the Academy's business fell into the hands of the half-educated Strasbourg "philosopher" Johann Schumacher. The latter's career began with the fact that he married the daughter of the court cook Felten and received the post of librarian in the cabinet of rarities of Peter I.

According to the project developed under Peter, a university and a gymnasium were also founded at the Academy, which at first eked out a miserable existence, not even having their own premises. But there, nevertheless, the first Russian students were brought up, overcoming all difficulties.

In 1725-1732, along with the printing house, engraving and drawing chambers, stone carving workshops, bookbinding and other establishments were organized at the Academy of Sciences.

"Chief Commander of the Academy of Sciences" I.A. Korf sought funding for academic workshops and summoned Nartov from Moscow to St. Petersburg to improve their work.

Nartov turned out to be a wonderful organizer. He united the academic workshops under the direction of the "Expedition (Chancery) of the Laboratory of Mechanical and Instrumental Sciences".

Nartov took care, first of all, to assemble in the turning workshop, if possible, all the machine tools both from the Moscow turnery of Peter I, where they "stood obliviously", and from the workshops of the Summer Palace. The mechanic also began compiling a book "containing a description and a genuine mechanical proof of all the mechanical and mathematical turning of machines and tools" from the time of Peter I. This book was proposed by the Narts to be "published to the people", which, however, was not done.

Nartov carried out extensive and systematic work at the Academy to train mechanics and master turners. Among the students of Nartov, Mikhail Semenov and Pyotr Ermolaev should be mentioned. Nartov provided constant assistance with advice and guidance to P.O. Golynin, his assistants and students (who also became, to a large extent, students of Nartov) - F.N. Tiryutin, T.V. Kochkin, A. Ovsyannikov and others.

Nartov participated together with academicians Euler, I.-G Leitman (who did a lot for the development of workshops) and others in the certification of young masters.

The number of the main students of the Nartov was 8 people in 1736, and 21 people in 1740.

Nartov was often involved as an expert to draw up conclusions on various inventions (academician G.-V. Richman, mechanics P.N. Krekshin and I. Bruckner, Moscow inventor I. Mokeev, etc.).

Nartov himself continued to work on various inventions. When he compiled an inventory of the machines of his laboratory in 1741, he indicated there several new lathes for "tool work".

Engaged Narts and other inventions. He designed a machine for drawing lead sheets, installed in the workshops of the Admiralty.

The participation of Nartov in the construction of the Kronstadt Canal and the docks was of great importance. This construction began in 1719, but by the 1940s it remained unfinished. In 1747 the Narts were sent to Kronstadt. He discussed a number of technical issues with the builders and helped to make the most successful decisions. In particular, he proposed the introduction of a number of lifting and transporting "colossus" for servicing heavy and labor-intensive work by "small people" (ie, a small number of workers).

According to the drawings of Nartov, a machine for cutting large screws was built at the Sestroretsk plant in 1738-1739. Nartov noted that the screws cut on this machine can be used in the construction of equipment for mints, cloth factories, paper factories, etc. they would not have had the will," he emphasized.

In 1739, according to the drawings of Nartov and under the supervision of the Nart student I. Leontiev, three machines were manufactured at the Sestroretsk plant for printing land maps, that is, large maps of the area.

The working and living conditions at the Academy of Sciences were unfavorable for Nartov. The mechanic had a large family - a wife, two sons and three daughters. And the salary at the academy was systematically delayed. Employees did not receive it sometimes for a whole year. Such an attitude towards workers in science and technology was generally characteristic of the government of Anna Ivanovna and Biron.

But at the academy, the matter was further aggravated by the outrageous management of Schumacher and his relatives (Taubert, Ammann, etc.).

Andrei Konstantinovich Nartov, who by this time had received the title of adviser to the academy, stood at the head of the academic staff, outraged by the excesses in the academy of visiting reactionaries.

After the fall of Biron and his friends, and especially after Elizaveta Petrovna came to power as a result of a palace coup, the fight against Schumacher became more likely to succeed.

Supported by some academics, such as the astronomer Delisle, Nartov filed a formal complaint against Schumacher with the Senate. Then, in July 1742, he himself went to Moscow (where the government was then located), taking with him also the complaints of ordinary servants of the academy. Translators Ivan Gorlitsky and Nikita Popov, students Prokofy Shishkarev and Mikhail Kovrin, engraver's student Andrei Polyakov and others also complained about Schumacher. They argued that Schumacher embezzled several tens of thousands of rubles of state money assigned to the academy, that he was openly hostile to the Russian people and Russian culture, that he was acting against the basic provisions of the charter of the Academy of Sciences, developed by Peter I. Gorlitsky wrote to Nartov in Moscow in September 1742 about the hope with which he and his like-minded people await the results of Nartov’s trip, and exclaimed: “God forbid to conquer the adversaries ... the sons of Russia!”

On September 30, Elizabeth signed a decree on the appointment of an investigative commission consisting of Admiral Count N.F. Golovin, Lieutenant General Ignatiev and Prince Yusupov to investigate complaints against Schumacher. Schumacher himself and some of his associates were arrested. All academic affairs were entrusted to Nartov, who actually became the head of the Academy of Sciences in the position of the first adviser.

In the historiography of that time, it was often emphasized that the Narts were allegedly completely unprepared to manage the Academy of Sciences. Such statements are based on the review of the investigative commission N.F. Golovin, that Nartov, "apparently, in those matters is insufficient", that he "was not in the decent teachings of this academy, because he knows nothing except turning art." This arrogant statement of the titled members of the commission about a native of the common people was contrary to the truth. The forty-five-year-old mechanic, the former "near room" duty officer under Peter I, knew a lot, except for the "turning art." At least the project of the Academy of Arts testifies to the breadth of his horizons.

Academics (especially Schumacher's overt and covert friends) complained that he treated them rudely. The same accusations were brought against Lomonosov. They were mainly indignant at the fact that a Russian had dared to offend them, and, moreover, not a prince or some nobleman, but the son of a simple Russian peasant. And when Academician I.-P. Delisle, in the course of a dispute about the priority in the publication of astronomical discoveries, entered into hand-to-hand combat with Academician G. Gainzius, and they threw fragments of broken measuring instruments at each other, then this was considered in the order of things and was left without consequences.

Nartov was accused of having allegedly sealed the archives of the academic “conference” “unnecessarily”, citing the fact that there “are correspondences with foreign states ... and about the Kamchatka expedition of the case and observation”.

But it was a very smart move.

In 1739, the Geographic Department of the Academy of Sciences was organized - for a long time the only cartographic institution in Russia, where geographic information, travel data, maps, etc., were received from all over the country. Russia's contribution to the world geographical science was very significant. Lots of new geographical information gave expeditions in the Arctic and Pacific oceans.

In the first decades of the 18th century, almost the entire vast space along the northern coasts of Asia was explored by Russian navigators, for whom there was a "sea course for custom."

Russian sailors and "explorers" uncovered new world, "carrying great burdens and folding their heads," and described it well, putting on maps "unknown lands from time immemorial."

M.V. wrote about them. Lomonosov:
Columbus Rossky, despising gloomy rock,
Between the ice new way open to the east
And our power will reach America.

The results of the northern expeditions aroused a huge (by no means disinterested) interest abroad. It was known that Schumacher and Taubert secretly sent abroad secret information about the discoveries of Chirikov and Bering.

Yes, and Delisle himself was subsequently repeatedly accused of systematically sending handwritten maps to France, reflecting the results of Kamchatka expeditions and other Russian discoveries in the East, although these materials were not subject to disclosure. Perhaps that is why Delisle, who at first acted in concert with Nartov, soon began to oppose him.

The Narts strove to manage the Academy of Sciences in the way that was envisaged by the Peter the Great charter. He fought against unnecessary expenses, sought to link scientific research with practice, to make academic publications accessible to the Russian reading public and cost-effective.

Nartov did not leave the thought of organizing a special Academy of Arts on the basis of the workshops of the academy.

However, there were mistakes in Nartov's activities. He underestimated the importance of a number of theoretical studies and often narrowed or simplified the tasks facing the academy. To save money, he stopped publishing the first popular science magazine Monthly Historical, Genealogical and Geographical Notes under the St. Petersburg Vedomosti. On this occasion, Nartov had disagreements with the young Lomonosov, although the fight against the Schumacher clique was their common cause.

Lomonosov returned from abroad to Petersburg in 1741.

The bossiness of Schumacher and his friends resented Lomonosov, and he more than once showed his true mood in various "impertinences." Although there was no signature under the "denunciations" against Schumacher, the Schumacher clique considered Lomonosov Nartov's "accomplice".

Lomonosov had to be witnesses when checking the state of the seals imposed by Nartov on the academic archive. As a result of clashes with academicians, in February 1743 Lomonosov was expelled from the "conference" of the Academy of Sciences. Nartov stood up for Lomonosov, despite the differences between them on certain issues, but the "conference" did not submit to Nartov.

The reactionary academics argued that the Nartov administration had created an atmosphere of "disrespect" for them.

Meanwhile, the efforts and intrigues of Schumacher's influential patrons paid off. Complaints against Schumacher were interpreted by the members of the commission of inquiry and close associates of Elizabeth (M.I. Vorontsova and others) as a rebellion of commoners against the legitimate authorities. The fact that there were no nobles among the "informers" was especially emphasized, and the head of Schumacher's opponents was a simple turner.

It was for insulting the authorities that the “informers” were sentenced to cruel corporal punishment, and Gorlitsky even to death. Only by the "indescribable mercy" of Elizabeth these fighters for the honor of Russian science and technology were "absolved of guilt." But they were doomed to a hungry, impoverished existence. Restored in 1744 with a promotion, Schumacher fired them all from the academy.

The former "personal turner" of Peter I, assessor and first adviser to the Nartov Academy, Schumacher's friends did not dare to touch. But he was extremely indignant at the rehabilitation of the enemy of Russian culture and his personal "adversary" Schumacher.

He increasingly transfers the center of his inventive activity to the artillery department, although he does not lose ties with academic workshops.

At that time, the Office of the Main Artillery and Fortification was in charge of casting and improving artillery pieces. After Peter I, especially during the Bironovshchina, this office was often headed by titled officials of foreign origin, who attracted unsuccessful projectors from abroad, but did not give way to domestic inventors.

However, even at that time, the artillery department was sometimes forced to turn to Nartov to solve the most complex technical problems. So, at the end of the 30s, Nartov invented a new machine tool for drilling "deaf" (i.e., cast entirely, without a core) artillery pieces almost simultaneously with the Swiss master Maritz Sr. Note that at that time cannons were cast from bronze or cast iron. They were cast in one-piece clay molds with a special core, which was removed after the tool was cast, after which the tool was reamed on a special machine.

In the “report” of 1740, Martov wrote: “In France, the master invented an invention (invention) of pouring and drilling cannons without a caliber, which is kept secret there; which, imitating, he, Nartov, after a considerable time, took care and zeal for the following ... ”The following was a description of the method of manufacturing such tools.

Since that time, throughout the 40s and the first half of the 50s, more and more new inventions of Nartov appeared in the field of artillery.

In 1744, Nartov proposed his own method of casting tools with a ready-made channel that did not require reaming. A copper or iron pipe was inserted into the mold. The metal was poured between the outer walls of this pipe and the mold walls.

He also invented a "colossus" for turning gun trunnions - round protrusions on both sides of the gun barrel. By means of trunnions, the gun was strengthened in the carriage, it was raised and lowered on them.

When in 1754 Nartov presented to the Office of the Main Artillery and Fortification (of which he was a member) a detailed description of all the “inventions” (inventions) made by him in the field of artillery, he described this machine as follows: “I made a colossus for turning cannon , mortar and howitzer trunnions, which colossus did not exist even with artillery. And according to the aforementioned invention, the trunnions are carefully turned, and the trunnions are already turned on many guns ... "

Nartov also invented special mechanisms for drilling holes (“holes”) in cannon wheels and carriages, for drilling and turning mortars in a “special way”, for turning bombs and solid cores, for lifting molds and finished guns, etc.

He introduced new methods for casting tools and shells, sealing shells (voids in cast metal) in the tool channel, drying molds, etc.

He also created a number of artillery devices: an original optical sighting device for aiming guns at a target; a device that ensures the accuracy of shooting (“fairness of flying nuclei”) and others.

In 1741, Nartov invented a rapid-fire cannon consisting of 44 barrels arranged radially on a special horizontal circle (machine) mounted on a carriage.

This gun fired a volley from that sector (which included 5-6 barrels), which was in this moment aimed at the target.

Then the circle turned and the sector prepared for the next salvo took the place of the one used.

Shortly before his death, in 1755, Nartov completed a handwritten book-album entitled “The Wise Sovereign Emperor Peter the Great ... THEATERUM MAKHINARUM, that is, a CLEAR SPECTRUM OF MAKHIN and amazing different kinds of mechanical instruments ...”. To complete the drawings and drawings, Nartov attracted his students Pyotr Ermolaev, as well as "conductors" (technical draftsmen) Philip Baranov, Alexei Zelenov and Stepan Pustoshkin. This generalizing, consolidated pond of Nartov was considered lost for a long time and was discovered by researchers only in the middle of the 20th century.

"Theatrum machinarum" (lat. "Theatrum machinarum") literally means "Review of machines." Such reviews were published more than once by mechanics of the 17th-18th centuries. Great fame was gained, for example, by Jacob Leipold's Teatrum Machinarum (1724). When compiling his “Clear Spectacle of Machines”, Nartov relied both on his own work experience (mainly in the turning workshop of Peter I) and on the achievements of mechanics at the end of the 17th - early XVIII centuries in all countries, as far as the literature at his disposal allowed. He especially carefully studied the book of C. Plumier.

Nartov worked on his book-album for about 20 years. He conceived its publication “to the people” back in 1736 and wrote then that “benefit can follow in science, as well as profit. State Academy sciences". According to Nartov's plan, "A Clear Spectacle of Machines" was to be a manual for turners and machine tool designers. A.K. Nartov did not have time to collect and bind into an album individual sheets of his book with text and drawings. This was done by his son A.A. Nartov, who provided his father's work with a dedication to Catherine II.
The thoughts expressed by Nartov in the introduction to The Clear Spectacle of Machines are interesting. He associated the emergence of mechanics with the needs of “the entire common people” in protection from the “cruelties” of nature: cold, rain, wind, etc. “This, firstly, was a guide to mechanics,” Nartov emphasizes and adds: “And little by little, as learned people through vigilant diligence began to invent various tools, machines and many inventions (inventions) for the construction of various buildings, then, with no small benefit, mechanical and all high sciences flourished in the world.

Nartov's statements in the main text of the manuscript about the need to combine science with practice in order to avoid vain labor and huge unnecessary expenses were just as advanced for that time.

“Practice shows absolutely in practice what we, having reached the theory, have already received the concept of. It produces movement in machines and by experience it certifies the most theoretical truth.

Nartov acted in this matter as an associate of Lomonosov.

The introduction is followed by 132 paragraphs of the main text, which covers a wide range of issues of applied mechanics and provides information about machine tools, tools and products made on machine tools. It is also reported about the projects of various monuments, which Nartov did a lot of during his life.

The first chapter of the text tells about the content of "mechanical science". At the same time, Nartov insists on combining theory with practice.

In the second chapter, Nartov considers issues of applied mechanics in relation to the construction of machine tools and the manufacture of their parts. We are talking about the manufacture of such parts as shafts, wheels, beds, screws, calipers, springs, cutters, saws, etc. In particular, Nartov dealt with the issue of obtaining steel tools by carburizing, i.e., surface carburization of iron tools, for example, saws, by calcining them in a carbon-rich environment. Nartov calls the substance into which the cemented tools were immersed a "secret", since at that time the masters of steel production kept the composition of this substance a secret.

In the same chapter, Nartov also talks about his most important technical innovation in the field of machine tool building, the use of an improved caliper, that is, a self-propelled device that carries a cutting tool.

The term "caliper" was adopted in our language later. Nartov called it a “stand” or “lodrushnik”, and the tool holder, fixed in a support, called it “clamping tongs”.

The prototypes of the caliper are found in the machines of Italian and French masters of the 15th-17th centuries. Ch. Plumier paid much attention to devices of this kind. But Nartov and his assistants took a further important step forward. In his own words, the calipers he introduced "moved freely in all directions." The caliper was driven by a complex transmission mechanism consisting of gears and gears. A special part of the machine (the so-called copy finger) moved along the relief surface of the copied model. The transmission mechanism forced the caliper to repeat all the movements of the copy finger. As a result, the cutter, fixed in the caliper by means of a tool holder, reproduced on the surface of the product the same relief pattern that was on the model, but usually on a different scale.

At the time of Nartov, the caliper could only be used to a limited extent, although the inventor himself, back in the late 30s, proposed using machines with a self-propelled caliper for production needs. But a few decades later, having undergone further improvement in England (the mechanic G. Model played a decisive role in this matter at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries), the caliper began to play a huge role in the metalworking industry.

Let's return to Nartov's album.

In the third chapter, it is said about what “should be noted about foundry and carpentry” for the manufacture of those from which products are then copied on the machines.

Then, descriptions and drawings of 33 machine tools of various types are given: commodity-copying, planing, screw-cutting, drilling, etc. Images of various locksmith, turning, carpentry, grinding, measuring and drawing tools are also given.

Several sheets of the album are devoted to the project of the monument (the triumphal pillar) in honor of Peter I. It is assumed that the well-known sculptor K.-B. Rastrelli and architect N. Pino. However, this issue remains controversial.

Enthusiastic about the personality of Peter I, Nartov sought to implement this project (in a somewhat revised form) for a quarter of a century, starting in 1725. In the 30s of the XVIII century, he made several parts of the triumphal pillar in the form of belts decorated with reliefs on lathes and copying machines. However, the project of the monument remained unrealized.

The album also depicts the original medals carved by Nartov. By their theme, these medals are associated with the triumphal pillar: they are dedicated to the significant victories of the reign of Peter the Great - the capture by Russian troops of Noteburg-Oreshka (later Shlisselburg), Nyenschantz (on the site of which St. Petersburg was founded in 1703), Narva, Yuryev-Derpt, Vyborg, etc. d.

Thus, "The Clear Spectacle of Machines" was a work that summed up the versatile activities of Nartov as a machine tool builder and a true artist of turning. Acquaintance with this last work of a talented Russian mechanic makes us once again recall Bignon's review of 1720 about the "great successes" that Nartov "made in mechanics, and especially in this part, which concerns the lathe."

After his death, large debts remained, as he invested a lot of personal funds in scientific research. As soon as he died, an announcement appeared in the St. Petersburg Vedomosti about the sale of his property. After Nartov, there were debts " different people up to 2000 rub. yes state 1929 rubles. Nartov was buried in the fence of the Church of the Annunciation on Vasilyevsky Island. His grave at the small Annunciation cemetery was lost over time.

Only in the autumn of 1950 in Leningrad, on the territory of a long-abolished cemetery that had existed since 1738 at the Church of the Annunciation, was the grave of A.K. Nartov with a tombstone made of red granite with the inscription: “Here is buried the body of State Councilor Andrei Konstantinovich Nartov, who served with honor and glory to the sovereigns Peter the Great, Catherine the First, Peter the Second, Anna Ioannovna, Elizabeth Petrovna and who rendered many and important services to the fatherland in various public departments, who was born in Moscow in 1680 on March 28 and died in St. Petersburg in 1756 on April 6. However, the dates of birth and death indicated on the tombstone are not exact. The study of the documents preserved in the archives (the service record filled in personally by A.K. Nartov himself, the church record of his burial, the report of his son on the death of his father) gives reason to believe that Andrei Konstantinovich Nartov was born in 1693, and not in 1680 and died not on 6, but on 16 (27) April 1756. Apparently, the tombstone was made some time after the funeral, and the dates on it were given not from documents, but from memory, which is why the error arose.

In the same 1950, the remains of the royal turner, an outstanding engineer and scientist, were transferred to the Lazarevsky cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra and reburied next to the grave of M.V. Lomonosov. In 1956, a gravestone was erected on Nartov's grave - a copy of the sarcophagus found in 1950 (with an erroneous date of birth).

"Tsarev turner" Andrey Konstantinovich Nartov was one of the nuggets-inventors noticed and brought to the wide road by Peter I. He worked in the turning workshop of the Moscow navigation school, in the Petrovsky workshops of the Summer Palace, at the Mint in Moscow, at the Sestroretsk plant, at Kronstadt channel, in the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences and in the Artillery Department. During his not too long life, he invented and built more than thirty machine tools of various profiles, which had no equal in the world. Nartov, his comrades and apprentice inventors improved and manufactured a variety of technical equipment: lathes and lathes, screw-cutting, gear-cutting machines, guild, flattening and other "colossus" of mints, equipment for cannon factories, etc. Of particular importance was the introduction of a self-propelled caliper by the Narts. He made a number of other important inventions for Russia in the field of artillery weapons. He played a significant role in the development of the technique of coinage in Russia, and achieved outstanding success in many other areas. History has not forgotten and cannot forget the great inventor, the remarkable innovator of Russian technology.

Literature:

M .: State educational and pedagogical publishing house of the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR, 1962

Today marks the 325th anniversary of the birth of Andrei Konstantinovich Nartov, a Russian mechanic and inventor who went from apprentice to state councilor.

Andrei Konstantinovich was born in Moscow in 1693. It is known that he was not of noble origin. For the first time it was mentioned in 1709 in connection with the Moscow Sukharev Tower, in which in 1701, by order of Peter I, the Navigation School was opened. The same tower housed a turning workshop, where young Andrey Nartov studied turning skills and worked as a turner. Nartov's inquisitive mind and inquisitiveness, industriousness attracted the emperor's sympathy for him, who judged people not by their origin, but by their talent and abilities. On his instructions, in 1712 Nartov moved to St. Petersburg, he was appointed the personal turner of the tsar.

The outstanding abilities of Nartov, bestowed by nature, were revealed and developed in St. Petersburg. He invented and built at least 30 innovative in their structure machine tools of various profiles, which had no analogues in the world. In addition, he owns outstanding inventions in the field military equipment. In those days, the lathe was actually completely wooden. To sharpen the beam, it had to be clamped into the stops. The turner had to hold the cutter in his hands and press it against the bar with all his might, sharpening was done by eye. Nartov had the idea to fix the cutter and free the hands of the turner. It took several years to bring this idea to life. Nartov built a universal lathe with an automatic support - a unit designed to fix or move a tool. This and other Nartov machine tools are kept in the Hermitage as masterpieces of engineering art of the 18th century.

To obtain new theoretical and practical knowledge and exchange experience Nartov went abroad. He visited Prussia, England, France and everywhere got acquainted with innovative technology. On behalf of the Russian emperor, Nartov presented to some of the reigning persons the machines he had invented. There were no similar machines in Europe yet, so among his students were the Prussian emperor Frederick William I and the president of the Paris Academy of Sciences, Jean-Paul Bignon. After returning to his homeland, Nartov designed a machine for cutting clockwork, after him - a machine for turning portraits of people. His machines, introduced into practice, for many years were able to provide Russian Empire world leader in material processing. Abroad, similar designs were reproduced only 80 years later.

After the death of Peter I, Nartov was removed from the court and sent to Moscow to establish the work of the mints. The Moscow Mint was at that time in a very neglected state. Basic equipment was missing. Nartov managed to establish the technique of monetary business. In Moscow, when checking scales and weights at the Mint, Nartov revealed that the scales have no accuracy, and the weights have a single standard. He invented the scales of his own design and demanded the creation of a unified state weight standard. Nartov should rightly be considered the founder of Russian metrology. Based scientific research he created the first Russian examples of measures of length and weight, as well as a mechanism for lifting the Tsar Bell.

After returning to St. Petersburg, he worked on the latest types of machines, designed a machine for drilling gun barrel channels and turning axles. For Russia, constantly at war, this was so important that the Senate paid attention to the work of a talented mechanic. Nartov was appointed advisor to the Russian Academy of Sciences. At the same time, he began working in the artillery department, creating new machine tools, introduced innovative methods for casting cannons, invented a special optical sight and a rapid-fire battery, which can still be seen today. It is located in the St. Petersburg Military Historical Museum of Artillery, engineering troops and signal troops.

The military-technical achievements of Nartov gave amazing economic results, and they could not be denied. Nartov was awarded a large cash prize and promoted to the general rank of state councillor.

Andrei Konstantinovich Nartov passed away on April 16 (27), 1756. He was a nugget-inventor, who was noticed and brought to Big world Peter the Great. Narts played a significant role in the technical development of Russia. He made a large number of important inventions for Russia, which can be read about in the book by Giese M. “Narts in St. Petersburg”. If you want to learn more about this inventor, we invite you to the libraries of our city for books:

1. Virginsky V.S. Creators of new technology in serf Russia. - Moscow, 1962 (In libraries Nos. 2, 6, 7, 10, 24, 32)

2. Heroes of Russian history. - Moscow, 2009

Andrei Nartov was born in Moscow on March 28, 1693. Unfortunately, information about the origin of a talented mechanic has not been preserved. The first mention of it appears in 1709. In 1701, in Moscow, in the Sukharev Tower, the Navigation School was opened by order. In the same tower on Zemlyanoy Val there was a turning workshop, in which Andrei Nartov studied turning for three years. Peter I often looked into the workshops, who noticed a smart boy, and in 1712, by personal decree of the tsar, he was transferred to St. Petersburg and appointed as a “personal turner”.

In 1717, Nartov, in fact, created a new universal lathe and copy machine with an automatic caliper. The machine freed the hands of the turner. This and some other Nartov machine tools are still kept in the Hermitage collection.

In 1718, Nartov was sent abroad to "supervise turning and other mechanical matters." His route ran through Prussia, England, France, where his main interest was new achievements in technology.

In 1721, his machine for cutting clock gears and a machine for turning "flat personal figures" for a long time provided Russia with world leadership in the processing of materials.

With the death of Peter I, the situation of the Narts worsened. A. D. Menshikov did not let him continue his work, and Nartov was forced to go to Moscow. He was ordered to organize the work of the mints.

A year later, he reported that the work of the mints had been established. At this time, he created a number of original mechanisms for presses and worked on a book on devices for working mints. Nartov proposed the original scales of his own design and tried to achieve the introduction of unified state weight standards.

Scientists rightfully consider Nartov to be the founder of Russian metrology. His authorship belongs to the first Russian samples of the measure of length and weight.

With the return to St. Petersburg, the biography of Andrei Nartov begins new page. During this period, he created a machine for drilling gun barrel channels and turning trunnions, which contributed to truly fundamental changes in the manufacture of guns, their manufacturing technologies made significant progress. At this time, the Senate drew attention to a talented inventor. He was given the rank of collegiate adviser and his salary was doubled. In 1742 Nartov became an adviser Russian Academy Sciences. He happened to work with such outstanding scientists as L. Euler and M. Lomonosov.

Nartov built secret chambers in the Peter and Paul Fortress. Strangers were not allowed there, since workshops were organized there for the manufacture of guns, howitzers, and mortars. Artillery masters were also trained here.

Andrei Nartov became the first artillery engineer. He owns the invention of the first rapid-fire battery. It still stands in the building of the St. Petersburg Military Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineering and Signal Corps.

The merit of Nartov was also a proposal to restore artillery pieces and shells that had fallen into disrepair. The optical sight invented by Nartov turned out to be especially valuable.

It was impossible not to notice the effectiveness of the military-technical innovations introduced by Nartov, and on May 2, 1746, a decree was issued to reward Andrei Konstantinovich with five thousand rubles for artillery inventions. He also became the owner of several villages in the Novgorod district. In 1754 he was promoted to the rank of State Councilor General.

Nartov worked for a long time on the book "Teatrum machinarum, that is, a clear spectacle of colossus", in which he summarized his experience in creating machine tools. This unique engineering work had no analogues in the world. Nartov finished the book shortly before his death. He died in Petersburg on April 16, 1756.

After the death of the inventor, large debts remained, since many projects were financed from the personal funds of Nartov. Villages were confiscated on account of debts. The book "Teatrum machinarum" was never published, and the grave of Andrei Konstantinovich was lost, and only in 1950 it was found. In the same year, the remains of the royal turner were transferred to the Lazarevsky cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra and buried next to the grave of M.V. Lomonosov.

Figure of the time of Peter the Great. Russian mechanic and inventor. He studied at the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences in Moscow. Around 1718, he was sent abroad by the tsar to improve his art of turning and "acquire knowledge in mechanics and mathematics." At the direction of Peter I, Nartov was soon transferred to St. Petersburg and appointed the Tsar's personal turner in the palace turning workshop. Working here in 1712-1725, Nartov invented and built a number of perfect and original kinematic lathes (including copiers), some of which were equipped with mechanical supports. With the advent of the caliper, the problem of manufacturing machine parts of a strictly defined geometric shape, the problem of producing machines by machines, was solved. In 1726-1727 and in 1733 Nartov worked at the Moscow Mint, where he created original coin machines. In the same year, 1733, Nartov created the Tsar Bell lifting mechanism. After the death of Peter, Nartov was instructed to make a "triumphal pillar" in honor of the emperor, with the image of all his "battles". When all the turning accessories and objects of Peter, as well as the "triumphal pillar", were handed over to the Academy of Sciences, then, at the insistence of the head of the academy, Baron Korf, who considered Nartov the only person, able to graduate from the "pillar", he was transferred to the academy "to lathes", to manage the students of turning and mechanical work and locksmiths. Petrovsky turnery, turned by Nartov into academic workshops, served as the basis for the subsequent work of M. V. Lomonosov, and then I. P. Kulibin (especially in the field of instrument making).

In 1742, Nartov brought to the Senate a complaint against the adviser of the academy, Schumacher, with whom he had an argument over money, and then achieved the appointment of an investigation of Schumacher, in whose place Nartov himself was appointed. In this position, he stayed only 1.5 years, because he turned out to be "knowing nothing but the art of turning and autocratic"; he ordered the archives of the academic office to be sealed, treated the academicians rudely, and finally brought things to the point that Lomonosov and other members began to ask for the return of Schumacher, who again took over the management of the academy in 1744, and Nartov concentrated his activities "on cannon and artillery deed". 1738-1756, while working in the Artillery Department, Nartov created machines for drilling canals and turning cannon trunnions, original fuses, an optical sight; proposed new ways of casting guns and sealing shells in the gun channel. In 1741 Nartov invented a rapid-fire battery of 44 three-pound mortars. In this battery, for the first time in the history of artillery, a screw lifting mechanism was used, which made it possible to give the mortars the desired elevation angle. The discovered manuscript of Nartov's "Clear spectacle of colossus" describes more than 20 lathes, lathes, copy lathes, screw-cutting lathes of various designs. The drawings and technical descriptions made by Nartov testify to his great engineering knowledge. He also published: "Memorable narratives and speeches of Peter the Great" and "Teatrum machinarum". The authorship of many anecdotes about Peter is attributed to Nartov.

, Russian kingdom

Date of death: The country: Scientific area:

Andrei Konstantinovich Nartov(1693-1756), Russian scientist, mechanic and sculptor, state councilor, member of the Academy of Sciences (1723-1756), inventor of the world's first screw-cutting lathe with a mechanized caliper and a set of interchangeable gear wheels.

Biography

A. K. Nartov was born in Moscow on March 28 (April 7), 1693. Its exact origin is unknown. It is assumed that he was from the "posad people". Since 1709, Andrei Nartov worked as a turner at the Moscow School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences, founded in 1701 at the behest of Peter I. In 1712, as a highly qualified turner, Peter I summoned Andrei Nartov to St. Petersburg, where he appointed him to his own palace "turner". At this time, Nartov developed and built a number of mechanized machines for copying bas-reliefs and works of applied art. Around 1718, he was sent by the tsar to Prussia, Holland, France and England to improve the turning art and "acquire knowledge in mechanics and mathematics." Upon the return of Nartov from abroad, Peter the Great instructed him to manage his turnery, which Nartov expanded and replenished with new machines, taken out and issued to him from abroad. His relationship with Peter was very close: the turnery was next to the royal chambers and often served as an office for Peter the Great. In 1724 he presented to Peter a project for the establishment of an academy of arts.

After the death of Peter, Nartov was instructed to make a "triumphal pillar" in honor of the emperor, with the image of all his "battles"; but this work was not finished by him. When all the turning accessories and objects of Peter, as well as the “triumphal pillar”, were handed over at the Academy of Sciences, then at the insistence of the head of the academy, Baron Korf, who considered Nartov the only person capable of completing the “pillar”, in 1735 Nartov was summoned from Moscow to Petersburg to the academy "to lathes", for the management of students of turning and mechanical work and locksmiths.

Nartov developed the design of the world's first screw-cutting lathe with a mechanized caliper and a set of interchangeable gear wheels (). Subsequently, this invention was forgotten, and a screw-cutting lathe with a mechanical support and a guitar of interchangeable gears was reinvented around 1800 by Henry Maudsley.

He owns: "Memorable narratives and speeches of Peter the Great" (in "Son of the Fatherland" in 1819 and in "Moskvityanin" in 1842). In 1885, Stories and Anecdotes about Peter the Great were published in the Russian Archive, many of which were taken from Nartov. According to N. G. Ustryalov, the messages of Nartov, who generally exaggerated his significance and role, are valuable especially in the transmission of the true words of Peter. L. N. Maikov, who published Nartov's Stories about Peter the Great in Zapiski Imp. Academy of Sciences" (vol. LXVII, and separately, St. Petersburg, 1891), gives the most complete collection of them (162) and accompanies them with historical criticism, which accurately determines the sources used by Nartov and the degree of reliability of the messages. He makes a guess that the "Narratives" were written down not by Nartov, but by his son, Andrei Andreevich.

Incarnation in literature

Incarnation in cinema

• "Mikhailo Lomonosov", (1986). In the role of Nartov - Sergey Plotnikov.
• "Peter the First. Testament ", (2011). In the role of Nartov - Efim Kamenetsky

Literature

• // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
• Zagorsky F. N. Essays on the history of machine tools until the middle of the XIX century. M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1960. - 282 p.
• Maykov L.N. Nartov's stories about Peter the Great
• Nartov A.K. Memorable narratives and speeches of Peter the Great / Foreword. and comment. L.N. Maikov // Notes of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1891. - T. 67. - App. No. 6. - S. I-XX, 1-138.
• Pekarsky,"History of the Russian Academy"
• Ustryalov N.G."History of the reign of Peter the Great" (vol. I)

Notes

Links

• About Andrey Nartov in the Newsreel “I Want to Know Everything” on YouTube

Categories:

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• April 10
• Born in 1693
• Born in Moscow
• Deceased April 27
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• Companions of Peter I
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• Buried at the Lazarevsky cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra
• Memoirists of the Russian Empire
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Nartov, Andrei Konstantinovich, figure of the time of Peter the Great (1683 1756). Around 1718, he was sent abroad by the tsar to improve the art of turning and acquire knowledge in mechanics and mathematics. In 1724, he presented a project to Peter ... ... Biographical Dictionary

Nartov, Andrey Konstantinovich- NARTOV Andrei Konstantinovich (1693 - 1756), Russian mechanic and inventor. He built original machines of various designs, including lathe and screw-cutting machines with a mechanized support. He proposed new ways of casting cannons ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Turner of Peter the Great, adviser to the academic office, b. in 1694, d. in 1756. For the first time, his name is found in 1709, when he worked as a turner at the Sukharev Tower in Moscow and attracted the attention of the Sovereign, who in 1712 took ... ... Big biographical encyclopedia

- (1693 1756), Russian mechanic and inventor. He built original machine tools of various designs, including copy-cutting and screw-cutting machines with a mechanized caliper and a set of interchangeable gear wheels. He proposed new ways of casting ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Turner of Peter the Great, father of Andrei Andreevich N., State Councilor, member of the Academy of Sciences (1683-1756). Around 1718, he was sent by the tsar to Prussia, Holland, France and England to improve the turning art and acquire knowledge in mechanics and ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Andrei Andreevich Nartov Actual Privy Councilor ... Wikipedia