Homophones in Russian. Homophones: definition and examples in sentences. Homophony in Russian

Along with homonyms, that is, homonymous words, there are homomorphemes, that is, homonymous morphemes, that is, parts of words (prefixes, suffixes, roots, endings) that coincide in spelling and pronunciation, but have different meanings. For example, ending - a in Russian means:

plural nouns of the second declension ( city - cities),

genitive case of nouns ( house - at home),

feminine past tense verbs ( began - start).

Homonyms, homophones, homographs and homoforms

Homonyms are words that sound the same at the same time. and in spelling but different in meaning.

Homophones (phonetic homonyms) are words that sound the same but are different in spelling and meaning.

Homographs (graphic homonyms) are words that have the same spelling but are different in sound and meaning.

Homoforms (grammatical homonyms) are different words that coincide in separate grammatical forms. For example, the verbs fly and treat coincide in the form of the 1st person singular of the present tense - I fly. Homoform examples.

Homonymy in taxonomy[edit | edit wiki text]

According to their morphological structure, homonyms are simple, or non-derivative, and derivative. Non-derivative homonyms are most found in the circle of nouns. Homonymy derivative is especially common among verbs (cf .: backfilla be- fall asleep and backfilla be- fill with something loose, etc.).

The so-called homoforms, homophones and homographs, which are similar to lexical homonymy, but characterize the phenomenon of so-called stylistic homonymy in the broad sense of the word, should not be confused with lexical homonyms: 1) the coincidence of the sound and spelling of one or more forms of words - homoforms(cf. roadsabout th- them. n. masculine adjective and roadsabout th- genus., date., proposition. cases of adjective feminine); 2) the same pronunciation, but different spelling of words and phrases - homophones(cf. eye - voice; could - wet); 3) the same spelling, but different pronunciation of words - homographs(cf. ha mok and deputyabout to).

Such phenomena can be used, along with proper lexical homonymy, for various stylistic purposes: to create expressiveness of speech, in puns, jokes, etc.

See, for example, Y. Kozlovsky in the poem "The Bear and the Wasps" from the series of poems "About the words diverse, the same, but different":

Carried a bear walking to the market ,

For sale to honey pot .

Suddenly on the bear - here attack ! -

The wasps took it into their heads attack .

Teddy bear with an army aspen

Fought torn aspen .

Could he be furious fall into ,

If the wasps climbed into the mouth ,

Stung where horrible ,

them for this and horrible .

Homonymous words, along with polysemantic ones, also form certain groups, internally connected by the unity of semantically different words, similar in spelling, pronunciation, and coincidence of grammatical forms. Consequently, they, too, falling out of the system of words that are semantically close or opposite, nevertheless represent formally united syntagmas, i.e. elements of a common language system.

Note. Words should not be confused with homonymous words - paronyms(gr. para - near + onima - name), which differ in meaning, but are similar in pronunciation, grammatical affiliation, and often the relationship of roots. For example, subscription - subscriber, weekday - everyday, offensive - touchy, provide - present and many others. etc. (See more about this: Vishnyakova O.V. Paronymy in the Russian language. M., 1984.)

Words that sound the same but have different meanings and spellings are called homophones.

This is a subspecies. The literal translation of this word sounds like "names that sound the same."

They are known under the term "phonetic homonyms".

The dictionary of homophones of all types of the Russian language has more than 30 thousand positions of various forms.

The appearance of this linguistic phenomenon is influenced by phonetic phenomena within the language:

Assimilation by sonority (deafness). This is when the last sound in words is deafened, for example, the meadow sounds like [bow], and the horn sounds like [rock]; "mushroom" sounds like [flu].
The same sound of the letters "e", "i", "and" in a position without stress. For example, in such words: arrive and stay. The letter "e" in the second word is unstressed, it makes the consonant in front of it softer and sounds like "and".
Consonants that are not pronounced. For example, the letter "t" in the word "bone". This word creates a pair with the word "inert". Due to the non-sounding of the letter, they are pronounced the same.
Sometimes words and prepositions coincide. For example, “skidding” and “by the nose”, “for the cause” and “hurt”, “while being treated” and “crippled”.
Common nouns and proper names nouns. For example, Roman and romance, Love and love.

The infinitives and the present tense forms of the 3rd person verb sound the same. Because of this, difficulties arise in writing a soft sign in these words: decide - decide, build - build.

This phenomenon is also observed within whole phrases, when the letters completely coincide, but in writing they are separated by gaps: “from mint” - “crumpled”, “I carry different things” - “absurd things”.

Classification

These words can be divided according to two criteria.

From the point of view of morphology, the following types are distinguished:

Nouns: bow/meadow, mushroom/sadness. These are whole words that differ in spelling, but due to some phonetic processes, they have the same sound.
Verbs: betray / give, decide / decide. Due to the weak position of "e", it sounds like "e".
Homophones that belong to different parts of speech: marvel / girl.

According to the structure, full homophones and partial are distinguished. Full ones retain the same sound in all forms of the word (Roman as a name / novel as a literary genre).

And partial ones - only in some, they lose this property when the word changes (eyelid / century). There are also single homophones - these are words in which the sound of only one form coincides, for example, "countess" and "countess", and they are called homoforms.

Examples of homophones in a sentence

Examples of words of different types in sentences:

And a pineapple fell on us from a palm tree (the combination of several lexical units is consonant with the whole word).
Put your wooden bow on this lush and green meadow (the same sound is achieved by stunning the consonant at the end of the word).
This magician saw a beautiful red ripe poppy in the field.
And even a small pen had nowhere to fall at such a magnificent feast (the same sound is achieved due to the weak position of the vowel sound).
I had not yet recovered from my sleep, and the boss had not already called to say that a pine fell right on our office (the consonance of a preposition with a noun and a separate noun).

In the context of a sentence, you can see the difference between homonyms that belong to different parts of speech, for example:

The cry of the child was heard very suddenly, people were confused. Mom told her daughter: "Don't cry!"
The hand burn was very painful and itchy. I burned my hand while pouring tea for my girlfriend.

By introducing homophones into a sentence, one can accurately explain the difference in their meaning and demonstrate their role in speech and correct spelling.

Interesting fact! Wrong spelling of words due to the same sound can cause errors in sentences. For example: “I penalized the ball”, “I have a strong mushroom”, “There are a lot of pairs of mustaches on the ship.”
These examples help to demonstrate the meaning and importance of homophones in Russian, the need to distinguish them and understand their specificity.

Interlingual homophones

Interlingual homophones are an interesting linguistic phenomenon. These are lexemes that sound the same in different languages and are translated differently. This is observed in languages of the same group (Russian, Ukrainian, Polish) and different (Russian, English).

For example, "place" in Russian and "misto" in Ukrainian mean "position in space" and "city", respectively. AT English language the word "angina" is translated as angina pectoris, and in Russian this word refers to a throat disease. The French "journal" translates as a newspaper.

Important! The study of this phenomenon in the context of development different languages helps to better understand the linguistic picture of the world of the country whose language is being studied, and to avoid further errors in translations and in oral speech.

Usage in literature

In literature, homophones are used in poetry, nursery rhymes, and prose.

With their help, they create a stylistic figure - a pun. For example, Sergei Pushka has the following lines:

You puppies follow me

You will be on the kalach

Look, don't talk

I won't beat it.

With their help, rhyme and rhythm are created, which makes such verses easy to remember. This figure was used in their work by V. Mayakovsky, N. Leskova, A. Ilfa.

Writing such rhymes can be used as a method while explaining the essence of homonyms and their types.

Difficulties of definition

The terminology that is used to refer to this vocabulary needs to be improved and clarified.

The well-known interpretation of homonyms defines them as words that "coincide in spelling and sound." But in homophones there is no coincidence in spelling, their distinguishing feature is the difference in graphic design.

This is what explanatory dictionaries focus on. Homophones in Russian need further study.

They pose a logical question: is it correct to define them as a subtype of homonyms? Or is it a separate lexical group? If they are characterized by their own features that do not intersect with the characteristics of homonyms, then one should speak of them as a separate group of vocabulary with their own characteristics.

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Summing up

This indicates that in the Russian language there is an urgent need to clarify the terminology, because when studying these phenomena, researchers do not understand each other due to the fact that each of them uses these words in a different meaning.

As a result, this layer of Russian vocabulary remains poorly studied and unsystematized.

The word, like many other linguistic terms, is Greek. "Omo" in translation means "same", "background" - "sound". It turns out: "same-sounding" words.

Homophones are those that arise due to the peculiarities of the laws of the phonetics of the language. Depending on the position in, neighborhood, phonemes, both vowels and consonants, undergo reduction and show their variability. Writers use homophony for greater expressiveness, this situation gives scope for leisure creativity, the creation of various charades and puns, which contributes to the deepening of knowledge about the language. But ignoring this interesting phenomenon creates difficulties in.

Homophones are widely used in versification - they sound the same, but the words are completely different.

Homophony in Russian

The main sources of homophony in the language can be identified as follows:
1. Stunning of consonants in a position at the end of a word and in the middle before the deaf: bow - meadow, raft - fruit; douche - douche.
2. Reduction - variability of vowels in an unstressed position: company -, betray - attach.
3. The difference in the spelling and pronunciation of unpronounceable and double consonants: inert - bone; score - score.

Homophone words also appear in the same pronunciation of words - verbs in the 3rd person and the infinitive of the same verb: (they) will return - (they must) return.

This also includes phonetic coincidences of a word with two words: in a place - together, not mine -, from mint - crumpled. Two: I carry different things - awkward things, give me juice - give me a sock. AT this case in writing, the letters used can completely match, and the meaning will depend on the place of the space. In the sentence "The boy rinsed the dog", a spelling mistake gives the expression an unrealistic meaning.

In oral speech, it is necessary to learn to speak unambiguously, without creating ambiguity or ambiguity. In writing, apply spelling rules so that there is no distortion of meaning.

Homophones in other languages

Homophones are also present in many other languages: French and others. The sources and reasons for this are different. In English, homophones (homophone) arose due to the different letter designation in the letter of the same vowels and consonants: whole - hole, knew - new; dear - deer, bear - bare, sea - see.

In French the reason for homophony is that many final letters in words are not readable, but they are just semantic: ver - verre - vers - vert.

Synonymous sameness

In, as in other languages of the world, there are many concepts that are expressed in different words - such words are called synonyms. Synonyms sound and are written in completely different ways, while denoting almost the same thing, that is, they convey the same meanings using a different form. They diversify and enrich the language.

The meaning of synonymous words is still different to a greater or lesser extent - there are few absolute synonyms. This happens when words are borrowed from different foreign languages to designate a new, previously unknown concept in the culture of a given ethnic group.

In Russian, as an example of complete synonyms, one can cite the words: “hippopotamus” and “behemoth”, which name the same exotic animal for the Russian.

homonymy

The opposite kind of sameness in language, but no longer in meaning, is in all their diversity. Homonyms are language units that are different in meaning, but the same in spelling and sound. From the Greek language (homonymia) is translated as "the same name". As a rule, homonymous matches are random.

There are the following types:
Homophones are words that sound the same but are spelled differently and have different meanings.
- words that coincide in spelling, but differ in meaning;

Homophones (from Greek homós - the same and phōnē - sound)

words that have the same sound, but differ in writing (“fruit” and “raft”, “threshold” and “vice”, “pillar” and “pillar”). O. can arise, in particular, due to the ability of different phonemes (See Phoneme) to coincide when pronounced in one variant. For example, the same sound in the Russian language of the words “dog” and “dock”, “bunch” and “sadness”, “pond” and “rod” is caused by the fact that the Russian language tends to stun voiced consonants at the end of words and before the subsequent deaf consonant. In other languages (French, English, Chinese, and others), O. also arise as a result of the sound coincidence of words of different origin that retain the traditional spelling.

Big soviet encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

See what "Homophones" are in other dictionaries:

- (from the Greek homos the same and ... background) different words that sound the same, but differ in writing (for example, fruit and raft) ... Big encyclopedic Dictionary

- [Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

- (from Greek homos equal + phone voice, sound). Different words that sound the same but have different spellings. Lug onion, fruit raft, genus mouth, labor homophones tinder, ink ink. Homophones are also called phonetic homonyms... Dictionary of linguistic terms

Ov; pl. (singular homophone, a; m.). [Greek homos the same, phōnē sound, voice] Lingu. Words that are different in meaning and spelling, coinciding in their pronunciation (for example, fruit and raft). ◁ Homophonic, oh, oh. Oh words. Homophonic (see). * * * Homophones… … encyclopedic Dictionary

Homophones, phonetic ambiguity, phonetic homonyms (other Greek ὁμόφωνος "consonant, consonant") are words that sound the same, but are spelled differently and have different meanings. Examples in Russian: threshold vice park, meadow onion, fruit ... Wikipedia

Mn. Words that are pronounced the same but differ in spelling and meaning (in linguistics). Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova. T. F. Efremova. 2000... Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language Efremova

Forms of words that sound the same, but are spelled differently: the threshold of vice See Homonym ... Handbook of etymology and historical lexicology

homophones different words that sound the same but have different spellings... Explanatory Translation Dictionary

homophones- ov; pl. (singular homopho / n, a; m.) (Greek homós is the same, phōn ē sound, voice); lingu. see also homophonic, homophonic Words different in meaning and spelling, coinciding in their pronunciation (for example, fruit and raft) ... Dictionary of many expressions

homophones- In phonics and morphological stylistics: different word forms/phrases that have the same sound with different lexical meanings. O. can arise when creating a rhyming text, and unfriendly critics emphasize the possibility ... ... Educational dictionary of stylistic terms

Books

, Krasnova Nina Petrovna. The two-volume book of the well-known poetess of the lost generation, Nina Krasnova, includes poems that have been published in periodicals over the past five (and more than five) years, in ...
Secret. Poems, ditties, homophones, homograms, anagrams, palindromes, free verse (number of volumes: 2), Krasnova Nina Petrovna. The two-volume edition of the famous poetess of the "lost generation" Nina Krasnova includes poems that have been published in periodicals, in the magazines "Children ...

The Russian language is considered one of the most difficult in the world. When studying it, not only foreigners, but even Russian-speaking students and schoolchildren are faced with various phenomena that baffle them. Homophones are one of these cases. Examples of words related to them, their morphological, etymological, syntactic and semantic features will be considered in this article.

Homonyms and their types

In order to understand what homophones are and what their role is in modern Russian, you first need to define such a concept as homonyms.

Homonyms are words that are spelled or sound the same but have completely opposite meanings. They are divided into three groups: graphic, grammatical and phonetic homonyms.

Graphic, or so-called homographs, are words that are spelled the same, but have different stresses, due to which they have only a vaguely similar pronunciation and, as a result, meaning. For example:

ugly - ugly, obscene, outrageous, causing displeasure as a result of disharmony, disproportion, lack of beauty;
ugly - not possessing an artistic image.

Grammatical homonyms (homoforms) are words that coincide in sound and spelling only in separate grammatical forms. It can be both members of the same part of speech, and different ones. For example, I’m flying (from “fly” (verb)) - I’m flying (“treat” (verb)), bet (noun) - bet (imperative mood of the verb “soar”).

The last type of homonyms - homophones (phonetic) - these are words that differ in spelling, but are the same in the sound shell (in pronunciation). For example, a ball (celebration, holiday) - a score (score).

Etymology of the words "homonym" and "homophone"

Homonymos is a word that comes from the Greek language, literally understood as "of the same name." The first root Homos has the meaning "same", the second - onima - "name".

In accordance with this, the homophone is Homos + phone (sound), that is, “the same sound”.

Reasons for the appearance of homonyms

The reasons for the appearance of homographs, homoforms and homophones in the Russian language are very diverse. As a rule, homonyms appear in the process of language development due to historical changes in the political, social and everyday world.

Philologists and linguists distinguish the following groups:

Polysemantic words that have lost their semantic connection during the formation and modernization of the Russian language, or some of its meanings have gone out of wide use. For example, the stomach is “life” (an outdated saying: “not on the stomach, but on death”), the stomach is a part of the human body.
Random coincidence in pronunciation between the original Russian word and the borrowed one. Marriage (from "to take") - family relationships, marriage (eng. Brack - defect) - a defective thing.
Similarities between dialect and literary word. Stitch (from the word "quilt") and stitch - a path.
Word formation. Settlement is the place of an ancient settlement, settlement is an magnifying word "city", formed in a suffixal way (suffix "isch").
Coincidence between foreign words coming from different languages. Block (French) - a union of countries or organizations united for joint action, block (English) - a device for lifting loads.

Reasons for the appearance of homophones

As for the formation of homophones, in this case the cause is any sound changes in words, the actions of phonetic laws:

Regressive assimilation by voicing / deafness, i.e. likening, deafening the voiced word at the end and merging the sound of a double consonant. For example, a meadow and an onion. In both cases, these words will be pronounced as [bow], since the last letter of "meadows" in the nominative case is a voiced consonant that is stunned. Or breast and sadness, where the sound of the first word coincides with the second, since the soft sign represents only a grammatical meaning, as a result of which the same law works as in the previous pair. Examples of words for this type of homophones are the following: mushroom-flu, horn-rock, interspersed - mixed, etc.
The second case of the formation of a homophone is the same sounding of the letters "e", "I" and "and"; "o" and "a" in unstressed position. For example, stay - arrive. The letter "e" in the prefix "pre" in the first word is unstressed, softening the previous consonant, it receives the sound [and] when pronouncing.
Silent consonants are another reason for the appearance of homophones. Example words: bone and inert. In the first word, the letter "t" is not pronounced, as a result of this, phonetically both words look like [inert'].
Coincidence of a word and a word with a preposition. For example, a skid and by the nose.
Common noun and proper noun. Faith (name) and faith (person's belief).

Examples of homophones in sentences

The question of what homophones are often arises among people learning the Russian language. However, it is not enough to cite the words themselves; it becomes most understandable only when these words are used in any context. To do this, this article will contextually consider the following words: company - campaign, cry - cry, burn - burn, Hope - hope, pine - from sleep:

He approached his daughter and said, “Don't cry! I am sure that someday you will meet your friend again.” The boy's crying did not stop, tears kept pouring and pouring, but no one approached him to ask what happened.
A hand burn is a very unpleasant phenomenon, but curable. He badly burned his hand, so he was forced to visit the hospital all week.
Nadezhda looked up at the sky and froze - it was so beautiful: a dark canvas spread out everywhere like a silk blanket, thousands of stars shone with gold, decorating the artist's oil painting, and the moon froze in one position, only occasionally swaying slightly from side to side. The hope for a miracle glimmered in his heart for more than a day, but miracles never happened.
Life has not spared the once cheerful friendly company. The ceramics company is on the next street.
A slender pine tree, like a young girl, spread its braid branches next to a mighty oak. He had not yet woken up from his sleep, so he listened to his friend's solemn speech with half an ear.

Functional and stylistic application of homonymy in works of art

An example of homophone words, or rather, homonyms in elite and popular literature is a pun. This is a joke poem based on the use of words that are the same in sound but different in semantics. This technique occupies an important place in the works of A. S. Pushkin, V. Mayakovsky, V. P. Burenin, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, A. P. Chekhov, A. T. Averchenko, N. S. Leskov, V. .AT. Shkvarkina, I. A. Il'f, I. S. Petrova and others.

You, puppies, follow me, / You will have a roll,
Yes, look, don’t talk, / Otherwise I’ll beat you.
A. S. Pushkin

Homonymy and the use of homophones in literary texts is an interesting phenomenon of the Russian language.