East Siberian Laika. Siberian Khanate. Capital of the Siberian Khanate. Siberian Khanate: the time of occurrence What is the peculiarity of the state organization of the Siberian Khanate

The East Siberian Laika is the largest representative of a large family of hunting dogs. She gained great popularity in her homeland - in the territory Far East- in the Amur region and Eastern Siberia, therefore the breed is also called the East Siberian Laika. In fact, this is a purely working dog - unpretentious, hardy, therefore, if the future owner just needs a companion, then you should think carefully - most likely, a husky is not what you need.

In the Siberian and Far Eastern lands, huskies were actively used as hunters for various animals, for work in a team, and protection of housing. Representatives of this breed were selected in a natural way, and no one was engaged in their selection. Their ancestors were local aboriginal dogs.

The appearance of the first standard occurred in the 40s of the 20th century, and in the 60s those who wanted to do breeding work responded. A nursery was opened in Irkutsk, whose specialists not only bred East Siberian Laikas, but also paid attention to improving the breed qualities of their wards.

The period of the collapse of the USSR had a negative impact on the development of the breed: nurseries were closed, many purebred huskies ended up on the street and mixed with mongrels. Today, the breed is at the stage of restoration, nurseries and breeders are appearing, but it is still very far from its former popularity.

Description of the breed East Siberian Laika

Representatives of this breed have excellent flair, hearing and sharp eyesight. In addition, there are few competitors in terms of strength, endurance, courage - in a fight with an animal, these qualities are very pronounced in huskies. These cute dogs have a passion for hunting and do best when living in the countryside.

According to the classification of the International Cynological Federation, the standard number of the East European Laika is 305, it was approved in 1980. It provides the following description of purebreds:

The Eastern European Laika has a decent size when compared with other varieties, growth females vary from 53 to 61 cm, males - from 55 to 63 cm. Weigh representatives of the breed minimum - 18 kg, maximum - 23 kg. Likes move actively, most often at a trot or gallop.

Wool quality and possible colors

Given the habitat of these dogs, it is easy to imagine what their coat should be like to protect animals in such harsh conditions. And indeed the fur coat of the husky is thick, two-layered. The outer hair is straight, rough, hard to the touch, the undercoat is well developed, abundant, softer than the outer hair. In the region of the shoulders and neck, the wool forms a rich collar.

The standard is not too strict about possible colors. There are individuals with white, black, gray hair. There are also red huskies - the tone can be of any intensity, spotted, with small specks on the paws.

Character features

From time immemorial, East Siberian Laikas, like their ancestors, lived next to a person, so they are perfectly oriented towards him. Such a pet is very attached to its owner and family members, it is devoted and very affectionate towards all household members. Families with children can get a dog of this breed, as huskies are patient with any pranks and obsessions of small, sometimes still unintelligent, owners.

Likes of this type try to avoid communication with strangers, although they do not have natural malice towards a person, they are able to show aggression towards strangers. The dog does not seek to use its teeth, but barking menacingly, raising the hair on the scruff of the neck, it may well drive away uninvited guests. Vigilance and alertness to strangers makes good watchmen out of huskies.

The pet needs early socialization and you can do this from 1-1.5 months. Experts advise the baby to often caress, pick up, so that he begins to get used to the person.

Laikas have a highly developed territoriality, they are able to get along with their fellows, but only if the animals living in the same territory strictly adhere to the hierarchy. All other dogs wandering into their area cannot escape hostility. Likes most often try to dominate other dogs.

But relations with other animals among representatives of this breed do not add up - cats, mice and other living creatures will be considered by the husky as prey, even if they grow up together. The dog will not be able to overcome his instincts.

The Eastern European Laika is a hunter to the bone, she enjoys her work and shows her unique qualities. But at the same time she has a calm, balanced character, so she is an excellent companion.

Raising and training likes

With the upbringing of your four-legged friend, you should not delay, you should start immediately, as soon as he got into the house. Otherwise, soon the owners will face the stubbornness, self-will and independence of the pet.

Likes are prone to escape, they do it so masterfully that the owner may wonder for a long time how this happened. They can dig, climb over high fences and free themselves from the collar.

It is recommended to take special obedience courses with your pet for up to six months. Thanks to proper training, the puppy will quickly begin to perceive the owner as a leader, become attached to him and be more willing to obey.

Joint training and training will help the owner find with a pet mutual language, understand the needs and mood of your four-legged comrade, which is very important not only for the usual life, but also for hunting.

Traditionally, hunting dogs have only one owner. It is on him that the main cares for the pet lie - feeding, walking, training. With the same person, the dog must hunt.

Nataska huskies start from 6 months, initially using special platforms for this. It is desirable if an adult dog that has been trained and has some experience will work in tandem with a newly minted hunter. Likes are excellent imitators and can adopt knowledge and skills from their fellows.

Care and health features

Laikas need care for their coat, but the procedures here are standard - washing and combing, but they are not very burdensome. The coat of northern dogs has a natural protection against moisture and pollution, so even after an active walk in bad weather, after some time the dog will look clean. If the pet lives in a house or apartment, then it is enough to wash its paws and, if necessary, wipe the dirty areas with a napkin.

Huskies are combed out a couple of times a week, this is quite enough to make the pet look neat and well-groomed. Dogs shed twice a year and quite abundantly, so it will not be possible to avoid the appearance of wool in the house. But in order to speed up the process and alleviate the condition of the pet, it is recommended to treat its coat daily using a slicker or furminator.

Working dogs need regular, thorough check-ups. After each hunt, the dog should be washed, combed, removing thorns and twigs from thick wool. It is also important to assess the condition of the paw pads, ears and eyes of the pet, identifying damage or inflammation.

Regular examination by a veterinarian, vaccination, deworming are mandatory care procedures that help maintain the health of a pet.

breed diseases

In terms of activity, endurance and excellent health, Eastern European Laikas are not inferior to representatives of other Siberian hunting breeds. They do not have specific diseases that are inherited, and most pathologies are more related to improper care or injury to the animal during hunting or "escape".

Feeding regimen and features of the diet of huskies

Almost all huskies are omnivores, they will eat anything that gets into their bowl. This is partly due to their past, when these dogs were actively used for work, but did not take much care of their nutrition and care. You can not overfeed your pet, it is important to feed him on schedule, setting the portion rate.

The size of the daily portion should be no more than 3% of the weight of the animal. If the dog receives more intense exercise (when hunting, participating in competitions, etc.), then the amount of food can be increased by 1/3.

During cooking, the ingredients should be cut into pieces, and the vegetables can be puréed. Such dishes are more intensively absorbed by the dog's digestive tract, and the dog will be able to engage in active activities almost immediately after the meal. It is not recommended to give liquid food to a pet, as it, by stretching the walls of the stomach, deprives him of a sense of proportion.

If food remains in the dog's bowl, it should be removed, and in no case should you feed the four-legged treats from your own table. Such food often provokes allergies and disrupts carbohydrate metabolism.

Laikas are active, mobile dogs, which means they need a lot of protein food. The dog is given meat, boiled offal, boiled bones with soft cartilage. When a dog is kept outside, in cold weather, pieces of fatty meat and butter can be added to its diet, but in a very moderate amount. You can cook porridge for your pet, adding meat, vegetable components, herbs, vegetable oil to them.

Modern owners have a choice - instead of natural food, they can give their pets industrial feed. But, choosing the right diet, it is important to take into account the needs of the dog, its size, age and other individual characteristics.

Conditions of detention

The East Siberian Laika, to put it mildly, is not the best option for housing maintenance. Take home like a dog only people who lead an active life, who love jogging, long walks and other outdoor activities, can do it. Such a pet will be happy to keep them company.

But still, the best conditions for huskies are the local area with a spacious aviary. In this case, the dog will have the opportunity to move, play, run, partially satisfying the passion for activity. In addition, huskies are easier to tolerate low temperatures than heat, they like to sleep in the snow, buried in a snowdrift, and they can do this even if they have a comfortable booth.

The apartment will be cramped for the husky, here the dog will be bored, yearning and spoiling the owners’ property along the way - not out of harm, but only because of “doing nothing”. It should be provided with various toys that can brighten up loneliness and be sure to allocate a comfortable place where the dog could rest.

No matter what conditions the dog lives in, you will have to take him for long walks every day. Given the hunting habits, it is undesirable to let the pet off the leash. Likes cannot do without physical activity, it is important that during walking the dog has the opportunity to run, frolic, bark to its heart's content.

Photo of East Siberian Laika

Video about the East Siberian Laika

Choosing and buying an East Siberian Laika puppy

Even before the purchase, the future owner must decide for what purpose he is going to purchase a Laika puppy. If you need an assistant for hunting, then it is better to consult an experienced hunter who knows a lot about working dogs. He will tell you which of the kids is more suitable.

It is worth noting that genes play a big role in this matter - you should not take a puppy from parents who have never gone to the beast, even if they have different show titles and an excellent pedigree. It is better to pay attention to such babies if you need a companion dog for a subsequent show career.

As a rule, in working dogs, the litter consists of future hunters, in this case, the kids absorb the required qualities and skills practically with mother's milk.

Unfortunately, there are not many kennels in Russia that breed such dogs. Most of them are located in Siberia and the Far East. But if the best representative of the breed is required, then it is better to turn to the services of professionals.

You can also look for private breeders with experience and a good reputation. In any case, it is better to buy a pet with a pedigree, since very often undocumented husky puppies grow up not likes at all.

The cost of babies from hands is on average 5,000 rubles, the price in the nursery is slightly higher - 15,000-25,000 rubles. In addition, specific factors also affect the cost: if parents are trained for sables and foxes, then the offspring will cost less, but for a puppy from dogs capable of driving large animals, you will have to pay much more - from 50,000 rubles.

The East Siberian Laika is a beautiful, large dog with a noble posture. But these representatives of the breed are not valued for their appearance, and the owner will be even more proud of his four-legged friend if he shows amazing working abilities.

As the omniscient Wikipedia states, Siberian Khanate- this is a feudal state that was located in the middle. It was formed in the middle. The indigenous people of the khanate were the Turks. It bordered on the land of Perm, the Nogai Horde and the Irtysh Teleuts. The northern borders of the Siberian Khanate reached the lower reaches of the Ob, while the eastern borders were adjacent to the Piebald Horde.

Is everything so clear?

Oddly enough, there is practically no information about this state formation. All written sources that have survived to this day refer to the period when the Siberian Khanate was annexed. They are mainly the memoirs of the Cossacks, collected together by Archbishop Cyprian in 1622. The reliability of this information leaves much to be desired. All subsequent chronicles were compiled to please the Christian church and the ruling dynasty. Any documents that contradicted the official theory were simply destroyed. What is most interesting, not even a single coin of the Siberian Khanate has survived to this day (apparently, they were hastily collected and melted down, since they went against the generally accepted version). In fact, very cynical manipulations with the history of our state are not new, it happens all the time, and there is no need to look into its depths, it is enough to see how the events of the Second World War distort, and this despite the fact that many eyewitnesses of that period are still alive .

And the indigenous peoples of Siberia are against ...

When compiling the chronology of the development of our state, historians rely solely on written documents. For comparison: when describing the ancient civilizations of the world, scientists often used oral traditions of peoples, their legends, fairy tales and others as sources, and only when it comes to Russia, they stand in a pose and demand irrefutable written documents, and all other artifacts: architecture, precious jewelry, weapons, not to mention the huge layer of oral information passed down from generation to generation - they refuse to accept. Why is that? The fact is that all these sources sharply contradict the officially recognized version of history. We will not even take Russian fairy tales, epics and legends as a basis. Let's turn to an independent source - the natives of the Far East and the Russian North. It turns out that they store in their legends information about who inhabited these territories in antiquity. According to the custodians of the ancient culture: Evenki, Chukchi, Yakuts, Khanty, Mansei and many others, bearded white people with eyes the color of the sky used to live here, they taught the ancestors of modern indigenous peoples to hunt, fish, breed deer and other tricks that allow them to survive in difficult natural conditions north. And there are a lot of similar stories, but scientists prefer not to notice them. As a result, a lot of questions arise, including who settled the so-called Turkic states? Is everything clear in this? After all, for good reason there is not a single written source of that time.

Well, let's finish our lyrical digression on this and get acquainted with the official version of the history of that period and find out how the Siberian Khanate was annexed. Moreover, a literate person himself will catch inconsistencies and obvious falsifications in this theory.

Turks of Western Siberia: before the Mongol conquest

It is believed that these are the same Huns who originally lived in the region of China and subsequently migrated first to Siberia in the 90s BC, and then some of them in the 150s AD - further west. This second wave in the fourth century terrified the whole of Europe. There is practically no information about what the Siberian Khanate was at the dawn of civilization (the time of its occurrence is unknown). However, the historian G. Fayzrakhmanov gives a list of the first rulers of this state (Ishim Khanate): Kyzyl-tin, Devlet-Yuvash, Ishim, Mamet, Kutash, Allagul, Kuzey, Ebardul, Bakhmur, Yakhshimet, Yurak, Munchak, Yuzak, Munchak and On- dream. The scientist refers to a certain chronicle, which he was lucky to study, but there is no reliable data on this document anywhere. Assuming this list is real, it appears that the rulers held power from the late eleventh century until the 1230s. The last khan from the list submitted to Genghis Khan.

after the Tatar-Mongol conquest

Here again we are faced with limited information. Almost nothing is known about how the Mongols happened. It can be assumed that everything was done with small forces. Therefore, the campaign of a small detachment was simply not included in the official Mongolian chronicles. Although the name "Siberia" is mentioned in their documents, it means that Genghis Khan nevertheless conquered this state. Official annals (for example, Peter Godunov) say that after Genghis Khan conquered Bukhara, Taibuga begged him for a lot along the Tura, Irtysh and Ishim rivers. The descendants of this Taibuga continued to own these lands. According to the chronicle, Taibuga was the khan of a small nomadic detachment who joined the army of Genghis Khan.

New dynasty

So the old dynasty of the Ishim Khanate was interrupted, and a new ruler appeared. At this time, a new capital of the Siberian Khanate arose - Tyumen, which can be interpreted as "tumen", that is, "ten thousand". Apparently, Taibuga undertook to put up a ten thousandth army from his possessions. This is where the information about the khanate ends. True, the historian G. Fayzrakhmanov, again referring to an unknown chronicle, gives a new list of the rulers of this state: Taybuga, Khoja, Mar (or Umar), Ader (Obder) and Yabalak (Eblak), Muhammad, Angish (Agay), Kazy (Kasim ), Ediger and Bek Bulat (brothers), Senbakta, Sauskan.

Tokhtamysh and the Siberian Khanate

The Great Khan of the Golden Horde was a native of the Blue Horde, which was adjacent to the Tyumen yurt. After the defeat in the battle of Vorskla, he fled to Western Siberia. What he was doing here, there is no information, most likely, he headed the Siberian Khanate. What happened next, one can only guess, for two hundred years the rulers succeeded each other. More or less reliable information appears with the coming to power of Khan Kuchum in 1563.

Conquest of the Siberian Khanate

On May 30, 1574, the prototype of a modern geopolitical mission was born in the capital of the Russian state. Ivan IV issues a letter of commendation to the Stroganov clan (in this article we will not consider political reasons and behind-the-scenes games preceding these events) for the possession of lands that must first be conquered. And so begins the epic of Yermak Timofeevich, who led military campaigns in these lands. We will not describe this company, it is well described in the traditional version of the history of our country. Let's just say that officially the Siberian Khanate was conquered in 1583. However, he goes underground and continues to wage a guerrilla war against the invaders, as a result of which Yermak dies, falling into an ambush set up by the Khan's troops in 1584. But this can no longer save the khanate. In 1586, a detachment of archers sent from the metropolis completed the work begun by Yermak.

Peoples of the Siberian Khanate

Summing up, one should once again ask about the peoples who inhabited this state. Was it a Turkic population? Maybe the official version hides the truth from us?..

Siberian Khanate history, culture and accession to Russia

The Siberian Khanate is a state in Western Siberia, which was formed at the end of the 15th century in the process of the collapse of the Golden Horde.

Its center was originally Chimga-Tura (now the city of Tyumen), another capital was the city of Isker (aka Siber, Siberia, Siberia), which was located on the right steep bank of the Irtysh.

According to the second capital, which in the 15th century was also called Kashlyk, the khanate got its name.

History of education

Some researchers believe that during the formation and existence of the Golden Horde, the descendants of the Tatar prince Taibug ruled the lands of the future khanate. It was he who formed the Taibuginsky yurt, on the territory of which the Siberian Khanate was later formed. But not all historians support this version, since there are no documents confirming or refuting this theory.

Others, citing the description of the uluses as evidence, believe that the territory of the khanate was under the control of the Sheibanids.

Rulers

The first ruler of the ulus was Taybuga, then followed by Khoja, Makhmet, Angish, Kasim, the brothers Bek-Bulat and Ediger (occupied the throne almost simultaneously), Senbakta, Sauskan. All of them were descendants of the first prince and were called Taibugids. Almost nothing is known about them, since information has come down to us only in oral form.

khan kuchum photo

Further, more accurate information appears, which is based on reliable written sources, from which it is known that from 1396 to 1406 Khan Tokhtamysh occupied the throne. The greatest contribution to the development of the khanate was made by Khan Ibak, who initially ruled the Nogai Horde, and Kuchum. Under their rule, it becomes a powerful state.

heyday

Ibak is considered the founder of the independent Siberian Khanate with Chimga-Tura as its capital. Its territory stretched from the Baraba steppe to the shores of the Arctic Ocean. What is remembered in history by Khan Ibak?

• He defeated the Great Horde, killing its last ruler, Ahmad;
• He united two thrones - the Siberian Yurt and the Nogai Horde; He actively interfered in the affairs of the Kazan Khanate (in some sources he is called the "Kazan Khan", although he not only never occupied the Kazan throne, but even did not go there).

Ibak was a strong ruler, which could not irritate his Nogai patrons. They even removed him from the throne, but under the pressure of the beklerbeks, the highest dignitaries, they returned the Nogai throne to him. Nevertheless, he had enough enemies, and in 1495 he died at the hands of Muhammad from the Taibugid family. After committing the murder, Muhammad becomes khan and transfers the capital to the city of Isker. From that moment on, the state formally becomes the Siberian Khanate with Siberia as its capital.

After Muhammad, the throne was occupied by two brothers - Yediger and Bek Bulat, who restored friendly relations with the Nogais. During their reign, a historic event took place - Ivan the Terrible conquered the Kazan and Astrakhan Khanates. This made a strong impression on Ediger, he hastened to congratulate the Russian Tsar and offered to pay tribute to Muscovy, which Ivan IV did not fail to take advantage of. Why did Yediger do this?

He was well aware that sooner or later, having united with the Nogais, the Sheibanids would want to return power in Siberia. Counting on the help of Moscow, he thought to defend the throne, but the calculations turned out to be wrong, the Russian tsar was not going to help him. In 1557, the Sheibanids began to act, deciding to restore their power everywhere, where they ruled before.

Very soon they occupied Kyzyl-Tura (the very first capital of the Taibugid state). Without occupying Isker yet, they first proclaimed Khan Murtaza ben Ibak, but since he was old and could not endure the campaign against the capital of the Siberian Khanate, they put their hopes on Kuchum ben Murtaza. He managed to capture Isker only in 1563. Taibugids, brothers Ediger and Bek Bulat, he executed. From that moment, Sheibanid again stood at the head of the khanate and the era of Kuchum began.

culture

TO mid-sixteenth century, the Khanate entered into relations with Russia. By that time, it occupied a vast territory, almost all of Western Siberia - from the Ural Mountains to the Nadym and Pima rivers. It bordered on the Perm lands, the Kazan Khanate, Nogai and the Pinto Horde. However, it was extremely rarely inhabited, during this period 30.5 thousand people lived in it. The population consisted mainly of Turkic-speaking peoples, often referred to as "Siberian Tatars", who led a semi-sedentary lifestyle.

The population was engaged in nomadic pastoralism - raising horses and sheep, hunting for fur-bearing animals, fishing and beekeeping. Pottery, agriculture, weaving, metal smelting developed in settled settlements. The state had a feudal system, consisted of numerous small uluses headed by beks and murzas. The lowest stratum of society - "black" ulus people were obliged to pay tax every year and bear military service in the squads of the nobility. Among the latter spread Islam, which became the official religion.

Under Kuchum, the state reached economic and political prosperity. 15 cities were formed, which were powerful fortifications.

Wars

The Siberian khans managed to subdue the Finno-Ugric tribes in the Urals and force them to pay yasak. Kuchum conquered some Bashkir tribes and Barabas. The army of the Khanate consisted of Tatar detachments, as well as detachments of conquered peoples. It is difficult to talk about the number of troops, but it is known for certain that during the battle on Abalatsky Lake Mametkul commanded a tumen, that is, an army consisting of 10 thousand soldiers. However, despite their impressive numbers, the detachments were disorganized, which is why Kuchum could not stop the Russian invasion.

Warrior of the Siberian Khanate photo

The armament of the Tatars mainly consisted of bows and arrows, edged weapons - broadswords, sabers, darts. Strong point military art they had intelligence. They were unmatched in ambushes and surprise attacks.

Accession to Russia

“To impose tribute on the khanate, which is headed by a Chingizid, and Kuchum is a real Chingizid, is much more prestigious than taking tribute from the Taibugids, but if, like Kazan, they manage to take it, it will be a victory,” the Russian tsar thought so. While Kuchum was solving internal problems, he regularly paid tribute to Moscow so as not to cause displeasure. But as soon as he dealt with all internal enemies, he stopped paying tribute and severed diplomatic relations in 1572. No less audacious act was his expedition to the lands owned by the Stroganovs, where the Tatars killed the Permians - the main taxable population.

In 1574, he gave a "letter" to the Stroganovs on the territory where he was allowed to build small towns, but at that time belonged to the Khanate. In 1582, the Cossacks, led by Yermak, the squad was organized with the money of the Stroganovs, took possession of Kashlyk, where he behaved like a ruler, imposing tribute and accepting the loyalty of the conquered local princes. However, despite the successful capture, the Cossacks suffered from hunger.

The country's economy was destroyed, food supplies were depleted pretty soon. The morale of the Cossacks was shattered by the death of the ataman, who was ambushed by Kuchum and drowned in the river. They fled from conquered Siberia, leaving the country to fend for itself. But Khan Kuchum could not take advantage of the happy opportunity that turned up to take the throne again.

At first, Kuchum's son Ali sat on the throne of Isker, but Yediger's nephew Seydyak did not doze off, he expelled Ali and proclaimed himself the new prince. On the other hand, the Russians were not going to abandon the rich lands of Siberia. At the end of 1585 Russian army advanced to the Ob, set up a town and wintered in it. At the beginning of 1586, a detachment of archers occupied Chimgi-Tura, and the city of Tyumen was founded not far from the fortress. And in the spring of 1587, Tobolsk was founded near Isker.

The conquest of Siberia by Yermak photo

At this time, Seydyak spent time falconry, having received an invitation from the Russians to a feast, he, suspecting nothing, came, where he was captured. However, Kuchum did not give up and took up guerrilla war. Until 1598, he raided Russian cities, until he died in 1601 at the hands of the Nogais. But even after his death, the war against the Russians did not end. Kuchum's son Ali declared himself Khan again.

The first half of the 17th century was spent in the struggle for the return of the throne of the Siberian Khanate by the numerous sons of Kuchum. One of the last and most serious uprisings took place in 1662-1664, when Tsarevich Davlet Giray raised the Bashkirs in order to capture all Russian cities, make Tobolsk the capital and take the throne. This uprising was hard and harshly suppressed. On this, the history of the Siberian Khanate was completed. Soon Siberia was settled by Russians. A stream of servicemen and merchants rushed to the Siberian lands, peasants and Cossacks fled there from serfdom.

Detailed solution paragraph § 6 on history for students of grade 7, authors Arsentiev N.M., Danilov A.A., Kurukin I.V. 2016

• Gdz working History notebook for grade 7 can be found

Page 42

What were the goals of the reforms carried out in Russia in the middle of the 16th century?

Reforms carried out in Russia in the middle of the XVI century. aimed at centralizing the country. During their implementation, the authorities sought to reach an agreement between the interests of the state and the population. The reforms outlined the path of development of the Russian state as a class-representative monarchy.

Page 43

How could the situation at the beginning of the reign of Ivan IV influence the formation of his personality?

The situation at the beginning of the reign of Ivan IV could not influence the formation of his personality in the best way. The war, the cruel actions of the boyars, the murders at the Moscow court shaped cruelty, painful suspicion and vindictiveness in Ivan IV himself, despite his education, a broad outlook.

Page 43

What personality traits of Ivan IV do you like and which do not?

The personality traits of Ivan IV are sympathetic: the desire for knowledge, education, responsibility as a sovereign. Negative qualities: cruelty, suspicion, vindictiveness.

Page 44

What was the significance of the wedding of Ivan IV to the kingdom?

The crowning of Ivan IV to the kingdom was of great importance for strengthening the supreme power. In Russia, the Horde khans and Byzantine emperors, who had unlimited power, were called tsars.

Page 44

What are the causes of the Moscow uprising of 1547?

Causes of the Moscow uprising of 1547

The arbitrariness and lawlessness of the boyars fighting for power

Deterioration of the situation of the general population

The rise of the Glinsky family

Fire in Moscow

Page 45

What were the main directions of reforms The chosen one is glad?

The main directions of the reforms of the Chosen One are:

Tax policy (an increase in the size of the elderly when peasants move from one landowner to another on St. George's Day)

Law and order (tougher punishments for robbers, punishments for bribes)

Restriction of the rights of governors

Administrative and managerial policy:

The Boyar Duma is the highest authority in the country, all laws are approved by the Boyar Duma,

Finalization of the system of central government - orders: Ambassadorial, Petition, Discharge, Local, etc.

Page 47

Remember what feeding is. Who paid them and in what form?

"Feeding" - the maintenance of the sovereign's governors by the local population with the money and products of this governor and his court.

Page 47. Questions and tasks for working with the text of the paragraph

1. Why, in your opinion, after death Basil III boyar rule established in Russia? What consequences did it have?

After the death of Vasily III, boyar rule was established in Russia because his son was only three years old and a board of trustees of seven influential boyars was appointed. The consequences of this reign were disappointing: the life of the general population deteriorated, which led to the Moscow uprising.

2. What was the significance of the reforms of Elena Glinskaya for the centralization of the country?

For the centralization of the country had the reforms of Helen had great importance, especially monetary reform. As a result of this reform, the Moscow ruble became the only monetary unit for the whole country. In addition, uniform measures of weight and length were introduced.

3. How did Ivan IV's childhood go? How do you think, how the struggle of boyar groups for power could affect the personality of the tsar?

The childhood years of Ivan IV passed in a restless atmosphere in the conditions of the struggle of the boyar groups. This struggle could influence the formation of his personality not in the best way. The war, the cruel actions of the boyars, the murders at the Moscow court shaped cruelty, painful suspicion and vindictiveness in Ivan IV himself, despite his education, a broad outlook.

4. How do you evaluate the activities of the Chosen One? Do you agree with the opinion that it can be called the first government in the history of Russia?

The activities of the Elected Rada are assessed positively: the administrative and managerial apparatus is formalized, punishments for crimes are toughened, and the increase in the size of the elderly when peasants move from one landowner to another on St. George's Day is normatively fixed.

The elected council can be called the first government in the history of Russia.

5. What facts testify to the formation of a class-representative monarchy in Russia? How did the Russian bodies of class representation differ from Western European ones?

The following facts testify to the formation of a class-representative monarchy in Russia: the convening of the Zemsky Sobor - a meeting of representatives of all Russian lands, which was convened over the next years and representatives of almost all segments of the population were invited there. The most important issues for the country were resolved at the Zemsky Sobor. In 1556, a reform of local government was carried out: elected local self-government bodies appeared.

The Russian bodies of class representation differed from the Western European ones by their all-estate nature.

6. Why do you think an important place in the transformations of the 1550s. took military reform?

An important place in the transformations of the 1550s. the military reform took over because as a result of this reform a regular army appeared, the rights of patrimonials (boyars) and landowners (nobles) were equalized.

Page 48. Working with the map

Show on the map the territory that was part of Russia on the eve of the accession to the throne of Ivan IV.

Page 48. Studying documents

Page 48. Studying documents

He could assess the time of boyar rule as contrary to God and people.

Page 49. Studying documents

Do you agree with the historian's assessment? Justify your answer.

It is impossible to agree with the historian's assessment, because representatives of all Russian lands, and later almost all estates, participated in the work of the Chosen Council.

Page 49. Think, compare, reflect

1. The Zemsky Sobor of 1549 is called the Cathedral of Reconciliation by historians. Who “reconciled” with whom at this council? Why without this "reconciliation" it was impossible to start reforms in the country?

At the Zemsky Sobor in 1549, a “reconciliation” took place between the tsar and the boyar elite, as well as representatives of all classes. Without this "reconciliation" it was impossible to start reforms in the country, because without the approval and support of the majority of the population, the reforms would be doomed to failure.

2. Historians are discussing the nature of the people's representation in Zemsky Sobors, their role in the history of Russia. Below are the main points of view on this issue. Which one do you think is the most correct? Justify your answer.

3. What did the officials in the orders do? Write (in a notebook) a story in the first person “One day in ... an order” (indicate the name of the order yourself). Describe what was the role of officials in governance centralized state.

One day in the Petition Order

I, Ivan Ryty, clerk of the Petition Order, have done such a job today. With the beginning of the attendance hour, he accompanied Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich in his exit from the palace. Only 14 petitions were submitted. The king returned to the palace at lunchtime. And I'm with him. After that, he went to his order. I went to the deacon at the Local Order to find out how the petitions sent earlier to this order were considered. It turned out that 3 petitions prepared answers, which he took. Now it is necessary to convene the petitioners and hand them the answers. After that, he began to distribute the petitions filed today during the release of the king. It turned out that out of 14 petitions: 8 - to the Discharge Order, 2 - to the Ambassadorial Order, 4 - to the Local Order. I wrote to the scribes how to work out the petitions and smash them according to the orders, which are supposed to give an answer to the petitioners. One petition cannot be considered without the participation of Tsar Ivan Vasilievich regarding the issue of trade in the Hanseatic League.

Visiting hours are over. I looked at how the clerks write, checked the finished papers. After praying, he went home.

The role of officials in the management of a centralized state was very great.

Common in the process of formation of united states in Western Europe and Russia:

the need for a strong central government - the formation of a monarchy - autocratic power

STATES OF THE VOLGA REGION, NORTHERN BLACK SEA REGION, SIBERIA IN THE MIDDLE OF THE XVI CENTURY

Materials for independent work And project activities students

Page 51

Russia is a multinational state. What was the historical fate of the peoples that are now part of it?

After the collapse of the Golden Horde vast territories which she occupied, new states arose. All of them were at different levels of economic and cultural development. However, what these states had in common was their multinational composition and the desire to preserve the historical traditions of the peoples living in them.

The historical fate of the peoples that are now part of Russia was different, but they all retained their national origin.

Page 57. Questions and assignments to the text of the material intended for independent work and project activities of students

1. What did the Kazan khans have to do with the rulers of the Golden Horde? Were they related?

The Kazan khans were directly related to the rulers of the Golden Horde: they were rulers from the Genghisides dynasty and, of course, they were relatives.

2. What are the features of the military and economic organization Crimean Khanate made him a strong and dangerous opponent?

Features of the military organization of the Crimean Khanate:

protection from land - fortress Or (Perekop),

protection from the sea - the fortresses of Kerch and Arabat,

location of military garrisons in Balaklava and Sudak,

the defense system eliminated the need for a regular army,

military training of boys from childhood,

men from the foothills and steppe regions were drafted into the army in case of war, fighting in small detachments, suddenly and with lightning speed.

Features of the economic organization of the Crimean Khanate:

Land owned by the khan and his entourage, which was cultivated by dependent peasants

Developed trade due to favorable geographical position

Special tax to the khan's treasury for residents of mountainous regions and trading cities instead of participating in military campaigns

1/5 of the military booty was contributed to the khan's treasury

3. What peoples influenced the culture of the Kazan Khanate? What was this influence?

The culture of the Kazan Khanate was influenced by the peoples of the Golden Horde and Volga Bulgaria. This influence was manifested in construction, stone carving, and jewelry. Writing based on slave graphics from the Volga Bulgaria.

4. Why did the Astrakhan Khanate experience great external dependence? What did she show up in?

The Astrakhan Khanate experienced great external dependence because it was small and squeezed on both sides by two strong neighbors - the Crimean Khanate and the Nogai Horde. It manifested itself in the fact that the proteges of the Crimea were the khans of Astrakhan. The main occupation of Astrakhan is intermediary trade.

5. What was the peculiarity of the development of the economy of the Nogai Horde? How did this affect the development of its economy?

A feature of the development of the economy of the Nogai Horde was nomadic cattle breeding and transit trade. This negatively affected the development of its economy and led to the decline of the Nogai Horde.

6. What was special state organization Siberian Khanate? How did it influence the development of the state?

The peculiarity of the state organization of the Siberian Khanate: it consisted of uluses, which depended little on the khan. This weakened the state.

Page 57. Working with the map

1. Show on the map the borders of the Crimean Khanate by the middle of the 16th century.

2. Using the map, prove that intermediary trade was an advantage of the Kazan Khanate.

3. In additional literature or the Internet, find a modern administrative-territorial map of Russia. Using the map, name the regions of Russia that today are located on the territories of the former Astrakhan Khanate.

The regions of Russia, which today are located on the territories of the former Astrakhan Khanate: the republics of Kalmykia, the Stavropol Territory, Krasnodar region, republics of Chechnya, Volgograd region, Rostov region, Kabardino-Balkaria, Adygea, Dagestan.

Page 57. Studying documents

Page 58. Studying documents

Name the products included in the diet of the Tatars. Why do you think they ate a lot of meat?

Products included in the diet of the Tatars: horse meat, camel meat, beef and lamb, bread, wine, and the common people - crushed millet, diluted with water, mare's milk. They ate a lot of meat because they were not engaged in agriculture, gardening, but bred cattle and there was a lot of meat.

Page 58. Think, compare, reflect

2. List the names of the peoples that you met in the text of materials for independent work. Think about the significance for these peoples of mutual influence on each other's culture.

The names of the peoples who met in the text of materials for independent work: Tatars, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Maris, Udmurts, Mordovians, Greeks, Armenians, Jews, Karaites, Turks, Nogais, Kazakhs.

For these peoples, mutual influence on each other's culture is of great importance. There is a mutual enrichment of cultures, the development of the economy and the state.

The system was more perfect. government controlled Kazan Khanate.

By virtue of historical events over the centuries, Kazan has become the most multinational administrative center in Russia. More than 115 nationalities live in the city alone. Among them, the majority of the population of Kazan are Russians (49%) and Tatars (47.5%), the rest, constituting high population numbers, are immigrants from Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Chuvashia and other countries.

Bakhchisaray / Crimea

The largest national group - Russians - 68% of the population

In second place in the national composition are Ukrainians, they are 15.7% in Crimea.

The third largest group Crimean Tatars, 10.6% of the population.

Other nationalities in Crimea make up to 4% of the population. Of these, the most numerous are Belarusians 1% and Armenians 0.5% of the population.

Between 1,000 and 5,000 people in Crimea are ethnic groups such as Azerbaijanis, Uzbeks, Moldovans, Jews, Koreans, Greeks, Poles, Gypsies, Chuvashs, Bulgarians, Germans, Mordovians, Georgians, and Turks.

Siberian

The most numerous were the Russians (83.8% of the total census population, indicating nationality), the second largest were the Tatars, their share in the total population was 8.1%. More than 1% of the total population are Ukrainians and Kazakhs. Less than 1% were Germans, Chuvashs and Azerbaijanis, Armenians, Belarusians, Tajiks, Bashkirs and Uzbeks.

SARAICHIK - the capital of the Nogai Horde

In the center is a palace surrounded by high walls. Its outlines are reminiscent of ... the Moscow Kremlin. Looking at the plan of the medieval Saraichik, it is impossible not to ask yourself: did he not inspire the builders of Belokamennaya?

This city seems to be woven from legends. And, of course, the version that Saraichik became the prototype of the Moscow Kremlin, built much later, is just one of them. But who knows, who knows...

With Shed, you cannot be completely sure that you know where the fairy tale ends and the story begins.

STORY ONE: "Tell me, birds"

One of the khans, who ruled in Saraichik, had the only beloved daughter. She had an amazing gift - she understood the language of birds, she could speak with birds, and she herself sang no worse than a nightingale. When she sang, migratory birds flocked to her from everywhere. They say that it was then that the first swans and flamingos, pelicans and herons settled on the territory of Western Kazakhstan along the banks of the Ural River.

Now the settlement Saraichik is a small museum and historical ruins, some of which will disappear in a couple of years. The fact is that in 1943 the course of the Urals changed so much that most of the settlement was flooded. Now, day after day, the river washes away the banks, the settlement “slides” into the water, taking with it many mysteries, and simply a huge number of artifacts.

STORY TWO: "Treasures of the Princess"

The ancient Saraichik was at the crossroads of caravan routes, merchants from all over the world, knowing the special love of Khan Saraichik for his daughter, brought the best jewelry as a gift to the princess. Once, travelers from a distant land presented her with a golden boat adorned with precious stones.

But soon a terrible grief fell upon the Khan's family. The young princess fell ill and died. In desperation, the father ordered the seven most faithful servants to secretly bury his daughter - in her golden boat, with all the decorations, in a place where no one could find her grave. The servants fulfilled the will of the master, and the khan executed them so that not a single witness of this secret would remain. So the father saved his daughter's grave from looting.

Five centuries have passed, and no one has found that burial. Although many have tried. For example, in 1929 even scientists from London came here. Thanks to an old map, they found a boat ... but only nails turned out to be gold in it - this boat once belonged to Khan Zhanibek.

STORY THREE: "Celadon Chalice"

In 2007, during excavations carried out on the territory of Saraichik, archaeologists discovered a well dug six centuries ago. And in its wall is a box with a letter in Arabic. Following her, a jug of coins and a cunning Chinese celadon bowl were found: they say that if poison gets into it, then the contents instantly turn red. A real treasure! But not by the standards of the shed of the heyday. After all, it was a real rich, developed metropolis.

It is not surprising that copper, silver and gold coins of the Crimea, Northern Iran, the Volga region, Khorezm, as well as medieval states - the Golden Horde, the Crimean Khanate, etc. were found in Saraichik. The earliest Sarai coins date back to 1320. Some of them show the ancient Turkic greeting "Kutlug Bulsun".

STORY FOUR: "Pirates of the Caspian Sea, or ... the end of the legend"

One of the research groups found an incendiary projectile in Saraichik. Right on the roof of the hut. What was it made of? Most likely from clay and oil. Scientists have seen such clay and ceramic incendiary balls before, but could not figure out their purpose. And then the burnt roof itself “prompted”. Perhaps this is how Saraichik burned down in the 16th century. After all, catapults were known long before the last arson of Saraichik, and pirates could easily throw the city from the shore.

Yes, pirates. According to the records of the chroniclers, not only the Volga Cossacks-Ushkuyniki ruled here, but also the Genoese pirates. In general, the shed was often robbed: the young were taken into slavery, girls and women into harems, they did not disdain the ruin of graves. And finally, the traces of the crime were erased by fire. And once they burned the city to the ground. It was in 1583.

Useful information

Saraijuk, Saraichik, Saraishyk… It is believed that the city was founded in the X-XI century by Batu Khan and his brother Bereke. The finds of recent expeditions have shown that traces of the Kipchak period (X-XI centuries) have been preserved in this area - the pre-Mongol "cultural layer". Located 50 km from the city of Atyrau (Kazakhstan). According to legend, Khan Bereke converted to Islam in Saraichik, after which Islam became the state religion of the Golden Horde. Another legend says that it is here that the epic batyrs Er Targyn and Kambar are buried.