“British inventions that changed the world. Ten British inventions that changed the world British inventions that changed the world
Alimova Tatyana Romanovna
Project Manager:
Schuchkina Elena Pavlovna
Institution:
MBOU Medium comprehensive school No. 12 p. Koksovy Belaya Kalitva
This research project in English "The most famous inventions of the British" demonstrates how the British influenced modern life what contribution they made to the development of mankind.
AT research work on foreign language(English) "British Most Famous Inventions" refers to the fact that Britain had many influential scientists, mathematicians and inventors who had great ideas, theories and inventions that changed the world.
AT research project in a foreign language (English) about the most famous inventions of the British, the most significant and famous inventions are considered: the invention of the telephone, antibiotics, the steam locomotive, television, etc.
Introduction
1. British inventions that changed the world.
1.1. Telephone
1.2. Antibiotics
1.3. The law of universal gravitation.
1.4. Internet
1.5. Locomotive
1.6. TV.
Conclusion
Bibliography.
Introduction
Over the centuries and millennia, ever since Homo sapiens appeared, tools for hunting and labor have been created, dwellings have been built, and at the same time, experience, knowledge and skills have been accumulated, which have been passed down from generation to generation.
Inventors around the world have created many useful devices that make life more comfortable and varied.
Progress does not stand still, and a few centuries ago there were not enough technical capabilities to implement all the ideas, but today it is much easier to bring ideas to life.
People have learned fly”, ride, telecommunications systems appeared. From spaceships to eyeglasses, from air conditioning to the internet, the inventions of the last centuries have completely changed our lives and our world.
We cannot imagine our lives without electricity and household appliances such as microwave ovens, washing machines, vacuum cleaners, irons and more.
Our world is impossible without modern species transport: cars, trains, ships or planes. Many ingenious discoveries have saved more than one life.
studying English language, I wanted to know how the British influenced modern life, what contribution they made to the development of mankind.
The phrase "British scientists" already causes a smile. The most ridiculous and stupid discoveries are attributed to them. TECHNO bigmir)net decided to restore justice and made the TOP 10 coolest discoveries of scientists from the UK
Law of gravity
900game.net
Surely even before Isaac Newton, people wondered why all objects fall to the ground. Kepler and Descartes even tried to formulate their own laws. Actually, Newton in the book Mathematical beginnings natural philosophy in 1687 he referred to Kepler's empirical laws. But Newton's theory, unlike the hypotheses of its predecessors, had a number of significant differences. The mathematician published not just the proposed formula for the law of universal gravitation, but actually proposed a complete mathematical model.
Electrodynamics
wikipedia.org
The British physicist and mathematician James Maxwell was the first to lay out the foundations of modern classical electrodynamics. He introduced the concepts of displacement current and electromagnetic field into physics. Actually, thanks to him, we know something about alternating current, electric charge, electric and magnetic fields. Thanks to these discoveries, we use all electronics and electrical engineering.
Locomotive
n-tv.de
Although this is already an outdated invention, it is thanks to steam locomotives and the railway that the world has become the way it is now. True, instead of steam locomotives now there are electric locomotives and diesel trains. And we have George Stephenson to thank for the invention of the first steam locomotive. Also, this Briton created the first railway.
Evolution
anisn.it
A revolutionary discovery made by naturalist Charles Darwin completely changed our world. The theory of natural selection dealt a powerful blow to religion, starting an era of scientific atheism. Darwin himself considered religion to be only a tribal survival strategy. Moreover, having formulated his theory, Darwin still believed in God. His faith only weakened over time. Darwin finally became an atheist only after the death of his daughter Annie in 1851.
Antibiotics
smithsonianmag.com
Bacteriologist Alexander Fleming was initially involved in the treatment of syphilis. He came up with a simple (at that time) diagnosis of syphilis by a drop of blood from a finger. Prior to this, blood for analysis was taken from a vein.
Fleming made his main discovery - penicillin - absolutely by accident. His laboratory was so dirty that when he left for his family and returned a month later, he found mold fungi on one of the plates with staphylococci. And all the colonies of staphylococci present on the plate were destroyed. Thus, Fleming isolated a substance that helped save many people from scarlet fever, pneumonia, meningitis and diphtheria.
Nuclear physics
guardian.co.uk
Ernest Rutherford is called the father of nuclear physics. He formulated the planetary model of the atom, discovered alpha and beta radiation, the short-lived radon isotope, and many isotopes. It was also he who explained the radioactivity of thorium on the basis of the properties of radon, discovered and explained the radioactive transformation chemical elements, created the theory of radioactive decay, split the nitrogen atom, discovered the proton. He proved that the alpha particle is the nucleus of helium.
True, to call Rutherford a British is not entirely correct. He was born in New Zealand. His grandfather immigrated there from Scotland. At 24, Ernest Rutherford moved to the UK, where he studied at Cambridge.
Cloning
20minutes.es
Although cloning attempts, even successful ones, have been made before, it was only in 1996 that the whole world was shocked by the appearance of Dolly the sheep. Moreover, in her name there is a share of purely British humor. The name Dolly (English Dolly - Dolly) appeared at the suggestion of the scientist Keith Campbell. The sheep itself is cloned from an udder cage. American singer Dolly Parton loved to focus on her large bust. The sheep was named after her.
It was Keith Campbell who conducted the cloning experiment under the direction of Ian Wilmuth at the Roslyn Institute. Unfortunately, in October of this year, Campbell, but until recently, was an employee of the University of Nottingham, where he continued embryonic research.
British scientists have made a significant contribution to the development of all areas of science. It is hard to imagine that if only a few people had not presented their inventions to the world, today we could know nothing about the force of gravity, live without television and antibiotics. Portal "ZagraNitsa" remembered the most significant discoveries that we owe to the British
1TV
In 1925, British engineer John Baird presented a mechanical television set at the Royal Institution, the first workable model of its type. Later, mechanical television supplanted electronic developments, but Baird's invention was the first step towards creating what we today call television.
Photo: mediasat.info 2 Newton's laws
One of the most significant scientists in the history of mankind, Briton Isaac Newton, in the middle of the 17th century, proved the law of universal gravitation and the laws of mechanics. Of course, even before these discoveries, people wondered why objects fall to the ground, but it was Newton who was the first to prove his theories.
Photo: enkivillage.com 3 Evolution
In the middle of the 19th century, the English naturalist Charles Darwin presented his theory of evolution, which completely changed the world and humanity's idea of its own origin. Darwin's discovery dealt a powerful blow to religion, even though the scientist himself was not yet an atheist at the time of its publication.
Photo: reference.com The World Wide Web
In 1989, Briton Tim Burns-Lee came up with a distribution system that provides access to related documents, known today as the World Wide Web. It was Burns-Lee who created protocols such as URL, HTTP, HTM, without which the Internet space cannot function today.
Photo: worldwebforum.ch 5 Programmable computer
In the 1830s, the British mathematician Charles Babbage designed the first analytical computer. The invention was not only the work of his whole life and brought posthumous fame, but also became the prototype of the modern computer. Unfortunately, Babbage did not manage to see his project in finished form - the project was closed due to lack of funds, and the computer itself was created only in 1989.
Photo: gamessuper1.jimdo.com
6
electric motor
In 1821, the English physicist Michael Farraday discovered how electricity could be used to create motion and then set about developing the electric motor. Without a doubt, this has become one of the most significant inventions made by the British, without which it is impossible to imagine modern world.
Photo: enkivillage.com 7 Locomotive
The first person to come up with a steam wagon moving on rails was the English inventor Richard Trevithick. On the first model of the locomotive, they were able to transport ore, and on subsequent, improved models, they could carry up to 70 passengers and 10 tons of iron. And although the creators of the Rocket steam locomotive received more fame than Trevithick, it was his invention that inspired them to create prototypes of modern steam locomotives.
Photo: commons.wikimedia.org
8
Bulb
And although the American inventor Thomas Edison was the first to create a functioning incandescent lamp, the very development of the idea of a light bulb was carried out by the English chemist Joseph Swan. He twice received a patent for the creation of an invention, but his light bulb at first did not work long and was inefficient. At the same time, Edison worked on improving the Swan model and was the first to make it practical.
Photo: mediacomservices.com.au
Antibiotics
In the middle of the 20th century, the British scientist Alexander Fleming accidentally made a discovery that changed the then medicine. After leaving for a long time, Fleming, among all the mess, left a vessel with the bacteria he was studying in the laboratory. When he returned, he found that molds had grown in the vessel, and the bacteria had become transparent due to cell destruction. So the scientist isolated the active substance, which was called penicillin and became an effective anti-infective agent.
Falyahov Aidar, 8th grade student
Over the centuries and millennia, ever since Homo sapiens appeared, tools for hunting and labor have been created, dwellings have been built, and at the same time, experience, knowledge and skills have been accumulated, which have been passed down from generation to generation.
British inventors have created many useful devices for mankind, making life more comfortable and varied. Progress does not stand still, and if a few centuries ago there were not enough technical capabilities to implement all ideas, today it is much easier to bring ideas to life. Society has learned to “fly”, to ride, telecommunications systems have appeared that make it possible to see and talk at a distance. From cosmology to cloning, from water chlorination to the world wide web, British inventions in recent centuries completely changed our lives and our world.
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Scientific and practical conference
"First steps into science" for students of the first and second stage
education in the 2017-2018 academic year
Section “English language. Country Studies»
"British inventions that changed the world"
Completed:
Falyahov Aidar, 8th grade student
GBOU secondary school "OC" with. Deniskino,
Shentalinsky district
Supervisor:
Shcherbakova Rozalia Anisovna,
English teacher
first qualification category
2017
1. Introduction | |
2 British inventions that changed the world | |
2.1. The most famous inventions of the British | |
2.2. Classification of inventions | |
2.3. The results of a survey of students of our school about inventions | |
3. Conclusion | |
4. List of references and Internet sources | |
5. Applications |
1. Introduction
Over the centuries and millennia, ever since Homo sapiens appeared, tools for hunting and labor have been created, dwellings have been built, and at the same time, experience, knowledge and skills have been accumulated, which have been passed down from generation to generation.
British inventors have created many useful devices for mankind, making life more comfortable and varied. Progress does not stand still, and if a few centuries ago there were not enough technical capabilities to implement all ideas, today it is much easier to bring ideas to life. Society has learned to “fly”, to ride, telecommunications systems have appeared that make it possible to see and talk at a distance. From cosmology to cloning, from water chlorination to the world wide web, the inventions of the British in recent centuries have completely changed our lives and our world. We cannot imagine our life today without electricity and household electrical appliances such as vacuum cleaners, coffee makers and many others. Our world is impossible without modern modes of transport: trains or planes. Many ingenious discoveries in science, such as penicillin, an asthma inhaler, a defibrillator, have saved many lives.
Studying English, we were interested in the question of the objects around us and inventions, the creators of which could be the British. I wanted to know what British inventions are used in modern lifeand what our students know about it.
Objective: Learn the history of British inventions and discoveries.
To reveal the purpose of the study, it is necessary to solve the following tasks :
1. Get acquainted with the history of British inventions.
2. Find out the appearance of inventions - where and when they were invented.
3. Classify the most famous inventions according to the method of application
4. Conduct a survey among school students
5. Draw conclusions about the knowledge gained
The object of studyare scientific discoveries and items Everyday life.
Subject of studyare the inventions and discoveries of the British.
In writing this paper, the following methods :
1. Studying sources in search of information on a given topic.
2. Generalization and synthesis of the material.
3. Analysis of the received information.
Hypothesis Our research is based on the assumption that many of the items named by the students are the creation of British inventors.
Significance of this work: results works can be recommended for use in learning activities both students and teachers.
2. British inventions that changed the world.
2.1. The most famous inventions of the British.
Many important inventions and discoveries were made in Great Britain. More than 70 British scientists have been awarded Nobel Prizes. And with such people come grandiose ideas, theories and inventions that have changed our modern world. Among them are a steam locomotive, a modern bicycle, a propeller and many others. We will dwell on the most famous inventions in more detail.
Telephone. British scientist Alexander Bell first patented a telephone in 1876 that was capable of transmitting sound over long distances. The most amazing thing is that this invention was designed quite by accident. Starting in 1873, Bell tried to build a harmonic telegraph, with which 7 telegrams could be transmitted simultaneously. To this end, he used seven pairs of plates. Each such pair was tuned to its specific frequency. During the next experiment, the wire of one plate was randomly welded to one contact. Bel's assistant, unable to eliminate a small accident, began to make an indignant speech. At this time, Alexander Bell, who was working on the receiving mechanism, heard barely noticeable sounds of indignation that came from the transmitter.
Thus, the first telephone was invented, which Bell called the "talking telegraph". Bell's tube served in turn for transmitting and for receiving human speech. Bell's telephone did not have a call, but it was invented later by Bell's colleague - T. Watson (1878). The call to the subscriber was made through the handset using a whistle, while the range of this line did not exceed 500 meters.
TV. In 1926, Scottish inventor John Logie Baird demonstrated a mechanical television. The picture had 30 vertical lines. The image changed due to the revolutions of a special disk. The speed is 5 frames per second instead of the 24 common today. Today, Byrd's TV, perhaps, causes irony for someone. But then it was a real breakthrough. Scientists have been trying to create something similar since the advent of radio. However, before Baird, no one could do it.
A computer. The first "computing machine" was created by Charles Babbage in 1822. His idea was not to create a prototype of a modern computer, he just wanted to build a machine that would calculate mathematical problems. Babbage is tired of human error when deciding math problems, so he aimed to create an infallible machine. That is why Charles Babbage is considered the inventor of the first computer. His "Babbage Machine" was the first programmable analytical machine and, moreover, fully automatic. Essentially, computers today do the same thing: they read programs and execute them.
Antibiotics. Bacteriologist Alexander Fleming invented penicillin by accident. His laboratory was so dirty that when he left for his family and returned a month later, he found molds on one of the plates with staphylococci. And all the colonies of staphylococci present on the plate were destroyed. Thus, Fleming isolated a substance that helped save many people from scarlet fever, pneumonia, meningitis and diphtheria.
Nuclear physics. Ernest Rutherford is called the father of nuclear physics. He formulated the planetary model of the atom, discovered alpha and beta radiation, the short-lived radon isotope, and many isotopes. It was also he who explained the radioactivity of thorium on the basis of the properties of radon, discovered and explained the radioactive transformation of chemical elements, created the theory of radioactive decay, split the nitrogen atom, discovered the proton. He proved that the alpha particle is the nucleus of helium.
The law of universal gravitation.Surely even before Isaac Newton, people wondered why all objects fall to the ground. Kepler and Descartes even tried to formulate their own laws. Actually, Newton in the book "Mathematical principles of natural philosophy"in 1687 he referred to Kepler's empirical laws. But Newton's theory, unlike the hypotheses of its predecessors, had a number of significant differences. The mathematician published not just the proposed formula for the law of universal gravitation, but actually proposed a complete mathematical model.
2.2. Classification of inventions.
The classification is based on the functional-industry principle. Methods and devices that perform the same functions, produce the same products, or achieve the same effect are combined.
The main division in the classification is the class. Classes are in turn subdivided into subclasses.
The purpose of classifying inventions is to classify inventions into thematic headings to provide guidance in finding materials that match a query.
In the existing classifications of inventions, the following principles for the division of concepts are used:
- subject-thematic, involves the classification of objects depending on their application in a particular branch of technology;
- functional principle, involves the classification of objects, taking into account the identity of the main functions or the effect they produce, regardless of their industry application;
is a mixed principle.
All inventions of the British can be divided into 3 classes: objects of everyday life, discoveries in science and inventions in sports. The objects of everyday life have made our life easier and made it more comfortable and varied. Discoveries in science made it possible to better understand medicine, physics, biology and mechanics. While inventions in sports give us the desire to develop and test our physical strength, gain confidence and show our achievements to others.
Items of daily life can also be divided into subclasses: household items, food, games for children, clothing and transport. We will dwell on some inventions in more detail.
household items
Electric vacuum cleanerpatented by British engineer Hubert Cecil Booth (1871−1955). Drawing attention to the device used in trains to blow dust off the seats, he reasoned that it would be much more practical to suck up the dust. The viability of the idea was tested with a handkerchief. Booth placed it on the seat of a chair and tried to suck in as much dust as he could with his mouth. Finding that the dust had collected on the bottom of the handkerchief, he realized that the idea worked. The equipment was so bulky that it was carried by horses and located outside the building, which had to be vacuumed. The hose was pulled through the window, its length reached 30 meters. Vacuum cleaner - first of all, he facilitated the work of housewives.
Cardboard boxfor sale was first made in England in 1817 by Sir Malcolm Thornhill. Paper and cardboard are the most important packaging material (over 40% in commercial packaging). When paper ceased to be expensive to manufacture, they began to make wrapping paper - rough and dark for general use, and bright for gifts.
vacuum coffee makerwas invented in 1840 by the Scottish naval engineer Napier. In it, hot water passed through a layer of ground coffee and returned back to the water tank due to the resulting vacuum. Now these coffee makers are no longer used.
The first inventor to receive a patent for lawn mower , was the Englishman Edwin Beard Buding (1795-1846) in 1830. The basis of Buding's design was a carpet shearing device, which he put on wheels. A model of Buding's first lawn mower is on display at the Science Museum in London. Lawn mowers were two cylinders one after the other, and the rear cylinder transmitted the movement to the front with knives.
Food
Robert Henry Winborn Welsh inventedlollipopin 1919. Welsh began producing fudge made from a recipe borrowed from a candy store owner. In addition to fudge, the company produced caramel. One day, Welsh stuck a stick into an unhardened caramel, and a new product was obtained. It soon became popular with children and adults.
The invention of the sandwich, better known as sandwich, owned by John Montagu, Earl of Sandwich (1718-1792), who served as Foreign Secretary and Secretary of the Navy of the British Empire. Once, in 1762, he was playing cards, the game went on for a whole day, and since it was difficult to play cards and eat at the table with a knife and fork at the same time, the count asked the cook to serve him two pieces of fried bread with a slice of roast beef between them. Thus, he could hold the cards with one hand and eat with the other. It was a very convenient decision, and since then the sandwich has begun its triumphant march around the world.
Games for children
Puzzles were invented in England in 1761 by John Spilsbury. London dealer in geographical maps, came up with a new tutorial- “sliced geographical map”. He began to paste black and white engravings geographical maps on a luxurious thin panel of Lebanese cedar and mahogany and cut the resulting sandwich into small pieces of bizarre shape. Each such piece contained some geographical information, and, collecting the necessary sections element by element, the student studied geography. Despite the high price (more than the monthly wage of an industrial worker), the novelty was a huge success.
It is believed that the kaleidoscope invented by English physicist David Brewster. In 1816 he patented his kaleidoscope. During his experiments on the polarization of light, Brewster noticed that pieces of glass placed in a tube with mirrors create wonderful symmetrical patterns when reflected in the mirrors. The pattern changed depending on the angle at which the mirrors were placed to each other, as well as how many mirrors were used. Initially, the kaleidoscope was created by Brewster as a scientific instrument.
clothing
Mac - raincoat made of waterproof rubberized fabric. This raincoat owes its name to the Scottish chemist Charles Macintosh, who in 1823 invented waterproof fabric. McIntosh, conducting another chemical experiment, accidentally smeared the sleeve of his jacket in rubber, and only after some time noticed that he did not get wet. Of course, in this form, the clothes would be unwearable, since the rubber was very sticky. However, the chemist improved the method of making waterproof fabric by joining two layers of fabric using a solution of rubber in kerosene, after which he patented his invention.
The fabric, which is known around the world under the name " tweed ", was widely used in Scotland and Ireland for centuries and was called "tweel". It is said that in 1826 a London clerk, while taking an order, made a mistake and wrote down the name of this fabric as tweed, which was assigned to the fabric. In the 19th century, tweed became a popular fabric for country walks, hunting, fishing, and golf.
Jacket Norfolk appeared in the 1860s as clothing for sports, riding and hunting. It is said that it began to be worn on the estate of the Duke of Norfolk, hence the name of this jacket. Norfolk jacket - usually single-breasted, with three or four buttons and a belt at the waist. There are two folds on the back. And the jacket shelves are decorated with patch pockets, large enough to fit everything you need on a country walk or hunting. Usually the Norfolk Jacket is made of tweed.
Arthur, 1st Duke of Wellington inventedboots called Wellisfor country walks and hunting. He personally instructed his shoemaker. True, at that time boots were made of leather. But already in 1852, after the invention of the natural rubber vulcanization method, these boots began to be made from rubber. Boots were reborn after the Second World War. Green remains the most popular color. It was introduced by Hunter back in 1955.
Transport
Locomotive. The world's first steam locomotive was designed by English mining engineer Richard Trevithick in 1804. In one of the earliest public demonstrations, the locomotive successfully carried 10 tons of iron, 5 wagons and 70 men over a distance of 15 kilometers in 4 hours and 5 minutes at a speed of about 8 km/h. Trevithick proved that a machine with smooth wheels could successfully run on smooth metal rails. He continued to work on steam locomotives until his death in April 1833.
In the 20s of the 19th century, George Stephenson made significant changes to the design of the steam locomotive. He also persuaded the mine owners to build the first railroad from Darlington to Stockton. In 1823, under the leadership of Stephenson, the world's first steam locomotive plant was founded, and already 2 years later, a steam locomotive, which received the name "Active", left its gates. This unit could carry 80 tons of cargo, while George provided for the possibility of transporting people. With an average speed of 7.5 km / h, "Active" drove the world's first passenger car with members of the commission that accepted the new steam unit. The maximum speed of the locomotive in some sections reached 39 km / h, an unheard of mark for moving mechanisms with such a load at that time.
First metro linewas built in London (UK). It was only 3.6 km long and was launched on 10 January 1863 of the year. In 1843, under the leadership of Isambard Brunel, theThames tunnel. This discovery proved the convenience and reliability of the underground railway. Then Charles Pearson in 1846 proposed to lay underground lines connecting the main railway stations of the city. There were 7 stations on the first metro line, and the trip lasted 33 minutes. The cars had gas lighting, which, according to the Daily Telegraph, was so bright that one could easily read a newspaper. On the opening day, 6 locomotives pulling 4 wagons departed every 15 minutes and made a total of 120 trips in both directions and transported 30,000 passengers during this time. The convenience of this type of transportation exceeded all expectations, and in the same 1863, it was decided to build a 30 km circular line in London. It opened on October 1, 1868, and intersected with Line 1 at South Kensington Station. Thus, for the first time, it became possible to transfer from one underground route to another.
The first one who thought to install traffic light at the crossroads to regulate traffic was John Peak Knight, a Londoner and specialist in railway semaphores. The first traffic light designed by him was installed in the British capital on December 10, 1868 near the Houses of Parliament. Switching signals was carried out manually using two semaphore arrows. In a horizontal position, they signaled "stop", and lowered at an angle of 45 ° - movement with caution. So that at night it was possible to identify the signal given by the arrows, a rotating gas lamp was used, which shone red or green.
Discoveries in science
England and Scotland were the leading centers scientific revolution since the 17th century and since then have given the world famous scientists and engineers. Among the main scientists of the XVII-XVIII centuries, one can single out Isaac Newton, whose laws of motion are one of the foundations modern science, in the 19th century it is worth remembering Charles Darwin, whose evolution theory natural selection is the basis of all modern biological science, and James Clerk Maxwell, who formulated the classicalelectromagnetic theory, as well as Stephen Hawking from more modern ones, who developed the maintheories in cosmology, quantum gravity and the study of black holes. Major discoveries in the 18th century include hydrogen , discovered by Henry Cavendish, XX century - penicillin discovered by Alexander Fleming and structure of DNA , discovered by Francis Crick,cloning experimenthosted by Keith Campbell. Major engineering projects and inventions by the British include those invented in the 19th centuryElectrical engine Michael Faraday, incandescent lampJoseph Swan, as well as those invented in the 20th centuryjet engineFrank Whittlage. Do not forget about the Royal Society of London, one of the oldest learned societies in the world, founded in 1660.
Inventions in sports
modern badminton of Indian origin, but the English officers were carried away by this game. In 1860, Isaac Spratt published the book "Badminton Battledore - a new game", where its first rules were described, and in 1875 the officers' club "Folkestone" was formed. In the 19th century in England, the game of badminton became especially popular in the family of the Duke of Beaufort. The Duke was a patron of the badminton association, owner of the Front Hall, which still houses a wonderful collection of antique racquets and shuttlecocks.
Variant known today golf course appeared in Scotland. The modern version of golf originated in Scotland. The first golf clubs were also created there. It was the Scots who became the authors of the first written rules of golf, and also fixed the system and the number of holes forever - now and forever there are 18 of them.
Darts originated several centuries ago in the British Isles. Until now, darts is a traditional game in the UK.There is an assumption that the game originated among the soldiers. Soldiers threw short arrows at the bottom of a barrel or at the bottom of tree trunks. In a dry tree, cracks usually spread apart, creating "Sectors". The standard marking with a sector 20 on top was created in 1896 by Lancashire carpenter Brian Gamlin.
2.3. Student survey results
our school about inventions
We conducted a survey among students in grades 5-11 of our school. 35 were interviewedstudents. Analysis of the obtained data showed:
3. Conclusion
Inventions have already firmly entered the lives of people and every year there are more and more of them. For many, they have already become an integral part of life. Inventions are almost always created exclusively so that a person can feel better, so that his work is simplified as much as possible, and life improves. Development modern technologies, significantly facilitating human life, is not as simple as it might seem, because a huge number of specialists work on inventions, who daily develop, test or improve all sorts of interesting things, there are many British among these inventor specialists.
Studying the history of inventions of the British, one can notice that some inventions are outdated (the flywheel or the spinning machine) and have become history, others, such as television, vacuum cleaner or computer, have been modernized and are still in use. Countless discoveries were lost in the whirlpool of time, others, not appreciated by contemporaries, were waiting for recognition and implementation for tens and hundreds of years.
British-made inventions are a prime example the inexhaustible creative potential that this nation possesses. Throughout the history of mankind, they have made a huge number of inventions, many of which are now perceived by us as something ordinary, but without which we cannot imagine our lives.
4. References
1. Biographies - the history of the life of great people [Electronic resource] // Alexander Graham Bell. - Access mode: www.tonnel.ru/
2. The most ridiculous inventions of the 19-20th century [Electronic resource] // Access mode: izobreteniya.com/index.php/comments/n_13/
Internet sources:
Attachment 1
List of British inventions
What is invented | Who invented | year, place inventions |
|
mechanical television | John Bayard | 1924, Scotland |
|
telephone | Graham Bell | 1876, Scotland |
|
a computer | Charles Babbage | 1822 England |
|
worldwide web | Tim Bernes-Lee | 1991, England |
|
locomotive | Richard Trevithick | 1804 England |
|
triplane | John Stringfellow | 1841, England |
|
four-glider | Hiram Stephens Maxim | 1894, England |
|
glider | George Cayley, Percy Sinclair Pilcher | 1804 England 1895, England |
|
flying machine | George Cayley | 1853, England |
|
underground | Marc Izambard Brunel | 1863 London |
|
magnifying glass | Roger Bacon | 1250 England |
|
chronometer | John Garrison | 1760 England |
|
telescope | James Gregory | 1663 Scotland |
|
Digital Watch | Alexander Bain | 1840, Scotland |
|
safe | Joseph Brama | 1784 England |
|
negative-positive process | William Henry Fox Talbot | 1841, England |
|
lens of 2 lenses | John Herschel | 19th century, England |
|
Beaufort scale | Francis Beaufort | 1806, England |
|
law of the world gravity | Isaac Newton | 1666 England |
|
thermal (steam) engine | Thomas Newcomen, John Collie | 1705 England |
|
Steam engine | James Watt | 1782, Scotland |
|
evolution theory | Charles Darwin | 1859, England |
|
water chlorination | William Cumberland Kruikmenk | 18th century, England |
|
penicillin | Alexander Fleming | 1928, Scotland |
|
asthma inhaler | Hiram Maxim | 1901, England |
|
elastic bandage | Stephen Perry | 1845, England |
|
defibrillator | Frank Pantridge | 1965, Ireland |
|
puzzles | John Spilsbury | 1761 England |
|
kaleidoscope | David Brewster | 1816 England |
|
Balloon | Michael Forada | 1824, England |
|
lollipop | Robert Henry Winborn Welsh | 1919, England |
|
soda | Joseph Priestley | 1767 England |
|
sandwich | John Montague Sandwich | 1762 England |
|
cricket | Anglo-Saxons | 16th century, England |
|
football | English | 19th century, England |
|
rugby | William Webb Ellis | 1823, England |
|
tennis | Walton Clopton Wingfield | 1860 Wales |
|
badminton | English military | 19th century, England |
|
squash | English | 19th century, England |
|
golf | Scottish shepherds | 1457 Scotland |
|
darts | british hunters | 1314, England |
|
snooker | Neville Francis Fitzgerald Chamberlain | 1938, England |
|
hydraulic crane | William George Armstrong | 1845, England |
|
electromagnetic relay | Joseph Henry | 1835, Scotland |
|
steam pump | Thomas Severn | 1698 England |
|
mirror telescope | James Gregory | 1663 Scotland |
|
the concept of a cell | Robert Hooke | 1665 England |
|
pneumatic tire | Robert William Thomson | 1846, Scotland |
|
diving suit | August Siebe | 1819, England |
|
raincoat | Charles Macintosh | 1823, Scotland |
|
color photography | James Clerk Maxwell | 1861, Scotland |
|
screw-cutting machine | Henry Maudsley | 1800, England |
|
logarithms | John Napier | 1614, Scotland |
|
slide rule | William Otred | 1622 England |
|
fickford cord | William Bickford | 1831, England |
|
door lock | Robert Barron | 1778 England |
|
incandescent lamp | Joseph Wilson Swan | 1850, England |
|
microphone | Charles Wheatstone | 1827 England |
|
turbojet engine | Frank Whittle | 1930, England |
|
transformer | Michael Faraday | 1832 England |
|
safety razor | William Henson | 1847, England |
|
coffee maker | Robert Napier | 1840, Scotland |
|
tin | Peter Durand | 1810, England |
|
can-opener | Robert Yates | 1855, England |
|
sulfur matches | John Walker | 1827 England |
|
mousetrap | Hiram Maxim | 1854, England |
|
laces | Englishman | 1790 England |
|
eraser | Joseph Priestley | 1770 England |
|
glasses | Edward Scarlet | 1727 England |
|
machine gun | Hiram Maxim | 1883, England |
|
spinning machine | Richard Arkwright | 1769 England |
|
traffic light | John Peak Knight | 1868, England |
|
printing house | William Caxton | 1470 England |
|
smallpox vaccine | Edward Jenner | 1803, England |
|
aerial bomb | Wallace Barnes | 1942, England |
|
home video camera | Akres Birt | 1896, England |
|
idea of contraception | Mary Stopes | 1915, England |
|
electric motor | Michael Faraday | 1821, England |
|
DNA | Rosalind Franklin | 1953, England |
|
cloning (dolly the sheep) | Jan Wilmuth | 1996, Scotland |
|
pyramidal kite | Alexander Bell | 1901, Scotland |
|
locomotive | George Stephenson | 1814, England |
|
a vacuum cleaner | Hubert Cecil Booth | 1901, England |
Appendix 2
Eccentric Inventions
Alarm clock from robbers
The alarm clock from robbers, invented in 1870, worked on the principle of a clockwork: it had to be wound up to the stop, cocked the lever and placed right under the door. When an uninvited guest tried to enter, the opening door pressed the lever, lowering it down, after which a very loud and annoying call was heard.
Pistol in a purse
There is no need to remind that street robbers became the scourge of the second half of the 19th century, however, in extreme cases, even such a tiny pistol could protect your property, honor and life. It is only necessary to place an elegant weapon in the secret compartment of an ordinary women's purse. The main disadvantage of such protection was that only one bullet was placed in the mini-drum.
massager
In the 30s of the 19th century, body massage was considered not a luxury, but an obligatory medical procedure necessary for healing the skin and good blood circulation. However, as it turned out, massage with the help of this dynamo machine was neither particularly useful nor safe: the massager constantly shocked the user.
Toe-with-toe
In all likelihood, these socks were invented to protect the toes from the cold and at the same time save on knitwear. .Finger. Socks were made in Britain during World War II and were supposed to cut the cost of hosiery by 80%.
Flashlight glasses
Invented in 1930, these glasses were equipped with two small battery-operated bulbs and a long ground wire. However, walking in these glasses in the rain was like an execution in the electric chair.
Eye Massager
In all likelihood, the last century is a single gadget. for massaging the body was not enough, so in the 1920s it became necessary to develop a special device for massaging the eyeballs. This sophisticated mechanism had to be leaned against the face, then a small lever was pressed to set in motion the rubber bellows, which release jets of cool air directly in the direction of the eyeballs.
Mustache protection
The happy owners of luxurious mustaches often had to experience some difficulties during dinner, and especially while eating some spicy soup. The only way out was to use special mustache guards. A spoon or a mug with special recesses helped mustachioed men to use their contents in small sips, without tarnishing their reputation.
Finger stretch for pianists
This mysterious device was developed in the 1910s to help musicians reproduce the virtuosic passages of Stravinsky and Debussy. However, such a simulator had to be handled with extreme care. Composer Schubert is rumored to have injured his hand while stretching on an early version of the device.
Page Turner
The flipper was also designed for musicians around 1905. After fixing the metal bookmarks on the pages of interest, the sheets of the music notebook began to turn over automatically
Appendix 3
Questionnaire for students of GBOU secondary school "OTs" p. Deniskino
1) Do you know British scientists?
Not really
2) Name famous British scientists.
3) What are the three things that are most important to you in your daily life?
a) b) c)
4) What did the British invent?
answer options ______________________________________
5) What discoveries did the British make?
answer options ______________________________________
FIRST COMPUTER
The British engineer and mathematician Charles Babbage (1791-1871) made a colossal discovery in the prehistory of computer computing - he invented the first calculating machine, so to speak, the prototype of the modern computer. Babbage is rightfully considered the father of computing. His analytical engine, which he invented in 1834, had all the essential logical capabilities of modern PCs and was capable of calculating to 20 decimal places. Unfortunately, due to lack of funds, the computer project was never fully completed during the lifetime of the scientist.
TV
In 1926, British inventor John Logie Baird demonstrated mechanical television for the first time in public. A special rotating disk was used to change the image. The picture had 30 vertical lines. Instead of the 24 frames per second common in our time, Byrd's mechanical TV speed was only 5 frames / s. And even such modest indicators were then a real breakthrough.
LOCOMOTIVE
Talented English engineer Richard Trevithick was already well known for building powerful and lightweight steam boilers. However, the real glory came to him after the invention of a steam cart rolling on rails. In one of the first tests, the locomotive, to which five wagons were attached, successfully transported ten tons of iron and seventy passengers over a distance of 15 kilometers. Richard Trevithick worked on steam locomotives until his death.
CAN-OPENER
The first can opener was invented in 1855 by British inventor Robert Yeats. However, at that time his invention was not very popular. Soon, the American Erz Varnet introduced his version of the can opener, which came in very handy due to the rapidly increasing demand for canned beef.
Magnifier
It is believed that the magnifying glass was invented in 1250 by the English scientist Roger Bacon, who at that time was teaching at Oxford University. The first magnifying glass was capable of magnifying objects only one and a half to two times. Modern hand magnifiers can visually magnify objects 20 times, and a tripod magnifier 25 times.
ELASTIC BANDAGE
The idea of creating a special bandage came to the mind of the English entrepreneur Stephen Perry while observing workers on a rubber plantation: at the end of the working day, they wrapped their hands in strips of rubber, giving them the opportunity to rest. This observation inspired Stephen Perry to invent the elastic bandage in 1845. Perry sold 1 yard (91 cm) of elastic bandage for the equivalent of $5-7 today.
