Oil industry production. Oil and gas industry. Crude oil refining
Oil is a natural oily flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and some other organic compounds. In color, oil can be red-brown, sometimes almost black, although sometimes slightly yellow-green or even colorless oil is found, has a specific odor, and is common in sedimentary rocks of the Earth. Today, oil is one of the most important minerals for humanity.
Application
Crude oil is almost never used directly. To obtain technically valuable products from it, mainly motor fuels, solvents, and raw materials for the chemical industry, it is processed. Oil occupies a leading place in the global fuel and energy balance: its share in total energy consumption is 48%. In the future, this share will decrease due to the increasing use of nuclear and other types of energy, as well as increasing costs and decreasing production.
Due to the rapid development of the chemical and petrochemical industries in the world, the need for oil is increasing not only to increase the production of fuels and oils, but also as a source of valuable raw materials for the production of synthetic rubbers and fibers, plastics, surfactants, detergents, plasticizers, additives, dyes, etc. (more than 8% of world production). Among the starting materials obtained from oil for these industries, the most widely used are: paraffin hydrocarbons - methane, ethane, propane, butanes, pentanes, hexanes, as well as high molecular weight (10-20 carbon atoms per molecule); naphthenic; aromatic hydrocarbons - benzene, toluene, xylenes, ethylbenzene; olefin and diolefin - ethylene, propylene, butadiene; acetylene. Oil is unique precisely because of its combination of qualities: high energy density (thirty percent higher than that of the highest quality coals), oil is easy to transport (compared to gas or coal, for example), and finally, it is easy to obtain a lot of the above-mentioned products from oil. The depletion of oil resources, rising prices and other reasons have led to an intensive search for substitutes for liquid fuels.
1. Oil reserves
Oil is a non-renewable resource. Proven oil reserves amount (as of 2004) to 210 billion tons (1200 billion barrels), undiscovered reserves are estimated at 52-260 billion tons (300-1500 billion barrels). The world's proven oil reserves were estimated at the beginning of 1973 at 100 billion tons (570 billion barrels) (data on oil reserves published abroad may be underestimated). Thus, proven reserves have been growing in the past. Currently, however, they are declining.
Until the mid-1970s, world oil production doubled approximately every decade, then the rate of growth slowed. In 1938 it was about 280 million tons, in 1950 about 550 million tons, in 1960 over 1 billion tons, and in 1970 over 2 billion tons. In 1973, world oil production exceeded 2.8 billion tons. World oil production in 2005 amounted to about 3.6 billion tons.
In total, from the beginning of industrial production (from the late 1850s) to the end of 1973, 41 billion tons were extracted from the subsoil in the world, half of which occurred in 1965-1973.
Oil occupies a leading place in the global fuel and energy economy. Its share in total energy consumption is constantly growing: 3% in 1900, 5% before the 1st World War 1914-1918, 17.5% on the eve of the 2nd World War 1939-45, 24% in 1950, 41.5% in 1972, 48% in 2004.
World oil production currently (2006) is about 3.8 billion tons per year, or 30 billion barrels per year. Thus, at the current rate of consumption, proven oil will last for about 40 years, and undiscovered oil will last for another 10-50 years. Oil consumption is also growing - over the past 35 years it has grown from 20 to 30 billion barrels per year.
There are also large oil reserves (3,400 billion barrels) in the oil sands of Canada and Venezuela. At the current rate of consumption, this oil will last for 110 years. Currently, companies cannot yet produce much oil from oil sands, but they are developing in this direction.
World oil production
Countries with the largest oil reserves (Billion barrels) (According to BP Statistical review of world energy 2011)
| A country | Stocks 1 | % of world reserves | Loot 2 | How many years will 3 last? |
| Saudi Arabia | 264,5 | 19,1 | 10007 | 72 |
| Venezuela | 211,2 | 15,3 | 2471 | 234 |
| Iran | 137,0 | 9,9 | 4245 | 88 |
| Iraq | 115,0 | 8,3 | 2460 | 128 |
| Kuwait | 101,5 | 7,3 | 2508 | 111 |
| UAE | 97,8 | 7,1 | 2849 | 94 |
| Russia | 77,4 | 5,6 | 10270 | 21 |
| Libya | 46,4 | 3,4 | 1659 | 77 |
| Kazakhstan | 39,8 | 2,9 | 1757 | 62 |
| Nigeria | 32,1 | 2,7 | 2402 | 42 |
| Canada | 32,1 | 2,3 | 3336 | 26 |
| USA | 30,9 | 2,2 | 7513 | 11 |
| Qatar | 25,9 | 1,9 | 1569 | 45 |
| China | 14,8 | 1,1 | 4071 | 10 |
| Brazil | 14,2 | 1,0 | 2137 | 18 |
| OPEC members | 1068,4 | 77,2 | 34324 | 85 |
| The whole world | 1383,2 | 100,0 | 82095 | 46 |
Notes:
1. Estimated reserves in billions (10 9) barrels
2. Production in thousands (10³) barrels per day
3. How many years will oil last, calculated as reserves / production
Despite the existence of such forecasts, the Russian government plans to increase oil production to 530 million tons per year by 2030.
The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (abbreviated as OPEC) is an international intergovernmental organization (also called a cartel) created by oil-producing countries in order to stabilize oil prices. OPEC consists of 12 countries: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Qatar, Libya, United United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador and Angola. The headquarters is located in Vienna. Secretary General (since 2007) - Abdullah Salem al-Badri.
The world's largest oil producers (According to the International Energy Agency)
| A country | 2008 | 2006 | 2003 | |||
| Production, million tons | World market share (%) | Production, million tons | World market share (%) | Production, million tons | World market share (%) | |
| Russia | 505 | 9,2 | 507 | 12,9 | 470 | 12,7 |
| Saudi Arabia | 480 | 9,1 | 477 | 12,1 | 419 | 11,3 |
| USA | 294 | 5,6 | 310 | 7,9 | 348 | 9,4 |
| Iran | 252 | 4,8 | 216 | 5,5 | 194 | 5,2 |
| China | 189 | 3,5 | 184 | 4,7 | 165 | 4,4 |
| Mexico | 167,94 | 3,2 | 183 | 4,6 | 189 | 5,1 |
| Canada | 173,4 | 3,3 | 151 | 3,8 | 138 | 3,7 |
| Venezuela | 180 | 3,4 | 151 | 3,8 | 149 | 4 |
| Kazakhstan | 70 | 1,3 | 64,9 | 1,7 | 51,3 | 1,2 |
| Other countries | 2985,56 | 56 | 1692,1 | 43 | 1589,7 | 43 |
| World oil production | =SUM(ABOVE) 5296.9 | 100 | 3936 | 100 | 3710 | 100 |
Oil prices and their economic significance
Oil prices, like any other commodity, are determined by the relationship between supply and demand. If supply falls, prices rise until demand equals supply. The peculiarity of oil, however, is that in the short term demand is inelastic: rising prices have little effect on demand. Few car owners will start riding the bus due to rising gasoline prices. Therefore, even a small drop in oil supply leads to a sharp rise in prices.
In the medium term (5-10 years), however, the situation is different. Rising oil prices force consumers to buy more fuel-efficient cars and companies to invest money in creating more fuel-efficient engines. New homes are built with improved thermal insulation, so less fuel is used to heat them. Due to this, a reduction in oil production leads to an increase in prices only in the first years, and then oil prices fall again.
In the long term (decades), demand is continuously increasing due to an increase in the number of cars and similar equipment. Relatively recently, China and India became the world's largest oil consumers. In the 20th century, the growth in demand for oil was balanced by the exploration of new fields, which made it possible to increase oil production. However, many believe that in the 21st century oil fields will exhaust themselves, and the disproportion between the demand for oil and its supply will lead to a sharp rise in prices - an oil crisis will occur. Some believe that the oil crisis has already begun, and the rise in prices in 2003-2008 was a sign of it.
The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (abbreviated as OPEC) is an international intergovernmental organization (also called a cartel) created by oil-producing countries in order to stabilize oil prices. OPEC consists of 12 countries: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Qatar, Libya, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador and Angola. The headquarters is located in Vienna. Secretary General (since 2007) - Abdullah Salem al-Badri.
Thus, having suffered defeat in the Yom Kippur War of 1973, the Arab countries decided in 1973-1974 to reduce oil production by 5 million barrels per day in order to “punish” the West. Although other countries were able to increase production by 1 million barrels per day, overall production fell by 7% and prices quadrupled (see Oil Crisis of 1973). Oil prices remained high in the mid-1970s (although not as high as during the boycott), and were further boosted by the Iranian Revolution and the Iran-Iraq War.
Prices reached their peak in the early 1980s. After this, for the reasons described above, prices began to fall. In just a few years they have fallen by more than three times. After Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990, prices rose but quickly fell again after it became clear that other countries could easily increase oil production. After the defeat of Iraq in 1991, prices continued to fall and reached a low of $11 per barrel in 1998, which, when adjusted for inflation, corresponds to the level of the early 1970s. This was due to the Asian economic crisis of 1997. In Russia, this led, in particular, to the decline of the oil industry and became one of the reasons for the 1998 default.
OPEC countries managed to agree to reduce oil production, and by mid-2000 prices reached $30 per barrel. From the end of 2003 to 2005 inclusive, there was a new sharp rise in prices. The price of oil in February 2008 already exceeded the “psychological” mark of $100 per barrel, and in March the high rate of price growth continued ($110). In May 2008, the price reached $135 and then remained above $100. The maximum price of WTI (Light Sweet) oil was reached on July 11, 2008, exceeding $147 per barrel.
Some blame the price hike on the proposed US invasion of Iran; others say it marks the start of a long-awaited oil crisis, with dwindling fields finding it increasingly difficult to meet rising demand for oil. Most analysts believe that this price will be reduced (some call the figure 40, others 75 dollars per barrel). In October 2008, the price of oil dropped below $67 per barrel as a result of the global economic crisis and reached its 12-month low.
It should be noted that rising world oil prices always accelerate dollar inflation, since the United States is the largest consumer of oil.
Countries dependent on oil production
An excellent example is the United Arab Emirates. Since the discovery of oil more than 30 years ago, the Emirates has undergone a profound transformation, transforming from impoverished small desert principalities into a modern state with a high standard of living.
There are large oil reserves, the export of which accounted for a significant portion of GDP (73% in 1980, 32% in 1998), but thanks to economic diversification, the share of the oil and gas industry in GDP decreased by 2009-2010 to 7-9%. Member of OPEC since 1967.
Total (2008) $270.0 billion (36th)
Per capita $44,103
Oil provided fast growth The UAE economy took just a few decades, but other sectors of the economy also developed quite quickly, especially foreign trade. At the same time, the importance of other sectors of the economy in the structure of GNP is growing, including construction, trade, tourism and agriculture. Despite the largely barren and arid nature of the area, which is characterized by very low level rainfall and lack of rivers, investment in Agriculture helped build water desalination plants, making this sector of the economy more and more independent and profitable. Some crops, such as strawberries, are even exported to Europe.
Neighbor Saudi Arabia. The basis of the Saudi Arabian economy is oil exports.
The country has 25% of the world's reserves of this resource. Control over oil and gas fields belongs to the state-owned Saudi Aramco (the largest oil company in the world). Oil exports provide 90% of the country's export revenues, 75% of budget revenues and 45% of GDP. In 2005, Saudi Arabia's share of world oil supplies was 10.9% (in 2004 - 10.4%). The main consumers of Arabian oil are countries East Asia(46.1%) and the USA (18.6%).
· GDP (nominal) $369.179 billion (2009)
· GDP per capita at PPP $23,300 $ (2009)
The USA has a strategic oil reserve.
In the United States, oil reserves are located in four natural underground reservoirs (salt domes) along the Gulf Coast of Texas and Louisiana.
Created in 1975 by decision of the US Congress. It was first deployed in 1991 during the Gulf War.
US reserves are the largest in the world and about 70 thousand barrels are additionally sent to them every day. oil.
As of May 16, 2008, the current estimate of reserves is 702.7 million barrels. (approx. 100 million tons). As of May 2004, they amounted to 659.5 million barrels. As of November 5, 2009 - 725.1 million barrels.
Venezuela
All modern history Venezuela is associated with the history of exploitation of its oil resources.
Between 1917 and 1975, the total income of foreign oil corporations in Venezuela exceeded $200 billion, while the government received only about $45 billion.
With the coming to power of Hugo Chavez (1999), a law was passed to strengthen the role of the state and increase taxation in the oil sector (2002). The state's share in oil exploration and production was set at no lower than 51%. The payment for subsoil - royalties - has also been significantly increased. PDVSA staff, dissatisfied with the reforms, began to go on strike, but in a struggle with the strikers that lasted almost two years, Chavez managed to win: at the beginning of 2003, about 18,000 company employees (that is, almost half of the staff) were fired. Chavez managed to completely control the company's activities.
Domestic gasoline prices in Venezuela have remained at US$0.03 per liter since 1998, the lowest in the world. At the end of January 2007, Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez announced an increase in domestic gasoline prices to $0.05 per liter.
Half of the oil produced in Venezuela is exported to the United States. Venezuelan oil accounted for 13% of US oil imports at the end of 2006.
GDP (nominal) $334.600 billion (2007) (31st) (8.3% (2007))
GDP per capita PPP $12,800 (2007)
The economy of Iraq developed very dynamically and rapidly in the 70s of the 20th century. Funds from the sale of oil and gas. that Iraq received were enormous. After Saddam Hussein came to power and the start of the Iran-Iraq War, the country's economy began to degrade and quickly fell into decline. At the same time, the standard of living of the ordinary population decreased. After the Gulf War, the economy deteriorated further. Gradually, the economy began to rise from nothing in the 90s, but the second war with the United States completely undermined the country's economy.
Iraq's income from oil exports since the beginning of 2009, as of August 1, 2009, amounted to $20 billion. On August 10, 2009, this was announced by the Director General of the Marketing Department at the Ministry of Oil, Jassem al-Mari.
Iraq has the world's third-largest proven hydrocarbon reserves. Their exports provide about 98 percent of income to the country's state budget.
Fuel resources provide energy not only for the entire industry of any country in the world, but also for almost all spheres of human activity. The most important part of Russia is the oil and gas sector.
The oil and gas industry is a generalized name for a complex of industrial enterprises for the production, transportation, processing and distribution of final products of oil and gas processing. This is one of the most powerful industries Russian Federation, which largely forms the budget and balance of payments of the country, ensuring foreign exchange earnings and maintaining the exchange rate of the national currency.
History of development
The beginning of the formation of the oil field into the industrial sector is considered to be 1859, when mechanical well drilling was first used in the United States. Now almost all oil is produced through wells with only differences in production efficiency. In Russia, oil extraction from drilled wells began in 1864 in Kuban. The production debit at that time was 190 tons per day. In order to increase profits, much attention was paid to the mechanization of extraction, and already at the beginning of the 20th century, Russia took a leading place in oil production.
The first main areas for oil extraction in Soviet Russia were the North Caucasus (Maykop, Grozny) and Baku (Azerbaijan). These depleting older deposits did not meet the needs of the developing industry, and significant efforts were made to discover new deposits. As a result, several fields were put into operation in Central Asia, Bashkiria, Perm and Kuibyshev regions, the so-called Volga-Ural base was created.
The volume of oil produced reached 31 million tons. In the 60s, the amount of black gold mined increased to 148 million tons, of which 71% came from the Volga-Ural region. In the 70s, fields in the West Siberian basin were discovered and put into operation. With oil exploration, large quantities of gas deposits were discovered.
The importance of the oil and gas industry for the Russian economy
The oil and gas industry has a significant impact on the Russian economy. Currently, it is the basis for budget formation and ensuring the functioning of many other sectors of the economy. The value of the national currency largely depends on world oil prices. Carbon energy resources extracted in the Russian Federation make it possible to fully satisfy domestic demand for fuel, ensure the country's energy security, and also make a significant contribution to the global energy resource economy.
The Russian Federation has enormous hydrocarbon potential. The Russian oil and gas industry is one of the leading in the world, fully meeting domestic current and future needs for oil and their processed products. A significant amount of hydrocarbon resources and their products are exported, ensuring the replenishment of foreign exchange reserves. Russia ranks second in the world in terms of liquid hydrocarbon reserves with a share of about 10%. Oil reserves have been explored and developed in the depths of 35 constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Oil and gas industry: structure
There are several structural core processes that make up the oil and gas industry: oil and gas production, transportation and refining industries.
- Hydrocarbon production is a complex process that includes exploration of deposits, drilling of wells, direct production and primary purification from water, sulfur and other impurities. The production and pumping of oil and gas to the commercial metering station is carried out by enterprises or structural divisions, the infrastructure of which includes booster and cluster pumping stations, water discharge plants and oil pipelines.
- Transportation of oil and gas from production sites to metering centers, to processing plants and the final consumer is carried out using pipeline, water, road and rail transport. and main lines) are the most economical way to transport hydrocarbons, despite very expensive structures and maintenance. Oil and gas are transported by pipeline transport over long distances, including across different continents. Transportation by waterways using tankers and barges with a displacement of up to 320 thousand tons is carried out in intercity and international communications. Rail and truck transport can also be used to transport crude oil over long distances, but is most cost effective on relatively short routes.
- Processing of raw hydrocarbon energy carriers is carried out in order to obtain various types petroleum products. First of all, this different types fuels and raw materials for subsequent chemical processing. The process is carried out at oil refineries of refineries. Final products of processing, depending on chemical composition, are divided into different brands. The final stage of production is the mixing of the various components obtained in order to obtain the required composition corresponding to a specific
Deposits of the Russian Federation
The Russian oil and gas industry includes 2,352 developing oil fields. The largest oil and gas region in Russia is Western Siberia, which accounts for 60% of all black gold produced. A significant part of oil and gas is produced in the Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs. Volume of product production in other regions of the Russian Federation:
- Volga-Ural base - 22%.
- Eastern Siberia - 12%.
- Northern deposits - 5%.
- Caucasus - 1%.
Share of Western Siberia in production natural gas reaches almost 90%. The largest deposits (about 10 trillion cubic meters) falls on the Urengoyskoye field in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Volume of gas production in other regions of the Russian Federation:
- Far East - 4,3%.
- Volga-Ural deposits - 3.5%.
- Yakutia and Eastern Siberia - 2.8%.
- Caucasus - 2.1%.
and gas
The goal of refining is to turn crude oil and gas into marketable products. Petroleum products include heating oil, gasoline for vehicles, fuel for jet engines, diesel fuel. The petroleum refining process includes distillation, vacuum distillation, catalytic reforming, cracking, alkylation, isomerization and hydrotreating.
Natural gas processing includes compression, amine treatment, and glycol dehydration. The fractionation process involves dividing a liquefied natural gas stream into its component parts: ethane, propane, butane, isobutane and natural gas gasoline.
The largest companies in Russia
Initially, all the largest oil and gas fields were developed exclusively by the state. Today, these facilities are available for use by private companies. In total, the Russian oil and gas industry includes more than 15 large production enterprises, including the well-known Gazprom, Rosneft, Lukoil, and Surgutneftegaz.
The oil and gas industry in the world allows us to solve important economic, political and social problems. Given favorable conditions on world energy markets, many oil and gas suppliers are making significant investments in the national economy using export revenues and demonstrating exceptional growth dynamics. Most clear examples can be considered the countries of South-West Asia, as well as Norway, which, with low industrial development, thanks to hydrocarbon reserves, has become one of the most prosperous countries in Europe.
Development prospects
The oil and gas industry of the Russian Federation largely depends on the market behavior of its main production competitors: Saudi Arabia and the United States. The total amount of hydrocarbons produced does not in itself determine world prices. The dominant indicator is percentage production in a single oil country. The cost of production in different leading countries in production varies significantly: the lowest in the Middle East, the highest in the United States. When the volume of oil production is unbalanced, prices can change in one direction or the other.
MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
ACADEMY OF ECONOMIC SECURITY
Department of Economics and Economic Security
COURSE WORK
on the topic: “Development trends of the oil industry in the global economy”
Completed:
police private
cadet of group EB-21
Shavlova P. A.
Checked:
teacher of the department
Art. police lieutenant
Lukina E.V.
Moscow 2009
1. Oil industry 3
1.1 Definition of the petroleum industry 3
1.2 Development of oil production 4
INTRODUCTION
The oil industry plays a significant role in the global economy. After all, these are not only raw materials and fuel, but also all the objects around us that we use in everyday life. Thus, humanity is completely dependent on oil resources. But this resource is running out, i.e. We do not renew. Many countries are intensively producing oil, exploring hidden and inaccessible deposits, investing a significant amount of capital and investment in the fuel and energy complex. But some countries do not have enough resources or capital. They have to import oil from abroad, which is a big income for exporting countries. Ultimately, to carry out these operations, oil trading exchanges and global oil organizations and companies set oil prices, which play a significant role in export-import relations.
Taking into account the above problems, the main goal of the work is to analyze the state of the oil industry in the global economy at the present stage.
Based on the purpose of the work, the following tasks were set: to analyze large oil fields, reserves and provision of countries with oil resources, oil consumption by country, export-import transactions with oil, oil prices and pricing.
The work uses materials from newspapers and electronic sites of famous world economic magazines, conducting observations and research on the state of the global oil industry.
1. Oil industry
1.1 Definition of the petroleum industry
The oil industry is an integral part of the fuel and energy complex - a diversified system that includes the extraction and production of fuel, energy production (electric and thermal), distribution and transport of energy and fuel.
The oil industry is a branch of heavy industry, including exploration of oil and oil and gas fields, drilling wells, production of oil and associated gas, and pipeline transportation of oil.
The purpose of oil exploration is the identification, geological and economic assessment and preparation for production of industrial deposits. Oil exploration is carried out using geological, geophysical, geochemical and drilling operations. The geological exploration process is divided into two stages: prospecting and exploration. The first includes three stages: regional geological and geophysical work, preparation of areas for deep exploratory drilling and search for deposits. The second ends with the preparation of the field for development.
Based on the degree of exploration, deposits are divided into four groups:
1) thoroughly explored deposits;
2) previously explored deposits;
3) poorly explored deposits;
4) the boundaries of the deposits are not defined.
Today, the main problem of geological explorers is insufficient funding, which is why exploration of new deposits has now been partially suspended. 1
1.2 Development of oil production
Oil production has been carried out by mankind since ancient times. At first, primitive methods were used: collecting oil from the surface of reservoirs, processing sandstone or limestone soaked in oil using wells . The first method was used in the 1st century in Media and Syria, the second - in the 15th century in Italy. But the beginning of the development of the oil industry is considered to be the appearance of mechanical drilling for oil in 1859 in the USA, and now almost all the oil produced in the world is extracted through drilling wells. Over more than a hundred years of development, some fields have been depleted, others have been discovered, the efficiency of oil production has increased, oil recovery has increased, i.e. completeness of oil extraction from the reservoir. 2
2. World oil reserves, its production and consumption
2.1 Provision of the world's countries with natural oil reserves
A necessary condition for making large-scale long-term investments in the oil industry, subject to favorable prospects for oil demand on the world market, is the presence of appropriate geological oil reserves, both in a specific region and in the world as a whole.
The assessment of geological reserves of oil in the bowels of the earth is always approximate. Its accuracy depends on many reasons and, above all, on the degree of geological knowledge of the territory, the scale of prospecting and exploration work already carried out, criteria and methods used in processing the results of field research. It is also often due to general economic, political and even social factors that sometimes force individual firms and even countries to publish deliberately inflated or, conversely, underestimated estimates of their reserves of natural raw materials.
The required scale of geological prospecting and exploration work is determined primarily by the steadily growing demand for oil, the long-term dynamics of world oil prices, as well as, naturally, the availability of appropriate deposits, and in recent decades - the extremely rapid development of new, more efficient technologies for their exploration and subsequent oil production.
A country's provision with geological reserves of certain minerals, including oil, is most often assessed by the number of years during which these reserves can be exhausted at the level of production already achieved. It should, however, be noted that this, in principle, very important indicator is not static in nature, fatally determining the period of complete depletion of natural reserves in a particular country or in the world as a whole, but dynamic, characterizing the ratio of the degree of real geological exploration of the corresponding territory and deposits, on the one hand, the pace and volume of mineral extraction from year to year in the future, on the other.
The above factors sometimes predetermine significant discrepancies in the assessment of statistical indicators on actual geological oil reserves published in various international and national publications. Analysis of these sources allows us to assert that the most reliable and complete statistical data on probable oil reserves in 105 countries of the world are provided by the Oil and Gas Journal (OGJ), the International Energy Agency, Minerals yearbook, and the All-Russian Geological Society (Table 1).
It is extremely important that the total global proven geological reserves of oil, even with significant deviations in estimates for individual countries, have generally shown a steady upward trend over the past three decades.
Thus, taking into account existing estimates, at the current level of oil production, its global geological reserves will last for at least 42 years, including in Saudi Arabia - 83 years, Iran - 69 years, Venezuela - 58, Libya - 56 , Mexico - 43, Russia - 22, China - 21, Algeria - 19, USA - 10, Norway - 9, Indonesia - 9 and in the UK - for 5 years. 3
Countries with the largest oil reserves 4
Table 1
|
Reserves, billion barrels |
% of world reserves |
|
|
Saudi Arabia |
||
|
Venezuela |
||
|
Kazakhstan |
||
|
OPEC members |
||
|
The whole world |
Experts from British Petroleum provide approximately the same data in their Statistical Review of World Energy: at the current rate of production, the oil fields of Kuwait will dry up in 128 years, Saudi Arabia - in 85, Iran - 67, Russia - 20, Turkmenistan - 12, USA - 10 years old, Azerbaijan - 67 years old. Iraq will have enough oil to last almost 129 years. Currently, the world's demand for oil is approximately 3.85 billion tons per year.
The most important new trend in the dynamics of oil reserves is their increase mainly due to the detailed exploration of existing fields. As a result, with a general reduction in the number of discoveries of new large oil fields and a decrease in the average value of reserves in them, the total volume of oil reserves in already known and adjacent oil areas is noticeably increasing. And this despite the fact that the use of the latest geophysical equipment in combination with computer modeling of geological areas is significantly cheaper than traditional exploration drilling and provides a greater commercial effect. At the same time, using new technologies, the world's leading oil producing companies are increasingly penetrating into remote, underdeveloped areas that were previously unexplored and previously considered unprofitable for development (Table 2).
5 largest oil fields in the world
table 2
|
Field |
Estimated reserves billion barrels |
|
|
Saudi Arabia |
||
|
Cantarel |
35 (18 retrievable) |
|
|
Venezuela |
||
|
Safaniya-Khafji |
Saudi Arabia |
|
|
Kazakhstan |
||
|
Aghajari |
||
|
Samotlor |
Western Siberia, Russia |
|
|
Prudhoe Bay |
Alaska, USA |
|
|
Kazakhstan |
||
|
Saudi Arabia |
||
|
Romashkino |
Volga-Ural Basin, Russia |
|
|
Chicontepec |
||
|
Saudi Arabia |
||
|
Zakum Abu Dhabi |
||
|
Saudi Arabia |
||
|
Faruzan-Marjan |
Saudi Arabia/Iran |
|
|
Brazil on the topic: “The role of mineral resources in the world economy. Answers to exam questionsCheat sheet >> Public international law World economy. Answers to exam questions 1. Essence world economy And world(world) economy Concept " global economy"... civil aircraft manufacturing, automotive industry, oil industry, industries related to... |
1. Why oil plays a key role in modern world?
Oil in the modern world is the most important type of raw material and fuel and the main strategic resource.
2. What are the main uses of oil? Give examples of various petroleum products.
The main areas of oil refining are: production of petrochemical raw materials, motor and energy fuels, and oils.
Products of petrochemical raw materials include: synthetic fibers, plastics, detergents, dyes, fertilizers and pesticides, synthetic rubber, wax, various additives, etc.
Fuel products include: gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel.
Oils include: lubricating and non-lubricating oils.
3. What are the features of the location of the oil industry in our country?
The petroleum industry includes oil exploration, production and transportation. About 2/3 of Russian oil is produced in the middle Ob region, mainly in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, partly in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and the Tosk region. This is a relatively young oil production area, but the most valuable deposits here have already been developed.
A large oil production region is the Volga-Ural region. About ¼ of Russian oil is produced here, most of all in Tatarstan, as well as in the Orenburg and Samara regions, the Perm Territory, Udmurtia and Bashkortostan. In the northeast of European Russia, oil production is rapidly growing in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, and slightly less is produced in the Komi Republic.
The shelves of the coasts of the Barents and Okhotsk seas are considered promising areas for oil production in Russia. On Sakhalin, large international oil companies are developing offshore oil and gas fields and extracting oil and gas.
Intensive oil exploration and small production are carried out in the Lower Volga region. Production is growing rapidly in the center Krasnoyarsk Territory and in the Republic of Sakha - in the north of the Irkutsk region.
The main flows of oil are sent through oil pipelines from the Middle Ob region to the west. In the Volga region they connect with older oil pipelines, and then go in the following directions:
To the southwest: oil refineries of Ukraine, the North Caucasus and oil export ports - Tuapse, Novorossiysk;
To central Russia, where a ring of oil pipelines has been formed from refineries in Yaroslavl, Moscow, Ryazan, Kstovo, with a branch towards St. Petersburg to the port of Primorsk.
To the east, oil from the Ob region travels along the Trans-Siberian Railway through an oil pipeline, which is connected to refineries in Omsk, Achiska and Angarsk. Sakhalin oil is transferred via an oil pipeline to the refinery in Komsomolsk-on-Amur. The first stage of the Eastern Siberia – Pacific Ocean, focused on the export (export) of oil to the countries of the Asia-Pacific region.
4. Choose the correct answer. The main oil production area in Russia is: a) the Urals; b) North Caucasus; c) Western Siberia; d) Far East.
The correct answer is c) Western Siberia.
5. Compile a description of one of the oil basins based on maps and statistical data.
The West Siberian oil basin is the largest oil and gas basin in the world. Located within West Siberian Plain on the territory of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Omsk, Kurgan, Tomsk and partly Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Novosibirsk regions, Krasnoyarsk and Altai territories of Russia. The area is about 3.5 million km².
The oil content of the basin is associated with sediments of the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. Most of the oil deposits are located at a depth of 2000-3000 m. Oil from the West Siberian basin is characterized by a low content of sulfur (up to 1.1%) and paraffin (less than 0.5%), the content of gasoline fractions is high (40-60%).
Most (over 80%) of oil deposits are located at a depth of 2000-3000 m; gas and gas condensate deposits are developed predominantly (about 80%) at depths of up to 2000 m. Both oil and gas fields of the basin are characterized by high flow rates: oil up to 200 tons/day, gas up to 5 million m3/day. Oil from the West Siberian oil and gas basin is a valuable raw material for the chemical industry. Its density is no more than 880 kg/m3, the sulfur content is low (up to 1.1%), paraffin is less than 0.5%, the content of gasoline fractions is high (40-60%). Oil in Jurassic deposits is lighter than in Cretaceous deposits.
Currently, 70% of Russian oil is produced in Western Siberia. Thus, in 1993, oil production amounted to 231,397,192 tons. The main volume of oil is extracted by pumping. 40-45% of oil has already been extracted from them.
6. Which statements are true?
A) In Russia, the Volga region and the Urals stand out especially in terms of oil refining volumes.
B) The main flows of oil from the fields of Western Siberia are directed to refineries in the Far East and ports on the Pacific coast.
1) Only A is true. 2) Only B is true. 3) Both are true. 4) Both are wrong.
Correct answer 2.
8. What do you think may lead to the gradual depletion of oil resources and rising prices for it?
Humanity must find a way out of the impending depletion of resources. There have already been the most dire predictions, for example, at the World Geological Congress in 1907. a resolution was adopted on the most severe savings of rapidly dwindling iron ore reserves. In 1995, their depletion was predicted no earlier than 2060. Optimism is inspired by the high stability of natural systems, the absence of pessimistic forecasts that have come true, and faith in the power of the human mind.
9. Express your opinion on the problem “The role of oil in foreign trade.” In your opinion, is it necessary to increase oil exports to replenish the state budget, and therefore to increase wages, pay pensions, and benefits to citizens of the country? Or do you have a different point of view?
Oil trading allows the state to form a social budget. On the other hand, excluding processing and production of finished products, the exporting party becomes dependent on the buyer of raw materials. Therefore, a measure is needed that takes these two extremes into account.
The oil industry is a branch of the economy that is responsible for the production, refining, transportation, storage and sale of oil and oil products.
The oil production process includes geological exploration, drilling of oil wells, as well as their repair, purification of the extracted oil from water impurities and various chemicals.
One of the branches of the fuel industry is the gas industry. The main functions of the gas industry are: search for gas fields, natural gas production, gas supply and production of artificial gas using coal and shale. The main task of the gas industry is the transportation and metering of gas.
Development of the fuel industry
(The first oil rigs)
The fuel industry began in 1859. Then an oil well was accidentally drilled in Pennsylvania, after which the development of the entire region began.
In Russia, oil has been extracted since the 8th century using wells on the Absheron Peninsula. Later, oil began to be produced on the Ukhta River, on the Cheleken Peninsula, in the Kuban. At first, oil was extracted using cylindrical buckets. In 1865, the United States began to use a mechanical method of oil production - using deep-well pumping.
(Oil was really in full swing back then.)
In 1901, pre-revolutionary Russia ranked first in oil production. In 1913, oil in large quantities was mined in the Baku region, Grozny and Maikop. There were oil monopolies developing new oil deposits. However, this led to a rapid drop in reservoir pressure. Cooperation with foreign companies led the Russian oil industry into decline. Therefore, in 1918 V.I. Lenin signed decrees on the nationalization of the oil industry. From that moment on, the process of restoring this link began. Impact drilling was replaced by the rotational method of mineral extraction, and the period of using deep-well pumps and gas lift began.
By 1929, the reconstruction was completed. Thanks to innovations, by 1940 Russia had again reached highest level on oil production.
Despite the fact that during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 many oil fields were put out of action, pre-revolutionary Russia continued to produce natural resource in fairly large quantities. The search for new fields continued, which made it possible to ensure an increase in oil production in each five-year period - more than 100 million tons.
(Discovery of oil deposits in Siberia 1953)
The discovery of nuclei in Western Siberia in 1953 brought even more positive results to the USSR. Both oil and gas were produced here. During this period, inclined drilling was widely used, which made it possible to extract minerals in a shorter period of time.
And by 1980, the USSR became a major oil power. The use of new industrial methods of oil production begins, and industrial automation is carried out.
The emergence of oil transport leads to the emergence of a network of main oil pipelines connecting oil refineries to each other.
In 1878, the first oil pipeline appeared at the Baku oil fields, and by 1917 the length of Soviet oil pipelines was more than 600 km.
(Oil rigs in Texas, USA, 20th century)
In European countries, the oil industry began to develop intensively in the 1950s. During this period, the richest oil countries were Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.
Capitalist countries also had oil reserves, most of which were in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Mexico. The US, Venezuela, Libya, Iraq and Iran also had large oil reserves.
Fuel industry sectors
The fuel industry consists of three main branches - oil, coal and gas.
Coal industry
The coal industry is a fairly old and studied industry, especially for Russia. If before the 19th century people used firewood, then during Russian Empire coal mining began. It is used in transport and for heating residential premises. Coal is used to produce electricity and is used in ferrous metallurgy and the chemical industry.
If we compare hard and brown coal, it should be noted that hard coal has a fairly high calorific value and the quality is much better. That is why it is easy to transport over long distances. Brown coal is used in mining areas.
Coal mining is carried out in two ways - open and closed. The latter method is effective when the coal deposit is located deep under the earth's surface. Then it is extracted from the mines. The open method is quarry.
Oil industry
The oil industry is the base modern economy. The most a shining example The need for oil in the modern world is gasoline. Without gasoline there would be no cars, planes, sea and river vessels.
Oil is produced using oil wells or mines. And the well fluid itself is also distributed according to the extraction method into: fountain, gas lift and pump-compressor production.
Despite the fact that the gas industry is a fairly young industry, it is developing very quickly. The first gas fields were discovered during the Great Patriotic War. When comparing gas and oil production, it is worth noting that gas production costs the state much less. When it is burned, fewer harmful substances are produced than from burning oil or coal. Natural gas can be used as a chemical raw material, as well as for the production of mineral fertilizers.
Oil and gas industry in Russia
Today Russia is not the leader in oil reserves. The reason for this is both the political situation and the process of development of the oil industry in various countries.
Today, the Russian Federation is also developing and expanding oil territories in many regions of the country. Zapadnya Siberia remains the largest subject for the extraction of oil resources, there are about 300 oil and gas fields, the main of which are: Samotlorskoye, Ust-Balykskoye, Megionskoye, Fedorovskoye and Surgutskoye. In second place after the Siberian territories is the Volga-Ural basin. The oil here is not as pure as in Siberia - it contains about 3% sulfur, which is neutralized during the processing of raw materials. The main oil production areas also include: Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Udmurtia, Samara, Perm, Saratov and Volgograd regions. In addition to the main oil regions, one can distinguish the Far East, the North Caucasus, Stavropol and Krasnodar region, on whose territory a considerable amount of “black resource” is also mined.
Today there is an obvious trend towards a decrease in exports and an increase in imports of petroleum products. 95% of all petroleum products are transported through oil pipelines, which are displayed on the map of the Russian oil industry and geographical atlases.
The Russian gas industry is one of the state's budget-forming sectors. It is responsible for the extraction, processing, storage and distribution of gas resources for their use. Most of Russia's energy consumption comes from the gas industry.
The gas industry is almost 3 times cheaper than the oil industry and 15 times cheaper than other industrial sectors related to hydrocarbon production.
In the territory Russian state More than a third of the world's gas reserves are located in Western Siberia.
Fuel industry of the world
(Oil production from shale fields in the USA)
The basis of the fuel industry is the extraction and processing of fuel - oil, gas and coal. Oil production abroad is controlled by TNCs of the USA and countries Western Europe. And only in some countries oil production is completely controlled by the state. The opponents of the US TNC system are countries engaged in exports. They created the OPEC system, which defends the interests of the state in favor of oil self-sufficiency and independence.
Second World War entailed changes in the country's oil positions. If before it the leading role was occupied by the USA and Venezuela, then the USSR, the Middle and North East entered the battle for oil supremacy.
(Oil production in Saudi Arabia)
The oil industry remains the leader in terms of global consumption today. But it is impossible to say for sure which country is currently leading in oil production. According to OPEC indicators in 2015, the top five were: Saudi Arabia, Russia, the USA, China and Iraq.
Natural gas production is growing every year. Today, gas sources are almost equal in quantity to oil fields. In 1990, the leader in the extraction of this resource was Eastern Europe and the USSR, later the countries of Western Europe and Asia began to engage in gas production. Today, Russia continues to lead the gas race and is the world's main gas exporter.
The coal industry is characteristic of many countries in the world - 60. But only a few countries are the main coal miners - China, USA, Russia, Germany, Poland, Ukraine and Kazakhstan. Coal exports are carried out by the USA, Australia and South Africa. And imports come from Japan and Western Europe.
