Pirogov's mummy where is located. The only mummy from the time of the Russian Empire. Blessing for Pirogov's "Mummy"

It turns out that on the territory of the USSR Lenin's Mausoleum was not the only one, and not even the first. For a long time, two more functioned normally with him - the mausoleum of the legendary surgeon Nikolai Pirogov and the mausoleum of the no less legendary "noble robber" and hero of the Civil War, a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR Grigory Kotovsky.

"Under Kotovsky"

Killed in 1925 under unclear circumstances by his own friend, Grigory Ivanovich, according to the country's leadership, colleagues and many ordinary people, deserved a similar posthumous memory. He became a legend, the Robin Hood of the southern Russian steppes even before the revolution. Many remembered how Kotovsky, at gunpoint, took away from the Odessa manufacturer Aron Goldstein 10 thousand rubles and distributed them to the poor: "For milk for poor children."

A few days after the death of the red commander, the city of Birzula (since 1935 - Kotovsk, now Podolsk, Odessa region) arrived Professor Vladimir Vorobyov. The same one that embalmed Lenin's body a year earlier. The process followed an already proven methodology - over the body of "the bravest among the modest and the most modest among the brave," as Kotovsky called Stalin worked for several days. At the same time, a mausoleum was built in the city park, so far only the underground part with a glass sarcophagus and cushions for awards - three orders of the Red Banner of War and a checker with the sign of the same order. The elevated part of the monument - a stele with a tribune and bas-reliefs on the theme of the Civil War - was created only by 1934. The place became the ideological center of the city - pioneers were accepted here, parades were held.

All of this came to an end during the war. Ironically, the German-Romanian troops who occupied the city destroyed the last refuge of Kotovsky exactly 16 years after the death of the hero - on August 6, 1941. His body was disfigured and thrown into the ditch along with the executed Jews, the awards were stolen and taken to Romania.

A few days later, local workers, led by the head of the repair shops Ivan Skorubsky they opened the moat and reburied the dead, and the remains of Kotovsky were filled with the most scarce alcohol and stored in bags and a box in the attic until the city was liberated in 1944.

Romania returned Kotovsky's awards - now they are stored in Moscow in the Central Museum armed forces. The disfigured remains were placed in a lead coffin with a window and returned to the underground crypt, the stele over which was restored only in 1965, and even then in a reduced form.

In 2016, on the wave of “decommunization”, Ukrainian nationalists repeated the “feat” of the Romanian invaders - they broke into an abandoned crypt flooded with groundwater and staged a pogrom, ripping open the coffin and desecrating the remains. What fate awaits the ashes of the red commander and his mausoleum is still unclear.

Blessing for Pirogov's "Mummy"

Surprisingly, the creation of the mausoleum (later the church-necropolis) of Pirogov, as well as the embalming of his body, was approved Orthodox Church in the person of the Holy Synod: “It is allowed not to betray the earth, so that the disciples and successors of the noble and charitable deeds of N. I. Pirogov could face and see his bright appearance.”

Contrary to stories and legends, the famous surgeon did not bequeath to keep his body after death. And the technique of embalming also does not belong to him. The initiator of the idea was the widow of a scientist Alexandra Antonovna: "I would like to preserve the body of my husband in an incorruptible form for me and my descendants." The performer was his student and attending physician David Vyvodtsev, author of the capital work "Embalming and methods of preserving anatomical preparations and animal corpses." By the way, David Ilyich, summoned to the late Pirogov in his estate Cherry, near Vinnitsa, carried out all the work with impressive speed - in just 4 hours, and very high quality. He did without an autopsy - only urine and the contents of the intestines were released, and only a few incisions were made in the region of the carotid and inguinal arteries, where they pumped a mixture of thymol, alcohol, glycerin and distilled water in the amount of "half the weight of the corpse." This was enough for Pirogov's body to remain incorruptible for more than 45 years. In 1927, the robbers opened a glass sarcophagus, ordered by the widow of a scientist in Vienna, and stole Pirogov's sword - a gift Austrian emperor. The microclimate was disturbed, and the body began to decompose. It was renovated, but in 1941 the sarco-phagus was again damaged by an air bomb. Since then, Pirogov's body has required reembalming every 5-7 years on average. Nevertheless, it is in excellent condition and is still located in Vinnitsa in the Pirogov family vault on the cemetery site, which was bought by the widow of Nikolai Ivanovich from the rural community for 200 silver rubles. The church was erected over the crypt and glass sarcophagus only 4 years after the death of Pirogov.

History of illness and death of N.I. Pirogova has long become a textbook deontological “situational task” for medical students, which illustrates how to behave with a patient, tell or not tell the truth to cancer patients, etc. But this is not just a “situational task”, this is one of the many mysteries that accompanied N.I. Pirogov throughout his life and even after his death.

Let us turn to the history of N.I. Pirogov, which was led by Dr. S. Shklyarevsky (doctor of the Kyiv military hospital). At the beginning of 1881, Pirogov drew attention to pain and irritation on the mucous membrane of the hard palate. Soon an ulcer formed, but there was no discharge. The patient switched to a milk diet. However, the ulcer grew. Attempts to cover it with pieces of paper, smeared and soaked in a thick decoction of linseed, had no effect. The first consultants were N.V. Sklifosovsky and I.V. Bertenson. May 24, 1881 N.V. Sklifosovsky established the presence of cancer of the upper jaw and considered it necessary to urgently operate on the patient. It is difficult to assume that N.I. Pirogov, a brilliant surgeon, diagnostician, through whose hands dozens of oncological patients passed, could not make a diagnosis himself.

The news that he had a malignant tumor plunged Nikolai Ivanovich into a severe depression. Having refused the operation, he leaves for a consultation with his student T. Billroth in Vienna, accompanied by his second wife Alexandra Antonovna and personal doctor S. Shklyarevsky.

In Vienna, T. Billroth examined the patient, was convinced of a serious diagnosis, but realized that the operation was impossible due to the difficult moral and physical condition of the patient, so he “rejected the diagnosis” made by Russian doctors. This deceit “resurrected” Pirogov: “Well, if you tell me this, then I calm down.” A decoction of flaxseed and a mouth wash with alum solution were prescribed.

Nikolai Ivanovich returned home reassured. Despite the progression of the disease, the conviction that it was not cancer helped him to live, even to consult patients, to participate in the anniversary celebrations dedicated to the 70th anniversary of his birth.

The last year of his life N.I. Pirogov lived in the Vishnya estate, where he continued to write his "diary of an old doctor." Before last days he was working on the manuscript. On October 22, 1881, Nikolai Ivanovich wrote: “Oh, hurry, hurry! Bad, bad! So, perhaps, I will not have time to describe even half of St. Petersburg life. He didn't make it. The manuscript remained unfinished, the last sentence of the great scientist broke off in mid-sentence. Many mysteries from the life of N.I. Pirogov keeps this manuscript. One of them is connected with the death and embalming of his body.

Died N.I. Pirogov at 20:25 November 23, 1881 At his request, the body was embalmed. Embalming was carried out by Dr. D.I. Breeders from the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy by injecting thymol solution into the carotid and femoral arteries, without opening the cranial, abdominal and thoracic cavities. Dr. D.I. Vyvodtsev was no stranger to embalming. In 1870, he published his work entitled “On embalming in general and on the newest method of embalming corpses without opening cavities, using salicylic acid and thymol”, which was practically the only book on embalming in Russia. Before embalming D.I. Vyvodtsev cut out part of the tumor that occupied the entire right half of the upper jaw and spread through the nasal cavity. The tumor was examined in St. Petersburg - by N.I. Pirogov turned out to be a characteristic “horny cancer”.

Why is N.I. Pirogov was allowed to be embalmed after death, and his corpse is still kept in the family tomb in the village. Cherry near Vinnitsa (Ukraine)? Let us turn to the origins in the history of embalming. The ancient Egyptians mastered the art of embalming; their mummies, preserved in excellent condition, date back more than 2,000 years. There are many myths and legends about who invented embalming. Many believe “that it was Hermes who embalmed the corpse of the Egyptian king Osiris.”1 Historically, the embalming of corpses in Egypt got its start with a hygienic purpose to prevent putrefaction. It is difficult to agree with this, because. in the deserts of Egypt, the corpses quickly dried out under the influence of the scorching heat, turning into a yellow-brown mummy. Such mummies remained unchanged for a very long time and were found in huge quantities in the cemeteries of Egypt. Then what's the matter? According to the beliefs of the ancient Egyptians, the human soul, after being cleansed from sins, moved into its physical body, thereby gaining immortality. It was necessary to preserve the body of the deceased in the form it was during life on earth, so that the soul of the deceased would gain immortality. Belief in the afterlife, in the immortality of the soul, is the only reason for the careful embalming of the body among the ancient Egyptians.

Let us turn to the last paragraphs of the Old Doctor's Diary, written a few days before his death. His diary ends with memories of his first wife Ekaterina Dmitrievna (née Berezina):

“For the first time I wished for immortality - afterlife. Love did it. I wanted love to be eternal - it was so sweet ... Over time, I learned from experience that not only love is the reason for the desire to live forever.

Belief in immortality is based on something even higher than love itself. Now I believe, or rather, I wish in immortality, not only because the love of life for my love - and true love - for my second wife and children (from the first), no, my faith in immortality is now based on a different moral principle, on other ideal.”1

This ends the diary of N.I. Pirogov. With thoughts of immortality, he leaves this life.

The question of embalming one's body appeared, apparently, with N.I. Pirogov not on the eve of his death. It was necessary to prepare for this, because. the method of embalming was not simple, and there were few specialists in embalming in Russia. Let's turn to history.

According to the works of the ancient Greek scientist Herodotus (V century BC), there were many different ways embalming (for different segments of the population). The most expensive involved the obligatory removal of the brain through the nasal cavity with an iron hook, or drawing fluid. The second method included cutting the abdomen, removing the entrails, washing with palm wine, filling the abdominal cavity with powder from bituminous clay, lime, potassium nitrate, sodium carbonate, sulfate and hydrochloric acid, resin and roots, and wax. Palm wine, used by the ancient Egyptians for embalming, was made from the fruits of the date tree. The whole process was accompanied by ritual spells. For example: “O you, the sun, the supreme ruler, and you, O gods, who give people life, take me to yourself and let me live with you!” The embalming was completed by immersing the body, the abdominal cavity of which was filled with the above composition, into a vessel with wax and resin and kept on low heat for several days. After that, they were treated with tannins, dried and wrapped in bandages soaked in tannin, wax, and resin.

The ancient Egyptian methods of embalming were recorded on papyri, but they were gradually forgotten. In the Middle Ages, embalming was almost never used, and it was remembered in Europe during the Renaissance. In Europe, embalming is beginning to gain a place in medical science at the end of the 15th century. to preserve the bodies of ruling persons, for transportation from battlefields, for anatomical museums, etc. (no religious motive). French doctors used murraceum: table salt, alum, myrrh, aloe, vinegar, etc. Removal of internal organs - “gutting” remained an obligatory element of European embalming. So the body was embalmed Louis XIII- King of France, Alexander I - Russian Tsar. In 1835, the Italian doctor Tranchini introduced a new method of embalming without opening the cavities with the injection of large vessels with a solution of arsenic and cinnabar.

In 1845, zinc chloride was used for embalming without opening and removing internal organs. In Russia, this method very quickly found its application. Professor Gruber and Lesgaft embalmed the bodies of Emperor Alexander II and Empress Maria Alexandrovna.

So, N.I. Pirogov was embalmed by Dr. D.I. Breeders in his newest way, using salicylic acid and thymol, glycerin, he injected them with both large trunks and small vessels. Before starting the embalming, it was necessary to open the veins so that all the blood came out. Without a doubt, embalming could only be effective if it was carried out shortly after death. Therefore, to embalming N.I. Pirogov prepared in advance. Embalming was carried out by the best specialist in Russia in this field. The method was the most effective. But why? There was no need to transport the body anywhere, N.I. Pirogov remained in his family vault. To be like royalty after death? But vanity, according to the memoirs of contemporaries, was alien to N.I. Pirogov. According to the conservative at the Anatomical Institute, Dr. Endrikhipsky, the embalming of the corpses of rich and noble people in St. Petersburg in the 80s. last century was a kind of fashion. It is difficult to agree with this. The funeral was rather modest. The only thing that remains is the desire for immortality. It can be assumed that the solution lies in the religious and philosophical views of N.I. Pirogov.

The religious and philosophical views of N.I. Pirogov, his spiritual quest and the difficult path to faith: “I must make myself clear how much I am a materialist; this nickname is not to my liking...” “I became, but not suddenly, like many neophytes, and not without a struggle, a believer.” Religious and philosophical views of N.I. Pirogov are reflected in two editions of the article “Questions of Life”, where he refers to the teachings of Jesus Christ, calls for a fight with himself, with his duality, with the inconsistency of the external and inner man. What made Pirogov refuse to be buried and leave his body on the ground? This riddle N.I. Pirogov will be unsolved for a long time.

After passing several dozen steps down a steep staircase, you find yourself in a cool and semi-dark room. Lights snatch out of the semi-darkness a sealed glass sarcophagus made at one of the military factories in Moscow, and in it is a coffin. For more than a hundred years, the body of a world-famous scientist, a legendary military surgeon, a hero has been resting on such an unusual deathbed. Crimean War 1853-1856 Nikolai Pirogov. All these years he lies in his tomb in the uniform of the Privy Councilor of the Ministry of Public Education of the Russian Empire.

The uniqueness of the Pirogov necropolis is undeniable. Firstly, in no country in the world where the bodies of historical figures such as Lenin, Ho Chi Minh City and Kim Il Sung are now buried are embalmed, there is no example of such a long (more than a hundred years) preservation of the remains in a “normal” state. Secondly, we are talking about the mausoleum, which was created in a remote province, in the estate of the deceased - the village of Vishnya, Vinnitsa province.

How is it possible to preserve the body of a person who for the first time in the world used ether anesthesia during surgical operations, the author of the famous book “Fundamentals of General military field surgery"? This question is still open.

And knowing some of the details from the history of his illness and death, the details of the embalming process in the cold December 1881, one involuntarily admires the talent of Nikolai Ivanovich's student, David Vyvodtsev. He embalmed, by the way, the bodies of the US and Chinese ambassadors who died in St. Petersburg at one time, so that they could be delivered to their homeland.

It was D. Vyvodtsev’s book “On Embalming”, which a grateful student presented to his teacher, that made Pirogov’s wife Alexandra Antonovna, during the life of her husband, who was dying of an incurable disease, decide to save his body. “Most Gracious Sovereign David Ilyich,” she writes a letter to Vyvodtsev, “please forgive me generously if I disturb you with my sad news ... Wouldn’t you consider it hard work, when it pleases the Lord God to call Nikolai Ivanovich to him, to come to the village. Cherry and embalm his body, which I would like to preserve incorruptible for me and posterity. Vyvodtsev agreed, writing to Pirogov's wife that for this it was necessary to prepare alcohol, glycerin, thymol ...

N.I. Pirogov. Photo 1855

When N. Pirogov died on December 5, 1881 (the Holy Synod had already agreed to his wife not to betray Nikolai Ivanovich to the ground, as Christian custom dictates), Vyvodtsev arrived at the estate. By that time, a string had been delivered from Vienna, ordered in advance by Alexandra Antonovna. In it, according to the museum staff, he lies to this hour.

Only on the fourth day after his death, Vyvodtsev began embalming. The paramedic helped him. The process, at which the priest was present, lasted several hours. When relatives were allowed to enter the room, they saw the deceased father and husband as if sleeping. It has been this way for over 60 years! Until 1944-1945, when immediately after the liberation of Vinnitsa from the German invaders, on the orders of Voroshilov, preparations began for the first reembalming of the body of the legendary surgeon. Throughout the war, by the way, it was in the estate, the Germans did not touch it.

Curious are the details that speak of the high skill of D. Vyvodtsev and the uniqueness of his embalming technique. He left intact both the brain and internal organs. To this day, only a few incisions remain on the body of Nikolai Ivanovich - in the area of the carotid artery and groin. Using the law of physics about communicating vessels, Pirogov's student filled under pressure the large blood arteries of the deceased with a special solution, which ensured the safety of the body for more than half a century.

In all likelihood, such a striking effect was also achieved due to the fact that Pirogov was a man of "small bones". He never suffered from obesity, was lean and fit all his life. And what, apparently, is also significant - in fact, he left the other world from starvation.

Pirogov fell ill unexpectedly, when he was already living permanently in his estate Cherry. An ulcer formed in the upper part of the jaw. As it turned out later - malignant.

- With such a disease, - said Galina Semyonovna Sobchuk, director of the museum-estate of N. Pirogov, - Nikolai Ivanovich was not even able to simply swallow. To somehow support life, he was given small doses of champagne and expressed breast milk.

... The tomb of Nikolai Pirogov is now, as it were, in the basement of the church-necropolis, built more than a hundred years ago on the edge of the rural cemetery. It was here that Alexandra Antonovna prudently bought a piece of land for 200 silver rubles from the village community under the mausoleum of her husband. Here everything is well-groomed, everything is in the colors that the famous surgeon loved so much. In his estate, according to eyewitnesses, there were more than a hundred varieties of roses. Varieties, not bushes. Nikolai Ivanovich himself grew them, as well as his magnificent garden.

In the ritual church-necropolis above the tomb there is a beautiful iconostasis, ancient icons. It was restored, but actually recreated anew in accordance with a special resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Ukrainian SSR in the 1980s. It appeared after the Minister of Health of the USSR Academician Boris Petrovsky visited here in 1978 and saw the deplorable state of the building. That year, a group of specialists from the unique Moscow Center for Embalming Problems arrived here. Pirogov's body was decided for the first time post-war years send to the laboratory at the mausoleum of V.I. Lenin. And then - in 1994 and later, reembalming was carried out by Moscow specialists.

Alas, in last years caused a storm of political rumors: they say, Muscovites, Russia want to take Nikolai Pirogov from us.

How can one not recall the words that sounded from the stands of congresses of Ukrainian doctors back in the 1920s: “Pirogov belongs not only to the country in which he was born, he belongs to world medicine. The mission to preserve his remains fell to the lot and honor of Ukraine.”

Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov is a recognized anatomist of world renown. He founded military field medicine, developed many methods of treatment, as they would say now - innovations. Creator of the first surgical clinic in Russia. Pirogov - a participant in the Crimean War and the defense of Sevastopol. By the end of his life, Pirogov developed a unique method of embalming bodies, with the help of which he was embalmed after death.
The body of Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov rests in the mausoleum church near Vinnitsa (Ukraine). The Russian National Research Medical University is named after Pirogov.

133 years since the body of the great scientist Nikolai Pirogov has been kept in a family vault near Vinnitsa. The locals call it their mausoleum. The fact is that the deceased after death was embalmed according to his own recipe, and since then his body has not undergone decomposition or decay. Unlike the ashes of the leader of the world proletariat, no one cared for Pirogov at all for many years, which did not prevent him from remaining safe and sound.

Pirogov was born in Moscow in 1810. At the age of 14, he managed to enter the Medical University. At the same time, Pirogov managed to get a job as a dissector in the anatomical theater. Probably here the future scientist first encountered the secrets and mysteries of the human body. Seeing how everything in this world is perishable, the student was apparently possessed by the dream of someday achieving, if not immortality, then at least the first step towards it.

Graduated from the university one of the first in terms of academic performance. Pirogov went to prepare for a professorship at Yuriev University in the city of Tartu. At that time, this university was considered the best in Russia. Here, in the surgical clinic, Pirogov worked for five years, brilliantly defended his doctoral dissertation, and at the age of twenty-six became a professor of surgery.

Then the scientist worked in Tartu, where he defended his doctoral dissertation, which made a lot of noise in the medical world. He explained the location of the human aorta, which was very important for that time, since abdominal operations were considered impossible at that time. Suffice it to recall Pushkin's mortal wound in a duel.

Then there was Berlin, where Pirogov studied wisdom, surgical skills, and then returned to his homeland. On the way home, the scientist fell ill and had to spend a long time in Riga. However, barely getting out of bed, he began to carry out plastic surgery. He began with rhinoplasty: he carved out a new nose for a noseless barber. Then he recalled that it was the best nose he had ever made in his life. For that time, Pirogov was considered the best plastic surgeon.

Years go by. Pirogov creates a science - surgical anatomy. Thanks to the discoveries of the scientist, anatomical atlases were created for the first time.

In his personal life, like all the great Pirogov, he showed himself to be a despot. he simply locked his wife within the four walls of a rented and, on the advice of acquaintances, furnished apartment. He didn’t take her to the theater, because he disappeared until late in the anatomical theater, he didn’t go to balls with her, because balls were idleness, he took away her novels and slipped scientific journals in her place. Pirogov jealously pushed his wife away from her friends, because she had to belong entirely to him, just as he belongs entirely to science. And for a woman, probably, there was too much and too little of one great Pirogov.

Ekaterina Dmitrievna died in her fourth year of marriage, leaving Pirogov two sons: the second cost her her life.

Subsequently, Pirogov marries once again the baroness, Bistorm.

One day while walking through the market. Pirogov saw the butchers sawing the carcasses of cows into pieces. The scientist drew attention to the fact that the location of the internal organs is clearly visible on the cut. After some time, he tried this method in the anatomical theater, sawing frozen corpses with a special saw. Pirogov himself called this "ice anatomy". Thus was born a new medical discipline - topographic anatomy.

With the help of cuts made in this way, Pirogov compiled the first anatomical atlas, which became an indispensable guide for surgeons. Now they have the opportunity to operate, causing minimal injury to the patient. This atlas and the technique proposed by Pirogov became the basis for the entire subsequent development of operative surgery.

Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov bought the estate near Vinnitsa at the end of his life. Then there was the village of Cherry, later renamed Pirogovo. An elderly doctor in these years was mainly engaged in administrative and pedagogical work- opened, for example, Sunday schools. But he did not leave medicine either. By this time, Pirogov had become a convinced Christian, and his professional skills had reached their peak. On his estate, he opened a free hospital and planted various medicinal plants for its needs. In this paradise, planted with lindens and permeated with the smell of a thousand herbs, treatment gave a 100% result, because there were no various hospital infections and stealing quartermasters

Shortly before his death (November 23, and according to the old style, December 5, 1881), he received a monograph by the famous St. Petersburg surgeon, embalmer and anatomologist, a native of Vinnitsa D. Vyvodtsev "Embalming and methods of preserving anatomical preparations ...". In it, the author described the method he found for embalming with a liquid, which included in certain proportions: alcohol, thymol, glycerin and distilled water. This composition drowned out the microbial environment and preserved body volumes.

This was confirmed by the embalming in St. Petersburg of the bodies of the ambassadors of the United States and China for transportation to their homeland. Pirogov, as evidenced by the notes of his wife, very carefully read the work. Perhaps he shared with her the impression of what he had read. In an effort to implement the idea of preserving her husband’s body, Alexandra Antonovna, during his lifetime in Vienna, ordered a special coffin, received consent from the Holy Synod so as not to give the body to the ground, as Christian custom dictates, and writes to David Vyvodtsev with a request to embalm the body of her teacher . He agreed, and after the death of Nikolai Ivanovich, he arrived at the estate, where on the 4th day, in the presence of a priest and a paramedic, he embalmed the body. After embalming, Vyvodtsev excised part of the tumor. It was histologically examined in Kyiv by Professor Ivanovsky, who gave the conclusion: "Characteristic horny cancer." During embalming (unlike Lenin), Vyvodtsev left the brain and internal organs intact, released blood and, under pressure, filled the large and small arteries of the deceased with embalming solution. A few days later the body was transferred to the village church.

The question arose, where to keep the body permanently? The widow found a way out. At this time, a new cemetery was being laid near the house. For 200 silver rubles from a rural community, she buys a plot of land for a family crypt, encloses it with a brick fence, and the builders begin the construction of the crypt. The construction of the crypt and the delivery of a special coffin from Vienna took almost two months.

Only on January 24, 1882 at 12 noon did the official funeral take place. The weather was cloudy, the frost was accompanied by a piercing wind, but, despite this, the medical and pedagogical community of Vinnytsia region gathered at the rural cemetery to see off the great doctor and teacher on his last journey. An open black coffin is placed on a pedestal. Pirogov in the dark uniform of the Privy Councilor of the Ministry public education Russian Empire. This rank was equivalent to the rank of general.

If capital reembalming had not been carried out in Moscow, then, according to the professor of the Vinnitsa Medical University named after. NI Pirogova P. Shaporenko - executive secretary of the coordinating Council of anatomists of the CIS countries - the body of the great scientist would have been buried. Reembalming in 1994 and 2000 was carried out in Vinnitsa by Moscow specialists from the Center for Biological Structures. A special laboratory equipped with the necessary equipment is equipped in Vinnitsa. The safety of the body of an outstanding scientist is monitored by a special regional commission headed by the rector of Vinnitsa medical university named after N. Pirogov by Professor Vasily Moroz. For 133, one case of vandalism was noted. At the end of the 20s, robbers visited the crypt, they damaged the glass lid of the coffin, stole Pirogov's sword and pectoral cross. In the years civil war, revolutions, famines, neither the "whites" nor the "reds" raised their hand to the luminary of medicine. During the Great Patriotic War, the body of N. Pirogov was in the crypt, and the Nazis did not touch him.

photo from a newspaper in 2005

MAUSOLEUM m. Greek. magnificent tombstone, golubets, burial ground. [t.sl. V.Dalya]

Mausoleum (lat. mausoleum, from the Greek Mausoléion), a monumental funerary structure. Named after the tomb of the Carian king Mausolus (died in the middle of the 4th century BC) in the city [BSE].

Since ancient times, the construction of the mausoleum had to emphasize the significance, the special role of the buried person, to preserve the memory of him for centuries. There are about a hundred of the most famous mausoleum structures in the world. I want to talk about those 5 of them, in which great people are buried, directly related to the history of Russia.

5.

The Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878 in Russia and Bulgaria is called nothing less than the liberation war and they have every right to do so. The Russian army liberated several Slavic peoples from the Turkish yoke, which lasted several hundred years. Some of the most significant moments of the battle fell on the defense of Shipka, the crossing of the Danube, the siege of Plevna (modern Pleven). In memory of the fallen soldiers-liberators in Plevna, an Orthodox mausoleum of St. George the Victorious.

« Thunderstorm of the twelfth year

It has come - who helped us here?

The frenzy of the people

Barclay, winter or Russian God?»

« O unfortunate leader! Your lot was harsh:

You sacrificed everything to a foreign land for you.

Impenetrable to the gaze of wild mob,

You walked alone in silence with a great thought ...» [A.S. Pushkin]

The Patriotic War of 1812 showed many heroes and talented commanders. Among them is a descendant of the Scottish nobles - Barclay de Tolly. Barclay de Tolly took part in Russian-Swedish war and in the battle of Austerlitz, but received the main recognition for the battle of Borodino and the foreign campaign of the Russian army. Barclay de Tolly died on May 14, 1818. His body was embalmed and buried in a mausoleum in Jõgevest (Estonia).

During the Great Patriotic War according to various estimates, about 7 million Soviet soldiers died. A considerable part of the fallen fighters fell on Europe liberated from fascism. On January 17, 1945, Warsaw was liberated by the Soviet troops of the 1st Belorussian Front. In Warsaw, a cemetery-mausoleum was built on the burial site of 21,500 Soviet soldiers.

Of course, when talking about the great Russian figures who were honored to be buried in the mausoleum, one cannot ignore the main mausoleum-monument of Russia - the mausoleum of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (Ulyanov). The great founder of the USSR - the state that defeated fascism - was buried at a depth of 3 meters below ground level. The building of the mausoleum in the form in which we know it now was built according to the project of the architect A.V. Shchusev in 1930. The most important appeals of Soviet leaders were read from the stands installed at the facility. November 7, 1941 in honor of the 24th anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution a military parade was held on Red Square, which stopped the German invaders, preventing them from taking the capital - Moscow. Standing on the podium of the Lenin Mausoleum, the parade was received by Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin. The Lenin Mausoleum is an integral part of Red Square - the most important symbol of Russia.