Aviation Technical English for Technicians. Aviation technical English for pilots, engineers and technicians. What do we offer our listeners?
The collection contains more than 50 thousand terms and terminological expressions, 158 illustrations on the design, equipment, flight operation, ground handling of aircraft and helicopters.
The structure of the Collection is made according to the following nested scheme:
1) Main term, for example: "Chassis".
2) Basic term with definition, for example: "Chassis, non-retractable".
3) The most common phrases containing this term, for example: "chassis extension".
4) Expressions with a verb containing the main term, for example: "release the chassis."
UNIT.
auxiliary units and units that perform a common certain function e.g. motors, gearboxes, actuators.
accessories and components that collectively perform a specific functional operation. Examples: engines, control packages, actuators and equipment.
- (device to work in conjunction with other main unit or as an additional unit)
accessories
A part, sub-assembly or assembly designed for use in conjunction with or to supplement another assembly or a unit.
- (part, assembly, block, installation) e.g. pipeline, tap, switchgear, switch, switch, etc.)
component
A self-contained unit of a sub-assembly of relatively simple design which is replaceable as a unit. Examples: tubing, valves, junction boxes, switches, etc. ground power unit (GPU).
Free download e-book in a convenient format, watch and read:
Download the book Russian-English collection of aviation technical terms, Afanasiev G.I., 1995 - fileskachat.com, fast and free download.
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For some foreign languages are given easily, for others not so much. But the global trend of popularization of the English language has been observed for quite a long time. The English are supposed to be proud that their language is chosen as the main foreign language that is learned by default.
Though official languages ICAO are including German, French and even Russian and others ..., the phraseology of radio traffic according to ICAO standards when performing international flights must be carried out in English.
Phraseology of radio communication is usually conducted between the controller and the pilot, sometimes between pilots of different aircraft. Radio phraseology is a set of standard words, expressions and commands that should be used in radio communications; colloquial speech should not be used in radio communications, because. in conditions advanced level noise in the cockpit and the frequent presence of radio interference on the air, the intelligibility of phrases can be very poor.
The use of only standard expressions in radio traffic phraseology significantly eliminates the misunderstanding of the meaning of commands. Radio phraseology often omits grammar to further simplify communication between controller and pilot. Standardization in phraseology begins with the aviation alphabet. Having learned it once, you begin to use it always and everywhere when you need to spell something.
ICAO Annex 1 states that all pilots on international flights should be aware of English language at a level not lower than the Working (fourth) - this requirement has been in effect since the summer of 2011.
A similar requirement applies to air traffic controllers.
Thus, it turns out that English should be taught in any way. There are many face-to-face courses available for this, as well as textbooks with audio kits, such as Robertson's Air Speak.
But there are also unique comrades! They not only learn English themselves, but help their comrades to master the phraseology of the radio exchange, creating truly masterpieces of didactic materials. In this case, easily accessible means such as pencils, pens and felt-tip pens and their own knowledge and skills are used.
You see, it's much easier to learn foreign language using associative illustrations. For example, an almost complete vocabulary related to the design of an aircraft can be fit in one picture:
If a certain pilot daily (daily) comes home "on the eyebrows" and this happens constantly (permanently) - here is one of the plots that can be depicted as a funny picture with elements of learning a foreign language.
Communicating with ATC using the right words is a kind of art. Effective aviation phraseology combines conciseness and communication of complete and correct information.
Broadcasting long, detailed information ensures that the controller receives all the necessary information, but these monologues take up the air. If the controller is working with five more aircraft (AC) and must issue control commands in a timely manner, then he cannot do this until you turn off the microphone. Such a delay may affect the safety of other aircraft. Sending information that is too brief results in the controller usually asking you for details. When this happens, brevity is broken.
So how do you learn to combine brevity and informativeness correctly? Just like you learn other skills - learn and practice.
Directory of Aeronautical Information
Aeronautical Information Directory (AIM)- the best source for gaining experience and necessary phraseology in the field of ATC communications. Because it is made up Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the handbook is also the most authoritative source for IFR compliance. Unlike the Federal Aviation Regulations, the Aeronautical Information Directory is not legally binding, but it is the most up-to-date and detailed source of recommended Federal Office civil aviation procedures.
How to Learn Aviation English
The main and most important thing when learning the right words is not to be afraid to use the wrong words. Regardless of the form you use, the goal is to establish a connection. As you study, your vocabulary and phraseology will grow, so relax when you are in touch with the dispatcher.
Section 2 of Chapter 4 of the Aeronautical Information Handbook “Phraseology and Techniques for Radiocommunications” provides the basis for all aeronautical communications. This short section covers the basics: radio technology, radio communication procedures, aircraft call signs, terrestrial radio call signs, and International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO/ICAO). As with all sections of the Aeronautical Information Handbook, examples of correct words and expressions are given. For example, an air traffic controller understands that cadet pilots are just learning and will gladly provide the necessary assistance if the cadets identify themselves. If you look at chapter 4-2-e of the Aeronautical Information Handbook, you will find everything you need to say, for example: “Dayton Tower, this is Fleetwing one two three four, student pilot. (Dayton control tower, this is Fleetwing one two three four, cadet pilot.)”
In the Aeronautical Information Handbook you will find similar examples of explanations and messages for almost every possible situation. Since you will have to think about what you will do in the upcoming lesson, review the relevant section before you take off the aircraft. For example, you and your instructor are in flight and approaching an airfield with a control tower in Class D airspace. The controller answers your radio call as follows: "Trainer one two three four, standby (Instructor one two three four, wait.)". Since the controller uses the call sign of the aircraft, this means that you have established radio contact and can enter class D airspace (and prudent pilots continue their flight carefully).
learn new language almost impossible if you try to learn a dictionary. In addition to reading the Aeronautical Information Handbook, you need to immerse yourself in the real world of ATC radio communications.
Because your aircraft is equipped with an aircraft intercom that connects to a magnetic recorder, it is easy to take notes on ATC radio communication for yourself. The magnetic recorder allows you to play back transmitted messages that you may not have understood the first time, and it also gives you a chance to check how well you used the correct words during the flight. aviation frequency receiver.
Regardless of how you listen to the radio (receive radio messages), when you hear a new phrase on a frequency, write it down so that you can look at its meaning at home later. For example, if you receive informational messages on the radar regarding visual flight rules sent by an air traffic controller (flight accompaniment). You hear the controller say to another pilot: “Descend and maintain five thousand (decrease and maintain a height of five thousand)”. It seems quite clear to you. The controller told the pilot to use IFR to descend to and stay at 5,000 feet. But then you hear the controller tell the other pilot “descend at pilot’s discretion, maintain five thousand (to descend at the discretion of the pilot and maintain a height of five thousand)”. From the context of the message, you understand that the word “discretion” implies a choice, but what kind of choice? Section directory of aeronautical information “Pilot/Controller Glossary (P/CG)” answers your questions. “This message means that the air traffic controller does not require the pilot to start a climb/descent when the controller clears it. The pilot may choose to remain at the assigned altitude and decide at his own discretion when to change altitude and how much to descend or climb.”
Speaking of choice, what do you do the first time you are told by a dispatcher what you should do on your own? Your instructor should explain this to you before you fly solo. Mine didn't explain. I first heard this term in a solo flight, and not knowing exactly what the controller wanted from me, I got a little worried. The controller knew the Pilot/Controller Glossary very well and told me, without hesitation, that “the choice is either to make a conveyor landing and takeoff, a go-around, a low approach, a full stop landing followed by takeoff, or landing with a full stop.” A good goal for every flight cadet is to study a new glossary entry a day.
Language use
Learning the correct words for communicating with an air traffic controller is only half of what you have to learn. You also need to learn how to use them, because these words and phrases should become part of your vocabulary aviation English. This is especially important if you are planning to obtain an instrument rating. Compared to your initial training, instrument flight is much deeper. Everything you can learn before starting instrument flight training will make your training easier.
During your private pilot training, you have many opportunities to work with air traffic control. Recreational pilots cannot fly in airspace where radio communication with air traffic control is required, but it is a good idea to learn how to use the correct words. This knowledge can help them in unexpected situations, as well as prepare the amateur pilot for a private pilot's license if he continues his training.
During your training, you will learn how to work with ground controllers and tower controllers. What about flight tracking? Routine requests to ATC during your cross-country flights provide you with an additional margin of safety. You will also be more comfortable talking to the air traffic controller, which is how you get a ready source of new phrases.Aviation English.
If you are working with a controller on an approach in class B or C airspace, ask him to redirect your call to the Center instead of completing radar service. If the controller is unable to connect you to the Center on approach, ask for the Center's frequency and contact them yourself. Just make a call on the frequency you were given, give your callsigns and position, then add: “request flight following.”
If the Center Controller can serve you, he will provide you with a transponder code and information on other radar-identified aircraft near you. If he is too busy and refuses to provide you with flight tracking, don't worry. Dispatchers do not simply refuse, without a reason. They do so because they feel that traffic levels have reached a point where additional congestion from other IFR aircraft can affect the safety of the aircraft they operate.
If you do not request or cannot receive flight tracking, then the law does not prohibit you from listening to the air traffic controller's frequency and the controller's conversation with other aircraft. Who knows? If after 15 minutes you hear that the airspace has become free, it may be worth asking the controller for help again.
Most of the traffic controller messages you will hear will be related to the movement of the aircraft according to the rules of instrument flight. Much of the phraseology will be confusing and difficult at first. Like any new skill, it will get easier with time.
Hear how pilots respond to air traffic controller messages. By imitating others, this is how we can learn to use phrases correctly (and incorrectly). Searching for new phrases and words in the Aeronautical Information Directory will allow you to better understand what you hear and distinguish between “correct” and “incorrect” messages.
When you are on the air traffic controller's frequency, don't worry that you can't hear everything the controller says because of his speech rate. If the controller is talking to you and starts talking faster than you can understand, there is a cure in the pilot/controller glossary - ask the controller "speak slower" / speak more slowly.
Word Prediction
You can increase the speed of perception of information if you know what to expect during the transmission of a particular message. Air traffic control instructions mostly consist of numbers following keywords that indicate the meaning of these numbers. For example, after the phrase " climb and maintain/dial to…and maintain….”. Altitude distribution always follows. Dispatchers often combine three words into one -” climb and maintain“, but they clearly name the height values, for example: “one-two-thousand”. An experienced pilot recognizes a group of words and knows that the words are followed by altitude values.
Each air traffic controller instruction has its own keywords and format. For example, the air traffic control base name and frequency always follow the word “Contact” - “Contact Hometown Tower on one-two-three-point-four.”, and behind the words “Fly Heading/Follow Course” usually followed by an indication of the compass course in the form of three digits - “Fly heading zero-niner-zero. / Follow the course zero-nine-zero”. Takeoff instructions are the exception. The dispatcher can tell you “Maintain runway heading/Follow the course of the runway.“ In this case, you already know that the takeoff instruction has been given.
Regardless of the information being communicated, neither the pilot nor the controller should be questioned that they are both talking about the same thing. If you have a question, "verify" is the word you can use to make sure you get the correct information. For example, you say: Verify Hometown Tower on one-two-three-point-four/Confirm Hometown control tower on frequency one-two-three-point four“ if you think you have misheard the control room frequency.
You need to learn how to use the right words for many reasons, safety being the very first reason. Another reason is the fact that "talk to the point" means that you will spend less time talking to the air traffic controller and enjoying your flight the rest of the time.
The Pilot/Controller Glossary is the official source of "correct words" in the United States. Pilots can find it in the Aeronautical Information Handbook and controllers can find it in the ATC manual. Below are some excerpts from the pilot/controller glossary that may make your next conversation with an air traffic controller more concise and a little safer to fly.
ABEAM- “abeam” means that the point or object is approximately 90 degrees to the right or left of the aircraft's actual track. A traverse indicates a general position, not a specific point.
ACKNOWLEDGE- Confirm that you have received my message.
AFFIRMATIVE-Yes.
BLOCKEDA phrase used to indicate that a radio message has been corrupted or interrupted due to multiple simultaneous radio messages.
CLEARED FOR TAKEOFF-Air traffic controller's permission to take off the aircraft.
CLEARED FOR THE OPTION- Air traffic controller clearance for missed approach, low altitude approach, missed approach, stopover landing, then takeoff, or full stop landing at the pilot's discretion. It is usually used in training so that the instructor can assess the student in changing situations.
CLEARED TO LAND-Air traffic controller's permission to land the aircraft. This message can be heard if the air traffic and physical conditions of the airport are known.
CLOSED TRAFFIC- Sequential actions involving take-off and landing operations [landing and take-off by conveyor] or low-altitude approach, where the aircraft follows the flight path in a circle over the airfield.
EXPEDITE-Used by air traffic control when prompt consent is required to avoid an irreversible situation.
FLY HEADING(degrees) - informs the pilot of the course he should follow. The pilot may turn or continue to follow a certain direction on the compass to follow the instructions of the air traffic controller. The pilot must turn and follow a shorter course unless instructed otherwise by air traffic control.
FUEL REMAININGA phrase used by pilots or controllers to talk about the amount of fuel actually on board. When transmitting this information in response to a question from the controller or the pilot who initiated the ATC advisory alert, pilots should indicate the APPROXIMATE NUMBER of MINUTES the flight can continue on remaining fuel. All reserve fuel MUST BE INCLUDED at the time indicated, as well as correction for errors in the fuel level control system.
GO AROUND- Instructing the pilot not to make a landing approach. Additional instructions may follow. Unless otherwise advised by the air traffic controller, a VFR or visual approach aircraft must fly over the runway, climbing the established flight path and begin circling over the airfield through the flight segment “ by the box” after the first turn. An IFR pilot on an instrument approach must follow the established go-around procedure or continue to follow the instructions of the air traffic controller; eg: “Go around” (additional instructions if necessary).
HAVE NUMBERS-Used by pilots to inform the air traffic controller that they have received runway, wind, and altimeter information only.
HOW DO YOU HEAR ME?- A question relating to the quality of the transmitted information, as well as requiring to determine how complete the information was received.
IDENT- Request to the pilot to activate the aircraft transponder identification function. This will help the controller confirm the aircraft identification number or identify the aircraft. Do not mix with an aircraft transponder, which means adjusting the transponder code or operating mode of the transponder, eg Mode C, providing the altitude information that the controller gives you.
IMMEDIATELY-Used by the air traffic controller when immediate action is required to avoid an impending situation.
MAINTAIN- If it refers to the level at alidade / flight level, then the term means that it is necessary to remain at the indicated level at alidade / flight level. Phrase "climb and" or “descend and” usually precedes the word “maintain” and height values; for example: “descend to flight level 5,000 and maintain / descend to flight level 5000 and keep it”. As for other air traffic controller instructions, the term is used in its literal sense; eg: “keep VFR flight”.
MAKE SHORT APPROACH-Used by the air traffic controller to inform the pilot to change the traffic pattern in such a way as to make the final approach short.
MAYDAY-International radiotelephone danger signal. When repeated three times, it denotes imminent mortal danger, and that quick help is needed.
MINIMUM FUEL- Indicates that the fuel supply on board has reached a level where only a slight delay is possible upon arrival at the destination. This is not an emergency, but just a warning of an emergency that could happen if there is a delay.
NEGATIVE- “No” or “forbidden” or “this is wrong”.
NEGATIVE CONTACT-Used by pilots to inform the air traffic controller that a previously released aircraft is out of line of sight. This may be followed by a message from the pilot to the controller with a request to control the air traffic. Used by pilots to inform the air traffic controller that they were unable to contact the air traffic controller on the assigned frequency.
RADAR CONTACT-Used by the air traffic controller to inform the aircraft that it has been identified on the radar screen and will be provided with flight escort until the radar signal is lost.
RADAR SERVICE TERMINATED-Used by the air traffic controller to inform the pilot that service will end as soon as the aircraft disappears from the radar screen. Radar service is automatically terminated and no assistance is provided to the pilot in the following cases: 1. An aircraft refuses to provide its IFR other than class B, C airspace, aerodrome radar service, or where radar service is offered. 2. An aircraft on an instrument approach, visual approach or visual approach has landed or has been instructed to change the frequency of advisory service. 3. An airplane making a VFR landing and receiving radar service from an airport control tower in class B and C airspace, in an aerodrome radar service area, or where this service is provided, has landed; or at all other airports as directed by the control tower or advisory service. 4. The aircraft completed the radar approach.
READ BACK-Repeat my message.
REPORT-Used to instruct pilots to clarify the specified information to the air traffic controller; e.g.: “Check traversal for Hamilton VHF omnidirectional radio beacon point”
SAY AGAIN-Used when asking to repeat the last message. Usually specifies a message or piece of information transmitted that is incomprehensible to the recipient; for example: “Say again all after ABRAM VOR”.
SAY ALTITUDE-Used by the air traffic controller to determine the aircraft's assigned altitude/level. When the aircraft is climbing or descending, the pilot must report the indicated altitude, rounded to the nearest 100 feet.
SAY HEADING-Used by the air traffic controller when requesting an aircraft heading. The pilot must report the current heading of the aircraft.
SPEAK SLOWER-Used in speech communication with a request to reduce the rate of speech.
SQUAWK(Mode, code, function) - activates special modes / codes / functions of the aircraft radio transponder, for example: “Squawk two-one-zero-five / Set the responder code to two-one-zero-five.” The position of the specified mode does not mean that the pilot must press the transponder identification button.
STAND BY- Indicates that the controller or pilot must pause for a few seconds, usually to contact other personnel or to resolve a higher priority task. It also means "to wait", as in the phrase: “stand by for clearance / wait for permission”. The originator of the call must re-establish contact if the delay is longer than usual. "Stand by" doesn't give permission, but it's not a denial either.
TAXI INTO POSITION AND HOLD-Used by the air traffic controller to inform the pilot to taxi to the departing runway to a position on the start line and wait. It's not yet clearance to take off. Used when the takeoff cannot be made due to the fact that the runway is occupied by other aircraft or for other reasons.
THAT IS CORRECT-You understood everything correctly.
TRAFFIC-A term used by an air traffic controller to refer to one or more aircraft.
TRAFFIC IN SIGHT-Used by pilots to inform the air traffic controller that a previously released aircraft is in line of sight.
UNABLE- Means the inability to follow the specified instructions, requirement, or permission.
VERIFY-Please confirm the information; eg: “Confirm the specified height. “
Let's figure it out
Aviation specialists are a special category of students. Such students face specific tasks, the deadlines for their implementation are compressed. The teacher needs to have time in a short period of time to present the material in an accessible, concise and practical way, and most importantly with a focus on flight safety. After all, the aircraft crew is responsible for the safety of people and must be able to conduct radio communications in English in normal and emergency situations.
Imagine: even one wrong pretext - such a tiny and seemingly minor one - can play a fatal role and lead to irreversible consequences. As, for example, in the case of the dispatcher's command Descend two four zero zero feet, which the pilot understood as descent to four zero zero feet, and, having descended to an incorrectly accepted altitude, caused the aircraft to collide with the ground.
What do we offer our listeners?
At the heart of our methodology is a communicative approach. It is not as important for pilots to be able to read or write in English as it is to speak and listen to speech. That is why in the classroom we pay so much attention to oral speech. Our students spend a lot of time working in pairs and groups; perform tasks, discussing videos, audio recordings, photos.
The material is very concise - we leave only the most important, give great importance not quantity, but quality. Many materials are adapted for specific categories of aviation specialists, taking into account their experience and the aircraft in operation.
We do not set ourselves the task of growing linguists and "embracing the immensity" in a limited period of time. The main thing is to work out the basic material so that the listener speaks English understandably, does not experience a language barrier in emergency situations, and can quickly, calmly and clearly convey the message.
As a rule, each school day lasts 6 academic hours and is divided into categories: vocabulary (aviation English), radio phraseology and grammar. Moreover, the grammar is worked out in the aviation context.
We teach aviation English on topics recommended by ICAO (doc 9835):
- "Misunderstanding Avoidance"
- "Unauthorized Runway Entry"
- "Airplane Structure"
- "Pre-flight inspection of the aircraft"
- "Icing"
- "Hit the sun in volcanic ash"
- "Wind Shear"
- "Microburst"
- "Emergency Equipment"
- "Dangerous Airports"
- "Takeoff"
- Landing and many others.
Already at the first lesson, each student receives a package of educational materials: a dictionary with basic vocabulary on all topics of the course, a manual on radio exchange phraseology. Throughout the course, this package is supplemented by teacher-issued educational materials- and so at the end of the course, each student has his own training set in his hands, structured to solve precisely his language problems.
A good opportunity to practice radiotelephone communication is a language simulator, which is software that supports the main on-board instruments on the monitors of the dispatcher (teacher) and the pilot (student), the image of navigation charts, on which the silhouette of the aircraft "flies" according to the planned scenario and instructions of the controller. Observing the movement of the aircraft, instruments, the pilot can adequately assess the flight situation and respond to the controller's instructions. In addition, failures are included in each stage of the flight so that the pilot has the opportunity to practice speech reactions in emergency situations. Practice on the simulator is a great opportunity to consolidate the basics of radio communication and even a novice student to feel like a real pilot!
“Today in the classroom – tomorrow in the cockpit” – every teacher is guided by this idea, starting a lesson every day, so that every minute spent by students in the classroom contributes to the growth of their professional awareness and confidence in the workplace.
