Rafail Mikhailovich Melnikov Armored cruiser "Bayan" (1897-1904). Cruiser I rank "Bayan" - armored long-range reconnaissance (FAN) Armored cruisers of the bayan type

"Bayan" became the ancestor of the most numerous series of armored cruisers in the Russian fleet; in addition, this is the first ship in the design assignments of which purely cruising views gave way to the requirements of service with an armored squadron. In accordance with the design assignment, developed in May 1897 by specialists from the Naval Ministry with the participation of prominent admirals (including S.O. Makarov) and the leaders of the ITC, the ship was intended for cruising in more limited areas, depending on the location of the main forces of the fleet; if necessary, he was supposed to "act in combat in connection with squadron battleships."


Characteristics:


Displacement 7726 tons, power 16500 liters. sec., speed 21 knots. Length between perpendiculars 135 m, width 17.5 m, average recess 6.5 m.


Reservations: board - 60-203 mm, towers - 152 mm, deck - 51 mm, conning tower - 160 mm.


Armament: 2 - 203 mm guns, 8 - 152 mm, 20 - 75 mm, 8 - 47 mm, 2 - 37 mm guns, 2 landing guns, 2 torpedo tubes.


"Bayan" - the only modern, sufficiently protected and high-speed cruiser in the Port Arthur squadron, fully justified its purpose during a short, but extremely intense combat service. Alone or at the head of detachments of light cruisers, he more than once boldly entered into battle with superior enemy forces, made reconnaissance campaigns, was part of the guard of the squadron, and covered the actions of destroyers and gunboats. In addition, "Bayan" provided protection for the Port Arthur raid, escorted transports and minelayers, fired at the enemy's coastal positions, and sent landing detachments to defend the fortress. Here is just one of many examples of the courageous actions of the crew, marked by gratitude from the commander of the squadron, Admiral S. O. Makarov. On March 31, 1904, the cruiser hastily went to the rescue of the destroyer Terrible. Leading

Fire on the approaching enemy cruisers, the Bayan sailors managed to save part of the crew of the deceased Terrible.


Returning on July 14 at the head of the detachment after the battle with the cruisers Nissin and Kassuga, the Bayan was blown up by a mine, but thanks to the excellent training of the crew, it remained afloat and reached the harbor under its own power. The guns, removed at the time of the repair of the cruiser in the dock, were installed on the battleships "Peresvet" and "Victory", which participated in the battle on July 28, 1904. Plans for a breakthrough to Vladivostok after the death of the squadron did not materialize, and "Bayan" died under the fire of siege guns 25 November 1904. In April 1905, three new cruisers were ordered in April 1905 according to the Bayan type, which most fully met the conditions of the tactics of the armored fleet. One of them, built in 1907 in the New Admiralty in St. Petersburg, inherited the name "Bayan" and increased its fame during the First World War.


The model was assembled easily and naturally, there were no special jambs. It has a very impressive look and looks great. The complexity is suitable even for a beginner modeller.

It was ordered in France on the personal instructions of His Imperial Highness Grand Duke General-Admiral Alexei Alexandrovich, as a "citadel" enlarged version of the yacht of General-Admiral "Svetlana". The process of developing a design assignment and preparing an order were accelerated as much as possible. The project provided for a displacement of up to 8,000 tons, a length-to-width ratio of no more than 8, armor for the lower deck, casemates, artillery and a waterline belt, a design speed of 21 knots, the use of Belleville water-tube boilers and the installation of a lightweight mast.
July 08, 1898 a contract was signed with the director of the French firm "Forge e Chantier de Mediterrani" A. Laganem. In accordance with the contract, the cruiser was supposed to have a length between perpendiculars of 135 meters, a width amidships along the cargo waterline of 17.5 meters, an intry depth (hull height) from the keel to the straight beams of the upper deck - 11.6 meters and a deepening at full draft 6, 7 meters. To build an armored cruiser, it was entrusted to the La Seine shipyard in Toulon. The construction period is not more than 36 months from the date of conclusion of the contract and 4 months for testing and acceptance of the ship to the treasury. The ship engineer captain of the 1st rank I. K. Grigorovich became the supervisor of the construction, and the mechanical engineer K. P. Boklevsky and the mechanical engineer D. A. Golov took over the mechanisms.
November 24, 1898 the laying of the first sheet of the horizontal keel of the armored cruiser "Bayan" took place.

The hull of the armored cruiser was made of sheet and profiled Siemens-Marten steel, by riveting and recruited using a transverse framing system. The ship had vertical and horizontal keels, stringers, fore and sternposts, a forecastle, upper, battery and residential (armor) decks, a hold and a double bottom. A vertical keel 1 meter high was attached to a horizontal keel, which was assembled from several sheets of steel. The stem and stern, which formed the bow and stern ends, were made of steel castings. Under water, the stem protruded forward, forming a ram. Double bottom, divided by floors 8 mm thick and three bottom stringers into independent compartments for storing fresh boiler water. The frames, with a spacing of 0.9 meters, where they were not part of the transverse watertight bulkheads, formed side branches, which from the cheekbone to the lower shelf had a lightweight design - a bent square with three bracket inserts, and above - deck beams. The midship frame was the reference point and had a zero number, the rest of the frames were counted from it to the bow and stern. Sheets of two-layer outer skin, 10 mm thick each, were connected to each other by rivets along the grooves edge to edge, at the joints - by continuous strips laid on the inside and round washers for rivets along the frames. Grooves and joints were minted on the outside to ensure complete water tightness. In the underwater part of the hull, below the main armor belt, the ship's hull consisted only of steel plating sheets, which were attached to the keel and double bottom with rivets. The cruiser had onboard longitudinal bulkheads, which formed the premises of coal pits and side corridors. They also served as additional protection for the ship. The cruiser's armor protection system included the main vertical belt along the waterline, the citadel, the armor deck, battery deck casemates, the conning tower and the main battery turrets. The main vertical armor belt with a height of 1.8 meters was made from plates of side belt armor along the waterline, which fell 1.2 meters below it, as well as from a 200 mm thick aft armor beam located in the area of ​​the 52nd frame. The side armor along the waterline had a thickness of 200 mm in the middle part of the hull (throughout the fireman and engine rooms), decreasing to the lower edge to 100 mm, to the bow and stern to 100 mm in the upper part of the armor belt and up to 70 mm - to the bottom edge. In the nose, the armor plates of the main belt converged on the stem, connecting with the armor plates of the opposite side. The armor was attached to the two-layer steel sheathing through the outer wooden horizontal teak sheathing 100 mm thick. From above, the main armor belt was covered with an armored deck, which was formed by plates of chromium-nickel armor 30 mm thick, laid on a two-layer deck flooring made of shipbuilding steel sheets 10 mm thick each. Behind the aft beam to the rudder stock, an armored deck of 30 mm plates was laid on a two-layer flooring with a total thickness of 15 mm. Above the armored deck, from the stem to the rear end of the aft 6-inch casemate, there was an armored "citadel", which covered the side to the battery deck with armor plates 60 mm thick. This armor was mounted on top of a two-layer outer skin made of steel sheets 10 mm thick. Artillery on the battery deck consisted of casemates from side armor plates 60 mm thick. The rotating part of the 8-inch towers and fixed barbettes were covered with armor plates 150 mm thick, and the roofs of the towers were covered with 30 mm armor. The supply pipes between the battery and armor decks were covered from the sides with 150 mm armor. The combat commander's cabin was protected by armor plates having a thickness of 160 mm, and the roof was made of low-magnetic steel 30 mm thick. On the forecastle deck, in the diametrical plane, a cylindrical single-gun turret of the main 203-mm caliber was mounted. The second tower of the main caliber was located in the aft part of the upper deck. On the battery deck, 152-mm and 75-mm quick-firing Kane guns were installed side by side in casemates, as well as a laundry room, conductors' cabins, an infirmary, a team's cockpit, a camp church, and the admiral's saloon, the admiral's quarters, the commander's, senior officer's and senior mechanic, crew quarters and conductors' wardroom. On the living deck there were various storerooms and workshops, a dressing station, onboard coal pits, crew quarters, an officers' wardroom, officers' quarters and a library. A chain box, magazines of ammunition of the main 203-mm caliber, 152-mm and 75-mm caliber, compartments of underwater mine vehicles, side coal pits, boiler rooms and engine rooms, dynamos, tiller compartment were arranged in the hold. Heating on the ship was provided by steam heating. To replenish the supply of drinking water, two Krug desalination plants with a capacity of 5 tons per day each were intended.
The unsinkability of the ship was ensured by dividing the hull with transverse waterproof bulkheads into 15 main compartments:

  1. Ram compartment, cable storeroom, paint storeroom and laundry room, bow searchlight room;
  2. Pantry of corned beef, provisional pantry, the beginning of the bow casemate of 75-mm artillery;
  3. Chain box, side cofferdams, pantry provisions, continuation of the bow casemate of 75-mm artillery;
  4. Cellar of 203-mm ammunition, side cofferdams, storeroom provisions, refrigerator, dressing station, beginning of the bow casemate of 152-mm artillery, room for capstan machines;
  5. Cellars for 152-mm and 75-mm ammunition, side cofferdams, central post under the armored deck, dressing station (continued), continuation of the bow casemate for 152-mm artillery, armored wheelhouse;
  6. Forward stoker compartment, onboard coal pits, onboard roll compartments, photographic laboratory, sewing workshop, spacesuit pantry, mechanical workshop, artillery and mine storerooms, infirmary, conductors' cabins, crew quarters;
  7. The second stoker compartment, onboard coal pits, onboard heeling compartments, a bathhouse for stokers, conductors' cabins, an infirmary (continued) and onboard casemates of 152-mm artillery;
  8. Cellar of 75-mm ammunition, compartment of underwater mine vehicles, compartments of dynamos and side roll compartments, side casemates of 75-mm artillery;
  9. Third stoker compartment, side coal pits, side roll compartments, side casemates for 75-mm artillery;
  10. Aft stoker compartment, onboard coal pits, onboard roll compartments, a blacksmith shop, a mechanical workshop, engine storerooms, crew washstands, onboard casemates of 152-mm artillery and a crew cabin;
  11. Engine compartment, onboard roll compartments, crew quarters, senior officer's and chief engineer's quarters, officers' quarters;
  12. Cellars of 152-mm, 75-mm and 47-mm ammunition, storerooms for anti-mine nets, dynamo compartments, side casemates for 152-mm artillery;
  13. Cellar of 203-mm ammunition, pantries of dry provisions, officers' wardroom, officers' cabins, office, commander's and admiral's apartments;
  14. Steering compartment, officers' cabins, admiral's dining room;
  15. Library for officers, admiral's salon with 75-mm guns and a balcony.
The silhouette of the armored cruiser had a bulwark in the middle part of the upper deck, two masts, four chimneys with ventilation bells, a conning and navigation cabin with bridges, two superstructures, a fore and aft cylindrical towers of the main 203-mm caliber.

The drainage system included six steam centrifugal pumps (they were called "turbines") with a capacity of 200 t / h, which were located on the lower deck and pumped out the water that got into the compartments, throwing it overboard at a level above the waterline. Bilge engine pumps and steam ejectors were also installed on the ship.

The fire system included two fire pumps of 50 tons per hour, which could also be used during emergency pumping of water. From the fire main, branches equipped with canvas and rubber sleeves rose up to all decks to the fire hydrants.

The steering device consisted of one balancing rudder with a baller, which rested on a thrust bearing, which was a continuation of the deadwood, a steam steering engine, a steering electric motor, a hand wheel, as well as hydraulic and electric drives to the spool of the steam steering engine. All these mechanisms acted on the steering wheel drive of the rudder, which was made in the form of a chain supported transversely - from side to side - by moving carts, through the grooves in the side walls of which the end of the longitudinal tiller sliding in these grooves was passed. All power drives assembled on one, in the diametrical plane, common split shaft, were connected to this scheme.

The anchor device included four Martin anchors with rods of 5 tons each, two dead chains with a caliber of 56 mm and a length of 320 meters each and one spare 213.36 meters long. Anchors were fastened to the side pillows under the forward tower. The lifting and return of anchors was carried out by two spiers, on the upper deck.

The rescue equipment of the armored cruiser consisted of two steam mine boats 10.97 meters long, two 20-oared barges 11.58 meters long, one rowing 16-oared work boat 11.12 meters long, two 14-oared light boats - admiral's and commander's 10.36 meters long, two 6-oared whaleboats 8.5 meters long, two 6-oared yawls and sailor's berths, which knitted into a cocoon and could keep a person afloat for up to 45 minutes, and then sank.

The main power plant of the armored cruiser is mechanical, twin-shaft with two steam engines with a total power of 13600 hp. and 26 water-tube boilers of the Belleville system, which were located in four boiler rooms and an engine room, divided by a diametrical longitudinal bulkhead into two side compartments. The machines transmitted rotation to two three-bladed propellers made of bronze.
Steam engine "Forge e Chantier" vertical, four-cylinder, triple expansion steam with a working pressure of 17.5 atmospheres had a power of 6800 indicator hp. The cylinders and eccentrics of the machine were made of cast iron, and the columns to support the cylinders were made of cast steel. The high pressure cylinder had a diameter of 1.1 meters, the medium pressure cylinder 1.7 meters and the two low pressure cylinders 2 meters each. The piston stroke was 0.93 meters, the propeller speed was up to 130 rpm.
Water tube boiler system "Belleville" horizontal, rectangular type, sectional, produced steam with a pressure of 21 atmospheres. Each section of the boiler consisted of 14 straight boiling tubes with a diameter of 115 mm and a length of about 2 meters each, arranged in two vertical rows at an angle of about 3-4 ° like flights of stairs and connected in series with their ends using boxes (chambers) made of ductile iron, forming elements that easily allow disassembly and assembly of the entire system. Water was first supplied to the lower collector, after which it entered the hot water pipes and sequentially passed through each section. The steam coming out of the sections turned out to be very wet. When the steam passed through the expander (Reducing valve), its pressure decreased, and the steam itself was dried. The boiler was necessarily equipped with an automatic power supply and draft control, as it contained little water and did not allow large overloads. The power regulator included a water-indicating column with a float and a special feed valve, which was connected to a continuously operating bottom of a special design, and excess water in the supply pipe was removed by a safety valve. The total surface of the grate reached 5 sq.m, the total heating surface of the boiler - 106.15 sq.m, and taking into account the economizer - 153.27 sq.m. Full stock coal taken on board was 1020 tons and allowed the cruiser to travel about 3400 miles at an economic speed of 10 knots, and the full speed was 21 knots.

The DC power system had a voltage of 105 V and included 4 Volta steam dynamos with a total power of 53 kW. The machines were intended to power winches for gun elevators, deck lighting, combat lights, and a ventilation system. Electricity was distributed from the main power plant. In case of repair, emergency or combat damage, there were batteries. Protective equipment included fuses and circuit breakers.

  1. Of 2 single with a barrel length of 45 calibers, located in two turrets in the bow and stern. The steel gun, rifled, with a Rosenberg piston breech, was placed on a machine with a central pin. The compressor of the machine is hydraulic, the knurler is hydropneumatic. The lifting mechanism is a screw connected by a hinge to the holder. The tool machine was located on a rotating table made of two cast steel platforms, fastened with an I-beam steel ring to a central tube. The upper platform had 3 windows with steel hinged covers for inspection of the vertical centering rollers. A metal frame of the tower was attached to the table, made in the form of a cylinder and equipped with electric and manual drives for aiming and supplying ammunition. The turn time of the tower installation by 270 ° was 59 seconds. The sending of shells and charges was carried out manually, with a wooden breaker, by the effort of two people. The elevation angle of the gun in the vertical plane was up to +15°. The rate of fire of the gun is 1 shot per minute. The calculation included 18 people. The ammunition included armor-piercing steel shells, cast-iron fragmentation shells and segment shells weighing 88 kg and 50.75 cm long. Moreover, segment shells were equipped with 45-second remote tubes. Loading guns capshot charges of smokeless powder brand 203/45 weighing 33 kg. The initial velocity of the projectile was 891 m / s with a maximum firing range of up to 11.16 km with an elevation angle of + 15 °. The weight of the artillery turret was about 157 tons.
  2. Of 8 single-barreled with a barrel length of 45 calibers, located on the battery deck. The gun is steel, rifled, with a piston breech, a spring-loaded knurler and a spindle-type hydraulic recoil brake. The machine guns on the central pins rotated in a horizontal plane, providing a horizontal firing sector of 100 °. The lifting mechanism with a gear arc created a sector of fire along the vertical from -6 ° to + 20 °. Vertical and horizontal guidance was carried out manually. The rate of fire of the gun is up to 10 rounds per minute with a rate of fire from 2 to 4 rounds per minute (depending on the preparation of the calculation and the type of shooting). The calculation included 6 people. The ammunition included armor-piercing and fragmentation unitary shots weighing 57.4 kg. A steel armor-piercing shot consisted of a projectile weighing 41.4 kg, 42.56 cm long, containing 1.23 kg of melinite with a fuse 11 DM and a cartridge case weighing 16 kg, 111.43 cm long. The cast-iron fragmentation shot consisted of a projectile weighing 41.4 kg, 49.4 cm long, containing 1.365 kg of black powder with a shock tube of the 1884 model and a cartridge case weighing 16 kg, 111.43 cm long. The initial velocity of the projectile was 792 m / s with a maximum firing range of 10 km with an elevation angle of + 20 °. The weight of the installation was 13.25 tons.
  3. Out of 20 single 75 mm Kane guns with a barrel length of 50 calibers, located side by side on the upper deck (8) and the battery deck (12). The gun was steel, rifled, with a piston breech mounted on a Kane machine with a central pin, a spring knurler and a hydraulic compressor that rolled back along with the barrel. The rotary mechanism through the shafts and gears engaged with a gear shoulder strap attached to the pin base. The lifting mechanism with one toothed arc created a sector of fire along the vertical from -7 ° to + 20 °. The horizontal sector of fire was 200°. Vertical and horizontal guidance was carried out manually. The rate of fire of the gun is up to 12 rounds per minute with a rate of fire from 4 to 6 rounds per minute (depending on the preparation of the calculation and the type of shooting). The loading of the gun is unitary. The calculation included 4 people. The ammunition included armor-piercing unitary shots weighing 29.27 kg. A steel armor-piercing shot consisted of a projectile weighing 4.9 kg, 20.25 cm long and a brass sleeve weighing 3.032 kg, 66.2 cm long with a charge of 1.5 kg of smokeless powder. The muzzle velocity of the projectile was 823 m / s with a firing range of 6.4 km with an elevation angle of + 13 °, and on direct fire the gun had a firing range of 915 meters and pierced armor up to 117 mm thick. The weight of the installation with a gun and a shield is about 4 tons.
  4. Of 8 single-barreled 47 mm Hotchkiss guns with a barrel length of 43.5 caliber, which were placed side by side on the upper deck (4), on the platform near the armored cabin and on the main mars (2). The gun had air cooling and a single unitary ammunition supply. The supply of ammunition was carried out manually. Calculation of the gun - 4 people. The ammunition consisted of a steel or cast-iron grenade weighing 1.5 kg. The elevation angle ranged from -23° to +25°. The rate of fire of the gun is 15 rounds/min., the initial velocity of the projectile is 701 m/s., and the maximum firing range is up to 4.6 km. The weight of the installation with a shield reached 448.5 kg.
  5. Of 2 single 37 mm Hotchkiss guns with a barrel length of 23 caliber for installation on boats. The gun was installed in a glass, which was bolted to the side or other part of the vessel. The calculation of the gun included 2 people. The rate of fire without aiming correction was 20 rds. /min The ammunition consisted of a grenade weighing 0.5 kg, which developed an initial speed of 442 m / s and had a range of fire at a sea or coastal target at an elevation angle of + 11 ° - up to 2.8 km. The mass of the gun with the lock reached 170 kg.
  6. Of 2 single
  7. Of 2 single pipe 381 mm underwater torpedo tubes (TA) installed side by side in the living deck compartment between II and III boiler rooms. Non-rotatable TA were fixed at an angle of 65° to the diametrical plane in the direction of the tank. The Whitehead mine (torpedo) of the 1898 model of the year had a warhead weight of 64 kg with the weight of the torpedo itself of 430 kg and was equipped with an Aubrey gyroscopic device, which ensured that the torpedo was kept on a given course. The speed of the torpedo was 30 knots with a range of about 400 meters or 25 knots with a range of 900 meters. Ammunition consisted of 6 torpedoes.

Artillery control system "Geisler" included:

  • Transformer station.

"Volley Shooting" - carried out by order of the commander, who gave direction to the target - heading angle according to the compass and distance to the target - range according to the horizontal-basic rangefinder of Barr and Strood (with a base of 1.2 meters), which did not require knowledge of the height of the spars of the enemy ship, like micrometers Lujol systems. Having received this data, the senior artillery officer put a signal indicator on the "volley", a projectile indicator on the type of projectiles necessary to hit a given target, and on the combat indicator set the number of degrees on the compass and the distance to the target using synchronous transmission, the reporter to the inscription "INTERRUPTED", and the switch on - "ACTIVE" and gave several control calls with a button located on the left side of the combat indicator. Next, the senior artillery officer determined the roll with the help of an inclinometer installed on the side corresponding to the firing board and put a pointer on the resulting level, followed by the installation of a salvo reporter with the inclinometer "volley with inclinometer" or "WITHOUT inclinometer". I set the switchboard of the control board of the combat indicator to "DO NOT WORK" and gave a few short calls. Using the firing table, I selected the indicator correction and raised the vertical aiming index by its value, looked for the wind correction corresponding to the given speed and heading angle, chose the necessary correction for the deviation of the rear sight for horizontal guidance. Having received a notification by a call about the readiness of the guns, he waited for the sighting line of the combat indicator to arrive at the target, if necessary, reported to the ship's commander in which direction to roll. Seeing that the sighting line was approaching the target, he gave a warning call, and when the sighting line came to the target, he pressed the button on the right side of the combat indicator, firing a volley with the whole side. At the signal "DROT" put a signal pointer to "DROT" and gave a few short calls. When changing the firing side, he acted in the same way as with the "DROT" command and switched to the instruments of the other side.
"Rapid Fire"
"Single Shooting"

Armored cruiser "Bayan" left Toulon on his first voyage and visited a number of Mediterranean ports, at the beginning of 1903, arrived in Kronstadt. July 25, 1903 "Bayan" and the squadron battleship "Oslyabya" left Kronstadt and headed for Far East to strengthen the Port Arthur squadron. On August 25, 1903, the ships of the detachment joined in Foros with a newly tested squadron battleship"Tsarevich". On October 6, 1903, the ships passed the Red Sea and entered the Indian Ocean. On November 5, 1903, the detachment arrived at the port of Singapore. On November 19, 1903, anchors were dropped in the harbor of Port Arthur. This was the last replenishment of the squadron on the eve of the war. In December 1903, the "white swans of the Russian fleet" were repainted in combat olive green. On January 27, 1904, on the night of the Japanese attack on the squadron, the cruiser came to the rescue of the 2nd-rank cruiser Boyarin, returning from reconnaissance, and then throughout the battle acted ahead of our squadron, causing a number of damage to the enemy. On March 31, 1904, the cruiser hastily went to the rescue of the destroyer Terrible. Firing at the approaching Japanese cruisers (armored "Asama" and "Tokiva" and four armored), the sailors of "Bayan" managed to save five sailors from the lost "Terrible". April 24, 1904, by order of the acting. Squadron chief Rear Admiral Witgeft removed four 75-mm cannons from the cruiser for installation on a coastal battery under the letter "B". On June 10, 1904, "Bayan" under the braided pennant of Captain 1st Rank Reizenstein participated in the squadron's exit for a general battle with the Japanese. At a signal from Rear Admiral Vitgeft, without accepting the battle, Bayan with cruisers took a place ahead of the squadron, which returned ingloriously to Port Arthur. On June 26, 1904 "Bayan" under Reitsenstein's braid pennant led a detachment consisting of the battleship "Poltava" and destroyers to shell Japanese positions located on the heights of Tahoe Bay. On July 14, 1904, the cruiser was part of a detachment of ships (the battleships "Retvizan" and "Poltava", the cruisers "Novik" and "Askold", 3 gunboats and 7 destroyers) went to sea to shell Japanese positions in Tahoe Bay. Having met the Japanese armored cruisers "Nissin" and "Kassuga" along the way, the detachment, not accepting the battle, began to retreat to Port Arthur. At the entrance to the harbor, "Bayan" hit a mine with its starboard side, getting a hole almost 10 meters long. During the repair of the ship, before entering the dock, all 152-mm and 75-mm guns were removed from it and transferred to the land front. At the end of September 1904, 152-mm guns from the armored cruiser of the 1st rank Pallada began to be installed on the Bayan, preparing it for going to sea. On October 03, 1904, the cruiser, moving away from shelling, entered the outer roadstead of Port Arthur, but managed to get damaged in the chassis. November 25, 1904, having shot the battleships stationed in the inner roadstead, the Japanese artillery switched to Bayan. Having no underwater holes, the ship sank more and more into the water, as a result of which the water filled the compartments when fighting fires. On November 26, 1904, the cruiser, with a 15-degree list to the port side, lay down on the soil of the Eastern Basin with her whole hull. On the night of December 20, 1904 Bayan was blown up. After the capture of Port Arthur, the Japanese began to raise the sunken ships of the Russian squadron. On August 7, 1905, the Bayan cruiser was also raised from the bottom. On August 22, 1905, the cruiser was included in the Japanese fleet under the name Aso. In 1906-1908, he underwent a refurbishment in Maizuru, receiving new Miyabara boilers and Vickers guns. In 1913, the cruiser's 203-mm turret mounts were dismantled and replaced with deck-mounted 152-mm Vickers guns with a barrel length of 50 calibers. In 1921-1922, the cruiser was converted into a mine layer (420 mines). In 1930, he was excluded from the lists of the Japanese fleet and turned into a blockade. On August 8, 1932, the hull of the former cruiser was shot at by the heavy cruiser Myoko as a target.

An armored cruiser was built at the La Seyne-sur-Mer shipyard in Toulon (France).

Lead armored cruiser "Bayan" entered service Baltic Fleet in 1903.


Tactical and technical data of the armored cruiser "Bayan" Displacement:
normal 7805 tons, full 8240 tons.
Maximum length: 137 meters
Length according to design waterline: 135 meters
Maximum width: 17.6 meters
Width on design waterline: 17.5 meters
Nose side height: 14.3 meters
Midship Height: 12.2 meters
Board height in the stern: 12.2 meters
Hull draft: 6.7 meters
Power point:
Electric power
system: 		DC 105 V,
Travel speed: full 21 knots, economic 10 knots.
cruising range: 3400 miles at 10 knots.
Autonomy: 14 days at 10 knots.
Seaworthiness: no data.
Armament: .
artillery: 2x1 203mm turrets, 8x1 152mm and 20x1 75mm Kane guns,
8x1 47mm and 2x1 37mm Hotchkiss guns.
torpedo: 2x1 381 mm underwater TA.
Crew: 569 people (17 officers, 4 class officials, 8 conductors).
In total, armored cruisers were built in 1903 - 1 unit.

    Bayan-class armored cruisers
- were built "on the basis of the combat experience of the Bayan cruiser", which was the most active in the Russo-Japanese War. The project of the improved cruiser "Bayan" provided for the improvement of the electrical power system (filters for dynamos, cabinets for a station for parallel connection of dynamos, electric bells between compasses and shunt magnetization of electric fan motors, an increase in lighting lamps up to 800 pieces and portable fans), strengthening small-caliber artillery and the installation of machine guns, increasing the elevation angles of 203-mm (up to 22 °) and 152-mm (up to 25 °) caliber guns, passing guides through waterproof bulkheads through special glands, strengthening the filing of thin sheets under the beams in all rooms, armor protection of places placement of searchlights, lowering the height of deckhouses and similar vestibules on the upper deck, making cabinets in all utility rooms from steel, backstays of chimneys from steel cable, provide for two folding sailing boats 22 feet long instead of a working boat. All changes did not affect the basic design and structure of the ship.
July 07, 1905 The MTC, together with the St. Petersburg representative of the company "Forge e Chantier de Mediterrani" A. Tami, signed the final specification for the hull, internal layout and armament of the cruiser. The construction period was determined no more than 30 months from the date of issuance of the order for construction. Supervision of the construction of an armored cruiser at the La Seine shipyard in Toulon was entrusted to ship engineer G.I. Lidov and captain 2nd rank A.M. Lazarev, and then to senior ship engineer V.V. Konstantinov and Captain 1st Rank G.I. Zalevsky.
March 14, 1906 the official laying ceremony of the armored cruiser "Admiral Makarov" took place in the presence of assistant director engineer Le Go, civil engineer De Deffye, supervising the construction of the ship's commander, captain 1st rank G.I. Zalevsky and senior ship engineer V.V. Konstantinov.
November 10, 1904 The head of the Naval Ministry decided to build in St. Petersburg two cruisers "Bayan" and "Pallada", which were named in memory of the cruisers that died in Port Arthur.
November 30, 1904 an order was issued for the construction of ships to the Admiralty Plant in St. Petersburg.
In April 1905 work began on the construction of the Pallada at the Admiralty shipyard according to the working drawings received from La Seine. The builder of the Pallada was appointed senior shipbuilder of the St. Petersburg port, colonel of the corps of ship engineers A.I. Mustafin.
In May 1905 work began on the construction of "Bayan" at the shipyard of Galerny Island. The builder of "Bayan" was appointed junior shipbuilder, staff captain of the corps of ship engineers V.P. Lebedev.

The main vertical armor belt had side armor along the waterline with a thickness of 175 mm in the middle part of the hull (throughout the fireman and engine rooms), which decreased to the lower edge to 90 mm, to the bow and stern to 100 mm in the upper part of the armor belt and up to 70 mm - to the lower edge. In the nose, the armor plates of the main belt converged on the stem, connecting with the armor plates of the opposite side. The armor was attached to the two-layer steel sheathing through the outer wooden horizontal teak sheathing 100 mm thick. From above, the main armor belt was covered with an armored deck, which was formed by plates of chromium-nickel armor 30 mm thick, laid on a two-layer deck flooring made of shipbuilding steel sheets 10 mm thick each. Behind the aft beam to the rudder stock, an armored deck of 30 mm plates was laid on a two-layer flooring with a total thickness of 15 mm. Above the armored deck, from the stem to the rear end of the aft 6-inch casemate, there was an armored "citadel", which covered the side to the battery deck with armor plates 60 mm thick. This armor was mounted on top of a two-layer outer skin made of steel sheets 10 mm thick. Artillery on the battery deck consisted of casemates from side armor plates 60 mm thick. The rotating part of the 8-inch towers and fixed barbettes were covered with armor plates 132 mm thick, and the roofs of the towers were covered with 30 mm armor. The supply pipes between the battery and armor decks were covered from the sides with 132-mm armor. The combat commander's cabin was protected by armor plates having a thickness of 136 mm, and the roof was made of low-magnetic steel 30 mm thick.
The silhouette of the armored cruiser had a bulwark in the middle part of the upper deck, one mast in the middle part of the hull, four chimneys with ventilation bells, a conning and navigation cabin with bridges, two superstructures, a fore and aft cylindrical towers of the main 203-mm caliber.

The armament of the armored cruiser consisted of:

  1. Of 2 single 8-inch (203 mm) Brink guns with a barrel length of 45 calibers, located in two turrets in the bow and stern. The steel gun, rifled, with a Rosenberg piston breech, was placed on a machine with a central pin. The compressor of the machine is hydraulic, the knurler is hydropneumatic. The lifting mechanism is a screw connected by a hinge to the holder. The tool machine was located on a rotating table made of two cast steel platforms, fastened with an I-beam steel ring to a central tube. The upper platform had 3 windows with steel hinged covers for inspection of the vertical centering rollers. A metal frame of the tower was attached to the table, made in the form of a cylinder and equipped with electric and manual drives for aiming and supplying ammunition. The turn time of the tower installation by 270 ° was 59 seconds. The sending of shells and charges was carried out by mechanical piercers for loading guns. The elevation angle of the gun in the vertical plane was up to +22°. The rate of fire of the gun is up to 2 rounds per minute. The calculation included 18 people. The ammunition included armor-piercing steel shells, cast-iron fragmentation shells and segment shells weighing 88 kg and 50.75 cm long. Moreover, segment shells were equipped with 45-second remote tubes. Loading guns capshot charges of smokeless powder brand 203/45 weighing 33 kg. The initial velocity of the projectile was 891 m / s with a maximum firing range of up to 12 km with an elevation angle of + 22 °. The weight of the artillery turret was about 157 tons.
  2. Of 8 single-barreled 6-inch (152 mm) Kane guns with a barrel length of 45 calibers, located on the battery deck. The gun is steel, rifled, with a piston breech, a spring-loaded knurler and a spindle-type hydraulic recoil brake. The machine guns on the central pins rotated in a horizontal plane, providing a horizontal firing sector of 100 °. The lifting mechanism with a gear arc created a vertical firing sector from -6 ° to + 25 °. Vertical and horizontal guidance was carried out manually. The rate of fire of the gun is up to 10 rounds per minute with a rate of fire from 2 to 4 rounds per minute (depending on the preparation of the calculation and the type of shooting). The calculation included 6 people. The ammunition included armor-piercing and fragmentation unitary shots weighing 57.4 kg. A steel armor-piercing shot consisted of a projectile weighing 41.4 kg, 42.56 cm long, containing 1.23 kg of melinite with a fuse 11 DM and a cartridge case weighing 16 kg, 111.43 cm long. The cast-iron fragmentation shot consisted of a projectile weighing 41.4 kg, 49.4 cm long, containing 1.365 kg of black powder with a shock tube of the 1884 model and a cartridge case weighing 16 kg, 111.43 cm long. The initial velocity of the projectile was 792 m / s with a maximum firing range of 11.11 km with an elevation angle of + 25 °. The weight of the installation was 13.25 tons.
  3. Out of 20 single 75 mm Kane guns with a barrel length of 50 calibers, located side by side on the upper deck (8) and the battery deck (12). The gun was steel, rifled, with a piston breech mounted on a Kane machine with a central pin, a spring knurler and a hydraulic compressor that rolled back along with the barrel. The rotary mechanism through the shafts and gears engaged with a gear shoulder strap attached to the pin base. The lifting mechanism with one toothed arc created a sector of fire along the vertical from -7 ° to + 20 °. The horizontal sector of fire was 200°. Vertical and horizontal guidance was carried out manually. The rate of fire of the gun is up to 12 rounds per minute with a rate of fire from 4 to 6 rounds per minute (depending on the preparation of the calculation and the type of shooting). The loading of the gun is unitary. The calculation included 4 people. The ammunition included armor-piercing unitary shots weighing 29.27 kg. A steel armor-piercing shot consisted of a projectile weighing 4.9 kg, 20.25 cm long and a brass sleeve weighing 3.032 kg, 66.2 cm long with a charge of 1.5 kg of smokeless powder. The muzzle velocity of the projectile was 823 m / s with a firing range of 7.78 km with an elevation angle of + 20 °, and on direct fire the gun had a firing range of 915 meters and pierced armor up to 117 mm thick. The weight of the installation with a gun and a shield is about 4 tons.
  4. Of 4 single 57 mm Hotchkiss guns with a barrel length of 50 calibers, located side by side on the upper deck. The gun was installed in a swivel machine on a pedestal with a screw lifting mechanism. The calculation of the gun included 2 people. The rate of fire without aiming correction was 15 rds. /min The ammunition included grenades weighing 2.22 kg and smokeless powder charges weighing 0.45 kg. The grenade developed an initial speed of 770 m / s and had a range of fire at a sea or coastal target at an elevation angle of + 20 ° - up to 7.4 km. The mass of the gun with the lock and shield reached - no data.
  5. Of 4 single 10.67 mm machine guns of the "Maxim" system with a barrel length of 67.6 calibers, located on the wings of the nasal bridge (2) and for arming the landing force (2). The fire mode is only automatic, built on the gas exhaust principle. The rate of fire of the installation was 600 rounds / min. at initial speed bullets 740 m / s, the firing range reached 3.5 km, and the ceiling up to 2.4 km. The machine guns are powered by a belt, in a belt of 250 rounds. Shooting was carried out in bursts, water was poured into the barrel casing for cooling. The calculation of the machine gun included 2 people. The machine guns had a manual control system with an optical sight. Installation weight - no data.
  6. Of 2 single 63.5 mm Baranovsky landing guns with a barrel length of 19.8 caliber, designed to support the landing. The gun was steel, rifled, with a piston breech, placed on a ship machine or a wheel machine. Mechanisms of horizontal and vertical guidance screw. The ship's machine was installed on a special pedestal attached to the deck with three bolts (in the form of an equilateral triangle). The height of the trunnion axis from the deck was 1068 mm. Calculation of the gun - 4 people. The loading of the gun is unitary. The supply of ammunition was carried out manually. The ammunition included shrapnel shells weighing about 3 kg, containing 56 bullets each with a 10-second tube. The rate of fire of the gun is up to 5 rds / min. The elevation angle ranged from -15° to +80°. With an initial projectile velocity of 329 m / s. and an elevation angle of + 20 °, the firing range was up to 2.5 km. Installation weight - no data.
  7. Of 2 single pipe 450 mm underwater torpedo tubes (TA) installed side by side in the living deck compartment between II and III boiler rooms. Non-rotatable TA were fixed at an angle of 65° to the diametrical plane in the direction of the tank. The Whitehead mine (torpedo) of the 1904 model of the year had a warhead weight of 70 kg with the weight of the torpedo itself of 648 kg and was equipped with an Aubrey gyroscopic device, which ensured that the torpedo was kept on a given course. The speed of the torpedo was 33 knots with a range of about 800 meters or 25 knots with a range of 2 km. Ammunition consisted of 6 torpedoes.
  8. From the anti-mine nets of the Bullivan system, which consisted of a steel wire rope and were stored on special shelves along the sides of the ship. The nets were installed with the help of onboard poles, hinged.

Artillery control system "Geisler" included:

  • 2 electric combat indicators with control boards and alidades on graduated discs located in the conning tower and the central post.
  • 2 projectile indicators, which, by means of arrows stopping in the corresponding sectors of the dial, transmitted indications of the type of projectiles used. Giving devices were placed in the central post. The receiving devices were installed in the ammunition cellars.
  • 2 signal indicators for transmitting orders about the type of shooting being performed. Giving devices were placed in the central post. The receiving devices were mounted on the sights of the guns.
  • 2 rangefinder indicators that transmitted the distance (distance) to the target and were located in the central post and in the conning tower. The receiving devices were suspended from each gun, one device each.
  • 2 inclinometers of the right and left sides for determining the roll and making a correction for the range were located in the central post.
  • Instruments and magnetic compasses in the conning tower and control room, which showed the senior artillery officer his own course and speed, direction and strength of the wind.
  • Howlers and bells installed at each gun. The contactor for howlers and calls was located in the central post.
  • Station of measuring instruments located in the central post. The station gave voltage readings at the installation site and current consumption for the entire system.
  • Safety boxes "PK" with fuses for each group of devices and a common switch were installed in the central post. The main wires from the transformer came up to them and the wires giving power to each group of devices departed.
  • Switches and junction boxes for powering and disconnecting fire control system devices.
  • Transformer station.
The senior artillery officer, in the central post, inserted the combat pin into the socket and raised the key of the combat indicator, which determined the readiness of the batteries. Shooting was carried out on the orders of the commander according to three schemes, depending on the type of maneuvering, the type of target and the nature of the battle.
"Volley Shooting" - carried out by order of the commander, who gave the direction to the target - heading angle by compass and distance to the target - range by the horizontal-basic rangefinder of Barr and Stroud (with a base of 1.37 meters), which did not require knowledge of the height of the spars of the enemy ship, like micrometers Lujol systems. Having received this data, the senior artillery officer put a signal indicator on the "volley", a projectile indicator on the type of projectiles necessary to hit a given target, and on the combat indicator set the number of degrees on the compass and the distance to the target using synchronous transmission, the reporter to the inscription "INTERRUPTED", and the switch on - "ACTIVE" and gave several control calls with a button located on the left side of the combat indicator. Next, the senior artillery officer determined the roll with the help of an inclinometer installed on the side corresponding to the firing board and put a pointer on the resulting level, followed by the installation of a salvo reporter with the inclinometer "volley with inclinometer" or "WITHOUT inclinometer". I set the switchboard of the control board of the combat indicator to "DO NOT WORK" and gave a few short calls. Using the firing table, I selected the indicator correction and raised the vertical aiming index by its value, looked for the wind correction corresponding to the given speed and heading angle, chose the necessary correction for the deviation of the rear sight for horizontal guidance. Having received a notification by a call about the readiness of the guns, he waited for the sighting line of the combat indicator to arrive at the target, if necessary, reported to the ship's commander in which direction to roll. Seeing that the sighting line was approaching the target, he gave a warning call, and when the sighting line came to the target, he pressed the button on the right side of the combat indicator, firing a volley with the whole side. At the signal "DROT" put a signal pointer to "DROT" and gave a few short calls. When changing the firing side, he acted in the same way as with the "DROT" command and switched to the instruments of the other side.
"Rapid Fire" - carried out by order of the commander, who gave direction to the target and the distance to the target. Having received this data, the senior artillery officer set the signal indicator to "SHORT ALARM", the projectile indicator to the type of projectiles needed to hit the target, using the rangefinder dial displayed the desired distance to the target, put the announcer on the inscription "INTERRUPTED", and the switch on - "ACTIVE" and gave a few short calls. Next, the senior artillery officer determined the roll using an inclinometer installed on the side corresponding to the firing board and put a combat indicator on the received level, followed by installation of the inclinometer reporter "WITH INCLUSION" or "WITHOUT INCLUSION METER". I set the switch of the combat indicator to "NO WORK", set the rangefinder indicator to the received number of divisions and gave a few short calls. After that, the senior artillery officer waited for the sighting line to arrive at the target and followed it, giving short calls when the target changed.
"Single Shooting" - carried out by order of the commander, who gave direction to the target and the distance to the target. Having received this data, the senior artillery officer put a signal indicator on "SHORT ALARM", a projectile indicator on the type of shells needed to hit the target, coordinated the range to the target with the help of a rangefinder indicator, and the announcer put it on the inscription "IN CHAIN". After that, the senior artillery officer directed the aiming line at the target and followed it, giving short calls when the target changed. At the signal "END", the senior artillery officer took out the combat pin from the socket, lowered the key of the combat indicator down and removed all the batteries.
The entire system was powered by 23V DC through a 105/23V transformer. After receiving the necessary data, the gunners of the guns set the given angles and distances on them, and also loaded the selected type of ammunition. This mode of centralized fire control was the most effective. In the event of a senior artillery officer's failure or for any other reason, all guns switched to group (plutong) or single fire. In this case, all calculations were made by the battery or gun commander. This mode of fire was less effective. In the event of a complete defeat of fire control devices, personnel and data transmission circuits, all guns switched to independent fire. In this case, the choice of target and aiming at it was carried out by calculating a specific gun using only gun optical sights, which sharply limited the effectiveness and power of fire.

Armored cruiser "Admiral Makarov" left Toulon on May 14, 1908 under the command of Captain 1st Rank V.F. Ponomarev and headed for Kronstadt. On July 14-15, 1908, the cruiser took part in the celebrations held in Reval in honor of the visit to Russia of the President of the French Republic. On October 25, 1908, they left Kronstadt and went to Libau to replace the cruiser Oleg in foreign voyages. On November 19, 1908, having visited the ports of Portsmouth and Algiers, the cruiser anchored in the port of Augusta (Lake Bizerte), joining a detachment of ships under the command of Rear Admiral V.I. Litvinov. In December 1908, the crew of the cruiser and the midshipmen who were practicing on board the ship took part in rescue operations after the earthquake in Messina (Italy). The intense rescue work was the pride of the fleet and brought the gratitude of Italy and the whole world. At the beginning of 1909, "Admiral Makarov" often went to sea to the Turkish coast for training firing from guns and mines on the move. On March 17, 1909, he arrived as part of a detachment of ships in Libau, having covered 10,896 miles during a long voyage. On July 12, 1909, the cruiser, as part of a detachment of ships (armored cruiser Rurik, destroyers Emir Bukhara and Moskvityanin), accompanied the imperial yachts Shdandart and Polar Star, which made a visit to France and England. In August 1909, the cruiser participated in large maneuvers of the Baltic Fleet. March 15, 1910 "Admiral Makarov" went to the Mediterranean Sea to replenish the detachment of ships, replacing the battleship "Glory" in an accident. From August 19 to 26, 1910, she took part in the celebrations on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the reign of King Nicholas I of Montenegro. On September 22, 1910, the cruiser paid a visit to the port of Toulon (France). On October 11, 1910, the ship, having visited the ports of Cherbourg (France) and Portsmouth (England), arrived in Kronstadt. November 18, 1910 the ship entered the armed reserve. In 1911, the cruiser was put under repair. Repair work was carried out on the hull, mechanisms and devices with the replacement of boilers and the installation of two masts. From 8 to 20 September 1912, the cruiser participated with battleships"Paul I", "Andrew the First-Called", "Glory", "Tsesarevich", cruisers "Rurik", "Gromoboy", "Pallada", "Bayan" and 4 destroyers on the route Revel - Portland - Brest - Stanvanger - Revel . With the outbreak of the First World War, he took part in cruising operations on enemy communications as part of the 1st cruiser brigade. On December 1, 1914, the Admiral Makarov, together with the Rurik, laid mines on the outskirts of the Danzig Bay. On April 24, 1915, "Admiral Makarov", "Bayan", "Oleg" and "Bogatyr" were covered by destroyers laying mines near Libau. In July 1916, Bayan and Admiral Makarov, together with the battleship Tsesarevich and the cruisers Aurora and Diana, crossed the deepened Moonsund to the Gulf of Riga. In the winter of 1916/17, "Admiral Makarov" was re-equipped at the factory of the "Becker and K" society in Reval (Tallinn). On the upper deck, between the engine skylight and the mainmast, on the 106th frame, 203 mm gun with a shield, and on the 50th - 51st and 77th -78th frames, two 152-mm guns were installed.The ports of the dismantled 75-mm guns were sealed. Moon went to Reval (Tallinn).On October 25, 1917, the Admiral Makarov became part of the Soviet Baltic Fleet.On February 25, 1918, the cruiser made the transition as part of a detachment of cruisers and transport ships from the captured German troops Revel (Tallinn) to Helsingfors (Helsinki). In March 1918 he was transferred to Kronstadt. On May 16, 1918, the cruiser Admiral Makarov was placed in reserve in Petrograd (St. Petersburg). August 7, 1918 put into long-term storage in the port. In the summer of 1921, the Admiral Makarov was used as the headquarters ship of the senior naval commander in Petrograd. On August 15, 1922, the Admiral Makarov was sold to the Soviet-German joint-stock company Derumetal for scrap and towed to Germany in the fall. On November 25, 1925, the cruiser was excluded from the lists of the RKKF.

Armored cruiser "Pallada" commissioned on February 21, 1911 and became part of the 1st brigade of cruisers of the Baltic Sea squadron. In September 1911 he sailed to Copenhagen. From September 8 to 20, 1912, the cruiser participated together with the battleships Pavel I, Andrei the First-Called, Glory, Tsesarevich, the cruisers Rurik, Gromoboy, Admiral Makarov, Bayan and 4 destroyers on the route Revel - Portland - Brest - Stanvanger - Revel. With the outbreak of the First World War, he took part in cruising operations on enemy communications as part of the 1st cruiser brigade. On August 13, 1914, Pallada and Bogatyr opened fire on the German cruiser Magdeburg, which had landed on stones in the fog, and the destroyer V-26 standing at its side. Later, divers found signal books and ciphers thrown overboard off the side of the Magdeburg and handed them over to the British Admiralty, which played a decisive role in revealing the German naval code. September 6, 1914 "Pallada" and "Bayan" carried out sentinel service on the Dagerort meridian. From September 27 to 29, 1914, Pallada escorted the Rurik armored cruiser, on which Admiral N.O. Essen carried out deep reconnaissance. On September 30, 1914, while returning from patrol at the mouth of the Gulf of Finland, the Pallada cruiser was torpedoed by the German submarine U-26 under the command of Lieutenant Commander von Borkheim and sank with the entire crew (537 people) as a result of detonation of ammunition.

Armored cruiser "Bayan II" commissioned in 1911 and became part of the 1st brigade of cruisers of the Baltic Sea squadron. In September 1911 he sailed to Copenhagen. From September 8 to September 20, 1912, the cruiser participated together with the battleships Pavel I, Andrei the First-Called, Glory, Tsesarevich, the cruisers Rurik, Gromoboy, Admiral Makarov, Pallada and 4 destroyers on the route Revel - Portland - Brest - Stanvanger - Revel. With the outbreak of the First World War, he took part in cruising operations on enemy communications as part of the 1st cruiser brigade. On August 14, 1914, Bayan and Admiral Makarov, who were on patrol, started an artillery duel with the German armored cruiser Augsburg. September 6, 1914 "Bayan" and "Pallada" carried out sentinel service on the Dagerort meridian. On September 30, 1914, when returning from patrol at the mouth of the Gulf of Finland, the Bayan cruiser opened fire on the boat that sank the Pallada with diving shells and this prevented her from re-attacking. December 31, 1914 "Bayan", "Rurik" and "Admiral Makarov" covered the laying of mines from the cruisers "Oleg" and "Bogatyr" at about. Bornholm. January 1, 1915 "Bayan", "Rurik" and "Admiral Makarov" covered the laying of mines from the cruiser "Russia" to the north of the lighthouse Arkon. On the night of April 24, 1915, Bayan and Admiral Makarov, with the cruisers Oleg and Bogatyr, were covered by destroyers laying mines near Libava. June 19, 1915 "Bayan", which was closer to the enemy, opened fire on the German armored cruiser "Roon" from two 203-mm guns. As a result of the artillery duel, "Bayan" received one hit on the side in the region of the right waist between the 61st and 65th frames, and the "Roon" received three hits in the bow and stern. On July 18, 1915, Bayan, as part of the 1st cruiser brigade, together with Rurik and a destroyer division, ensured the transition of the battleship Slava to the Gulf of Riga through the Irben Strait. October 16, 1915 "Bayan", "Admiral Makarov", "Bogatyr" and "Oleg", accompanied by destroyers went to the Gulf of Bothnia to search for German ships that exported iron ore from Sweden. As a result, the German steamship Frascatti was captured and brought to Rauma. From October 29, 1915, Bayan, as part of a detachment of cruisers, participated in setting up a minefield on the routes of the German fleet and military transportation south of the island of Gotland. In July 1916, Bayan and Admiral Makarov, together with the battleship Tsesarevich and the cruisers Aurora and Diana, crossed the deepened Moonsund to the Gulf of Riga. In November 1916, "Bayan" accompanied the battleship "Andrew the First-Called" and the cruiser "Rurik" from Helsingfors to Kronstadt. In the winter of 1916/17, Bayan was re-equipped at the Russian-Baltic Shipyard in Revel (Tallinn). On the upper deck between the engine skylight and the main mast on the 106th frame, a 203-mm gun with a shield was installed along the diametrical plane, and two 152-mm guns were installed on the 50th - 51st and 77th -78th frames. The ports of the dismantled 75 mm guns were patched up. In the autumn of 1917, the cruiser took part in the defense of the Moonsun Islands. On October 4, 1917, Bayan, together with the battleships Slava and Grazhdanin, took part in the battle with German minesweepers and the German battleships Koenig and Kronprinz covering them. Within 13 minutes, eight three-gun volleys from 305-mm guns were fired at Bayan. One shell hit under the bow bridge, pierced the upper deck in the right command latrine, went through the paint room, pierced the armored deck near the bow 203-mm turret barbette and exploded in the cable compartment when it hit the steel cable bay. The explosion destroyed the bulkheads, the premises of the skipper and provision storerooms, damaged eight frames and the inner lining of the double side, and moved two 90-mm armor plates. After the battle, touching the ground with her nose in a narrow fairway, the cruiser left for Helsingfors (Helsinki). October 25, 1917 "Bayan" became part of the Soviet Baltic Fleet. Bayan spent the winter of 1917/18 in Reval (Tallinn). On February 25, 1918, the cruiser made the transition as part of a detachment of cruisers and transport ships from Revel (Tallinn) captured by German troops to Helsingfors (Helsinki). In April 1918 he was transferred to Kronstadt. On May 16, 1918, the Bayan cruiser was placed in reserve in Petrograd (St. Petersburg). In 1919, during the offensive of General Yudenich's troops on Petrograd, the guns of the "Bayan" stationed on the Neva were prepared for firing at the southern approaches to the city. July 1, 1922 "Bayan" was sold to the Soviet-German joint-stock company "Derumetal" for scrap and towed to Germany in the fall. On November 25, 1925, the cruiser was excluded from the lists of the RKKF.

Armored cruisers were built at the La Seine shipyard in Toulon ("Admiral Makarov") and at the Admiralty Shipyard ("Bayan" and "Pallada") in St. Petersburg.

The lead armored cruiser Admiral Makarov entered service with the Baltic Fleet in 1908.


Tactical and technical data of armored cruisers of the "Bayan" type Displacement:
normal 7900 tons, full 8240 tons.
Maximum length: 137 meters
Length according to design waterline: 135 meters
Maximum width: 17.6 meters
Width on design waterline: 17.5 meters
Nose side height: 14.3 meters
Midship Height: 12.2 meters
Board height in the stern: 12.2 meters
Hull draft: 6.5 meters
Power point: 2 steam engines of 6800 hp each,
26 Belleville water tube boilers, 2 FSH propellers, 1 rudder.
Electric power
system: 		DC 105 V,
4 steam dynamos "Volta" with a total power of 53 kW.
Travel speed: full 21 knots, economic 14 knots.
cruising range: 2100 miles at 14 knots.
Autonomy: 7 days at 14 knots.
Seaworthiness: no data.
Armament: .
artillery: 2x1 203mm, 8x1 152mm and 20x1 75mm Kane guns,
4x1 57mm Hotchkiss cannons and 4x1 Maxim machine guns.
torpedo: 2x1 450-mm underwater TA.
Crew: 572 people (17 officers, 4 class officials, 11 conductors).
In total, armored cruisers were built from 1908 to 1911 - 3 units.

Small armored cruisers of the 1st rank, the project was developed in France. Despite the decrease
displacement and dimensions, in their armor protection they surpassed the "Russia", and in terms of the power of the side salvo they were not so much inferior (2-203-mm, 4-152-mm versus 2-203-mm and 7-152-mm).

The thickness of the main belt (Krupp cemented armor, on Bayan I - Harvey nickel) was 203 mm in the center and 102 mm at the extremities, the upper one, reaching the main deck along the MO and KO - 63 mm. The main belt went from the stem to the aft 203 mm turret, resting against the 178-203 mm traverses. Its upper edge was at the level of 60 cm above the waterline, the lower one - 1.2 meters below its level. Casemates of 152 mm guns and a battery of eight 75 mm guns were protected by 63 mm armor. The area of ​​the armored side was 30%, which was a big step forward compared to previous Russian ships of this class, but still inferior to the armor of Japanese cruisers.

The silhouette was characterized by four tall and relatively narrow chimneys, between which a single mast was mounted; subsequently it was dismantled and replaced by two - in front of the pipes and behind them.
203-mm guns were placed in spaced at the tip of the tower, 152-mm - in casemates. An armored citadel with 75-mm and small-caliber guns was located in the midship area. The location of the main guns was original: to ensure firing at the traverses, special cutouts had to be made in the sides. But, despite all the tricks, the short forecastle did not provide proper seaworthiness.

At first, only Bayan was built, but the huge losses of the Russian fleet in the war with Japan forced them to return to the construction of its analogues in 1905 (credits for the emergency construction of new ships in compensation for combat losses were allocated by the Naval Department back in mid-1904).

As a result, the cruisers "Bayan-second", "Pallada-second", "Admiral Makarov" and "Rurik-second" were ordered. "Admiral Makarov" was built in France, the other two - in St. Petersburg. They differed little from their progenitor: for example, 381-mm torpedo tubes were replaced by 457-mm ones, the thickness of some armor elements was changed. However, if the first "Bayan" in 1900 was a very good ship, then ten years later its "sisterships" already looked very weak in terms of artillery weapons.

All four units of the series were in the Baltic Fleet.

The first "Bayan" was sunk in the inner roadstead of Port Arthur (in the Eastern Basin) by shells from Japanese siege mortars. After the capture of Mount Vysoka, Japanese spotters clearly observed the panorama of the raid with Russian ships standing on it.

The shooting of the cruiser began on the morning of 11/8/12/1904 and continued until 17:00, and out of 320 fired shells of 280 mm and 152 mm calibers, 9-10 hit the cruiser. Fires in the living deck forced the crew to flood both 203-mm and all bow cellars, the cruiser landed with her nose on the ground, water began to flow inside. Until 11 am the next day, Bayan was hit by nine more 280-mm shells, it tipped to the port side and sat on the ground. All rooms on the living deck were flooded. There were no losses in the crew, since all the officers and sailors went ashore before the start of the shelling.

The ship, sitting on the ground near the shore near the Golden Mountain, was captured by the Japanese already on January 2, 1905, but was raised only a year later. In 1906-1908, she underwent repairs and refitting at Maizuru, after which she entered service under the name "Aso". According to some reports, the ship lost one of the steam engines, and the power of its mechanisms fell to 16,500 hp.

Armament included 2-203-mm, 8-152-mm and 16-76-mm guns, but in 1913 the Japanese replaced the towers with 8-inch guns with two 152-mm L / 50 Armstrong guns in deck shield installations (the rest 152-mm guns were the old Russian guns). Two machine guns were installed on the cruiser, torpedo tubes were removed, the displacement was 7800 tons.

"Aso" turned out to be a long-lived trophy in the imperial fleet - it was listed in combat until 1930. From 1920 it was turned into a mine layer (it took up to 420 mines). The ship became the first Japanese minelayer with pronounced combat qualities - the prototype of the cruiser-layers of the thirtieth heads.

In April 1930, Aso was decommissioned, converted into a blockship and renamed Haikun No. 4. Later it served as a floating target and sank to the bottom during training firing from 200-mm shells from the heavy cruiser Myoko on 08/08/1932.

09/28/1914 "Pallada" and the cruiser "Bayan" at the mouth of the Gulf of Finland were seen by the German submarine U-26. At 11.10, when the lead Pallada was at a distance of 500 meters, the boat fired a torpedo. The explosion caused the detonation of ammunition, after which the cruiser almost instantly sank with the entire crew (597 people).

"Admiral Makarov" and the second "Bayan" were later equipped with two 75-mm and two 47-mm anti-aircraft guns; ships could take up to 150 minutes. In May 1918 they were handed over to the port (they were simply left to rust), and in the summer of 1922 they were sold for scrap to Germany.

Cruisers

Armored cruiser "Rurik" - 1 unit.

"Rurik" Vik 9.8.1905 / 4.11.1906 / 7.1909 - excl. 1924

16 933/17 880 t, 161.2x22.9x8.7 m. Armor: belt up to 152 mm, casemates 76 mm, main gun turrets and their barbettes up to 203 mm, wheelhouse up to 203 mm, armor deck up to 37.5 mm, lower armor deck up to 25 mm. Ek. 950 people 4 - 254 mm / 50, 4 - 203 mm / 50, 20-120 mm / 50, 8 pull., 2 TA 450 mm suspended.

The cruiser was developed taking into account the experience of the Russian-Japanese war. Intended for service with a squadron of battleships. It had a fairly powerful artillery armament, a developed anti-torpedo protection system and a solid design. At the same time, experts noted weak vertical armor and low speed. Despite these shortcomings, "Rurik" was the most combat-ready and perfect KR of the Russian fleet. Based on this, on two other ships of the same type, planned for construction in Russia, they wanted to use steam turbine units, but due to the moral obsolescence of the entire project, these plans were abandoned. During the 1st World War, it was the flagship of the Commander of the Baltic Fleet. In February 1915, he ran into the stones at about. Gogland, took about 2000 tons of water, but managed to independently reach the base. In November 1916, he was blown up by a German mine in the same area; and this time the crew skillfully coped with the damage and brought the ship to Kronstadt. Participated in artillery battles with cruisers and light forces of the Germans, provided active minelaying and carried out sentinel service. In the years civil war was partially disarmed. In 1924, she was withdrawn from the fleet and scrapped.

Armored cruisers of the Bayan type - 3 units.

"Admiral Makarov" FSH 22/3/1905/26/4/1906/16/5/1908 - excl. 1925

"Pallada" Adm 4/5/1905/28/10/1905/8/2/1911 - died 8/9/1914

"Bayan" Adm 2.8.1905 / 2.8.1907 / 30.11.1911 - excl. 1925

7890/8250 t, 138.8x17.5x6.6 m. Armor: belt up to 175 mm, towers up to 132 mm, casemates 80 mm, wheelhouse up to 136 mm, deck up to 30 mm. Ek. 575 people 2 - 203 mm / 45, 8-152 mm / 45, 22 - 75 mm / 50, 8 pull., 2 TA 450 mm suspended.

Built according to the drawings of the armored cruiser Bayan, which died during the Russo-Japanese War. They had good seaworthiness and maneuverability, but by the beginning of the 1st World War they were morally obsolete due to weak and unsuccessfully located artillery weapons. During the period of hostilities, they carried out sentinel service, raided enemy communications and laid mines off its coast. "Pallada" was torpedoed by a German submarine U-26 and sank with all crew. Both other ships in late 1915 - early 1916 were re-equipped with 3 203 mm, 12 152 mm and 2 75 mm guns. After the end of the Civil War, both remaining cruisers were withdrawn from the fleet and in 1926 were dismantled for metal.

Armored cruiser "Gromoboy" - 1 unit.

"Gromoboy" BZ 20.5.1895 / 30.4.1896 / 13.9.1897-excl. 1922

13 060/15 700 t, 146.9x20.88x8.6 m. Armor: belt 152 mm, bevels 50.8 - 63.5 mm, casemates up to 120 mm, cutting up to 50.8 mm. Ek. 870 people 4 - 203 mm / 45, 22 - 152 mm / 45, 4-75 mm / 50, 4-47 mm, 2 pull., 2 TA 450 mm down, up to 200 min.

It was a further development of the highly autonomous cruisers Rurik and Rossiya. Participated in Russo-Japanese War. By the time the 1st World War began, it was morally obsolete due to weak armor protection, low speed and poor location of artillery (in side casemates). In 1915 two 152 mm guns were replaced by 203 mm guns. During the period of hostilities, he participated in raiding operations on enemy communications and in mine laying. It was disarmed in 1919 and in 1922 scrapped.

Armored cruiser "Russia" - 1 unit.

"Russia" BZ 20.5.1895/30.4.1896/13.9.1897 - excl. 1922

13 060/15 670 t, 146.9x20.9x8.6m. PM - 2, 32 PCs, 14,500 hp = 19.7 knots, 2530 tons of coal. Armor: belt up to 203 mm, casemates up to 127 mm, wheelhouse up to 305 mm, deck up to 76 mm. Ek. 782 people 4 - 203 mm/45, 22 - 152 mm/45, 15 - 75 mm/50, 2 pulls, up to 200 min.

A highly autonomous armored cruiser designed to operate on enemy trade lanes. Participated in the Russo-Japanese War. By the beginning of the 1st World War, it was morally obsolete, actively participated in hostilities, covered the raiding operations of the light forces of the fleet, and was engaged in mine laying. In 1915 it was rearmed with 6 203 mm/45, 14 152 mm/45 guns. After the end of the Civil War, the cruiser was disarmed and in 1922 was scrapped.

Light cruisers of the Svetlana type - 0+4 units.

"Svetlana" RBZ (R) 11/11/1913 / 11/28/1915 / 1.7.1928-excl. 1959

"Admiral Butakov" Put 23.7.1916/1917 - not completed

"Admiral Spiridov" Put 11/16/1913 / 8/27/1916 - completed as a tanker

"Admiral Greig" RBZ (R) 11/24/1913 / 11/26/1916 - completed as a tanker

6800/7400 t, 158.4x15.35x5.7 m. PT-4, 13 PCs, 50,000 hp=29.5 knots, 498 t coal+oil. Armor: belt and cabin up to 75 mm, protection of 130 mm guns and casemates 25 mm, decks 20 mm. 15 - 130 mm / 55, 4 - 64 mm zen., 4 pull., 2 TA 450 mm down.

The first turbine cruisers of the Russian fleet. They were intended for intelligence service at the LK squadron and joint operations with EM. They were distinguished by good armor protection and seaworthiness. Armament, although powerful, was located unsuccessfully - in casemates and side deck installations. The completion was delayed due to a disruption in the supply of main and auxiliary mechanisms. Svetlana, renamed Profintern and then Krasny Krym, was completed according to the original design with minor changes in the fire control system and enhanced anti-aircraft and torpedo armament. "Admiral Spiridov" and "Admiral Greig" completed in the 20s. like tankers, and the hull of "Admiral Butakov" was laid up until the beginning of the 50s, after which it was dismantled for metal.

Armored cruisers of the "Bogatyr" type - 2 units.

"Bogatyr" Vulk 9/12/1899/17/8/1901/7/8/1902-excl. 1922

"Oleg" Adm 6/7/1902/14/8/1903/12/10/1904 - died 18/6/1919

7428/8250 t, 132.2x16.6x6.8 m. Armor: deck up to 35 mm, bevels up to 70 mm, wheelhouse 140 mm, turrets up to 125 mm, barbettes up to 75 mm, gun protection 25 mm. Ek. 582 people 12-152 mm/45, 12-75 mm/50, 4-47 mm, 4 pulls, 2 TA 450 mm down, up to 150 min.

Both cruisers participated in the Russo-Japanese War. One of the most successful armored cruisers of the Russian fleet, but by 1914 they were considered obsolete. During World War I, they participated in raid operations on the enemy's trade communications and laid mines off its coast. In the winter of 1916, they were re-equipped with 16 130-mm guns with the installation of new fire control devices. "Oleg" was sunk by an English torpedo boat near the Tolbukhin lighthouse in the Gulf of Finland during a patrol. "Bogatyr" was disarmed during the Civil War and in 1922 was scrapped.

Armored cruisers of the "Diana" type - 2 units.

"Aurora" Adm 23.5.1897 / 11.5.1900 / 16.7.1903-since 1950 museum

"Diana" Gal 23.5.1897 / 30.9.1899 / 10.12.1901 - excl. 1922

7130/7900 t, 126.8x16.8x7.2 m. Armor: deck 38 mm, bevels up to 63.5 mm, wheelhouse 152 mm. Ek. 547 people 10-152mm/45, 20-75mm/50, 3 pulls, 126 min.

Armored cruisers intended for reconnaissance service with the squadron and operations on enemy trade lanes. Participated in the Russo-Japanese War. By 1914 they were morally obsolete due to the low speed and weak artillery weapons. During World War I, they covered the light forces of the fleet and engaged in active minelaying. In 1915, Diana was re-equipped with 10 130-mm guns, Aurora - with 14 152-mm / 45 and 6 76-mm zen. After the end of the Civil War, the Aurora was used as a training ship, and has now been turned into a museum. "Diana" in 1918 was disarmed and in 1922 scrapped.

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