In the section on the question, what was the name of the junior combatant in Russia ??? There are 7 letters in a word. ends with ь given by the author philosophize the best answer is the term "firemen" and the term "gridy" were quite rarely mentioned, and they denoted, respectively, senior and junior combatants (Gorsky A.A. Old Russian squad, M., 1989, p. 49).
In addition to these main categories, there are others in the sources: merciful, stepchildren, couples. The mention of such refers to a later period of history. Ancient Russia, by the twelfth century. The first of them was understood as various layers of warriors, treated kindly by the prince's grace, that is, favorites, which included both older and younger ones. "Stepsons" and "lads" were called "children's" and "youths" in the narrow sense of these terms.
Gridin (gridin) - junior combatant serving at the prince's court in Kievan Rus.
lad - a junior combatant serving at the court of a prince in Kievan Rus, who helped the virnik in a criminal court and collecting vira.
children's - junior combatant, performing individual assignments in court, serving at the prince's court in Kievan Rus.
· Swordsman - a junior combatant, armed with a sword, who was present during the investigation, trial, collection of fines in Kievan Rus.

The nature of the princely squad underwent a major change in the second period. Even under Vladimir the Holy, the Varangian element of the squad lost its primary importance. Vladimir, having taken Kyiv from Yaropolk, escorted the violent Viking warriors to Greece and left only a few of them, smart and brave people. He understood that these free and restless combatants could be a great hindrance to his power, and that it would be much better to replace them with Russians who were not familiar with the character of the old squad and its attitude towards the princes.

Vladimir's successors imitated his example, and the Varangians ceased to fill the princely squads, so although under Yaroslav, from time to time, they still appeared in Novgorod and the Dnieper region, but not as combatants, but as mercenaries, like the Pechenegs, and at the end of the campaign, for very rare exceptions, were removed to their homeland. After the death of Yaroslav, the chronicles no longer mention the Varangian squads. The princes coughed up funds to replenish their squads without calling the Varangians; hunters from natives and newcomers from different countries- from Hungary, Poland, from the Turks, Pechenegs, Polovtsians, Yassians, Kossogs, etc., as can be seen from the names of combatants found in the annals. So, at Boris Vladimirovich's, we meet Georgy, a combatant, a Ugrian or Hungarian by birth; at Svyatopolk - Lyashko, obviously a Lyakh; Pole - at Gleb Torchino; Vladimir Yaroslavich - Vyshot, obviously a Novgorodian OR a Kyivian; at Rostislav Vladimirovich Tmutarakansky - Porey and Vyshot, the son of Ostromir, governor of Novgorod; Andrey Bogolyubsky had a housekeeper Anbal, Yasin was nearby; Vladimir Mstislavmcha in 1149 was among the combatants of the Germans. in themselves folk tales Vladimir's combatants are Dobrynya Nikitich - a Novgorodian, Ilya Muromets, Alyosha Popovich - a Rostovite, Akundin Ivanovich, Mikula Mikitich, Churilo Plenkovich - an alien from Surazh.

New composition of squads , with a clear preponderance towards the natives, although it did not merge them with the Zemshchina, nevertheless gave a slightly different direction to their character. Since the time of Yaroslav, the warriors have lost a lot from their former mobility, they have become more sedentary. This happened, on the one hand, because the combatants, who by their origin belonged to the natives, were tied to the place by family ties with the zemstvo and the immovable estates that belonged to them, and on the other hand, the combatants from strangers soon acquired land holdings, partly received from prince on local law, and part of the estates - on purchases, dowries for wives and other ways of acquiring. However, the warriors at that time were not yet so attached to the earth that she could always keep them.

In the event of the transfer of the prince to another possession; personal attachment to a good prince, and most often rich booty and bold enterprises of the prince, encouraged the combatants to leave the lands they had acquired and follow the prince.

So, in 1150, when Izyaslav Mstislavich was expelled by Yuri Dolgoruky from Kyiv to Volyn, many of the combatants, whose estates lay in the Kiev principality, followed Izyaslav to Volyn, and, as the chronicle says, “you came out of Russian lands for me, having lost your villages and your lives. Often the combatants followed the prince, but the estates still remained with them, if only these estates were ancestral. But not all combatants followed their prince, many remained in the former region as Zemstvo. However, it was not safe for the squad to remain in place after the transfer of the prince to another possession. In this case, not only their property, but their lives were in danger from the Zemstvo, and sometimes from the new princes. The Chronicles present much proof of this; so, under the year 1158 it is said that the people of Kiev, but Yuri Dolgoruky was removed from Kyiv, began to rob and kill the combatants who remained after him in the Kiev principality:

The combatants themselves, if they were aliens from another principality, did not get along well with the Zemstvo, robbed them and generally committed various violence; so, for example, the warriors brought to the Suzdal land by Rostislav-chami from the Dnieper region burdened the people with vira and sales, as a result of which the Vladimirians spoke of the Rostislavichs: And these are the princes, like not their volost theorite, but without doing our gray hair, robbing not only the whole . but also churches. In the very legislation of that time, the princely squad was sharply separated from the zemstvo and in some respects even placed above it.

So, in the Trinity list of Russian Pravda, 80 hryvnias are prescribed for the murder of a combatant, and 40 hryvnias for the murder of a Zemstvo: “Put 80 hryvnias behind your head, what will be a prince husband, or a tiuna prince; If there is a Rusyn, or a Grid, or a merchant, or a Tivin boyarsk, or a swordsman, or an outcast, or a Slav, then put zan for 40 hryvnias. However, it must be admitted that the combatants in different time and in different principalities were not in the same relationship with the zemstvo; thus, the squad merged more closely with the zemstvo in those principalities in which several generations of the same princely house managed to rule without interruption, due to the transfer of ownership from father to son or even from brother to brother and from uncle to nephew, if only new the owners had previously lived in the same region and did not bring with them a new squad, unfamiliar to the natives. So it was, according to the chronicle, in Galich, Smolensk, Polotsk and Ryazan, whose history differs sharply from the history of other Russian principalities, and precisely by the fact that here the squad is almost completely merged with the Zemshchina. The warriors, living in the same places for several generations, became so attached to their new homeland that they no longer distinguished their interests from the interests of the zemshchina and turned into perfect zemstvo.

In the chronicles themselves, we no longer find differences between warriors and zemstvo either in Galich, or in Polotsk, or in Smolensk, or in Ryazan; in all the events belonging to the history of these principalities, the chronicles never speak of a princely squad - they everywhere have regiments of Smolensk, Polotsk, Galician boyars, Ryazan boyars, who are in the service of the local princes, but not princely warriors in the sense of newcomers with the prince. We see something completely different in Kyiv, Chernigov, and at first in Suzdal, which, in terms of the nature of the squad, sharply differed from, for example, Ryazan. In it, the squad was newcomer, constantly changing, while in Ryazan they became permanent, native. In Ryazan, for example, the prince had 500 advisers, and in such a huge number one must certainly assume the participation of the zemstvo boyars; in Kyiv and Suzdal, the zemstvo did not take any part in the affairs of the prince; 500 advisers are also in Galich, a region remote from Ryazan, but connected with it by kinship of the princely house. Thus, we see two kinds of relations between the squad and the zemshchina: in some principalities, the squads were in very close relations with the zemshchina; in others, on the contrary, the combatants approached them so little that when the prince moved to another possession they had to follow him, otherwise they would have suffered various oppressions from the Zemstvo.

The attitude of the squad to the prince

In relation to the prince, the squad was still the main support of his power, both in peacetime and in wartime. The warriors made up the direct army of the prince - with them he obtained volosts for himself, with them he defended his power. The warriors moved with the prince from one possession to another and even visited princes who did not have possessions; so, Prince Ivan Berladnik with his retinue passed to the service from one prince to another and supported his retinue with a salary that he received from the princes. The son of Verladnik, who was also a princeless prince, also had his own squad; the chronicle says that he, called by the Galicians, came to the Galich regiments in a small squad. Berladnik's ancestor, Prince Rostislav Vladimirovich, who still did not have any region and living in Novgorod, also had a squad with him and with their help conquered Tmutarakan; the sons of Rostislav - Rurik, Volodar and Vasilko - also had squads with them before they managed to get themselves volosts. Oleg Svyatoslavich, deprived of his father's possessions, also had a squad with him and, with the help of her and the Polovtsy, managed to regain his fatherland. In general, every prince who had at least some means and gained fame for his courage, kindness or generosity, had no shortage of combatants, although not numerous, but brave and devoted to him. Daniil Zatochnik, who lived in the 12th century, describes the easy acquisition of a squad in this way: “Prince Schedr is a father to everyone; According to the testimony of the same Daniel, having a large squad was considered the honor and glory of the prince. The princes accepted into the squad everyone, no matter what clan or tribe he belonged to; at first, the newcomer was given the most insignificant positions, but later, according to merit, he could reach higher degrees, boyar rank and wealth. So, Andrei Bogolyubsky had one combatant who came to him without a piece of bread, all ragged, he chopped firewood at the princely court, and later began to manage the entire princely court.

Division of the squad

The princely squad was divided into senior and junior. The senior squad consisted of boyars and men, duma members of the prince, who held important positions; the youngest included youths, children, servants, gridi, swordsmen and other small servants. The difference between the older and younger Druzkina was sharply marked in the legislation itself, because in one of the lists of Russian Pravda, 80 hryvnias were assigned for the senior combatant, and 40 hryvnias for the youngest, along with the Zemstvo. However, in essence, both older and younger were equal; each combatant could rise to the highest government positions. The conditions of service, both in the senior and in the junior squad, were the same; the basis of the division was the merits and wealth of each. But the differences between the older squad and the younger are best seen when considering the rights and obligations of one and the other.

senior squad. Consider its rights and significance. 1) The senior warriors are constantly presented in the annals as duma members of the prince, princely husbands, boyars, without their advice the prince did almost nothing. So, Daniil Zatochnik says that the prince does not himself fall into many scarlet things, but the Duma members introduce him; for a good Duma member, the prince will think of a high table, but with a dashing Duma member, he thinks and will be deprived of a small table. In the annals, warriors are also advisers to princes. So, under the year 1157, the chronicler says that Yuri Dolgoruky, after an unsuccessful siege of Vladimir-Volynsk, having thought with his children and with his husbands, returned to Kyiv. Even the princes always first announced their intentions to their squad, otherwise the warriors refused to help the prince and said directly: we did not know how it was with Vladimir Mstislavich, who, without consulting with the senior squad, wanted to go to the Berendeys.

2) Sometimes the senior warriors are the main leaders of the troops under the younger princes. So, in 1116, Vladimir Monomakh sent Thomas Ratibor, the main leader of the troops, to the Danube along with his son, young Vyacheslav; also in 1113, during the campaign against the Bolgar, although the sons of the princes of Vladimir, Murom and Ryazan were with the army, nevertheless, the main leader of the army was combatant Boris Zhidislavich. The chronicle directly says: “I was Boris Zhidislavich, the governor at that time, and I kept my outfit. Of course, not all senior combatants were leaders of the troops, but they were always the main military force of the prince; they always fought near the prince, in the center of the army, and decided the battle.

When going on a campaign, the senior combatants brought with them significant detachments of armed servants at their own expense, and the more the combatant brought servants to the war, the more important it was for the prince, so that in the annals we meet special squads belonging to the boyars or senior princely men. So, under the year 1095, the squad of Ratibor is mentioned, which belonged to the senior boyar Vsevolod Ratibor. Boyars or senior warriors sometimes fought only with their regiment. So, the Ryazan boyar Bvstvfiy Kolovrat, during the invasion of Batu on the Ryazan land, brought his lolk of 1700 people from Chernigov and crushed the regiments of Batu. Sometimes the older men kept the cities as their people. So, under the year 1213, the chronicle says that the Galician prince boyar Sudislav held Gorodok with his people and managed to defend it from the troops of Mstislav. The subsequent legislation of the Moscow period confirms the existence of separate detachments among the boyars, because in this period it was legalized how many servants each boyar had to bring with him to the service of the Moscow sovereign. It is clear that this legalization was only a definition of the original order of the boyar service.

3) Senior combatants were, as it were, intermediaries between the princes

mi. The princes communicated with each other only through senior friends.

zhinnikov; all agreements between the princes were sealed with an oath as sa

mih princes, and their combatants. So, in 1150, at the conclusion

union between Izyaslav and Vyacheslav, it is said: “# taco tseyaovasha cross

at the holy martyr on the coffin, on that: Izyaslav have father Vyachesla

wa, and Vyacheslav have the son of Izyaslav, on the same and his men kiss

cross, as a means of wanting goodness for them and guarding his honor, and not svazhivat

his. The combatants even participated in the court between the princes. Yes, in

In 1096, Svyatopolk and Monomakh, inviting Oleg to Kyiv, told him:

Let's go to Kyiv, let's put order about Rustei before the bishops and before

abbots and before our fathers and before the people of the city.

4) Senior combatants were even entrusted with custody of minors

princes. In this regard, the princes were guided by a direct interest:

to give your son under the care of another prince, even your relative, means

lo subordinate his volost to him, but the zemstvo never agrees to this

las, - therefore the princes trusted the warriors more. Yes, Mstislav

Rostislavich in 1179, at his death, entrusted custody of a minor

his son Vladimir to his combatant Boris Zakharyich, under the

patronage of their brothers - Rurik and David. Chronicle says:

Mstislav, roaring at his squad and at the princess ... and began to say to them:

I command my child Volodymyr Borisov Zakharyich; and with sim I give

brother Ryuri Kovi and Davydov from the hair of Yunarutsa "Nsh another year after death

Mstislav, we meet Boris Zakharyich as the leader of the troops instead

his prince. The chronicle says that in the battle with the Polovtsy, the lepshi men remained byahut, Lazar the voivode with full Ryurshks. and Boris Zakharich with the regiment of his prince Volodymyr, and you will rise to God and ride against Poloets. This order - to entrust the edema over their children to senior combatants - existed until the second half of the second period. In general, all close tribal affairs were entrusted by the princes to combatants, as the most trusted people.

5) The senior combatants, if they did not have any instructions from the prince, were constantly with him both in peacetime and in wartime. They were duma members of the prince; with them, the prince judged and ruled over his parish; together with them he conducted all the affairs of relations with other princes. THEY CONSTANTLY participated in the treaties of the princes, accompanied the latter and management affairs, and on pilgrims, and at feasts, and on the hunt; So, Vladimir Monomakh writes to the children that they should take care of administration every day in the morning) - “sit down to think with the retinue or correct people.” In 1100, the combatants participated in the trial of David Igorevich at the Uveti Congress; the chronicle says: And having thought, they sent their men to David: Svyatopolk Putyata, Volodymyr Orogostya and Rapibora, David and Oleg Torchina, ”Or even before, in compiling a new edition of Russian Truth after the death of Yaroslav, their senior warriors also participated in this matter, along with the sons of Yaroslav ; in the lists of Pravda it is written: According to Yaroslav, his sons Izyaslav, Svyatoslav, Vsevolod and their husbands copulated together: Kosnyachko, Pereneg, Nikifor, and postpone the killing for the head.

About the participation of combatants in pilgrimage and visits to monasteries by princes, we meet news in the Patericon and chronicles; so, in the annals under 1227 we read: Seated Yaroslav in Luchsk, Danil went to Zhidichin to bow and pray to St. Nicholas, and Zea and Yaroslav to Luchsk, and telling him his boyars: “Receive Luchesk, where is their prince.” I answered that I came here to create a prayer to St. Nicholas and I can’t do that.There is also news in the annals about participation in feasts and hunting; for example, when describing the wedding feast at Izyaslav in Pereyaslavl, it is said: with all the boyars and from Kyyana, I’ll redecorate for a wedding.Or, in the year 1180, the chronicle, describing the hunt of David and Svyatoslav along the Dnieper, says: ." And Svyatoslav's blow to the poearekh on the Davydovs. Davyd, who is ignorant of all, thinks of no evil from anywhere, and ran into the lodgo and with his princess, Svyatoslav took his squad and his goods. Here is the meaning of the senior squad in the second period. Now let's point out those the positions they held under the princes.

The positions of senior combatants were: thousand, courtiers, posadniks, princely tiuns, printers, stewards and clerks.

Tysyatsky was the main leader and head of all Zemstvo regiments, at the same time the main mediator between the squad and the Zemstvo; he had civil and military power and, in his significance, was the first person after the prince, and his name was always mentioned next to the prince's. So, for example, at the news of the consecration of the Church of the Caves in 1089, the chronicler says: Was the Church of the Caves consecrated under the noble prince Vsevolod? sovereign Russian land and his children Vladimir and Rostislav, the voivodeship holding the Kyiv thousand Yanevi. This evidence proves that the thousand were direct zemstvo chiefs, for it is said: Voivodship holding the Kyiv thousand. It also confirms another evidence of the chronicle under 1147, where the Izyaslav ambassadors in front of the entire Kyiv zemshchina speak the words of the prince to Izyaslav's brother Vladimir and the Kyiv thousand Lazar: Kissed you brother kissed Lazar and Kiyane all.

Having indicated the importance of the value of the thousandth, we will review his duties.

1) The first and most important duty of the thousandth was to lead

some zemstvo regiments; he was entrusted with the whole Zemstvo army and after the prince

he was her chief boss. So, in the annals under 1195, when

description of the battle of David Rostislavich Smolensky with the Olgovichi govo

it is believed that the princely regiment was led by Mstislav Romanovich,

nephew of David, and the Smolensk regiment of the thousand Mikhail Fr. How military

nye chiefs, thousands pacified the indignant zemstvo, defended

cities from enemies and in general did everything that concerned the zemshchina.

2) In addition to military duties, thousandths had duties and civil

Danish. As representatives of the zemshchina, they took part in the law

government, so that laws were not made except by the consent of thousands of

whom. So, for example, in the drafting and publication of the law on growth, together with Vla

Dimir Monomakh was attended by thousands: Kyiv - Ratibor,

Belgorod - Procopius and Pereyaslavsky - Stanislav. 3) to Tysyatsky

diplomatic assignments were given; so, in 1221 Demyan, a thousand

Daniel Romanovich of Galicia, negotiated with the Polish king Lesh-

com and made peace with him. 4) The duties of the thousandth included various

court affairs; so, in 1187 Rurik Rostislavich of Kyiv sent

thousand to Vsevolod Yurievich Suzdal for his daughter Verkhusla-

howl, conspired for her son Rostislav. However, diplomatic and

court affairs were purely secondary duties of a thousand

go, and his main duties were the first two: military and civil

kaya. Known incomes were connected with the position of the thousandth, consisting

who were in the collection of taxes from known areas, registered on the path of thousands

whom. However, about the areas assigned to the thousandth, we have only

one and, moreover, an obscure indication of the chronicle under the year 1149 about Snovskaya you

thousand, which was probably assigned to the path of the thousandth. Here are the words

topisi: “And Svyatoslav Olgovich should say to Vladimir: hold my

fatherland and then taking Kursk with the Sem and Snovskaya thousand from Izyaslav.

Dvorsky was the same as the governor in the first period, and that in the subsequent third period - Moscow - the courtyard governor began to mean. He was the chief commander of the entire princely squad, like a thousand - zemstvo.

The position of a noble was first mentioned in the annals under 1169, when Kyiv was captured by the troops of Andrei Bogolyubsky and his allies. In all likelihood, the position of the court existed before, because here it is not about the establishment of the position of the court governor, but about the Kiev court Oleks. Dvorsky had the significance of a court governor of the Moscow period and was the chief commander of the entire squad. We have a lot of evidence from the chroniclers that each prince had his own courtier, who was entrusted with the management of the squad, all orders for which belonged to him. As the head of the squad, the courtier was obliged to protect the princely power; so, in 1235, the courtier Gregory was left by Rostislav Mikhailovich in Galich to protect his power from Daniil Romanovich and from the Galician zemshchina, who had already recognized Daniel as their prince. But we do not have direct annalistic indications about the duties of the court in peacetime; however, if we assume that the courtier had the same rights and obligations that we see in the Moscow period with the court governor, then it is obvious that he owned the court and the council between the combatants and, like the courtier of the Moscow period, he had his own way, i.e. income from the areas assigned to his position, just as the thousand man had his thousand. In addition, in all likelihood, the courtier used income from court cases between combatants.

But from the time the Varangian kings united Eastern Slavs under their rule, a differentiation was bound to occur among that social class that received the name Rus. As a result of the more complicated tasks of defense and government of the country, it has already become difficult to simultaneously combine the trade profession with the craft of a princely combatant. So, a special, specially military class stood out from the military-commercial class of Russia - princely squad. This class now no longer had the significance of an alien element - it was an indigenous social class. And this social class began to be replenished not so much by alien Varangians as by native elements. The compiler of the initial chronicle noted this fact in the story about the activities of St. Vladimir in the defense of the borders: “and how often to chop (recruit) the best men from Slovens and from Krivich, and from Chudi, and from Vyatich, and from these cities settled” (Lavrent. 119) . The princely squad, in turn, stratified into ranks. The composition of the senior squad included princes men, boyars. This is the top, actually government layer. With them, the prince thought about business - "about building with the earth and about the ratech and the charter of the land, "appointed governors, thousands and honeycomb over the people's militias, posadniks, or governors, in the cities, he sent them to the polyudie and to collect the virus, etc. Some of these senior warriors were constantly with the prince, made up his court, home society. These are the so-called fires. The younger squad was made up of gridi - the bodyguards of the princes and the defenders of the princely residences, who were not only with the princes, but also with the posadniks, youths, stepchildren, children, served in lower positions and performed various assignments. The squad was dependent on the prince, who fed her, clothed her, armed and supplied her with horses. In the princely palace there was a whole room called Gridnitsa. In addition to the direct issuance of the necessary items, the prince provided senior warriors who were sent to them to the cities by posadniks to use part of their income, tributes and court fines and duties. The younger warriors - grids sent to the cities, were provided with part of the tribute for maintenance; youths, children, swordsmen were fed from the affairs that the princes entrusted to them, for example, collecting tribute or judicial fines, received food, gifts and a certain percentage from princely fees from the population. Finally, the princes shared with the retinue the booty and indemnities from the vanquished. The chronicle often tells how the princes took cities on a shield. What does this expression mean? Captivity and plunder of the city and the division of booty. When the vanquished paid off this, the prince took a ransom not only for himself, but also for the squad, such as Oleg, who took 12 hryvnias from the Greeks for each oar of his 2000 ships. Even if we consider this detail to be fictitious, we still have to admit that fiction is built on what was usually practiced at that time.

Beginning of princely land tenure; princely serfs.

The princely squad in the 10th and early 11th centuries had not yet become a landowning class. But we can say that her future social position was already outlined. Its head and leader, the prince, already in the tenth century began to dispose of the land. Olga, for example, set up princely villages, outlined princely lands, and the chronicler says that even in his time her “traps and hangings” were known. Prince Vladimir the Holy had a favorite suburban village of Berestovo, where he lived towards the end of his life. In the 11th century, princely agriculture was already established and established. Russkaya Pravda, in a short edition, speaks of the prince's slaves, who manage and work on his farm, of rural and ratain tiuns, of rank and file, of grooms, speaks of the prince's herds and pets of the prince, determining the rate of remuneration for losses caused to the prince by the extermination of his people, animals and household things. The appeal of the princes to agriculture shows that the princes were no longer satisfied with tributes, court and trade duties alone and were looking for other sources of enrichment for themselves - in the occupation and exploitation of lands and lands. Sooner or later, their combatants inevitably had to reach out for the princes. As we will see later, by the middle of the 12th century, along with princely land ownership and agriculture, boyar land ownership and economy also achieved significant success.

Princely Society; stinks.

Thus, among the Eastern Slavs, with the arrival of the Varangian princes, a special society was formed, separated from the rest of the population, which had its own special organization - a society that can be called princely. In addition to princes, princes men belonged to him - boyars and firemen, gridi, youths, children, princely slaves. All these people were under the special patronage of the prince, as can be seen from the system of criminal monetary penalties of Russkaya Pravda. Vira for princely husbands usually relied on double; increased remuneration was also levied for princely slaves who performed various posts in the prince's court or in his agriculture. Princely people stood out not only in the urban population, but also in the rural, namely, the so-called stinks. From the composition of the rural agricultural population, taxed, the princes singled out the wealthiest, who had horses, landowners and taxed them military service. Smerds were obliged to go on a campaign together with the princely retinue and city regiments, when a large army was coming, under the command of their elders. Therefore, smerds were considered, if not men, then princely peasants. The princes took a reward for their murder, as for their own people; they took their property for themselves if they died without sons, etc.

People.

The rest of the free population was people, called either by their tribal names - Slovene, Krivichi, Radimichi, Vyatichi, or topographic: Novgorodians, Polochans, Smolnyans, etc. These people made up local urban and rural worlds that had their own elders or old age, their own vechas or gatherings, bound by mutual responsibility and responsibility (verv) for crimes.

in Russia, junior combatant

Alternative descriptions

In Ancient Russia - a member of the junior squad of the prince, who was at the same time a servant of a member of the senior squad - the boyar

Underboy

Boy under twelve

Genie's savior in the book "Old Man Hottabych" by definition of Hottabych himself

Poem by A. Pushkin

Son of old

Teenager under the boyars

Silly boy

Junior prince's combatant

boy from the past

Youth beardless

Old Russian teenager

A poem by the Russian writer M. Tsvetaeva

Junior member of the prince's squad in Russia

Teenage boy

Old Russian teenager

. "junk"

Teen old age

Youth, teenager

Teenager in Old Russian

Tin old

old boy

Teenager under the boyars

Teenager

teenager, youth

Teenage boy (obsolete)

Boy

Junior princely combatant in Russia

Volka through Hottabych

No longer a boy, but not yet a man

Teenager from old life

little boy

Youth of merchant times

teenager, youth

Junior princely combatant in Ancient Russia

Teenage boy

Poem by A. Pushkin

. "Teenager" under the boyars

. "junk"

M. otrokovitsa maiden arch. a child from to years, and this is the time: adolescence, adolescence; teenager. Up to seven years old call. a baby, and sometimes only up to three, and then, up to seven, children. Boy, old. church royal, princely servants; page; servant or slave in general; ural. daredevil, rake (Shane). Otrokov, -Vitsyn, personally belongs to them. Adolescent, -chesky, they are generally peculiar. To be a boy or to be a child, to be a boy, at this age, and to spend where and how this time. Adolescent Wed. otrochata pl. baby, child or youth, -kovitsa. Otrochatin's sin is imputed to the father-mother. Otrochishche cf. otrochisch m. church. lad at an age; servant. Child-loving, child-loving. Adolescent year, childbearing

Genie's savior in the book "Old Man Hottabych" by definition of Hottabych himself

Youth in the bosom of the church

Russian land. Between paganism and Christianity. From Prince Igor to his son Svyatoslav Tsvetkov Sergey Eduardovich

Junior squad

Junior squad

Young combatants in the X century. were called lads. Although they were also considered combat members of the squad, their main duty was to serve the personal needs of the prince, to fulfill his various assignments. It is precisely such domestic servants that they are in the annals: “Then the Drevlyans drink sedosha, and Olga commanded his youth to serve before them”; when the Greek ambassadors "came" to Svyatoslav, "worshiping him, laying gold and curtains before him", the prince said "to his youths: bury"; “and the youth of Volodimerov came, and told him the whole speech to Rognedin,” etc.

The youths were always with the prince, ready to fulfill any of his whims: “And behold, having heard the howl, having grown tired of him, Boris stood with his youths ...” Russian Truth notes the princely youth on a par with the cook and groom.

Things from the "princely" and retinue barrows

It seems that in their position the youths approached servants, slaves, albeit privileged ones, freed from menial chores around the house. The etymology of the word lad, in any case, allows us to trace the origin of the young squad of slaves. In the Old Slavonic, Czech and Slovak languages, "lad" actually means "slave". Apparently, juvenile foreign captives turned into slaves were called princely youths. It is known about the beloved boy of Prince Boris that he was a native of Ugrin, Hungarian (“son of Ugresk”). In the chronicle story (under 968) about the liberation of Kyiv from the Pecheneg siege, an important role is played by a young man who knew how to speak Pecheneg - must be a native of Great Steppe. Among the youths-children there could be Slavs who ended up in Kyiv after being “tortured” under the tribute of another East Slavic tribe.

Assuming a certain convention, we can say that these teenagers under the prince were something like pages and janissaries at the same time. Growing up, they became full-fledged members of the young squad, warriors. "Otrotsy" Svengeld look like real fighting warriors - "dress up the essence of weapons and ports." It seems that in quantitative terms, the youths prevailed over the Grids. This seems to be indicated by the words of Patriarch Photius regarding the attack of the Rus on Constantinople in 860: “O city, reigning over almost the entire universe, what army, not trained in military art and composed of slaves, mocks you ...” It is possible , however, that the Byzantines attributed to the "slaves" and Grid, princely serfs. Based on the meaning of the word ognischanin as “freedman”, M.F. Vladimirsky-Budanov suggested that some senior warriors could come from younger, unwitting servants of the prince.

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