Quantum theory of society. Is quantum theory a way of describing reality or our knowledge of it? Post-industrial informational and other approaches

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Can consciousness determine reality?

In modern quantum form, Young's experiment involves firing individual particles of light or matter through two slits or holes cut into an opaque barrier. On one side of the barrier is a screen that records the arrival of the particles (say, a photographic plate in the case of photons). Common sense leads us to expect that photons will pass through either one or the other slit and accumulate behind the corresponding passage.

Monographic formulation from a unified methodological standpoint of the developed quantum concept of a complete theoretical substantiation of reality based on the generalization of modern achievements of various sciences in the field of social science into a single theoretical system the main provisions of the functioning of a normal society using a complex - simplex systems approach to content coverage.

Society is a certain specific object of study and, according to Wisdom, the construction of its theory is necessary on the basis of a quantum approach.

In the environment of THEORETICS as a fundamentally new direction of research activity on the theoretical substantiation of the scientific proof that is replacing scientific evidence, the QUANTUM THEORY OF SOCIETY is set forth, where, based on the study of historical development, organizational structure and economic specialization, a theoretical substantiation of the formation of the intellectual era of the development of society is given, which necessitates the transition from the republican organization society to the union through the unification of closely related civilizational republics and as a result of the creation of a republican union supreme authority on the basis of the judicial system of approval of the adopted laws of the functioning of society.

The proposed work proceeds from the generalization of modern achievements of various sciences about society into a single theoretical system of basic provisions, where each is given attention to the extent of its significance to illuminate social reality from the unified methodological positions of the quantum approach, based on the logic of the axiomatic representation of reality as the causality of development, hierarchical organization and consistency variety of components of one level in the complex representing any phenomenon under consideration as a system consisting of certain elements and functioning in environment, which makes it possible to reflect the specific triad of social reality as a naturally functioning, self-governing and socially controlled system of a normal society, with the coordination of their role by the judicial system.

A quantum theoretical substantiation of the life of modern society is necessary in connection with the entry of the social development of society into a new, essentially intellectual era.

The modern development of society is characterized by a change of eras, a transition from the industrial era that has exhausted its possibilities to a new, more advanced era of intellectual development, causing fundamental changes in all areas of society's life.

The intellectual development of society opens up new promising opportunities and serious problems arise in their practical implementation, which poses the task of a deeper theoretical substantiation of social problems.

The most industrialized modern countries are characterized by increasingly aggravated anti-progressive manifestations:

- prospective development is constrained by the strengthening of conservative sentiments to preserve the achieved results, while the general line of social development goes in the direction of progressive development and ensuring the accumulation of means of production through deductions from the implementation of what has been created;
- economic activity is increasingly directed to the formation of consumer opportunities, reducing efforts to reproduce the new;
- organizational structure does not become more complicated in accordance with the new requirements, but on the contrary, democratic fragmentation is observed in the flesh to the point of the collapse of some integral countries, while progressive development is characterized by the complication of organization, the integration of more and more common components of society and the stricter organizational norms.

Economic crisis, depression, recession, default is a natural final phase in the development of economic activity of each cycle of production of goods and services, expressed in the overproduction of traditional products that are beneficial for the manufacturer due to its development and the underproduction of a fundamentally new one due to a lag in understanding the requirements of the time, the desire to maximize profits by manufacturers while transition to a new life cycle, underestimating the reduction in demand for traditional products.

An imbalance between supply and demand for goods and services at a new level of life activity, expressed in overpricing and overstocking of products, a decrease in purchasing power due to delayed wages, loss of bank savings, systematic accumulation of debts and the impossibility of repaying them within an economically acceptable time frame, hyperinflation, artificial expansion of production through loans and consumption through discounts, bonuses, debt accumulation.

As a result: a decrease in gross NP, mass bankruptcy, unemployment, a decline in living standards, psychological panic, hyperinflation. The deterioration of the economic situation, the decline in production, the decline in consumption, standard of living. The more intensive economic activity, the more acute the crisis.

Financial monopolies deliberately block more progressive new developments, which can cause damage to the old industries that have already been taken over.

Ideological crisis less clearly meaningful, but no less effective, especially since it is directly related to the contradictions of the nominal new and old in social development, with the transition to a new intellectual era.

The ideological crisis is intensified due to the lack of development of the worldview of scientific justification with a significant preservation of religious influence on social processes, due to the weakness of the worldview of the philosophy of society with the traditional strength of religion, and here the development of a fundamentally new theoretical justification is still required, therefore the ideological crisis is directly called theoretical.

At the state level: spiritual life, art has shied away in search of the new in contemporary art, the moral crisis of permissiveness that violates traditional customs, sexual promiscuity, religious fundamentalism, fanaticism and general extremism. Through measured efforts in the struggle for human rights, up to the struggle for the rights of the child from parents without regard to duties, as well as for the preservation of the animal and plant world without taking into account the natural norms for their use by man. But the trends of cultural tolerance, the preservation of national-ethnic and cultural-religious communities, multiculturalism, and patriotic guarding have still been preserved. Religious activation, sects, cults. The exorbitant growth of mysticism, magic with the revival of customs that are bad for society. Passion for games, extremism in sports

The ideological crisis manifested itself most acutely at the international level, where the extremes of an intensified struggle for human rights clashed without taking into account the obligations of democratic countries and opposition to the activity of traditional societies, observance of the obligations of the masses to rulers, women to men and younger to elders, even brothers, without reservation of natural rights. As a result, the active expansion of industrialized countries with state support - globalism and guerrilla struggle developing countries - terrorism.

Citizenship slides into individualism when the successes achieved in the previous intensive development are directed to petty private lusts, poorly managed and controlled, destroying the established achievements of social communities. The family is falling apart, the era of love without an increase in the birth rate of children. Friends, different clubs strengthen each other.

The government is turning into a “night watchman”, there is a preservation of what has been achieved, it is engaged, and the functions of actively mobilizing the energy of citizens to solve promising problems are receding into the background, departments are growing instead of ministries. The representation is moving to the constant development of new laws without streamlining the developed ones into a coherent system, to hectic control functions of the distribution of petty budgetary funds without ensuring reasonable norms for their rational use, lobbying for private interests is developing.

During the period of imperialist domination of private-property industrial development, there is a stratification of the rich and the poor in the flesh to the point of caste division of people:

- the lowest stratigraphic layer of people living on pensions and other means of social security has been formed, where private entrepreneurs can dump the unemployed population;
- hired workers who are not able to start their own production on the accumulated wages;
- private entrepreneurs whose profits are not enough to create sectoral structures;
- large owners of the public domain, who do not have a real opportunity to create their own banking capital;
- banking magnates who own capital on the basis of private property, but are not admitted to the financial oligarchy;
- as well as the acute problem of stratification of the private ownership of the leading states - globalism, and the guerrilla struggle of developing countries for the preservation of independence - anti-globalism and terrorism.

At the state level: a strong privately owned elite and a weak class of hired workers, hence the class struggle, conflicts between the top and bottom, the party struggle. As a result: partisan actions of citizenship, paralysis of governance - corruption and non-execution of orders at the government level, difficulties in legislative control by representation, and at the level of judging - an uncontrolled elite and lack of rights of the masses, that is, all levels of society are covered. Riots and riots...

General position.

The industrial society has exhausted its progressive possibilities and it is being replaced by a new, essentially intellectual era of social development, which requires a more perfect theoretical justification for the phenomena under study.

As a result of artificial stimulation of the capitalist phase of industrial development, instead of its natural stagnation and socialization, the development of a new intellectual era is held back, within which it is possible to overcome the industrial crisis by directing private ownership initiative to new discoveries, inventions and fundamental developments.

The inability of modern social science to foresee a crisis of this magnitude in a timely manner shows the weakness of the existing concept of substantiating the development of society and the functioning of the economy.

Therefore, a transition to an intellectual economy is necessary, the development of an innovative development path, and this is possible with a theoretical justification of economic development,

Failure to master new opportunities. Society is a natural result of the development of the nature of the Earth as it is partially transformed from inert, first to living, and then to social. In the process of its own development, society is in a transitional period from the industrial to the new intellectual era, which was prepared in scientific and technical terms in the last century. However, the transition to a new era is hampered by the inability of modern societies to master the opportunities that are opening up, and, above all, due to the lack of theoretical understanding of the problems of transforming the economy, politics, and ideology in accordance with the requirements in the new conditions. With the change of eras, all aspects of social reality are subject to revision: the economy of life in the direction of intensification, political organization in the direction of complicating ordering, ideological attitudes with a focus on high morality.

Failure to master new opportunities is a fairly common phenomenon in social development.

The inability of the Indian civilization to master technological progress, the wheel and other possibilities of agrarian activity led to the disintegration of this civilization into separate tribal formations.

The inability of the USSR, which in fact has become no longer a republic, but a union, to form a union governing body. Stalin made great strides in national question- restored the Slavic system, starting with the Polabian Slavs Germanized 1000 years ago to the Adriatic, but did not guess to rise to a level higher than republican statehood.

The inability of India in the Middle Ages and China in the twentieth century to master the technical progress of industrial development led to their capture by the Saxons and the Japanese.

The inability of many developing countries to collect or extractive activities has stalled at this level of development.

The first understanding is ideological

Qualitatively new changes in the development of society began to be noted as early as the second half of the 20th century; these are also signs of the aging of traditional societies - the "decline of Europe" and the search for a "new world order". Issues of global warming due to increasing carbon dioxide emissions, deterioration of the biological composition of the planet and changes in traditional food chains, a significant increase in the movement of land materials and changes in the quality of water in the oceans, as well as other important problems for future development that need to be addressed, were raised.

It should be noted that the first publication about the post-capitalist system was in the work of A. A. Bogdanov “ Short Course economic science" starting from the 7th edition in the chapter "Socialist society", but at that time the main attention was paid to the problem of empirio-criticism.

The crisis of industrial development, expressed primarily in the insufficient growth of production to meet the needs of an ever-growing population, began to be realized from the 60s of the twentieth century, received wide coverage with the publication of the work of the Club of Rome in 1972, The Limits to Growth. Modeling the growth of the human population and the limitation of development resources for a limited number of indicators, based on simple extrapolation methods and without taking into account technical progress. This ultimately resulted in a reactionary proposal to reduce the population of the Earth using a system of new social technologies and the "Golden Billion" of the necessary people for the sake of preserving the elite of private-ownership industrialism, which has long exhausted its progressive possibilities.

Along with these works, the development of better methodologically sound and more progressively directed forecasts of the development of society for 2020, 2040, 2050 and a more distant perspective for the 21st century is proposed.

Post-industrial informational and other approaches.

With the advent of the new millennium, when, as a rule, attention to global issues, there have been studies on the formation of ideas about a new era of social development and the search for ways to eliminate the shortcomings of industrial development. Thus, the direction of the predominant further improvement of the capitalist society was outlined - a post-industrial society and emphasizing new fundamental changes - the information society, as well as a number of others that cover such issues in different ways.

For the first time, the idea of a post-industrial society was formed in the second half of the 20th century based on an analysis of the development of the information economy. Fundamental changes were noted in the economic activity of industrialized countries, the transition from the predominant production of goods to the development of the service sector, an increase in attention to intellectual work, culture, mass creativity, education, and science. And in the production of goods, there has been a formation of a class of technical specialists, technocrats. However, the idea of a post-industrial society is a rather weak conceptual approach. Firstly, the prefix post, as a rule, is applicable to the transitional period from an industrial society to a new, more perfect one, without a proper understanding of the essence and nature of this new one. But most importantly, such a modernization approach almost does not take into account fundamental qualitative changes in society, it focuses on changes of an evolutionary nature: mass production is simply moving to small-scale production, strict standardization is replaced by diversity, and other areas of information economy development are considered in the same way. As a result, the post-industrial approach poorly reflects the necessary qualitative changes, often allowing pessimistic conclusions for the future. Its ideological basis is postmodernism, political - democratic individualism, economic - informational capitalism, which does not fit well with the new progressive era.

Since information is supposed to be the main object of the life of the new society, understood in the consumer sense as a body of knowledge, spiritual activity, then a decade later a more specific direction of its research was called informational. And earlier, the information aspect of the life of the new society was given increased attention, as J. Bell noted the importance of not only information in general, but also the need for development theoretical knowledge. The formation of a new era implies an increase in the knowledge intensity of production, the development of information processing methods, which requires an increase in the education of personnel, the constancy of learning new methods, and hence the dominance of the social factor, and an increase in investment in human capital. transaction costs for fundamental research, the search for information, the study of risk, the conclusion of contracts, the control of execution, the protection of property rights, the strengthening of the role of management become truly decisive in the development of a new society. Therefore, the informational approach to the coverage of the new era becomes more optimistic, and perspective conclusions are even sometimes utopian, because. there are problems of practical implementation of the proposed innovations. In terms of content, the study of the society of the new era from the standpoint of the information approach is not much different from the work on the coverage of the post-industrial society, but this approach is an attempt to understand more specifically the essence and character traits promising period of development of society, focuses on the innovative nature of problem solving. However, it should be noted that the accepted name - the information society - is said too forcefully. The category of information is extremely capacious, it is applicable to describe all natural phenomena in general and is compatible with such concepts as matter and energy. The main problem of applying such a name to the new era is that it is too large-scale and applicable even to social development in general, because. any historically known societies, starting with the most primitive, and hunting, and agrarian, and industrial, as well as informational, as energy and material.

Along with the post-industrial and informational approaches to highlighting the features of the new society, there are a number of others that differ in the name of the new stage of social progress as a technotronic, post-civilizational society and others limited by a tripartite classification such as past, present, future, which contributes to the development of an idea of the future society, but the stadial periodization of the pestilence history is of a comparative nature and poorly reflects the essential moments of qualitative transformations. For the theoretical substantiation of the creation of a new, essentially intellectual society, one should use the achievements of the studies carried out, get rid of the extremes of existing ideas, better understand the nature of the new era, relying on a more significant epoch-making approach to the formation of a new society.

Marxist approach

The most complete coverage of the epochal development of society is given in the Marxist concept of socio-economic formations, where the mode of production underlying them, characterized by the interaction of productive forces (material means of economic activity) and production relations (methods of legal registration of property), determines all other aspects of the functioning of society ( ideological, political) as superstructural categories. According to this principle, naturally historically changing socio-economic formations are distinguished: the primitive communal system, the slave-owning mode of production, the feudal-serf system, capitalism and communism with its first phase - socialism. This concept considers the full historical development of society, taking into account the particular laws of the emergence, development and revolutionary replacement of each socio-economic formation, reflecting the next division of labor, but with economic determinism and the decisive importance of the class approach in politics, economics, and ideology. From the point of view of the epochal approach, one should note the typical problem of the beginning and end of the staging of social development. The primitive system also includes a secondary one with bows, arrows and already stone tools, complex, consisting of several parts. And contrary to the general idea of natural development, the periodization of stages ends with final communism.

To exclude emotional assessments of the nature of different eras and the division of the primitive and secondary periods of the development of society, it is proposed to take into account the historical periodization of the evolution of technology, tools, which is compatible with the development of society as a whole.

The transition from a simple tool of labor to another more advanced one is carried out according to a single principle: each new tool of labor includes several previous ones based on the addition of a new link, and thus the whole variety of the listed organs, replenished in the process of technical progress, is combined.

epochal approach.

Problems of formation and development of the intellectual era.

The emergence of fundamentally new manifestations of social development, which go beyond the possibilities of industrial influence, and the emergence of new development problems that cannot be solved by industrial means are recognized. But the proposed concepts of post-industrial, information and similar approaches are limited to proposals for modernizing the old through separate intellectual innovations. Only an epoch-making approach to justifying the development of society makes it possible to illuminate the long-term prospects of a new era as a fundamentally new period of historical development. Therefore, the coverage of the problems of the new era is offered in historical terms.

This work offers a more detailed presentation of the history of society in terms of its epochal development and the phase of the formation of a new, currently essentially intellectual, era of social progress. Historical development society is covered in the Community Development Scheme.

The epochal development of modern society begins with a tribal collective society, passing through the stages of mining, agrarian development and industrial production, and now enters intellectual development, which is basically only being formed ideologically as an orientation towards the research path of development.

gathering

The procurement branch of the production of raw materials currently occupies an insignificant percentage of employees, cost and other indicators of modern production.

Primary era of social development. No settlements, wandering life without mutual problems with regard to tribes, i.e. "golden age". The last example of the "golden age" was observed by Columbus on the first American island, but left a garrison there due to which it was destroyed.

ECONOMY:

Appropriating economy. Technique - inventory (wooden age). Material - collected in nature, accumulated, stored. Gathering for use, and not immediate consumption, hence the need to store and use inventory such as bags, pots. Energy is a sustained bonfire. No clothes, primitive utensils. The first support service is life. Samoyedism.

POLITICS:

Tribal community from 20 - 30 people to hundreds. Primitive herd of people. Power is the head of the clan. Territorial settlement - sketes, vagrants, which favored the choice of place of residence and food, taking into account changing climatic conditions.

IDEOLOGY:

Spirits, witchcraft, veneration of the local natural environment, brownies, goblin, mermaids. Worldview - the universe within the surrounding nature.

Culture - rock paintings, natural drawings without abstract schemes.

SOCIETY:

"Golden Age" according to mythology. "Wildness".

Education CITIZENSHIP: employees, specialization; comrades-in-arms - an organization, contemporaries in culture.

Historically from millions of years ago backwards: archanthropes, paleoanthropes, pithecanthropes, synanthropes.

According to the data ancient tribe Mayan history of mankind begins 5.041.738 years before the new era.

The mining era is the hunting era.

At a certain stage of its development, the achievements of procuring life activity make it possible to move on to the formation of the mining era formed in its depths, which at that time of the development of the predominantly domestic and medical spheres of society was mainly hunting.

At present, the extraction is not only hunting and fishing, but mainly the extraction of material and energy resources, the extraction of new information data.

This is the era of the existence and disintegration of mythically known civilizations: Daaria, Atlantis, Lemuria, Pacifica.

The Aryan culture began to disintegrate due to the departure from the north during a cold snap. Separate cultures were formed - Slavic, Russian, Tatar, Iranian. So about 200 thousand years ago, Matrena visited the Aryans. Perun visited 40 thousand years ago, trying to introduce the most progressive means of representing the world: Reality, Rule, Nav, Slav. Svarog dropped a plow and a yoke for plowing to the Earth, and the sown field in the form of a four-sectional square became the symbol of the Earth, taught how to make cottage cheese, cook cheeses and much more. Each isolated culture improved in its own way, and now it is necessary to unite them into integral civilizational closely related organizations.

ECONOMY:

Instrumental technique. Materials stone Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic. Domestication of animals. Nomadic lifestyle, yurts.

A new area of support - defense as a result of an increase in the contacts of the increased population of tribal organizations ..

POLITICS:

Tribal organization. Leadership.

Neanderthals

IDEOLOGY:

Myths. Paganism is polytheistic. Idolatry, sorcerers.

heliocentric worldview. Universe - solar system and ideas about the galaxy in the Vedas of Arya and among the Indians of America.

Prohibition of close relationships.

SOCIETY:

Considered prehistoric.

Homo sapiens of the Middle Paleolithic - 300 - 30 thousand years ago.

Neanderthals, barbarism.

During this period, a system of more advanced social means of life in the spiritual, organizational and economic fields is mastered and developed.

Hunting was replaced by a more progressive society with the development of the agricultural sector, artificial cultivation began in the place of harvesting the natural one, which is already more than 10 thousand years old.

Alien civilizations made a great contribution to the development of the argranic society.

God Svarog threw down a plow and a yoke from the sky, ensuring the production of bread, taught how to make cottage cheese, cook cheese, and apparently many other agricultural activities. It should be noted that starting from the arrival of Svarog and especially from the visit of Perun 40,000 years ago, and only for the Aryan population of Belovodye, there was an introduction of the concept of reality from the standpoint of ideas about Reveal, Rule, Navi, Slav, but still not understood until now, only remaining in the Vedas.

Apparently this helped rapid development agrarian era and its fairly complete implementation, unlike other eras.

The formation of an agrarian society is associated with the historical center of domestication of animals and breeding of cultivated varieties of plants in Asia Minor and in other regions. A large role in hybridization and selection belongs to the monasteries. The prerequisites for the formation of an industrial society should apparently be sought in the development of research and inventive activities in ancient greece developed since the Renaissance in other European countries. The movement to create universities, which began in the period of the Varangian conquests in connection with the development of Christianity by newcomers, and was carried out in these interests, had a great influence. Then the foundations for studying both general scientific disciplines and some natural sciences were laid.

industrial age

More progressive industrial production was born during the Renaissance in Europe.

Formed on the basis of a representative system in the form of republican formations of society. But until now it has not yet mastered all the representative forces, the representation of the trade unions as an officially organized body of representation is especially lacking.

Techniques with built-in motors, starting with watches.

In the modern period, an even more progressive research activities,

New age: clarification, automation, intellectual powers, creative energy.

In the modern period, even more progressive research activity is being formed, and gaming entertainment is developing in the field of software.

The formation of the intellectual era should be attributed to 2012. Apparently, many millennia ago, the developed Indian civilizations and Aryans knew the cyclical laws of the formation of new eras in galactic conditions and, being on separated continents, reached this single date. It is advisable to take a specific date on December 22 as the beginning of the new year. According to the old Slavic idea, the change of epochs is the month of September.

The most developed ideas about the formation of the intellectual era on the basis of investment measures, but mainly in the service economy.

September 23, 2012 ended the night of SVAROGA, which came in 4.468 BC. The era of the WHITE WOLF has begun.

The intellectual era is a natural stage in the entire course of the development of society. It is a consequence of the achievements of industrial society and necessary condition solving fundamentally new problems of development. Like other eras, it is deliberately created by developed countries that have taken the path of social progress, mobilizing for this all the resources of society and, first of all, ideological means, worldview. But for this it is necessary to translate the worldview itself into a theoretical justification for the development of society, which is currently prepared by the achievements of a systematic approach to solving social problems.

1.2. World outlook and scientific achievements of natural philosophy of antiquity. Atomistics. geocentric cosmology. Development of mathematics and mechanics

3.1 Scientific revolutions in the history of natural science

3.2. The first scientific revolution. Heliocentric system of the world. The doctrine of the plurality of worlds

3.3. The second scientific revolution. Creation of classical mechanics and experimental natural science. Mechanical picture of the world

3.4. Chemistry in a mechanical world

3.5. Natural science of modern times and the problem of philosophical method

3.6. Third Scientific Revolution. Dialectization of natural science

3.7. Cleansing natural science

3.8. Research in the field of the electromagnetic field and the beginning of the collapse of the mechanistic picture of the world

I Natural science of the XX century

4.1. The fourth scientific revolution. Penetration into the depths of matter. Theory of Relativity and Quantum Mechanics. The final collapse of the mechanistic picture of the world

4.2. Scientific and technological revolution, its natural science component and historical stages

4.3. Panorama of modern natural science 4.3.1. Features of the development of science in the XX century

4.3.2. Physics of the microcosm and megaworld. Atomic physics

4.3.3. Achievements in the main directions of modern chemistry

4.3.4. Biology of the XX century: knowledge of the molecular level of life. Background of modern biology.

4.3.5. Cybernetics and synergetics

Section III

I Space and time

1.1. Development of ideas about space and time in the pre-Newtonian period

1. 2. Space and time

1.3. Long range and close range. The development of the concept of "field"

2.1 Galilean principle of relativity

2.2. Principle of least action

2.3. Special Relativity a. Einstein

1. The principle of relativity: all laws of nature are the same in all inertial frames of reference.

2.4. Elements of General Relativity

3. The law of conservation of energy in macroscopic processes

3.1. "Living Force"

3.2. Work in mechanics. The law of conservation and transformation of energy in mechanics

3.3. Internal energy

3.4. Interconversion of different types of energy into each other

4. The principle of increasing entropy

4.1. Ideal Carnot cycle

4.2. The concept of entropy

4.3. Entropy and Probability

4.4. Order and chaos. arrow of time

4.5. "Maxwell's Demon"

4.6. The problem of heat death of the Universe. Boltzmann fluctuation hypothesis

4.7. Synergetics. Birth of order from chaos

I Elements of quantum physics

5.1. Development of views on the nature of light. Planck formula

5.2. Energy, mass and momentum of a photon

5.3. De Broglie's hypothesis. Wave properties of matter

5.4. Heisenberg uncertainty principle

5.5. Bohr complementarity principle

5.6. The concept of integrity in quantum physics. Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox

5.7. Probability waves. Schrödinger equation. Causality principle in quantum mechanics

5.8. States of the physical system. Dynamic and statistical patterns in nature

5.9. Relativistic quantum physics. The world of antiparticles. quantum field theory

I Towards the construction of a unified field theory 6.1. Noether's theorem and conservation laws

6.2. The concept of symmetry

6.3. Gauge symmetries

6.4. Interactions. Classification of elementary particles

6.5. Towards a unified field theory. The idea of spontaneous vacuum symmetry breaking

6.6. Synergetic vision of the evolution of the Universe. Historicism of physical objects. Physical vacuum as an initial abstraction in physics

6.7. Anthropic principle. "Fine tuning" of the universe

Section IV

1. Chemistry in the "society-nature" system

I Chemical designations

Section V

I Theories of the origin of life

1.1. creationism

1.2. Spontaneous (spontaneous) generation

1.3. Steady State Theory

1.4. Panspermia theory

1.5. Biochemical evolution

2.1. Lamarck's theory of evolution

2.2. Darwin, Wallace and the origin of species through natural selection

2.3. Modern concept of evolution

3.1. Paleontology

3.2. Geographic distribution

3.3. Classification

3.4. Plant and animal breeding

3.5. Comparative anatomy

3.6. Adaptive Radiation

3.7. Comparative Embryology

3.8. Comparative Biochemistry

3.9. Evolution and genetics

Section VI. Man

I The origin of man and civilization

1.1. The emergence of man

1.2. The problem of ethnogenesis

1.3. cultural genesis

1.4. The emergence of civilization

I Man and the Biosphere

7.1. The concept of V.I. Vernadsky about the biosphere and the phenomenon of man

7.2. Space cycles

7.3. The cycle of evolution. Man as a cosmic being

I table of contents

Section I. Scientific Method 7

Section II. History of natural science 42

Section III. Elements of modern physics 120

Section IV. Basic concepts and representations of chemistry246

Section V.. Origin and evolution of life 266

Section VI. Man 307

344007, Rostov-on-Don,

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5.9. Relativistic quantum physics. The world of antiparticles. quantum field theory

Quantum mechanics, which in the first works of Bohr, Schrödinger, Heisenberg and other scientists was mainly the theory of atomic spectra, received intensive development in a short time and was generalized to a theory describing the behavior of micro-objects in the microcosm. Physicists began to divide the world around us into three levels: mega-, macro- and microworld. This became possible thanks to the synthesis of quantum mechanics and the special theory of relativity, thanks to the creation of relativistic quantum mechanics.

In 1927, the English physicist Paul Dirac, considering the Schrödinger equation, drew attention to its non-relativistic character. At the same time, quantum mechanics describes the objects of the microworld, and although by 1927 only three of them were known: the electron, proton and photon (even the neutron was experimentally discovered only in 1932), it was clear that they were moving at speeds very close to the speed of light or equal to it, and a more adequate description of their behavior requires the application of the special theory of relativity. Dirac compiled an equation that described the motion of an electron, taking into account the laws of both quantum mechanics and Einstein's theory of relativity, and obtained a formula for the energy of an electron, which was satisfied by two solutions: one solution gave a known electron with positive energy, the other - an unknown electron twin, but with negative energy. This is how the idea of particles and their corresponding

antiparticles, about worlds and antiworlds. By the same time, quantum electrodynamics had been developed. Its essence lies in the fact that the field is no longer considered as a continuous continuous medium. Dirac applied the quantization rules to the theory of the electromagnetic field, as a result of which he obtained discrete values of the field. The discovery of antiparticles deepened the understanding of the field. It was believed that there is no electromagnetic field if there are no quanta of this field - photons. Therefore, there must be a void in this region of space. After all, the special theory of relativity “expelled” the ether from the theory, we can say that the point of view about vacuum, about emptiness, won. But is the vacuum empty? That is the question that arose again in connection with the discovery of Dirac. Now the facts are well known, proving that the vacuum is empty only on the average. A huge number of virtual particles and antiparticles are constantly born and disappear in it. Even if we measure the charge of an electron, then, as it turned out, the bare charge of an electron would be equal to infinity. We measure the charge of an electron in the “fur coat” of virtual particles surrounding it.

Actually, the idea of vacuum as a continuous activity of virtual particles contained in it is contained in the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. The Heisenberg uncertainty principle has, in addition to the above, also the following expression: According to this, quantum effects can temporarily violate the law of conservation of energy. For a short time, the energy, taken as if "on loan", can be spent on the creation of short-lived particles, which disappear when the "loan" of energy returns. These are virtual particles. Arising from "nothing", they again return to "nothing". So the vacuum in physics turns out to be not empty, but is a sea of bursts that are born and immediately extinguished.

Quantum field theory is the core of all modern physics, it is a general approach to all known types of interactions. One of its most important results is the idea of a vacuum, but no longer empty, but saturated with all kinds of fluctuations of all kinds of fields. Vacuum in quantum field theory is defined as the lowest energy state of quantum

shaped field, the energy of which is equal to zero only on the average. So vacuum is "Something" called "Nothing".

The relativistic quantum field theory, which began with the works of Dirac, Pauli, Heisenberg at the end of the 20s of our century, was continued in the works of Feynman, Tomonaga, Schwinger and other scientists, giving an ever more complete idea of the physical indecomposability of the world, of to individual elements. Here the principle of integrity is reflected when considering the interaction of micro-objects with a certain state of the physical vacuum. It is in this interaction that all elementary particles reveal their properties. Vacuum is considered as an object of the physical world, expressing just the moment of its physical indecomposability.

What is the fate of the concept of "vacuum" in modern physics of the XXI century? Why does our world consist predominantly of matter, while "antimatter" remained hidden from our view for a long time? We will try to answer these and other questions in a brief outline of the current state of elementary particle physics at the turn of the third millennium, given in the next chapter. Finishing the conversation about quantum physics, we note that its results completely changed our ideas about the world, our approach to the structure of physical laws. As a result, a new type of scientific thinking has been developed, called non-classical, in which there is a place for chance, probability, integrity.

Questions for self-control

Write Planck's formula and explain its physical meaning.

What physical effects are experimental confirmation of Planck's hypothesis?

What is the de Broglie hypothesis? What is the de Broglie wavelength?

Describe the experiment with two slits and explain how you understand the wave-particle duality of micro-objects.

What new ideas about the world arise in relativistic quantum physics? Tell us about antiparticles and virtual particles.

What is the physical vacuum in quantum field theory?

Author	Book	Description	Year	Price	book type
Shakhov Anatoly Alekseevich		Monographic formulation from a unified methodological standpoint of the developed quantum concept of a complete theoretical substantiation of reality and generalization of modern achievements in various sciences in ... - @Sputnik+, @(format: 60x90/16, 80 pages) @ @ @	2017	260	paper book
Shakhov Anatoly Alekseevich		Monographic formulation from a unified methodological standpoint of the developed quantum concept of a complete theoretical substantiation of reality and generalization of modern achievements in various sciences in ... - @Sputnik +, @(format: 60x90/16, 134 pages) @ @ @	2017	333	paper book
V. A. Filin		In this book, the author applies quantum theory to describe the development of society, trying to analyze from a natural scientific point of view one of the most destructive forces - the bureaucratic system ... - @Librocom, @(format: 60x90/16, 56 pages) @Relata Refero @ @	2009	86	paper book
V. A. Filin	Quantum theory of social development. A new look at economic and political processes	In this book, the author applies quantum theory to describe the development of society, trying to analyze from a natural scientific point of view one of the most destructive forces - the bureaucratic system ... - @Librokom, @(format: 60x90/16, 80 pages) @Relata Refero @ @	2011	286	paper book
Filin V.A.	Quantum theory of social development. A new look at economic and political processes	In this book, the author applies quantum theory to describe the development of society, trying to analyze from a natural scientific point of view one of the most destructive forces - the bureaucratic system ... - @URSS, @(format: 60x90/16, 80 pages) @Relata Refero @ @	2012	189	paper book
V. A. Filin	Quantum theory of social development. A new look at economic and political processes	In this book, the author applies quantum theory to describe the development of society, trying to analyze from a natural scientific point of view one of the most destructive forces - the bureaucratic system ... - @Librokom, @(format: 60x90/16, 80 pages) @ @ @	2011	244	paper book
Paul Parsons	Scientific theories in 30 seconds	Chaos theory, unification or theory of everything, theory of relativity, Schrödinger's cat and laws of motion? Surely you know what it is. I mean, you've heard about it, of course. But did you know… - @StorySide AB, @(format: 60x90/16, 56 pages) @30 seconds @ audiobook @ downloadable	2009	189	audiobook
George Musser	Nonlocality. A phenomenon that changes the concept of space and time, and its significance for black holes, the Big Bang and theories of everything	Reviews`Locality was one of the fundamental principles that determined the triumphant development of physics in the 20th century. However, the paradoxes and contradictions of local laws and quantum theory have led to… - @Alpina Non-fiction, @(format: 60x90/16, 370 pages) @ @ @	2018	332	paper book

Quantum theory of society. Is quantum theory a way of describing reality or our knowledge of it? Post-industrial informational and other approaches

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