Table 1.1

Forms, types and methods of statistical observation

		Method of carrying out
Periodic reporting (enterprises)	I. By frequency: lump sum periodic	1. Direct observation
Specially organized statistical observation: a) census b) one-time observation c) a special statistical survey	II. In terms of coverage: continuous selective main array monographic	2. Documentary observation
		a) forwarding b) questionnaire c) correspondent d) self-registration

Consider the forms, types and methods of statistical observation in more detail.

Forms of statistical observation

1.Periodic reporting - This is a statistical observation that is carried out at least once a year. The company's periodic reporting is monthly, quarterly, semi-annual and annual.

2. If the necessary statistical data are not available during the reporting period, a specially organized statistical observation.

Census - this is a specially organized observation of mass social phenomena and processes, which is carried out on a certain date of time: a population census, a census of uninstalled equipment, a census of livestock, fruit trees, etc.

Simultaneous observation - This is a specially organized statistical observation for the study of social phenomena, which is carried out regularly once every 2, 3 or 5 years.

Special Statistical Survey conducted as needed and is selective.

There are the following types statistical observation.

Types of statistical observation

I. By frequency:

1. Current is an observation that is carried out constantly as the phenomenon occurs.

2. lump sum – this observation, which is carried out as needed, as a rule, 1 time in 2, 3, 5 years.

3. Periodic - it is an observation that is carried out at certain, usually equal, intervals of time.

II. In terms of coverage:

1. Continuous - this is an observation in which all units of the population are examined.

2. Selective - this is an observation in which a certain, scientifically substantiated part of the population is studied, and the results of the observation are extended to the entire population.

3. The main array is an observation in which the most typical (main) part of the population is examined.

4. Monographic – consists of detailed description one or more units of the study population.

Methods for conducting statistical observation

Methods for conducting statistical observation include:

Direct - carried out by registering facts directly by the person conducting the observation.

Documentary - based on the use of various documents as sources of information about the object under study.

A survey is the acquisition of data by registering the responses given by the persons being interviewed.

Expeditionary survey - conducted directly by specially trained persons.

Questionnaire - a survey that is conducted by sending or distributing questions and receiving them back.

Correspondent - forms are sent to specially trained persons, which they periodically fill out and send back.

Self-registration is the registration of answers to the questions posed by the interviewees themselves.

1. Preparation for statistical observation(solution of scientific, methodological and organizational and technical issues).

- determination of the purpose and object of observation;

- determination of the composition of signs subject to registration;

- development of documents for data collection;

- selection and training of personnel for monitoring;

2. Collection of information

Direct filling of statistical forms (forms, questionnaires).

Statistical information is the primary data on the state of socio-economic phenomena that are formed in the process of statistical observation, which are then subjected to systematization, summary, analysis and generalization.

The composition of information is largely determined by the needs of society at the moment. Changes in the forms of ownership and methods of economic regulation led to changes in the policy of statistical observation. If earlier information was available only to state bodies, now it is in most cases publicly available. The main consumers of statistical information are the government, commercial structures, international organizations and the public.

3. Primary data processing

4. Statistical analysis processed information.

It consists in the analysis of the reasons that led to the incorrect completion of statistical forms and the development of appropriate proposals for improving the observation;

As a result of statistical observation, objective, comparable, complete information should be obtained, which allows, at subsequent stages of the study, to provide evidence-based conclusions about the nature and patterns of development of the phenomenon under study.

The quality and reliability of statistical information determine the effectiveness of the use of statistics in any field. Labor-intensive work to provide the necessary data is the most important task of the state.

2. The concept of statistical observation

Statistical observation- this is massive (it covers big number cases of manifestation of the phenomenon under study in order to obtain truthful statistical data) systematic (carried out according to a developed plan, including questions of methodology, organization of collection and control of the reliability of information), systematic (carried out systematically, either continuously or regularly), scientifically organized (to increase the reliability of data, which depends on the observation program, the content of the questionnaires, the quality of the preparation of instructions) observation of the phenomena and processes of socio-economic life, which consists in collecting and registering individual signs from each unit of the population.

Statistical observation is a preliminary stage statistical study, which is a systematic, scientifically organized accounting (collection) of primary statistical data on mass socio-economic phenomena and processes.

Not every collection of data can be called a statistical observation. Observation will be statistical, firstly, when it is accompanied by the registration of the studied facts in the relevant accounting documents for their further generalization, and secondly, when it is of a massive nature. This provides coverage of a significant number of cases of manifestation of a particular process, necessary and sufficient in order to obtain data that concern not only individual units of the population, but the entire population as a whole.

The essence of statistical observation and his tasks

AnythingstatisticalstudystartsWithreceivinginformation,those.accountingfactsAndcollectionprimaryinformation.ScientificorganizedaccountingfactsOmassivephenomenaAndprocessesAndcollectionreceivedonbasisthisaccountingprimarydataacceptedcallstatisticalobservation.

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Depending on the purpose and content of the static work, the primary material can be very diverse in nature and methods of study (for example, a population census and an assessment of consumer demand for a particular product).

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Sothe waytasksstaticobservationsare:

1). Ensuring the completeness of information about the phenomenon under study;

2). Obtaining reliable information;

3). Ensuring the efficiency of obtaining data (in the shortest possible time).

Statistical observation- this is mass (it covers a large number of cases of manifestation of the phenomenon under study in order to obtain truthful statistical data) systematic (carried out according to a developed plan, including questions of methodology, organization of collection and control of the reliability of information), systematic (carried out systematically, either continuously or regularly), scientifically organized (to increase the reliability of data, which depends on the observation program, the content of questionnaires, the quality of preparation of instructions) observation of the phenomena and processes of socio-economic life, which consists in collecting and registering individual signs from each unit with Forms of statistical observation

Statistical reporting

The main form of statistical observation, which consists in the collection of data by the statistical authorities from the units of observation. Data are received by the statistical authorities from enterprises and organizations in the form of mandatory reports on their activities. Reporting documents are approved by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation and the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. Methods and forms of organization of statistical reporting are differentiated in relation to different types of enterprises and forms of entrepreneurship. The main forms of accountability are the balance sheet and income statement.

Specially organized surveillance

It consists in obtaining data that, for one reason or another, was not included in the reporting or to verify the reporting data. Represents data collection through censuses and one-time enumerations.

Register supervision

It is based on the maintenance of a statistical register, with the help of which continuous statistical accounting is carried out for long-term processes that have a fixed beginning, stage of development and a fixed end.

Types of statistical observation

Statistical observations are divided into types according to the following criteria:

by the time of data registration;

by completeness of coverage of population units;

Types of statistical observation by registration time:

Current (continuous) surveillance- is carried out to study current phenomena and processes. Registration of facts is carried out as they are accomplished. (registration family marriages and divorces)

Discontinuous observation- carried out as needed, while temporary gaps in data recording are allowed:

 periodic observation - is carried out at relatively equal intervals of time (population census).

 lump sum observation - is carried out without observing the strict frequency of its implementation.

According to the completeness of coverage of population units, the following types of statistical observation are distinguished:

Continuous observation- represents the collection and receipt of information about all units of the studied population. It is characterized by high material and labor costs, insufficient information efficiency. It is used in the population census, when collecting data in the reporting form, covering large and medium-sized enterprises of various forms of ownership.

Discontinuous observation- based on the principle of random selection of units of the population under study, while the sample population should be represented by all types of units that are available in the population. It has a number of advantages over continuous observation: reduction of time and money costs.

Non-continuous observation is divided into:

Selective observation- based on a random selection of units that are observed.

Monographic observation- consists in the examination of individual units of the population, characterized by rare qualitative properties. An example of a monographic observation: a description of the work of individual enterprises, to identify shortcomings in the work or development trends.

Main Array Method- consists in the study of the most significant, largest units of the population, which, according to the main feature, have the largest share in the population under study.

Method of instant observations- consists in conducting observations at random or constant time intervals with marks on the state of the object under study at one time or another.

Methods of statistical observation

Ways to obtain statistical information:

Direct statistical observation- observation, in which the registrars themselves, by direct measurement, weighing, counting, establish the fact to be recorded.

Documentary observation- based on the use of various types of accounting documents. Includes reporting method of observation - in which enterprises submit statistical reports on their activities in a strictly mandatory manner.

Survey- is to obtain the necessary information directly from the respondent.

There are the following types of survey:

Expeditionary- registrars receive the necessary information from the interviewees and record it themselves in the forms.

Self-registration method- the forms are filled in by the respondents themselves, the registrars only distribute the forms and explain the rules for filling them out.

Correspondent- information to the relevant authorities is reported by the staff of voluntary correspondents.

Questionnaire- the collection of information is carried out in the form of questionnaires, which are special questionnaires, it is convenient in cases where high accuracy of the results is not required.

Yavochny- is to provide information to the relevant authorities in person.

Abstract on statistics

New Humanitarian University Natalia Nesterova

Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality

The growing interest in statistics is due to modern stage development of the economy in the country, the formation of market relations. This requires deep economic knowledge in the field of collection, processing and analysis of economic information.

For the statistical practice of Russia in last years the most important issue was the adequate informational reflection of new socio-economic phenomena - the organization of obtaining and analyzing data characterizing the change in ownership and the process of privatization, non-state employment and unemployment, new types of migration of citizens and support for emerging poor social groups, etc. In addition, in order to monitor the introduction of market relations and the emerging realities of a serious adjustment, they required a system of indicators, the collection and development of data in the traditional areas of statistical observation: taking into account the main results of industrial and agricultural production, domestic and foreign trade, the activities of social facilities, etc. At the same time, the urgent need to obtain adequate and unambiguous information is now systematically increasing.

Recently, approaches to the organization of statistical monitoring of socio-economic phenomena of life have not undergone significant changes.

Statistical observation acts as one of the main methods of statistics and as one of the most important stages of statistical research. The importance of this stage of the study is determined by the fact that the use of only objective and sufficiently complete information obtained as a result of statistical observation at subsequent stages of the study is able to provide scientifically based conclusions about the nature and patterns of development of the object under study.

To study socio-economic phenomena and processes of social life, one should first of all collect about them necessary information- statistical data. Statistical data (information) is understood as a set of quantitative characteristics of socio-economic phenomena and processes obtained as a result of statistical observation, their processing or corresponding calculations.

Statistical information is necessary for both government authorities and private entrepreneurs. For example, data on the economic situation in the country, on the existing purchasing power of the population, its composition and size, the profitability of enterprises in various sectors of the national economy, the dynamics of unemployment, changes in price indices for individual goods are needed. public services to improve the system of taxation of enterprises and individuals, to introduce changes in the customs and investment policy, to develop measures for the social protection of various segments of the population. The same information is also required by private entrepreneurs for planning and organizing production.

The main properties of statistical information are its mass character and stability. The first feature is related to the peculiarities of the subject of study of statistics as a science, and the second one says that once collected information remains unchanged and, therefore, has the ability to become obsolete. Therefore, the conclusions about the state and development of the phenomenon, made on the basis of the analysis of information obtained several years ago, may be incomplete and even incorrect.

An important part of any statistical study is statistical observation.

Statistical observation is a mass, systematic, scientifically organized observation of the phenomena of social and economic life, which consists in registering selected features for each unit of the population.

An example of statistical observation is public opinion polls, which have become especially popular in Russia in recent years. Such observation is undertaken with the aim of revealing people's attitudes towards some issue of interest or controversial events. The study of public opinion forms the basis of the general system of market research and is an important part of it. Such observation requires interviewing a number of individuals according to a predetermined program.

Statistical observation can be carried out by state statistics bodies, research institutes, economic services of banks, stock exchanges, firms.

The process of statistical observation includes the following steps:

preparation of observation;

conducting mass data collection;

preparation of data for automated processing;

development of proposals for the improvement of statistical observation.

Any statistical observation requires careful, thoughtful preparation. The reliability and reliability of information, the timeliness of its receipt will largely depend on it.

The preparation of a statistical observation is a process that includes different types works. First, it is necessary to solve methodological issues, the most important of which are the definition of the purpose and object of observation, the composition of signs to be registered; development of documents for data collection; the choice of the reporting unit and the unit to be observed, as well as the methods and means of obtaining data.

In addition to methodological issues, it is necessary to solve organizational problems, for example, to determine the composition of the monitoring bodies; select and train personnel for monitoring; draw up a calendar plan of work for the preparation, conduct and processing of observation materials; replicate documents for data collection.

Carrying out mass data collection includes work directly related to filling in statistical forms. It begins with the distribution of census sheets, questionnaires, forms, statistical reporting forms and ends with their delivery after filling in to the bodies conducting the observation.

The collected data at the stage of their preparation for automated processing are subject to arithmetic and logical control. Both of these controls are based on knowledge of the relationship between indicators and qualitative features. At the final stage of the observation, the reasons that led to the incorrect completion of statistical forms are analyzed, and proposals are developed to improve the observation. This is very important for the organization of future surveys.

Obtaining information in the course of statistical observation requires a lot of financial and labor resources, as well as time.

Purpose of observation. Statistical observations most often pursue a practical goal - obtaining reliable information to identify patterns in the development of phenomena and processes. The task of observation predetermines its program and forms of organization. An unclear goal can lead to the fact that in the process of observation unnecessary data will be collected or, conversely, the information necessary for analysis will not be obtained.

Object and unit of observation. Reporting unit. When preparing an observation, in addition to the goal, it is necessary to determine exactly what exactly is to be examined, that is, to establish the object of observation.

The object of observation is understood as a certain statistical aggregate in which the studied socio-economic phenomena and processes occur. The object of observation can be a set of individuals (population of a particular region, country; persons employed in enterprises of the industry), physical units (machines, cars, residential buildings), legal entities (enterprises, farms, commercial banks, educational establishments).

To determine the object of statistical observation, it is necessary to establish the boundaries of the studied population. To do this, you must specify the most important features distinguishing it from other similar objects. For example, before conducting a survey of the profitability of industrial enterprises, it is necessary to determine the forms of ownership, organizational and legal forms of enterprises, industries and regions to be monitored.

Any object of statistical observation consists of separate elements - units of observation.

In statistics, the unit of observation (the term "elementary unit" is used in foreign literature) is a constituent element of an object that is a carrier of features to be registered. For example, in demographic surveys, the unit of observation may be an individual, but it may also be a family; in budgetary surveys – family or household.

Statistical observation program. Every phenomenon has many different features. Collecting information on all grounds is impractical, and often impossible. Therefore, it is necessary to select those features that are essential, basic for characterizing the object, based on the purpose of the study. To determine the composition of the registered features, an observation program is developed.

The observation program is a list of signs (or issues) to be recorded in the observation process. The quality of the collected information largely depends on how well the program of statistical observation is developed.

To draw up a correct observation program, the researcher must clearly understand the tasks of examining a particular phenomenon or process, determine the composition of the methods used in the analysis, the necessary groupings, and already on the basis of this, identify those signs that can be determined during the work. Usually the program is expressed in the form of questions of the census (questionnaire) sheet.

Non-state educational institution

higher vocational education

INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL INNOVATIONS

Test

By discipline: "Legal statistics"

On the topic: Stages of statistical observation

Completed by: Vyatkina O.E.

4th year student, correspondence department,

faculty of jurisprudence, specialty lawyer

Volgograd 2014

Introduction

Definition and steps of statistical observation

3. Program and methodological issues of statistical observation

4. Organizational issues of statistical observation

5. Errors in statistical observation and control of observation materials

Ways to improve statistical observation

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The study of statistical science plays an important role in the preparation of highly qualified lawyers - both practitioners and scientists. Statistics is of great importance: criminological, criminal law, penitentiary, forensic, administrative and legal. Its corresponding indicators are needed by specialists in administrative, criminal, civil and other branches of law. Accordingly, a specialist in the field of legal sciences must master the basic issues of the theory of statistics, i.e. statistical methodology as a set of techniques and methods, to a certain extent invariant to the specific content of the statistical data used: about its subject and method, law big numbers, statistical observation, grouping, summarizing indicators and statistical analysis.

Legal statistics - a system of concepts and methods of the general theory of statistics, applied to the field of study of offenses and measures of social control over them.

In order to study the mass phenomena and processes of social life, including crime, it is necessary, first of all, to collect the necessary information, that is, statistical data. Statistical data is a set of quantitative (numerical) characteristics obtained as a result of statistical research (observation and scientific processing). The formation of an information base (statistical data) with the help of a statistical study of social phenomena and processes is a complex multi-stage process. In this process, the following stages are distinguished: Statistical observation; Summary and grouping of the collected material;

Statistical observation is the first stage of statistical research, which is a scientifically organized accounting of facts characterizing the phenomena and processes of social life according to a single program.

1. Definition and steps of statistical observation

statistical observation information

Statistical observation is an organized work to collect primary information about the studied mass phenomena and processes of social life. Statistical observation is carried out in an organized manner and according to a previously developed program and plan.

The initial stage of economic and statistical research is statistical observation. The use of objective and complete information obtained in the course of statistical observation at the subsequent stages of the study provides scientifically based conclusions about the nature and patterns of development of the object under study.

The object of statistical observation is the population within which the observation is carried out. A unit of statistical observation is an element of the object under study, which represents the necessary initial information of the Trait, and the properties of the units of the population are called features. In order to obtain information, you need to develop a monitoring program. The program of statistical observation should contain a list of features that will characterize individual units of the population.

The process of conducting statistical observation consists of the following steps:

) program - methodological preparation of the observation. At this stage, the goals and objects of observation, signs to be registered are determined, documents for data collection are developed, methods and means of obtaining data are determined, and more;

) organizational preparation for the observation. This stage implies the following types of work: selection and training of personnel; drawing up a calendar plan of work for the preparation and conduct of statistical observation; materials are processed that will be used in statistical observation;

) at the third stage, choose the form, method and type of statistical observation. The most important stage in carrying out statistical observation is the collection of observation data, the accumulation of statistical information;

) control of statistical observation data;

) at the last stage of statistical observation, conclusions and proposals for statistical observation are made.

The results obtained in the course of statistical observation are subject to control in terms of their reliability, completeness and the possibility of errors or inaccuracies.

There are the following requirements that statistical observation must meet:

) observed phenomena must have value and express certain socio-economic types of phenomena;

) the collection of statistical data should ensure the completeness of the facts that are considered in the issue under study;

) in order to ensure the reliability of statistical data, it is necessary to carefully and comprehensively check the quality of the collected objects - this is one of the most important characteristics of statistical observation;

) in order to create good conditions for obtaining objective materials, it is necessary to scientifically organize statistical observation.

Forms, types and methods of statistical observation

The main organizational forms of statistical observation include: reporting and specially organized observation.

The most important form of statistical observation is reporting.

.Reporting is a form of statistical observation, in which the relevant statistical authorities receive information from enterprises and organizations that carry out economic activities within a certain period of time. Information must be submitted in accordance with the procedure for reporting documents established by law.

Reporting documents must be filled out on the basis of primary accounting data and signed by persons responsible

for the information provided. State statistical bodies approve the forms of statistical reporting.

In commercial activities, reporting is divided into:

) nationwide - obligatory for all organizations and is submitted in a consolidated form to the state statistics bodies;

) intradepartmental - this reporting is valid within departments and ministries. There are the following reporting forms:

) standard is called reporting, which contains indicators that are the same for all enterprises, institutions of various organizational forms, as well as for other types of activities

) if the enterprise has its own specific features, then specialized reporting is introduced into this organization;

) reporting provided by each enterprise at the same time intervals is called periodic;

) reporting, which is received by the statistical authorities as needed, is called one-time reporting. Each organization has the right to choose how it provides reporting data.

At present, there are many ways for statistical data to be received by statistical agencies, for example, postal and urgent services are provided by telegraph, teletype, fax, and other methods. Specially organized statistical observation is the collection of information through censuses, one-time surveys and records. An example of a specially organized statistical observation is an inventory at an enterprise.

Consider the following types of statistical observation:

) if absolutely all units of the studied set of phenomena and processes are subjected to examination, then this is a continuous statistical observation;

) if part of the unit of the studied set of phenomena is subjected to the survey, then this is not a continuous statistical observation;

) selective observation is an observation in which the characteristics of the entire set of facts are given according to some of their parts, selected in a random order;

) monographic survey is a detailed study and description of certain units of the population;

) if that part of the units of the population is subjected to the survey, in which the value of the studied trait is predominant in the entire volume, then this is called the method of the main array;

) data collection based on the voluntary completion of questionnaires by addressees is called a questionnaire survey;

) if the observation is carried out continuously, and at the same time all the facts and phenomena occurring in the state of change are recorded, then this observation is called current;

) if the observation is carried out irregularly, but only when required, this observation is called one-time;

) periodic observation is called, which is repeated at certain intervals (year, month, quarter, etc.).

Depending on the sources of information collected, there are:

) observation carried out by the registrars themselves by measuring and with the help of inspection, counting and weighing the features of the object under study is called direct;

) a survey is an observation in which a person's answers to questions are recorded on a specific form;

) when documenting facts, documents serve as a source of information.

The provision by enterprises and organizations of statistical reports on their economic activities in a strictly established manner is called the reporting method. The type of statistical observation, which involves the provision of information to the bodies that conduct the observation, is called the private method.

If correspondents provide information to the authorities, then this method is called correspondent.

The provision of documents that are filled out by the respondents themselves, and special workers only provide forms, is called the method of self-registration.

Program and methodological issues of statistical observation

The development of a plan for conducting statistical observation is the most important stage in the preparation of statistical observation. The plan should contain the formulation and solution of organizational issues, such as setting the goals and objectives of observation, developing observation programs, determining the object and unit of observation, choosing the type and method of observation.

The purpose of observation is to obtain the main result of a statistical study.

In order to organize statistical observation, it is necessary to accurately establish the object of observation.

Sets of units about which statistical data should be collected are called objects of statistical observation. Before performing a statistical survey of the organization's activities, it is necessary to determine the distinctive features and the most important features of the object under study.

The primary element of the object of statistical observation, which is the carrier of certain characteristics, is called the unit of observation, and the primary cell, from which statistical information will be obtained in the future, is called the unit of the population.

Requirements for the program of statistical observation:

) the observation program should contain all its main features, features that characterize those phenomena and processes that will be further used in the development of statistical observation materials;

) All Control questions items included in the monitoring program should be concise but clearly stated;

) the degree of completeness and reliability of the data obtained in the course of statistical observation depends on the quality of the program;

) the issues addressed in this program should be presented in a logical sequence.

Statistical forms are specialized documents of a certain form, which are designed for accounting and reporting. The statistical observation form contains a list of program questions and places for recording answers to them. This form consists of: the title part, which includes the name of the statistical observation and the body conducting it, the date and name of the body that approved this form; the address part of the form must contain a record of the exact address of the unit or set of units of observation, their subordination.

The form has various forms of expression and name: census form, form, questionnaire, reporting form, questionnaire, etc.

Statistical form systems include: an individual form designed to record responses to questions from the observation program, but only for one unit of observation; the list form is designed to record in it the answers to the questions of the monitoring program about several units of observation. In order to interpret the questions contained in the forms in a uniform manner, a statistical hint may be given. Statistical hint - a list of possible answers to the questions. Instructions are drawn up for statistical forms - this is a document that includes explanations and instructions on the program of statistical observation, and also reflects the goals and objectives of observation, information about the object and units of observation, the timing and time of the observation. Instructions should be simple, concise and clear.

Organizational issues of statistical observation

The organizational plan is a document, it should reflect the most important issues for organizing and holding upcoming events. It is compiled in order to successfully carry out statistical observations. It indicates: the bodies conducting the observations, the time and timing of the observation, the preparatory work that was carried out for further observation, the procedure for recruiting and training personnel necessary for conducting statistical observation, the procedure for conducting it, the procedure for receiving and submitting materials, obtaining and providing preliminary and final results. The question of the timing of the statistical observation must necessarily be resolved, including the choice of the season, term and critical moment of the observation.

In order to choose a season, you need to make sure that the object under study is in its usual state.

The time of beginning and end of the collection of statistical data is called the period, or period.

The observation time is the time to which the collected statistical information will be referred.

The critical date is the date as of which information is reported.

The critical moment of statistical observation is the point in time at which the collected data are recorded, which are obtained in the process of statistical observation, for example, they choose the end of one day and the beginning of others.

The organization that prepares, conducts statistical observation and is responsible for its work is the monitoring body. The supervisory body must clearly define the areas of activity, functions, rights and duties for which it is responsible.

The place where the registration of observed facts and the filling of statistical forms is called the place of statistical observation.

Errors in statistical observation and control of observation materials

The most important task of statistical observation is the reliability and accuracy of the collected statistical information.

Accuracy is the level of compliance of the value of any feature or indicator, which was obtained as a result of statistical observation, with its actual value. In the process of preparing and conducting a statistical study, in order to prevent the possibility of deviations or differences between the calculated indicators, it is necessary to foresee and implement a number of measures. If such deviations occur, they are called statistical observation errors.

The materials collected as a result of observation are subjected to comprehensive verification and control. They are checked from the point of view of the completeness of coverage of all units of the observation population and the correctness of filling in the documents and in the order of logical and arithmetic control.

Logical control consists in comparing answers to interrelated questions of the observation program in order to identify logically incompatible answers.

Counting control is reduced to checking the total and group digital totals and their comparison. Its task is to detect and correct incorrect totals of numerical indicators.

Statistical observation errors are representativeness errors and registration errors.

Representativeness errors indicate the extent to which a sample represents the population. These errors arise because only a part of the units of the studied population is subjected to observation, and this information cannot absolutely accurately reflect the properties of the entire mass of phenomena in the population.

Registration errors resulting from incorrect fact-finding can be divided into:

) random - these are errors that can give distortions both in one direction and in the other;

) systematic errors arising from the violation of the principles of unintentional selection of units of the studied population. Systematic errors are dangerous because they affect the resulting scores;

) intentional errors arise from deliberate misrepresentation of facts.

6. Protection of statistical information necessary for conducting state statistical observations

Statistical information provided by legal entities, their branches and representative offices, citizens engaged in entrepreneurial activity, for conducting state statistical observations, depending on the nature of the information contained in it, it may be open and publicly available or classified in accordance with the legislation as restricted access.

The State Statistics Committee of Russia ensures, within its competence, the protection of statistical information, including information that constitutes a state or other secret protected by law, and confidential information, develops a list of confidential information obtained during state statistical observations, and the procedure for their provision to users.

The State Statistics Committee of Russia guarantees the reporting entities the confidentiality of the statistical information received from them on the forms of state statistical observation (primary statistical data) and provides for an appropriate record of guarantee provision on the forms.

Provision of statistical information contained in the forms of state statistical observation (primary statistical data), except for those related to state secret, Goskomstat of Russia, its territorial bodies and organizations under its jurisdiction to third parties is carried out with the written consent of the reporting entities that provided this data, except as otherwise provided by law.

The provision of statistical information contained in the forms of state statistical observation (primary statistical data), which is classified as a state secret, is carried out by the State Statistics Committee of Russia, its territorial bodies and organizations under its jurisdiction in the manner prescribed by the Law Russian Federation dated July 21, 1993 No. 5485-1 “On State Secrets” (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 1997 No. 41, Art. 4673).

Responsibility for Violation of the Procedure for Presenting Statistical Information Necessary for Conducting State Statistical Observations

In accordance with Article 13.19 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, violation by the official responsible for the provision of statistical information necessary for conducting state statistical observations of the procedure for its provision, the provision of false statistical information entails the imposition of an administrative fine.

The production of cases on administrative offenses of the procedure for providing statistical information necessary for conducting state statistical observations and the execution of administrative penalties imposed is carried out in the manner established by the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses.

Reporting organizations compensate, in accordance with the established procedure, the Goskomstat of Russia, its territorial bodies and organizations under its jurisdiction for the damage incurred due to the need to correct the results of consolidated reporting when providing distorted data or violating the deadlines for reporting, in accordance with Article 3 of the Law of the Russian Federation dated May 13, 1992 No. 2761-1 "On liability for violation of the procedure for submitting state statistical reporting".

8. Ways to improve statistical observation

A comprehensive study of the transformations taking place in society, economic and social processes using the method of a scientifically based system of indicators, generalization and forecasting of the ways of developing farms, identifying reserves for increasing the efficiency of social production is the main task of statistical science at the present time.

In the concept of creating an automated statistical information system ways and directions are considered for solving such important tasks as the development of a scientifically based system of statistical indicators and scientific organization statistical observation.

The system of statistical indicators of socio-economic development is the same for all levels of government, provided by a single methodology for their calculation. It is designed to provide information that will characterize the state and development of economic, social, political and public life in all spheres and at all levels of government.

Obtaining the necessary data on the quantitative and qualitative values ​​of certain indicators should change in accordance with the requirements of the system of statistical observations.

Improving statistical monitoring will increase the content, reliability and efficiency of reporting data based on statistical reporting, censuses, and one-time records.

The main principles of the formation of a system of statistical observation: statistical reporting should contain a system of reporting indicators and provide the possibility of monitoring the progress of the implementation of planned programs; sample surveys, censuses, records, qualifications should ensure the receipt of quantitative values ​​of statistical indicators for the purpose of their subsequent economic analysis.

The main purpose of the reporting indicators system is to control the implementation, implementation and achievement of check digits, government orders, compliance with established standards and limits.

Currently changing organizational structures management of the economy, forms and methods of managing the economy, small and joint ventures, joint-stock companies are actively formed, the scope of lease relations is expanding.

In connection with these changes, the statistical authorities need to develop and implement a program to improve the organization of statistical observation.

The program approach will make it possible to carry out a targeted set of measures to improve the system of statistical observation - from asking questions to developing specific reporting forms.

At present, some main directions for improving the system of statistical observation have already been developed: this is the formation, on the basis of a system of statistical indicators of socio-economic development, of a list of the most important measures to monitor the implementation of economic reforms in the system of national economic management; methodology for the most important indicators taken into account when conducting censuses of one-time, sample and monographic surveys.

Consider the sequence of stages in the development and implementation of the improvement of statistical observation.

It is necessary to define a list of indicators that will characterize economic processes for continuous observation, as well as a list of indicators and objects of statistical observation; information on them can be obtained using selective observation and one-time accounting

Development and implementation of reporting forms for complete observation, as well as programs and forms of selective observation and a mathematical apparatus for disseminating selective observation data to the entire set of objects.

Development of a system of census reporting and the necessary mathematical apparatus for distributing census reporting data to the entire set of objects.

Training of economists in methods of selective, monographic surveys and qualification reporting.

Conclusion

Any statistical observation requires careful, thoughtful preparation. The reliability and reliability of information, the timeliness of its receipt will largely depend on it.

The reliability of statistical data is ensured in various ways. These include: rational development of a monitoring program and instructions explaining the content of indicators: systematic control and verification of accounting and reporting at all enterprises, institutions and organizations; selection and training of personnel, etc.

Statistical literacy is an integral part of vocational training every economist, financier, sociologist, political scientist, as well as any specialist dealing with the analysis of mass phenomena, be it social, economic, technical, scientific, and others.

The work of these groups of specialists is inevitably associated with the collection, development and analysis of data of a statistical (mass) nature.

Statistical observation acts as one of the main methods of statistics and as one of the most important stages of statistical research. The importance of this stage of the study is determined by the fact that the use of only objective and sufficiently complete information obtained as a result of statistical observation at subsequent stages of the study is able to provide scientifically based conclusions about the nature and patterns of development of the object under study.

Bibliography:

1. Bendina N.V. General theory statistics (lecture notes). - M.: PRIOR, 2009.

2. Goremykina T.K. General and legal statistics; 2006

legal statistics; Kazantsev S.Ya. , Lebedeva S.Ya.; 2007

4. Eliseeva I.I., Yuzbashev M.M. "General theory of statistics" Textbook. 4th ed., revised. and additional M. Finance and statistics, 2009.

5. Godin A.M. Statistics: textbook / A.M. Godin.- Moscow: Dashkov, 2012

Statistics: textbook / (I. I. Eliseeva et al.) - Moscow: Prospekt, 2011

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