The word people is animate or inanimate. Animate and inanimate nouns. Proper names in the names of works, places, etc.
In general, in the Russian language, animate nouns denote living objects (people and animals), and inanimate nouns denote inanimate objects. This is a semantic criterion. But it doesn’t always work, for example, how can we determine whether words are animate or inanimate? dead man, corpse?
Therefore, when deciding the issue of animacy, you must first of all rely on the grammatical criterion, namely, transform the context of the noun. (while maintaining the meaning), so that the noun fits into the form accusative plural numbers, and then see if this form matches the form genitive case pl. h. or with form nominative plural h.. In the first case we have before us animate noun, in the second - inanimate noun:
I approached the girl.-> I looked at girls -> form girls matches with genus form. pl. ( no girls), but does not coincide with the form named after. plural ( girls are sleeping) -> animate
I approached the birch tree.-> I looked at birch trees -> form birch trees does not coincide with the genus form. pl. ( without birches), But matches with the form named after plural ( the birches have drooped) -> inanimate
Thus, dead man- animate ( I looked at the dead), A dead body- inanimate ( I looked at the corpses)
For nouns husband. kind 2 declension, animation can also be checked in the form of wines. P. units h.: I looked at the boy(animate - coincides with the gender unit) against I looked at the decanter(inanimate - coincides with their unit)
For indeclinable nouns, animacy is determined by agreement: looked at gray pony(animated) against looked at blue coat(inanimate)
All abbreviations and abbreviations must be deciphered and disambiguated:
E. L. Schwartz- animate
Proper names in the names of works, places, etc.
This is a case where an originally animate noun is used as the name of an inanimate object.
Animacy, as stated above, is generally checked using the plural form. h. wine pad. However, name of something. most often represents the unit form. number, and it is difficult to say how it will sound in plural. number. Therefore, if the context does not clearly indicate the animate/inanimate nature of the noun used in the name (we are not dealing with a form of vul. case plural or for a masculine noun of the second declension, not a form of v. case singular), then we put Other.
hospice " Faith "
However, we remove homonymy if the title of the work contains an indication of an object in the surrounding world, about which its animate / inanimate nature is known.
Giorgione's painting "Sleeping Venus"- animate, since the picture shows a goddess, not a planet.
Some semantic differences
- Antipode
- Apostle
- Genius
- Giant
- Chapter
- Nit
- Caterpillar
- Victim
- Stomach
- Star
- Horse
- Trump
- Cuckoo
- Larva
- Dummy
- Ursa
- Mummy
- Nature
- Loner
- Operator
- Oscar
- Patrol
- Precursor
- Prototype
- Ryzhik
- Cattle, cattle
- Subject
- Creature
- Flagship
- Worm
Words with fluctuating animation
In the dictionary they correspond to one lemma marked Inmx, the paradigm of which also includes forms that are opposite in animation (along with forms that convey the main meaning of this parameter):
Animated: bacillus, doll, puppet, microbe, character, ghost, toadstool, herring, oyster, embryo
Inanimate: boletus, virus, hybrid, unit, pawn
Thus, if the context does not clearly indicate the animate/inanimate nature of these nouns (we are not dealing with a form of vul. case plural or for a masculine noun of the second declension, not a form of v. case singular), then we choose the meaning stated above.
Complex cases
Despite the semantic differences described above, the main criterion for determining animacy is the grammatical form of a word.
the earthquake caused casualties
Semantically victims- these are people affected by the earthquake, but grammatically victims stands in the accusative case, which coincides with the nominative, and not with the genitive. Therefore, in this example, you need to choose the inanimate option.
More words that can change animation: giant, larva, prototype
It is known that the classification of nouns as animate or inanimate is associated with the division by man of the surrounding world into living and inanimate. However, even V.V. Vinogradov noted the “mythological nature” of the terms “animate/inanimate”, since textbook well-known examples ( plant, dead person, doll, people and etc . ) demonstrate the discrepancy between the objective status of an object and its comprehension in language. There is an opinion that by animate in grammar we mean “active” objects identified with a person, to which are contrasted “inactive” and, therefore, inanimate objects 1. At the same time, the “activity/inactivity” sign does not fully explain why the words dead man, deceased are considered animate, and people, crowd, flock – to inanimate nouns. Apparently, the category of animate/inanimate reflects everyday ideas about living and inanimate things, i.e. a person’s subjective assessment of the objects of reality, which does not always coincide with the scientific picture of the world.
Of course, the “standard” of a living being for a person has always been the person himself. Any language stores “petrified” metaphors, showing that people since ancient times saw the world as anthropomorphic, described it in their own image and likeness: the sun is out, the river is running, the leg of a chair, the spout of a teapot and so on . Let us recall at least the anthropomorphic gods or characters of lower mythology. At the same time, life forms other than humans: some invertebrates, microorganisms, etc. are often ambiguously assessed by ordinary native speakers. For example, as a survey of informants showed, to nouns sea anemone, amoeba, ciliate, polyp, microbe, virus the question is regularly asked What? Obviously, in addition to signs of visible activity (movement, development, reproduction, etc.), the everyday concept of a living being (an “animate” object) also includes a sign of similarity to a person.
How is the animate/inanimate nature of a noun determined?
Traditionally, the coincidence of the forms of the accusative and genitive cases in the singular and plural in masculine nouns (I see a man, a deer, friends, bears) and only in the plural for feminine and neuter nouns (I see women, animals). Accordingly, grammatical inanimateness is manifested in the coincidence of the accusative and nominative cases (I see a house, tables, streets, fields).
It should be noted that the grammatical opposition of nouns by animate/inanimate is expressed not only in the form of a specific case: the difference in the forms of nouns in the accusative case leads to a difference and opposition of paradigms in general. Masculine nouns have singular and plural paradigms on the basis of animate/inanimate, while feminine and neuter nouns have only plural paradigms, that is, each of the animate/inanimate categories has its own declension paradigm.
There is an opinion that the main means of expressing the animate/inanimate nature of a noun is the accusative case form of the agreed definition: “It is by the form of the agreed definition in the accusative case that the animate or inanimate nature of the noun in the linguistic sense of the word is determined” 2 . Obviously, this position requires clarification: the form of an adjective word should be considered as the main means of expressing animateness/inanimateness only in relation to the use of unchangeable words: I see beautiful cockatoo(V. = R.); I see beautiful coat(V. = I.). In other cases, the form of the adjectival word duplicates the meanings of case, number, gender and animate/inanimate nature of the main word - the noun.
The coincidence of case forms (V. = I. or V. = R.) in the declension of allied words of the adjectival structure (in a subordinate clause) can also serve as an indicator of animate/inanimate: These werebooks , which I knew(V. = I.); These were writers , which I knew(V. = R.).
Feminine and neuter nouns that appear only in the singular form (singularia tantum) do not have a grammatical indicator of animate/inanimate, since these words have an independent form of the accusative case that does not coincide with either the nominative or the genitive: catch swordfish, study cybernetics etc. Thus, the animate/inanimate nature of these nouns is not determined grammatically.
Have you ever heard words put in inappropriate cases? This is the sin of surzhik - a mixed speech of Russian, Ukrainian and Jewish words. This happens due to the fact that the rules of declension in different languages are different.
To choose the correct case of nouns, you need to know what type they belong to.
Animate and inanimate nouns
Words used incorrectly hurt the ear. For their proper use, there are certain rules, which are not that complicated. Since ancient times, in Rus', living and nonliving things have been changed by case in different ways. When the language was systematized, it was determined that there are proper and common nouns, animate and inanimate. Moreover, it is not always possible to independently determine what type a particular word belongs to. The dead man is inanimate, has no soul, but the word is grammatically animated. But plants are alive - they grow, they breathe. But inanimate. Why?
There is one aspect of this issue that has its roots in mythology. In ancient times, people held different ideas about living and nonliving things. Hence many well-established expressions showing the inanimateness of the sun (it looks out, gets up, sets, wakes up, in fairy tales they ask it for advice, and it answers) and the doll (in games it eats, sleeps, walks, talks, cries). Previously, they were indeed considered alive and this was reflected in linguistic forms. The word “corpse” has always been considered inanimate, because under it only the shell of a creature is considered, but there is no personality. How can we identify animate and inanimate nouns?
Rule
Because living and nonliving things respond to various questions, it’s good to use this method. Then check the obtained result. We can then refine our study according to exceptions that are best remembered.
1. So, first we should find out who or what is in front of us. This way, in most cases, we can understand what type the word we need belongs to.
2. Hereinafter plural the right word put in the accusative case (for simplicity, it can be designated VP) and find out which case it coincides with. If with a nominative (IP) it is inanimate.
- Toys.
- Armchairs.
- Games.
- Noses.
- Nicknames.
If with the genitive (RP) - animation.
- Puppies.
- Birdie.
- Animals.
- Chickens.
- Friends.
This is often enough to identify animate and inanimate nouns. The rule has exceptions.
Living inanimate
These are dolls, Teddy bears, dogs, bunnies, robots and the like. That is, those toys with which actions are performed as if they were alive. The resulting word forms will look like this:
- Dolls.
- Bears.
- Zaychikov.
- Dogs.
- Robots.
Some symbols in games are also considered animate. This should be remembered:
- Kings.
- Valtov.
- Queen.
People who have died or perished are considered animate: suicide, deceased, deceased, deceased.
- Suicide
- Deceased.
- Passed away.
- Dead.
There are many such words, but they are all animated. When we are talking about the mortal coil (corpse, body, carrion, carcass) - it is already inanimate.
Fairy-tale and immaterial characters (angels, demons, nymphs) are also animated. There is a pattern: if in the minds of the people something is alive, in the declension of such a word VP = RP.
Living inanimate
A group, any set, a collection of people, animals or living beings are considered to be inanimate. This is a crowd, an army, a people, a herd, a flock, a host. It is correct to say: “I see crowds, armies, nations, herds, flocks, hosts.”
All plants and mushrooms are inanimate. They have long been viewed as food, and not as part of wildlife. It is interesting that some types of seafood (lobsters, oysters, lobsters) first appeared in Russia as exotic dishes. That's why in recipes they are used according to the inanimate principle: boil the squid and cut it into noodles.
What is not visible to the eye is considered inanimate.
These are microorganisms, viruses, embryos, yeast, bacteria. Although there are interesting exceptions here too. For example, the attitude towards the embryo changes when it becomes visible - in vitro.
When it is impossible to determine animate and inanimate nouns
Examples showing the impossibility of assigning a word to one division or another:
- repair automation
- see swordfish.
These words are not declined according to numbers. When changing by case, they have their own form of endings. Therefore they stand outside of animation.
Helping adjectives
Animated and inanimate nouns are determined by the accusative case form of concordant adjectives. Examples:
- We saw a new student - we saw a new table.
- Petted a beautiful puppy - petted a beautiful blouse.
- If you get big calves, you get into big trouble.
First there is a phrase where the accusative case is equal to the genitive (VP = RP), and then to the nominative (IP).
These adjectives will make it easier to identify animate and inanimate nouns.
Own and common nouns
All proper nouns received such a name because they are unique in their kind. Usually these are names, but there can also be nicknames and nicknames. If there is a coincidence, it is rather nonsense. For such cases there is the word “namesake”, for example. Even if this is the nickname of an inanimate toy, it is still animate. There are also inanimate proper names. These are names given to an institution, work of art or composition. There are also geographical names.
Common nouns - from the Old Church Slavonic “named” (to call) - are the names of groups of objects or concepts.
The table will help you change them correctly by case.
Skills develop well when filling out such a table. You can fill it out by putting all words in the accusative case, although this is not necessary. You can simply divide the sheet into four parts and write down the proposed words in groups.
Special exercises will help you understand this topic even better.
Exercises
Exercises will help you consolidate skills on how to identify animate and inanimate nouns. You need to substitute the correct word, select the correct case, or check the literacy of the written phrase.
Exercise 1
Substitute the correct words in the following sentences.
- Coming to school, students see (teachers, principal, new desks, posters, friends, duty officer, old doors, school crayons).
- We purchased (songbirds, carousels, benches, visitors) for the city park.
- Being late for work, I had to catch up (trolleybus, tram, taxi driver I knew).
Exercise 2
Choose the correct case in the following sentences.
- We placed (the kittens) and in addition gave them (bags of food) for them.
- Coming out into the clearing, we saw (boys and baskets of mushrooms).
- At the zoo, keepers feed (the birds) and water (the trees).
Exercise 3
Give examples of animate and inanimate nouns that are suitable in the following cases:
- He sits at the table... and dreams.
- The doctors said that... he was no longer breathing.
- Ours... completely crumbled.
- How brightly this one burns... today.
- The old one... completely fell apart.
Lesson
In order for students to remember the above rules well, the teacher can devote a lesson to animate and inanimate nouns. It is good to use a scheme indicating equality of cases.
| Shower | Inanimate. |
| VP = RP | VP = IP |
Recalling that the plural is being tested, as an exercise you can ask to name five animate and five inanimate nouns while looking at the picture. A photo of a puppy with a toy chicken in its teeth will do.
The resulting phrases will not always be correct, this is natural. But the teacher can highlight especially funny ones. This “by contradiction” method will help you remember the incorrect use of cases.
Examples of animate and inanimate nouns that are substituted for the missing words will help you understand the rule well. For this exercise, sentences with missing words are written out on a piece of paper in advance. In their place, you should insert one of the suggested words written on the board. The teacher makes sure that the students have different options: on one side of the board they are animated, on the other - not.
As one of the options, the following set of words can be used:
Suitable text for this exercise:
The weather was beautiful on the weekend. The guys ran out into the yard. (?) fed and dressed their (?). (?) were not attracted to such games, they launched (?) from the mountain. (?) and (?) made the old (?) happy. “Where else can you find such (?),” they said, and were in no hurry to call their (?) and (?) home. And the guys have already taken (?) and (?) and made a noisy (?).
The kids will really like this lesson. The main thing is to prepare visual material and diagrams well. Good luck!
Nouns have a constant morphological sign of animation.
The sign of animacy of nouns is closely related to the concept of living / inanimate. Nevertheless, animacy is not a category of meaning, but a morphological feature itself.
All morphological features are characterized by the fact that they have a typified formal expression - they are expressed by formative morphemes (endings or formative suffixes - see morphemics). Morphological features of words can be expressed
1) intra-word - formative morphemes of the word itself ( table-Ø - tables),
2) extra-wordly - form-building morphemes of agreed words ( new coat - new coat),
Both of these means of expression can be presented together. In this case, one grammatical meaning is expressed several times in a sentence - both intra-word and extra-word ( new table-Ø - new tables).
Animacy as a morphological feature also has formal means of expression. Firstly, animateness/inanimateness is expressed by the endings of the noun itself:
1) animate nouns have the same plural endings. numbers V. p. and R. p., and for nouns husband. This also applies to units. number;
2) inanimate nouns have the same plural endings. numbers V. p. and I. p., and for nouns husband. This also applies to units. number.
Nouns are represented in the Russian language with fluctuations in animation: their V. p. can coincide with both I. p. and R. p., for example, (I see) microbes / microbes, describe characters / characters, creatures / creatures-Ø;
In feminine and neuter nouns that have only singular forms, animation is not formally expressed ( youth, students), they are not formally characterized by their animation.
Animacy has non-verbal expression: the ending of an adjective or participle that agrees with a noun in a v. p. differs depending on the animate or inanimate nature of the noun, cf.: (I see) new students, But new tables.
The extra-verbal expression of the animacy of nouns is more universal than the intra-verbal one: it expresses animacy even in the case of the immutability of the noun: (I see) beautiful madam, But beautiful coats.
The animacy of most nouns reflects a certain state of affairs in extra-linguistic reality: animate nouns are mainly called living beings, and inanimate are inanimate objects, but there are cases of violation of this pattern:
Animation, as already mentioned, is a constant feature of a noun. At the same time, it is necessary to keep in mind that different meanings of one word can be differently framed in terms of animation, for example: I see genius(person) - I appreciate it genius-Ø (mind).
Gender as a morphological feature of a noun
Nouns have a constant morphological gender marker and are classified as masculine, feminine or neuter.
The main expression of morphological gender is extra-verbal - the endings of adjectives, participles in the attributive position and words with an inconstant gender marker in the predicate position, which agree with the noun, are the endings of the verb in the past tense or conditional mood, as well as short adjective or participles.
Masculine, feminine and neuter gender include words with the following compatibility:
Male
new student has arrived-Ø
Female
new student has arrived
Average
the big window is open
Some nouns ending - A, denoting signs, properties of persons, in I. p. have a double characterization by gender depending on the gender of the designated person:
is yours-Ø the ignoramus has come-Ø,
your ignoramus came.
Such nouns are classified as general family
There are nouns in the Russian language that denote the name of a person by profession, which, when denoting a male person, act as words of the masculine gender, that is, they attach agreed words with masculine endings; when they denote a female person, the definition is used in the masculine gender, and the predicate is used in the feminine gender (mainly in colloquial speech):
the new doctor has arrived-Ø (male),
a new doctor has arrived(woman).
These words are “candidates” for the general gender; their gender is sometimes called transitional to the general, but in dictionaries they are characterized as words of the masculine gender.
There are about 150 words in the Russian language that vary in gender, for example: coffee- masculine/neuter gender, shampoo- masculine/feminine.
Nouns are plural only ( cream, scissors) do not belong to any of the genders, since in the plural the formal differences between nouns of different genders are not expressed (cf.: desks - tables).
Thus, the main expression of gender is non-verbal. Intra-word gender is consistently expressed only in nouns - substantivized adjectives and participles: sentry, ice cream, dining room: in singular forms these words have endings that clearly indicate their gender. For nouns of the 2nd declension masculine and 3rd declension feminine, the entire system of their endings is specific; as for the endings of individual case forms, they may not be indicative, cf. table-Ø - night-Ø.
For all inanimate nouns (and there are about 80% of such nouns in the language), the gender is conditional and is in no way connected with extra-linguistic reality.
Among animate nouns - names of persons or animals, gender is often associated with the gender of the designated creature, cf.: mom - dad, son - daughter, cow - bull. However, it is necessary to understand the difference between grammatical gender and ungrammatical gender. Thus, in the Russian language there are animate neuter nouns ( child, animal), in nouns - names of animals, male and female individuals are often called the same ( dragonfly, crocodile), among words - names of persons there is also not always a correspondence between gender and gender. Yes, word individual feminine, although it can mean both a woman and a man (see, for example, A.S. Pushkin: Someone wrote to him from Moscow that a famous person would soon enter into legal marriage with a young and beautiful girl).
Determining the gender of compound words (abbreviations) and indeclinable nouns presents a certain difficulty. The following rules apply to them.
Generic characteristics abbreviations depends on what type the given compound word belongs to.
A type of abbreviation formed by adding the initial parts ( caretaker), the initial part of the first word with the second unabridged ( Sberbank) and the beginning of the first word with the beginning and/or end of the second ( trade mission → trade mission), is determined by the gender of the main word in the original phrase: good organizational work, Russian trade mission, new Sberbank.
A type of abbreviation consisting of initial sounds ( GUM) or letters ( Moscow State University), as well as mixed abbreviations in which the initial part of the first word is combined with the first letters or sounds of other words ( Glavk), is defined ambiguously. Initially, they also acquire the gender of the main word in the original phrase, for example, Bratsk hydroelectric power station. However, during the process of use, the original generic characteristic is consistently retained only by abbreviations from the first letters of the original phrase. Abbreviations consisting of the first sounds behave differently. Some of them acquire generic characteristics in accordance with appearance words. Yes, words BAM, university, MFA, NEP, registry office and some others became masculine words and acquired the ability to decline in the second declension, like nouns like house. Other abbreviations ending in a consonant with a neuter and feminine stem word may have hesitation: they may have a gender characteristic in accordance with the gender of the main word and not be inflected ( in our housing office) or, when inclined, used as masculine words ( in our housing office). Abbreviations ending in a vowel are not inflected and are predominantly neuter ( our RONO - district department public education).
Indeclinable nouns, getting into the Russian language or being formed in it, must acquire a generic characteristic, which will manifest itself only when choosing adjectives, participles and verbs that agree with the noun.
There are the following patterns in the choice of gender characteristics by such nouns: gender depends either on the meaning of the word or on the gender of another Russian word, which is considered as a synonym or as a generic name for a given unchangeable word. For different groups of nouns, different criteria are leading.
If a noun denotes an object, then it usually acquires a neuter characteristic: coat, muffler, metro. However, feminine Avenue(because Street), kohlrabi(since it's cabbage), coffee- with hesitation - male/medium, masculine - penalty, euro.
If a noun denotes an animal, it is usually masculine: chimpanzee, cockatoo. Exceptions: Iwasi, Tsetse- feminine gender (since herring, fly).
If a noun denotes a person, then its gender depends on the gender of this person: words Monsieur, couturier masculine, as they denote men; words madam, mademoiselle feminine, since they denote women, and the words counterpart, incognito of a general gender, since they can designate both men and women.
If a noun means geographical feature, then its gender is determined by the gender of the Russian word, which denotes the type of object: Tbilisi masculine, since it is city(masculine), Mississippi feminine, as it is river, Lesotho neuter, since it is state. Everything that has been said applies only to inflexible words, therefore Moscow- a noun is not masculine, but feminine, although it is a city, since it is inflected.
This independent part speech that denotes an object and answers the questions who? What?
The meaning of an object expressed nouns, combines the names of a wide variety of objects and phenomena, namely: 1) the names of specific cabbage soup and objects (house, tree, notebook, book, briefcase, bed, lamp); 2) names of living beings (man, engineer, girl, boy, deer, mosquito); 3) names various substances(oxygen, gasoline, lead, sugar, salt); 4) names of various natural and social phenomena (storm, frost, rain, holiday, war); 5) names of abstract properties and signs, actions and states (freshness, whiteness, blueness, illness, expectation, murder).
Initial form noun- nominative singular.
Nouns There are: proper (Moscow, Rus', Sputnik) and common nouns (country, dream, night), animate (horse, elk, brother) and inanimate (table, field, dacha).
Nouns belong to the masculine (friend, youth, deer), feminine (girlfriend, grass, land) and neuter (window, sea, field) gender. Names nouns change according to cases and numbers, that is, they decline. Nouns have three declension (aunt, uncle, Maria - I declension; horse, gorge, genius - II declension; mother, night, quiet - III declension).
In a sentence nouns usually act as a subject or object, but can also be any other part of a sentence. For example: When the soul in chains, screams in my heart yearning, and the heart longs for boundless freedom (K. Balmont). I lay in the scent of azaleas (V. Bryusov)
Proper and common nouns
Proper nouns- these are the names of individuals, individual objects. Proper nouns include: 1) first names, surnames, nicknames, nicknames (Peter, Ivanov, Sharik); 2) geographical names(Caucasus, Siberia, middle Asia); 3) astronomical names (Jupiter, Venus, Saturn); 4) names of holidays ( New Year, Teacher's Day, Defender of the Fatherland Day); 5) names of newspapers, magazines, works of art, enterprises (the newspaper “Trud”, the novel “Resurrection”, the publishing house “Prosveshchenie”), etc.
Common nouns They call homogeneous objects that have something in common, the same, some kind of similarity (person, bird, furniture).
All names own are written with a capital letter (Moscow, Arctic), some are also placed in quotation marks (the Cosmos cinema, the Evening Moscow newspaper).
In addition to differences in meaning and spelling proper nouns have a number of grammatical features: 1) are not used in the plural (except in cases of designation various items and persons with the same names: In our class there are two Ira and three Olya); 2) cannot be combined with numerals.
Proper nouns can turn into common nouns, and common nouns- V own, for example: Narcissus (the name of a handsome young man in ancient Greek mythology) - narcissus (flower); Boston (city in the USA) - boston (woolen fabric), boston (slow waltz), boston (card game); labor - newspaper "Trud".
Animate and inanimate nouns
Animate nouns serve as names of living beings (people, animals, birds); answer the question who?
Inanimate nouns serve as names for inanimate objects, as well as objects flora; answer the question what? Initially, in the Russian language, the category of animate-inanimate was formed as a semantic one. Gradually, with the development of language, this category became grammatical, therefore the division of nouns into animate And inanimate does not always coincide with the division of everything that exists in nature into living and nonliving.
An indicator of the animation or inanimateness of a noun is the coincidence of a number of grammatical forms. Animated and inanimate nouns differ from each other in the accusative plural form. U animate nouns this form coincides with the genitive case form, and inanimate nouns- with the nominative case form, for example: no friends - I see friends (but: no tables - I see tables), no brothers - I see brothers (but: no lights - I see lights), no horses - I see horses (but: no shadows - I see shadows), no children - I see children (but: no seas - I see seas).
For masculine nouns (except for nouns ending in -а, -я), this difference is preserved in singular, for example: no friend - I see a friend (but: no home - I see a house).
TO animate noun may include nouns that, according to their meaning, should be considered inanimate, for example: “our nets brought in a dead man”; discard the trump ace, sacrifice the queen, buy dolls, paint nesting dolls.
TO inanimate noun may include nouns that, according to the meaning they express, should be classified as animated, for example: study pathogenic microbes; neutralize typhus bacilli; observe the embryo in its development; collect silkworm larvae, believe in your people; gather huge crowds, arm armies.
Concrete, abstract, collective, real, singular nouns
According to the characteristics of the expressed meaning, nouns can be divided into several groups: 1) concrete nouns(chair, suit, room, roof), 2) abstract, or abstract, nouns(struggle, joy, good, evil, morality, whiteness), 3) collective nouns
(animal, fool, foliage, linen, furniture); 4) real nouns(cycle: gold, milk, sugar, honey); 5) singular nouns(pea, grain of sand, straw, pearl).
Specific are nouns that denote phenomena or objects of reality. They can be combined with cardinal, ordinal and collective numbers and form plural forms. For example: boy - boys, two boys, second boy, two boys; table - tables, two tables, second table.
Abstract, or abstract, are nouns that denote any abstract action, state, quality, property or concept. Abstract nouns have one form of number (only singular or only plural), are not combined with cardinal numerals, but can be combined with the words many, few, how many, etc. For example: grief - a lot of grief, little grief. How much grief!
Collective are called nouns that denote a collection of persons or objects as an indivisible whole. Collective nouns have only the singular form and are not combined with numerals, for example: youth, old man, foliage, birch forest, aspen forest. Wed: Old people gossiped for a long time about the lives of young people and the interests of youth. - Whose are you, old man? Peasants, in essence, have always remained owners. - In no country in the world has the peasantry ever been truly free. On the first of September all children will go to school. - The children gathered in the yard and waited for the adults to arrive. All students passed successfully state exams. - Students take an active part in the work of charitable foundations. The nouns old people, peasantry, children, students are collective, the formation of plural forms from them is impossible.
Real are nouns that denote a substance that cannot be divided into its component parts. These words can be called chemical elements, their compounds, alloys, drugs, various materials, types of food products and crops, etc. Real nouns have one form of number (only singular or only plural), are not combined with cardinal numerals, but can be combined with words naming units of measure kilogram, liter, ton. For example: sugar - a kilogram of sugar, milk - two liters of milk, wheat - a ton of wheat.
Singular nouns are a type real nouns. These nouns name one instance of those objects that make up the set. Wed: pearl - pearl, potato - potato, sand - grain of sand, pea - pea, snow - snowflake, straw - straw.
Gender of nouns
Genus- this is the ability of nouns to be combined with forms of compatible words specific for each generic variety: my house, my hat, my window.
Based on gender nouns are divided into three groups: 1) masculine nouns(house, horse, sparrow, uncle), 2) feminine nouns(water, earth, dust, rye), 3) neuter nouns(face, sea, tribe, gorge).
In addition, there is a small group common nouns, which can serve as expressive names for both male and female persons (crybaby, touchy-feely, youngster, upstart, grabber).
The grammatical meaning of gender is created by the system of case endings of a given noun in the singular (thus gender of nouns distinguished only in the singular).
Masculine, feminine and neuter gender of nouns
TO masculine include: 1) nouns with a base on a hard or soft consonant and a zero ending in the nominative case (table, horse, reed, knife, cry); 2) some nouns with ending -a(I) like grandfather, uncle; 3) some nouns with endings -о, -е such as saraishko, bread, little house; 4) noun journeyman.
TO feminine refers to: 1) most nouns with the ending -a (ya) (grass, aunt, earth) in the nominative case; 2) part of the nouns with a base on a soft consonant, as well as on zh and sh and a zero ending in the nominative case (laziness, rye, quiet).
TO neuter include: 1) nouns ending in -о, -е in the nominative case (window, field); 2) ten nouns starting with -mya (burden, time, tribe, flame, stirrup, etc.); 3) noun “child”.
The nouns doctor, professor, architect, deputy, guide, author, etc., naming a person by profession, type of activity, are classified as masculine. However, they can also refer to females. Coordination of definitions in this case is subject to the following rules: 1) a non-separate definition must be put in the masculine form, for example: A young doctor Sergeeva appeared at our site. New option articles of the law were proposed by the young deputy Petrova; 2) a separate definition after the proper name should be placed in the feminine form, for example: Professor Petrova, already known to the trainees, successfully operated on the patient. The predicate must be put in the feminine form if: 1) the sentence contains a proper noun standing before the predicate, for example: Director Sidorova received a prize. Tour guide Petrova took students through oldest streets Moscow; 2) the form of the predicate is the only indicator that we are talking about a woman, and it is important for the writer to emphasize this, for example: The school director turned out to be a good mother. Note. Such constructions should be used with great caution, since not all of them correspond to the norms of book and written speech. Common nouns Some nouns with endings -а (я) can serve as expressive names for both male and female persons. These are nouns of a general gender, for example: crybaby, touchy, sneak, slob, quiet. Depending on the gender of the person they denote, these nouns can be classified as either feminine or masculine: a little crybaby is a little crybaby, such a mischief is such a mischief, a terrible slob is a terrible slob. In addition to similar words, common nouns may include: 1) unchangeable surnames: Makarenko, Malykh, Defieux, Michon, Hugo, etc.; 2) colloquial forms of some proper names: Sasha, Valya, Zhenya. The words doctor, professor, architect, deputy, tour guide, author, which name a person by profession or type of activity, do not belong to the general nouns. They are masculine nouns. Common nouns are emotionally charged words, have a pronounced evaluative meaning, are used mainly in colloquial speech, and therefore are not characteristic of scientific and official business styles of speech. Using them in work of art, the author seeks to emphasize the conversational nature of the statement. For example: - You see how it is, on someone else’s side. Everything turns out hateful for her. No matter what you see, it’s not the same, it’s not like mom’s. Right? - Oh, I don’t know! She's a crybaby, that's all! Aunt Enya laughed a little. Such a kind laugh, light sounds and leisurely, like her gait. - Well, yes! You are our man, a knight. You won't shed tears. And she's a girl. Tender. Mom and Dad (T. Polikarpova). Gender of indeclinable nouns Foreign language common nouns are distributed by gender as follows: The masculine gender includes: 1) names of male persons (dandy, maestro, porter); 2) names of animals and birds (chimpanzees, cockatoos, hummingbirds, kangaroos, ponies, flamingos); 3) the words coffee, penalty, etc. The feminine gender includes the names of female persons (Miss, Frau, Lady). The neuter gender includes the names of inanimate objects (coat, muffler, neckline, depot, subway). Indeclinable nouns of foreign origin denoting animals and birds are usually masculine (flamingos, kangaroos, cockatoos, chimpanzees, ponies). If, according to the conditions of the context, it is necessary to indicate a female animal, the agreement is carried out using the feminine gender. The nouns kangaroo, chimpanzee, pony are combined with a past tense verb in the feminine form. For example: The kangaroo was carrying a baby kangaroo in her bag. The chimpanzee, apparently a female, fed the baby a banana. The mother pony was standing in a stall with a small foal. The noun tsetse is an exception. Its gender is determined by the gender of the word mukha (feminine). For example: Tsetse bit a tourist. If determining the gender of an indeclinable noun is difficult, it is advisable to refer to spelling dictionary . For example: haiku (Japanese tercet) - s.r., takku (Japanese quintet) - s.r., su (coin) - s.r., flamenco (dance) - s.r., taboo (prohibition) - s.r. .R. Some indeclinable nouns are recorded only in dictionaries of new words. For example: sushi (Japanese dish) - sr., tarot (cards) - plural. (genus is not determined). The gender of indeclinable foreign-language geographical names, as well as names of newspapers and magazines, is determined by the generic common noun, for example: Pau (river), Bordeaux (city), Mississippi (river), Erie (lake), Congo (river), Ontario (lake), "Humanité" (newspaper). The gender of indeclinable compound words is in most cases determined by the gender of the core word of the phrase, for example: MSU (university - m.r.) MFA (academy - zh.r.). The gender of compound nouns written with a hyphen The gender of compound nouns written with a hyphen is usually determined: 1) by the first part, if both parts change: my chair-bed - my chair-bed (sr.), a new amphibious aircraft - new amphibious aircraft (m.r.); 2) according to the second part, if the first does not change: sparkling firebird - sparkling firebird (g.r.), huge swordfish - huge swordfish (g.r.). In some cases, the gender is not determined, since the compound word is used only in the plural: fairy-tale boots-runners - fairy-tale boots-runners (plural). Number of nouns Nouns are used in the singular when talking about one object (horse, stream, crevice, field). Nouns are used in the plural when talking about two or more objects (horses, streams, cracks, fields). According to the characteristics of the forms and meanings of the singular and plural, the following are distinguished: 1) nouns that have both singular and plural forms; 2) nouns that have only a singular form; 3) nouns that have only a plural form. The first group includes nouns with a concrete object meaning, denoting countable objects and phenomena, for example: house - houses; street - streets; person people; city dweller - city dwellers. The nouns of the second group include: 1) names of many identical objects (children, teachers, raw materials, spruce forest, foliage); 2) names of objects with real meaning (peas, milk, raspberries, porcelain, kerosene, chalk); 3) names of quality or attribute (freshness, whiteness, dexterity, melancholy, courage); 4) names of actions or states (mowing, chopping, delivery, running, surprise, reading); 5) proper names as names of individual objects (Moscow, Tambov, St. Petersburg, Tbilisi); 6) words burden, udder, flame, crown. The nouns of the third group include: 1) names of composite and paired objects (scissors, glasses, watches, abacus, jeans, trousers); 2) names of materials or waste, residues (bran, cream, perfume, wallpaper, sawdust, ink, 3) names of periods of time (vacations, days, weekdays); 4) names of actions and states of nature (troubles, negotiations, frosts, sunrises, twilight); 5) some geographical names (Lyubertsy, Mytishchi, Sochi, Carpathians, Sokolniki); 6) the names of some games (blind man's buff, hide and seek, chess, backgammon, grandma). The formation of plural forms of nouns is mainly done with the help of endings. In some cases, some changes in the base of the word may also be observed, namely: 1) softening of the final consonant of the base (neighbor - neighbors, devil - devils, knee - knees); 2) alternation of the final consonants of the stem (ear - ears, eye - eyes); 3) adding a suffix to the plural stem (husband - husband\j\a], chair - chair\j\a], sky - heaven, miracle - miracle-es-a, son - son-ov\j\a]) ; 4) loss or replacement of formative suffixes of the singular (mister - gentlemen, chicken - hens, calf - tel-yat-a, bear cub - bear cubs). For some nouns, plural forms are formed by changing the stem, for example: person (singular) - people (plural), child (singular) - children (plural). In indeclinable nouns, number is determined syntactically: young chimpanzee (singular) - many chimpanzees (plural). Case of nouns Case is an expression of the relationship of an object called by a noun to other objects. Russian grammar distinguishes six cases of nouns, the meanings of which are generally expressed using case questions: The nominative case is considered direct, and all others are indirect. To determine the case of a noun in a sentence, you need to: 1) find the word to which the noun refers; 2) put a question from this word to the noun: see (who? what?) brother, be proud of (what?) successes. Among the case endings of nouns, homonym endings are often found. For example, in the forms of the genitive case from the door, the dative case to the door, and the prepositional case about the door, there is not the same ending -i, but three different homonym endings. The same homonyms are the endings of the dative and prepositional cases in the forms by country and about country-e. Types of declension of nouns Declension is the change of a noun by case and number. This change is expressed using a system of case endings and shows the grammatical relationship of the given noun to other words in the phrase and sentence, for example: School\a\ is open. Construction of schools has been completed. Graduates send greetings to schools\e\ According to the peculiarities of case endings in the singular, a noun has three declensions. The type of declination can only be determined in the singular. Nouns of the first declension The first declension includes: 1) feminine nouns with the ending -а (-я) in the nominative singular (country, land, army); 2) masculine nouns denote people with the ending -a (ya) in the nominative singular case (uncle, young man, Petya). 3) nouns of the general gender with endings -а (я) in the nominative case (crybaby, sleepyhead, bully). Nouns of the first declension in the oblique singular cases have the following endings: It is necessary to distinguish between the forms of nouns in -ya and -iya: Marya - Maria, Natalya - Natalia, Daria - Daria, Sophia - Sofia. Nouns of the first declension in -iya (army, guard, biology, line, series, Maria) in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases have the ending -i. In writing, mistakes are often caused by mixing the endings of nouns of the first declension into -ee and -iya. Words ending in -eya (alley, battery, gallery, idea) have the same endings as feminine nouns with a base on a soft consonant such as earth, will, bathhouse, etc. Nouns of the second declension The second declension includes: 1) nouns masculine with a zero ending in the nominative singular (house, horse, museum); 2) masculine nouns with the ending -о (-е) in the nominative singular (domishko, saraishko); 3) neuter nouns with the ending -о, -е in the nominative singular case (window, sea, gorge); 4) noun journeyman. Masculine nouns of the second declension have the following endings in the oblique singular cases: In the prepositional singular case, the ending -e predominates for masculine nouns. The ending -у (у) is accepted only by inanimate masculine nouns if: a) they are used with the prepositions in and on; b) have (in most cases) the nature of stable combinations denoting a place, state, time of action. For example: eyesore; remain in debt; on the verge of death; grazing; to follow the lead; stew in one's own juices; be in good standing. But: work hard, in sunlight; grammatical structure; V right angle ; in some cases, etc. It is necessary to distinguish between the forms of nouns: -ie and -ie: teaching - teaching, treatment - treatment, silence - silence, torment - torment, radiance - radiance. Nouns of the second declension ending in -i, -i in the prepositional case -i. Words ending in -ey (sparrow, museum, mausoleum, frost, lyceum) have the same endings as masculine nouns with a base on a soft consonant such as horse, elk, deer, fight, etc. Nouns of the third declension The third declension includes names feminine nouns with a zero ending in the nominative singular (door, night, mother, daughter). Nouns of the third declension in the oblique singular cases have the following endings: The words mother and daughter belonging to the third declension, when changed in all cases except the nominative and accusative, have the suffix -er- at the base: Declension of nouns in the plural In case endings plural differences between individual types of noun declension are insignificant. In the dative, instrumental and prepositional cases, nouns of all three declensions have the same endings. In the nominative case, the endings -и, -ы и|-а(-я) predominate. The ending -e is less common. You should remember the formation of the genitive plural forms of some nouns, where the ending can be zero or -ov. This includes words naming: 1) paired and composite objects: (not) felt boots, boots, stockings, collars, days (but: socks, rails, glasses); 2) some nationalities (in most cases, the stem of the words ends in n and r): (no) English, Bashkirs, Buryats, Georgians, Turkmens, Mordvins, Ossetians, Romanians (but: Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, Yakuts); 3) some units of measurement: (five) amperes, watts, volts, arshins, hertz; 4) some vegetables and fruits: (kilogram) apples, raspberries, olives (but: apricots, oranges, bananas, tangerines, tomatoes, tomatoes). In some cases, plural endings perform a semantic distinguishing function in words. For example: dragon teeth - saw teeth, tree roots - fragrant roots, sheets of paper - tree leaves, scratched knees (knee - “joint”) - complex knees (knee - “dance move”) - trumpet knees (knee - “ joint at the pipe"). Indeclinable nouns Indeclinable nouns include: 1) ten nouns ending in -mya (burden, time, udder, banner, name, flame, tribe, seed, stirrup, crown); 2) noun path; 3) noun child. Diversified nouns have the following features: 1) ending - both in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases of the singular - as in the III declension; 2) the ending -еm in the instrumental case of the singular as in the 2nd declension; 3) the suffix -en- in all forms, except for the nominative and accusative cases of the singular (only for nouns ending in -mya) The word path has case forms of the third declension, with the exception of instrumental case singular number, which is characterized by the form of the second declension. Wed: night - nights, path - paths (in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases); steering wheel - steering wheel, path - path (in the instrumental case). The noun child in the singular retains the archaic declension, which is currently not actually used, but in the plural it has the usual forms, except for the instrumental case, which is characterized by the ending -mi (the same ending is characteristic of the form by people). Indeclinable nouns Indeclinable nouns do not have case forms, these words do not have endings. Grammatical meanings individual cases in relation to such nouns are expressed syntactically, for example: drink coffee, buy cashews, novels by Dumas. Indeclinable nouns include: 1) many nouns of foreign origin with final vowels -о, -е, -и, -у, -у, -а (solo, coffee, hobby, zebu, cashew, bra, Dumas, Zola); 2) foreign-language surnames denoting female persons ending in a consonant (Michon, Sagan); 3) Russian and Ukrainian surnames with -o, -ih, -yh (Durnovo, Krutykh, Sedykh); 4) complex abbreviated words of alphabetic and mixed nature (Moscow State University, Ministry of Internal Affairs, head of department). The syntactic function of indeclinable nouns is determined only in context. For example: The Walrus asked the Kangaroo (RP): How can you stand the heat? I'm shaking from the cold! - Kangaroo (I.p.) said to Walrus. (B. Zakhoder) Kangaroo is an indeclinable noun, denotes an animal, masculine gender, and is the object and subject of a sentence. Morphological analysis of a noun Morphological analysis of a noun includes the identification of four constant characteristics (proper-common noun, animate-inanimate, gender, declension) and two inconsistent ones (case and number). The number of constant features of a noun can be increased by including features such as concrete and abstract, as well as real and collective nouns. Scheme of morphological analysis of a noun.
