Orthoepy of the norm of literary pronunciation. Orthoepy and the concept of orthoepic norm. Norms of stress in modern Russian

The concept of orthoepy is known to everyone from school. What is this branch of science? What does orthoepy study? The answers to these and other questions will be provided below.

The concept of orthoepy

The word "orthoepy" has Greek roots and means "the ability to speak correctly." However, not everyone realizes that the term has a double meaning. The first - as a set of norms of the language, the second - associated with one of the sections of linguistics, the purpose of which is to study the rules of oral speech.

The full scope of the concept of "orthoepy" has not been established so far. Many linguists define the presented concept too narrowly, and therefore confusion may arise in expert circles. As a rule, norms and definitions of oral speech, grammatical forms and rules can be embedded in the term. The norms of orthoepy establish, first of all, the correct pronunciation of certain words and the placement of stresses in words.

Sections of orthoepy

It is very important to note that orthoepy is a branch of phonetics - one of the departments of linguistics aimed at studying the sound construction of a language. At the same time, orthoepy covers almost the entire phonetic system of the language.

The subject of orthoepy is the norms of pronunciation of words and phrases. What is a "norm"? All experts and specialists in the field of linguistics agree that the only correct variant is called the norm of the language, which completely coincides with the main laws of the Russian pronunciation system.

The following sections of orthoepy as a science can be distinguished:

  • pronunciation of words borrowed from other languages;
  • features of pronunciation styles;
  • features of the pronunciation of certain forms of grammar;
  • pronunciation of vowels or consonants in accordance with the norms.

A competent combination of all the presented sections just forms the concept of orthoepy.

Orthoepic norms

Orthoepic norms, or, as they are also called, speech norms, form the entire modern literary language and are necessary just to serve a literate, classical Russian language. An educated and cultured person always uses literary norms in his speech. Thanks to certain rules for the pronunciation of certain sounds, high-quality communication between people is established.

It is also worth noting that along with orthoepic norms, there are grammatical and spelling norms. If people pronounce certain words differently, we would hardly be able to understand each other or transmit any important information. To analyze the speech of the interlocutor, to understand oral messages, one cannot do without orthoepic norms.

Of course, over time, people are increasingly moving away from the established rules of pronunciation. Only literate people with a really good education try not to deviate from orthoepic norms.

Goals, objectives and meaning of orthoepy

What does orthoepy study? The answer has already been provided above - sounds and competent placement of stress. In principle, the same can be attributed to the main goal of the section of linguistics under consideration. Very often we hear the wrong pronunciation of words. For example, instead of the word "corridor" many say "kolidor", instead of "stool" - "tubaret", etc. The tasks of orthoepic science include teaching the classical, literate pronunciation of words.

The sin of incorrect pronunciation of words is mainly the elderly or villagers. It would seem, what could be the problem here? Unfortunately, the younger generation living in such families often adopts the manner of incorrect pronunciation of words. But wrong, distorted speech has never been in vogue. Here it becomes fit study spelling in schools. Students acquire knowledge about the literary language, which today is practically indispensable anywhere: neither in politics, nor in business, nor in any other direction of work.

The value of orthoepy, therefore, is incredibly great: this branch of science corrects the dialect and helps to develop a literate, classical Russian language.

Orthoepic styles

Having dealt with the question of why you need to study orthoepy, it is worth moving on to no less important problems. They concern the stylization of the considered section of linguistics.

What can be said about the so-called styles of speech? Orthoepy is a very extensive science, constantly adapting to existing realities. She easily accepts the appearance of neologisms as a given, because there simply cannot be any rigid framework or dogmas here. That is why many experts try to be guided by a special classification, according to which orthoepic norms are divided into two main styles:

  • colloquial speech. If it is implemented in compliance with all the necessary rules, then its use is not prohibited, and even quite justified;
  • scientific speech. It is a very strict language, forbidding the use of many colloquial expressions. It is strictly verified, and its main feature is the clarity of pronunciation.

Many experts in the field of linguistics distinguish some other groups of styles.

Orthoepy rules

It is also worth mentioning some rules, without which the orthoepic section of science simply would not exist. In order to answer questions about what orthoepy studies, what sections of the language it is associated with, it is necessary to pay attention to a number of special rules.

All literary orthoepic norms are divided into two main types:

  • rules for pronunciation of consonants or vowels (“com[p] yuter”, “[t" e] rmin”, etc.);
  • stress rule (“call”, “oblige”, etc.).

What does orthoepy study, what are its features? For any orthoepic norm, the following features are characteristic:

  • variability;
  • stability;
  • general obligation;
  • compliance with linguistic traditions.

It is very important to note that the rules of pronunciation are established in the course of centuries of practice. They must comply with the traditions of the classical Russian language. Orthoepic norms are not invented by linguists. These scientists rather control them.

Pronunciation of consonants

Having dealt with what orthoepy studies, as well as with what this science is generally needed for, it is worth finally paying attention to something more specific. What can be said about the pronunciation of consonants in the orthoepic section of linguistics? For example, here are a few basic rules:

  • in the Russian language, there has long been a tendency for the sounds [ch] and [shn] to converge: of course, boring, on purpose, etc.;
  • pronunciation of solid [zh] instead of [zzh] - I drive, squeal, splash, etc .;
  • the sound [w] is often used in some words with the combination [th]: what, to, etc.

It is the rules presented that best illustrate the answer to the question of why orthoepy is needed. At the same time, many norms imply other rules for setting consonants. What about vowel sounds?

Vowel pronunciation

All norms in orthoepy are built, first of all, on the basis of phonetic patterns. In the case of vowel sounds, it is worth highlighting, for example, the rules for pronunciation [o] or [e] after soft consonants (we are talking about the unjustified pronunciation of the letter Y: ice, maneuvers, guardianship, sedentary, etc.), as well as difficulties with choosing a vowel sound after hard sibilants.

Thus, the question of why it is necessary to study orthoepy immediately disappears after illustrating the basic rules and examples of the pronunciation of certain words.

What is Orthoepy?


Orthoepy- this (from the Greek orthos - direct, correct + epos - speech).

1. A branch of linguistics that studies normative literary pronunciation.

2. A set of rules that establish a uniform pronunciation that corresponds to the pronunciation standards adopted in a given language.

Russian orthoepy includes the rules for pronunciation of unstressed vowels, voiced and voiceless consonants, hard and soft consonants (including the conditions for softening consonants before soft consonants), combinations of consonants, combinations with unpronounceable consonants, rules for pronunciation of individual grammatical forms, features of the pronunciation of words of foreign origin. The issues of stress and intonation that are sometimes included in orthoepy, which are important for oral speech, are not the object of consideration of orthoepy, since they are not directly related to pronunciation. Stress refers either to vocabulary (being a feature of a given word) or to grammar (being a feature of a given grammatical form). Intonation is an important expressive means of oral speech, giving it an emotional coloring, but is not related to the rules of pronunciation.

The most important features of Russian literary pronunciation developed in the first half of the 17th century. based on the spoken language of the city of Moscow. By this time, Moscow pronunciation had lost its narrow dialectal features, combining the features of the pronunciation of the northern and southern dialects of the Russian language. Moscow pronunciation norms were transferred to other economic and cultural centers as a model and there they were assimilated on the basis of local dialect features. This is how pronunciation features developed that were not characteristic of the Moscow orthoepic norm (the pronunciation features were most clearly expressed in St. Petersburg - the cultural center and capital of Russia in the 18th-19th centuries).

The pronunciation system of the modern Russian literary language in its basic and defining features does not differ from the pronunciation system of the pre-October era. The differences between one and the other are of a particular nature (some features of pronunciation vernacular have disappeared, in some cases there has been a convergence of pronunciation with spelling). In recent decades, new pronunciation options have appeared: the pronunciation of the soft [s] in the affix -sya (-s); pronunciation of a solid long [g] in words like buzz, reins; pronunciation of soft posterior lingual [r], [k], [x] in adjectives na -giy, -kiy, -hiy and in verbs na -givat, -nod, -zhive and nek, etc.

Although there is no complete unification of literary pronunciation and there are pronunciation variants associated with a territorial feature or having a stylistic coloring, in general, modern orthoepic norms represent a consistent system that is developing and improving. Theater, radio broadcasting, television, sound films play a huge role in the formation of literary pronunciation, which serve as a powerful means of spreading orthoepic norms and maintaining their unity.

Orthoepic rules cover only the area of ​​pronunciation of individual sounds in certain phonetic positions or combinations of sounds, as well as the features of the pronunciation of sounds in certain grammatical forms, in groups of words or individual words.

It should be highlighted:

a) rules for the pronunciation of individual sounds (vowels and consonants);

b) rules for pronunciation of combinations of sounds;

c) rules for pronunciation of individual grammatical forms;

d) rules for pronunciation of individual borrowed words.

The selection of styles in the field of vocabulary and grammar in the literary language is also manifested in the field of pronunciation. There are two types of pronunciation style: colloquial style and public (bookish) speech style. Conversational style is ordinary speech that dominates everyday communication, stylistically weakly colored, neutral. The absence in this style of setting for perfect pronunciation leads to the appearance of pronunciation variants, for example: [pr about s "ut] and [pr about s "ut", [high about ky] and [high about to "th]. Book style finds expression in various forms of public speech: in radio broadcasting and sound films, in reports and lectures, etc. This style requires impeccable language design, strict preservation of historically formed norms, elimination of pronunciation options. In cases when pronunciation differences are due solely to the field of phonetics, two styles are distinguished: full and colloquial (incomplete).The full style is distinguished by a clear pronunciation of sounds, which is achieved by a slow rate of speech.Conversational (incomplete) style is characterized by a faster pace and, of course, less careful articulation of sounds .

In the Russian literary language, due to certain sound laws (assimilations, dissimilations, reductions) in words, the pronunciation of individual sounds, their combinations, was established, which did not correspond to the spelling. We write what, whom, went, to study, but it is necessary to pronounce [ what ], [cavo ], [hadil ], [learnt ] etc. This is considered to be the pronunciation norm of the literary language, which was established long before the advent of orthoepy rules. Over time, pronunciation rules have been developed that have become mandatory for literary speech.



The most important of these rules are:

1. Vowels are pronounced distinctly (according to their spelling) only under stress ( sayingAnd whether, xO dim, seeE ly, bE ly, nO Sim). In an unstressed position, vowels are pronounced differently.

2. The vowel o in an unstressed position should be pronounced as a sound close to a [ inBUT Yes], [XBUT RBUT sho], [toBUT forces], [mountainsAT ], and write - water, well, mowed, city .

3. Unstressed e, i should be pronounced as a sound close to and [ inAnd sleep], [passAnd obvious], [plAnd sat], [PAnd RAnd watched], and write - spring, sowing, dance, revised .

4. Voiced consonants (paired) at the end of words and before deaf consonants in the middle of a word should be pronounced as their corresponding paired deaf [ duP ], [mountainT ], [loafP ], [maroFROM ], [daroW ka], [grisP ki], [aboutZ bba], [smallD bba], [reFROM cue], but it is written - oak, city, bread, frost, path, fungi, please .

5. The sound g must be pronounced as an explosive, except for the word God, which is pronounced aspirated. At the end of words, instead of r, it sounds paired with a deaf k [ otherTo ], [bookTo ], [bootsTo ], [moTo ], but it is written - friend, books, boots, could etc.

6. Consonants s, z before hissing w, w, h should be pronounced as long hissing [ AND burn], [AND heat], [beLearn worn out], but it is written burn, hot, lifeless . At the beginning of some words mid sounds like sch [SCH astier], [SCH no], [SCH italy], but it is written - happiness, counting, counting .

7. In some words, the combination ch pronounced like [ caneSHN a], [skuSHN a], [Me andSHN itza], [squareSHN ik], [NikitiSHN a], [SavviW on the], [laundrySHN and I], but it is written of course, boring, scrambled eggs, birdhouse, Nikitichna, Savvichna, laundry . In some words, a double pronunciation is allowed - bakery -[buloSHN and I], lactic - [moloSHN th], but only bakery, dairy is written. In most words, the combination of ch is pronounced in accordance with the spelling (eternal, country, durable, night, stove).

8. Words what to pronounce should be like [ what], [shtoby].

9. When a series of consonants converge - rdts, stn, stl, etc., usually one of these sounds is not pronounced. We write: heart, honest, stairs, happy , and pronounce [ seRC e], [CheCH th], [leCH itza], [shchaSL willow].

10. The endings of -th, -it must be pronounced as ava, iva [ redAVA ],[synWILLOW ], [KAVO], [CHIVO], and write red, blue, whom, what.

11. Endings - be,-tsya(study, study) are pronounced like - tsa [teachCC BUT], [daringCC BUT], [vstrychaCC BUT].

12. Letters at the beginning of words uh - e are written in accordance with the pronunciation (this, echo, standard, experiment; go, eat, huntsman).

In a number of foreign words after consonants and and spelled e, although pronounced uh(diet, hygiene, atheist, atelier, muffler, coffee, pince-nez, parterre), exceptions: sir, mayor, peer. After the remaining vowels, e is more often written and pronounced (poetry, poet, silhouette, maestro, but: project, registry).

In a number of foreign words, after consonants that are pronounced softly, it is written and pronounced e(museum, college, academy, dean, decade, cologne, plywood, pace).

In Russian words after w, w, c pronounced uh, but it is always written e(iron, even, six, quieter, whole, at the end).

13. Double consonants, both in native Russian words and in words of foreign origin, in most cases are pronounced as single ones (i.e., without their length).

We write : Russia, Russian, eleven, public, made, chord, cancel, accompaniment, assistant, neatly, balloon, Saturday, gram, flu, class, correspondent, tennis, etc., and we pronounce these words without doubling these consonants, for with the exception of a few words in which double consonants are both written and pronounced (bath, manna, gamma, etc.).

In orthoepy, there is a law of reduction (weakening of articulation) of vowels, according to which vowel sounds are pronounced unchanged only under stress, and in an unstressed position they are reduced, that is, they are subject to weakened articulation.

In orthoepy, there is a rule according to which the voiced consonants B, C, G, D, F, 3 at the end of the word sound like their paired deaf P, F, K, T, W, S. For example: forehead - lo [n], blood - kro [f "], eye - eye [s], ice - lo [t], fear - fright [k]. (The sign " denotes the softness of the consonant).

In orthoepy, the combinations of ZZh and ZhZh, which are inside the root of the word, are pronounced as a long (double) soft sound [Ж]. For example: I’m leaving - I’m leaving, I’m coming - I’m coming, later - I’ll be alive, reins - reins, rattles - rattles. The word “rain” is pronounced with a long soft [Sh] (SHSH) or with a long soft [F] (ZHZH) before the combination JD: doshsh, rain, dozhzhichek, dozhzhit, dozhzhe, dozhzhevik.

Combinations of MF and AF are pronounced as a long soft sound [SCH"]: happiness - good luck, bill - brush, customer - zakaschik.

In some combinations of several consonants, one of them drops out: hello - hello, heart - heart, sun - sun.

Sounds [T] and [D] soften before soft [B] only in some words. For example: door - door, two - two, twelve - twelve, movement - movement, Thursday - Thursday, solid - solid, branches - branches, but two, courtyard, supply.

In the words “if”, “near”, “after”, “unless” the sounds [C] and [З] are softened and pronounced: “if”, “take”, “after”, “razve”.

In the words ordinary, majestic, special N-Nyn and others, two "H"s are pronounced.

The reflexive particle SJ in verbs is pronounced firmly - SA: washed, boyalsa, dressed. The combination of sounds ST before soft sound[B] is pronounced softly: natural - natural, majestic - great.

In the usual colloquial pronunciation, there are a number of deviations from orthoepic norms. The sources of such deviations are often native dialect (pronunciation in one or another dialect of the speaker) and writing (incorrect, literal pronunciation corresponding to spelling). So, for example, for natives of the north, a stable dialect feature is okane, and for southerners, the pronunciation of [g] fricative. Pronunciation in place of a letter G at the end of the genus. pad. adjectives sound [r], but in place h(in words of course that) sound [h] is explained by the “letter” pronunciation, which in this case does not match the sound structure of the word. The task of orthoepy is to eliminate deviations from literary pronunciation.

There are a lot of rules in orthoepy and for their assimilation one should refer to the relevant literature.

word stress

Russian accent- the most difficult area of ​​the Russian language to master. It is distinguished by the presence of a large number of pronunciation options: loop and loop, cottage cheese and cottage cheese, calls and calls, beginnings and beginnings, means and means. Russian stress is characterized by diversity and mobility. Diversity is the ability of stress to fall on any syllable of Russian words: on the first - iconography, on the second - expert, on the third - blinds, on the fourth - apartments. In many languages ​​of the world, stress is attached to a specific syllable. Mobility is the property of stress to move from one syllable to another when changing (declension or conjugation) of the same word: water - water, walk - walk. Most of the words of the Russian language (about 96%) have a mobile stress. Diversity and mobility, historical variability of pronunciation norms lead to the appearance of accent variants in one word. Sometimes one of the options is sanctioned by dictionaries as corresponding to the norm, and the other as incorrect. Wed: store, - wrong; store is correct.

In other cases, the variants are given in dictionaries as equals: sparkling and sparkling. Reasons for the appearance of accent variants: The law of analogy - a large group of words with a certain type of stress affects a smaller one, similar in structure. In the word thinking, the stress shifted from the root thinking to the suffix -eni- by analogy with the words beating, driving, etc. False analogy. The words gas pipeline, garbage chute are mispronounced by a false analogy with the word wire with an emphasis on the penultimate syllable: gas pipeline, garbage chute. Development of the ability of stress to differentiate the forms of words. For example, with the help of stress, the forms of the indicative and imperative mood are distinguished: restrain, force, sip and restrain, force, sip. Mixing patterns of stress. This reason operates more often in borrowed words, but it can also appear in Russian. For example, nouns with -iya have two patterns of stress: dramaturgy (Greek) and astronomy (Latin). In accordance with these models, one should pronounce: asymmetry, industry, metallurgy, therapy and veterinary medicine, gastronomy, cooking, speech therapy, drug addiction. However, in live speech there is a mixture of models, as a result of which options appear: cooking and cooking, speech therapy and speech therapy, drug addiction and drug addiction. Action of a tendency to rhythmic balance. This tendency is manifested only in four-five-syllable words.

If the inter-stressed interval (the distance between stresses in adjacent words) is greater than the critical interval (the critical interval is equal to four unstressed syllables in a row), then the stress moves to the previous syllable. Accent interaction of word-formation types. Options in the cases of spare - spare, transfer - transfer, platoon - platoon, pressure - pressure, tidal - tidal, branch - branch are explained by the accent interaction of denominative and verbal formations: transfer - from translation, transfer - from translate, etc. professional pronunciation: spark (for electricians), mining (for miners), compass, cruisers (for sailors), boyish (for sellers), agony, bite, alcohol, syringes (for doctors), armhole, leaflets (for tailors), characteristic (for actors), etc. Trends in the development of stress. For two-syllable and three-syllable nouns male there is a tendency to transfer stress from the last syllable to the previous one (regressive stress). For some nouns, this process has ended. Once they said: turner, competition, runny nose, ghost, despot, symbol, air, pearls, epigraph. In other words, the process of stress transition continues to this day and manifests itself in the presence of options: quarter (wrong quarter), cottage cheese and additional. cottage cheese, contract, etc. contract, dispensary (incorrect dispensary), catalog (not recommended catalog), obituary not recommended (obituary). In feminine nouns, also two- and three-syllable, there is a shift in stress from the first word to the next (progressive stress): kirza - kirza, keta - keta, foil - foil, cutter - cutter. The source of the appearance of variants can be stresses in words with different meanings: linguistic - linguistic, developed - developed, chaos - chaos, patch - flap. Insufficient mastery of exotic vocabulary: pima or pima (shoes), high fur boots or high fur boots (shoes), shanga or shanga (in Siberia, this is what a cheesecake is called). Thus, the norms of modern Russian literary pronunciation are a complex phenomenon.

The orthoepic norms of the Russian literary language regulate the correct pronunciation of sounds in various phonetic positions, with other sounds, in certain grammatical forms and separate words. A distinctive feature of pronunciation is uniformity. Orthoepic errors can adversely affect the perception of speech by listeners. They can distract the interlocutor's attention from the essence of the conversation, cause misunderstanding and irritation. Corresponding to orthoepic pronunciation facilitates the process of communication and makes it more effective.

Orthoepic norms determines the phonetic system of the language. Each language is characterized by its own phonetic laws that govern the pronunciation of sounds and the words they create.

The basis of the Russian literary language is the Moscow dialect, however, in Russian orthoepy, the so-called "junior" and "senior" norms are distinguished. The first reflects the distinctive features of modern pronunciation, the second draws attention to the old Moscow orthoepic norms.

Basic pronunciation rules

In Russian, only those vowels that are under stress are clearly pronounced: garden, cat, daughter. Those vowels that are in an unstressed position may lose definition and clarity. This is the law of reduction. So, the vowel “o” at the beginning of a word without stress or in pre-stressed syllables can be pronounced like “a”: from (a) rock, in (a) ron. In unstressed syllables, in place of the letter “o”, an obscure sound can be pronounced, for example, as the first syllable in the word “head”.

The vowel sound “and” is pronounced like “ы” after a preposition, a solid consonant, or when two words are pronounced together. For example, "pedagogical institute", "laughter and tears".

As for the pronunciation of consonants, it is guided by the laws of stunning and assimilation. Voiced consonants facing a deaf sound are deafened, which is feature Russian speech. An example is the word "pillar", the last letter of which is stunned and pronounced like "p". There are many, many such words.

In many words, instead of the sound “h”, one should pronounce “sh” (the word “what”), and the letter “g” in the endings is read as “v” (the words “mine”, “no one” and others).

As mentioned above, orthoepic norms deal with the pronunciation of borrowed words. Usually such words obey the norms available in the language, and only sometimes they can have their own characteristics. One of the most common rules is softening consonants before "e". This can be seen in such words as "faculty", "cream", "overcoat" and others. At the same time, in some words, the pronunciation may vary (“dean”, “terror”, “therapy”).

Orthoepic norms- these are also the norms for setting stress, which is not fixed in Russian. This means that in different grammatical forms of the word, the stress may differ (“hand” - “hand _

9. Norms of stress in modern Russian

stress is an obligatory feature of the word. This is the selection of a syllable in a word by various means: intensity, duration, movement of tone. Russian stress is non-fixed (various places) and mobile (it moves in different grammatical forms of one word). Stress serves to distinguish the grammatical forms of a word. Sometimes stress serves as a sign by which the meanings of a word (homographs) differ. In the accentological norm, there are such concepts as proclitic and enclitic. A proclitic is an unstressed word adjoining the stressed word in front. An enclitic is an unstressed word adjoining a word at the back. In addition, there are words in the language with the so-called double stress, these are accentological variants. Sometimes they are equal, often one can be preferred.

Orthoepy from the Greek orthos - straight, correct, epos - speech. This is a set of rules for standard literary pronunciation.

Section of linguistics who studies these rules of Russian orthoepy establishes the norms for the pronunciation of individual sounds and their combinations, as well as the norms and rules for setting stress (accentology).

Basic norms pronunciation of the Russian literary language developed in the 17th century, but only by the end of the 19th century did these norms become national. With the transfer of the capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg (early 18th century), the emergence of St. Petersburg pronunciation in Russian orthoepy is associated.

There are styles of high, neutral and colloquial outside the literary norms of colloquial style:

High- slow and careful pronunciation (theatre).

Neutral- this is our everyday speech in compliance with all orthoepic norms at a faster rate of pronunciation.

Colloquial characterized by great emotionality, even faster pace and less strict adherence to the rules of literary pronunciation.

Orthoepy is a set of speech rules that establish a uniform literary pronunciation.

Orthoepy studies variants of the pronunciation norms of the literary language and develops orthoepic recommendations, rules for the use of these variants.

Allowing multiple options, orthoepy indicates what place each of these options occupies in literary pronunciation. Pronunciation options may belong to different styles.

So for the high style is characteristic ekanye: in [e and] sleep, vz[e and] la

pronunciation of unstressed [o] nocturne,

solid consonant before e - program [e] ss, [de] induction.

In a neutral style, it is pronounced:

in [and] sleep, vz [and] la

n [a] cturne

program "[e] ss, [d" induction].

In colloquial speech, there is loss of vowels and consonants: wire - provo [lx] a, some - not [kt] orye, in general - in [a] generally, a thousand - [tysh], when - [kada].

Orthoepy - this is a branch of linguistics that studies the norms of pronunciation of individual sounds, combinations of sounds, as well as the features of the pronunciation of sounds in any grammatical forms, groups of words or in individual words.

Russian literary pronunciation in its historical development.

Orthoepy of modern Russian literary language is a historically established system, which, along with new features, to a large extent preserves the old, traditional features.

At the core The traditional orthoepic norms of the Russian literary language are the so-called Moscow vernacular, which has developed as a result of the interaction of the North Great Russian and South Great Russian dialects.

For example, from the South Great Russian dialects in the literary language came out akanye(indistinction in 1 pre-stressed syllable [a] [o]), and from the Northern Great Russian dialects - explosive pronunciation [g].


steady state by the 17th century, as a fairly uniform system, Moscow pronunciation eventually becomes exemplary for all of Russia.

However Moscow pronunciation was subjected to different time a noticeable influence of pronunciation features characteristic of individual large cultural centers.

So formed features of pronunciation, unusual for the Moscow orthoepic norm. The most clearly expressed were the features of pronunciation in St. Petersburg - the cultural center and capital of Russia in the 18-19 centuries.

Yes, under the influence Petersburg pronunciation, soft back-lingual consonants [g "k" x "] in the forms of adjectives have become widespread in the literary language: strict, loud, quiet, instead of the old Moscow norm of pronunciation of hard consonants.

With the development and strengthening the national Russian language, Moscow pronunciation acquired the character and significance of national pronunciation norms.

Developed in this way the old Russian orthoepic system in its main features has been preserved to this day, but in a number of cases literary norms have undergone changes for various reasons.

Sources of deviations from the norms of literary pronunciation.

1. The main source of variants of deviations from the norms of literary pronunciation is native dialect speaker.

For example, speakers of South Russian dialects often violate the literary norm by pronouncing the fricative [? ].

2. The second reason for the deviation from the literary pronunciation is the letter, since we are attached to literary language through writing, through reading literature, which leads to the emergence of pronunciation in accordance with what is written.

For example, as a result of letter-by-letter pronunciation, one can hear [h "] in the words: what, to, boring, of course. But on the other hand, deviations can win the right to exist and then are the source of the development of variants of norms: I dare [s] and I dare [s "].

3. Deviations from the literary pronunciation are also caused by the influence of the phonetic system of another language: Ukrainian lu[dm]i.

Orthoepic norms in the field of vowels.

1. Literary pronunciation is dominated by akanye- indistinction or coincidence in 1 pre-stressed syllable of consonants [o], [a]. We always pronounce [s / sleep] [d / bro].

2. hiccup - coincidence [a, o, e] in 1 pre-stressed syllable after soft consonants with [and e]: [in "and e / sleep].

3. Difficulties are the pronunciation of [o, a] in 1 pre-stressed syllable after hissing [zh, sh, c].

According to old Moscow norms, the sound s should be pronounced here, which is preserved in some words: [zhy e / let], unfortunately [s e] leniya, losh [s e] dey, zh [s e] ket, twenty [s e] ti .

In most cases, according to modern standards pronounced: walk, cap, queen ...

4. Proclitics and enclitics may not obey the norms of vowel reduction:

those forests [t "e / l" and e / sa]

you yes me [you d/a]

Pronunciation of consonants.

1. We look at the topic "Positioning the alternation of consonants."

2. The sound [g] in Russian is explosive and at the end of words it changes to [k]: [druk] [out]

Exception: [boh] [ ? o / sp / d "and].

3. All consonants before [e] become soft: [be / lyi] [t "em] [mu / z" ei].

In some foreign words, consonants remain solid: par [te] r, o [te] l.

The hardness and softness of the pronunciation of consonants must be checked according to orthoepic dictionaries.

Pronunciation of consonant combinations.

1. In place of orthoepic combinations [ch] in a number of words [shn] is pronounced: of course, on purpose, laundry birdhouse, Ilyinichna.

In some words, in addition to the old Moscow pronunciation, a new, letter-by-letter pronunciation is also possible: [ch] - bakery, dairy, buckwheat.

But in most cases, in particular in book words and in neoplasms, [ch] is pronounced: scientific, milky, streaming, filming.

2. In the word "what" and its derivatives, [w] is pronounced: something, something.

The exception is the word "something", and in the word "nothing" a double pronunciation is possible.

3. Combinations tts, dts at the junction of morphemes, less often in roots, pronounced like [ts]:

[/tsy] [brothers] [two/ qt "].

4. Combinations ts at the junction of the endings of verbs and the suffix sya are pronounced as [c]: I dare [c] a.

Combinations ts, ds (in combinations tsk, dsk, tstv, dstv) at the junction of the root and suffix are pronounced like [c] without longitude: bra [c] cue, city [c] koy.

5. Combinations tch, dch at the junction of morphemes are pronounced as [h]: pilot [l "o / chik].

6. The combinations of sch, zch at the junction of the root and the suffix will be used as [w] or [sh]: scribe, customer.

Pronunciation of borrowed words.

1. In some borrowed words, the pronunciation of unstressed [o] is allowed: adagio, boa, bolero.

2. Previously, in Russian, only soft consonants could be before [e] (except w, w, c). Now this pattern is dying out - in many borrowed words only solid consonants are pronounced: antenna, business, delta, cafe.

In some words, a double pronunciation is permissible - with hard and soft consonants: gene [e] tika, dean, tent.

3. When combining identical consonants at the junction of morphemes, a double (long) consonant is usually pronounced: push away, import, push.

Topic number 17. Graphics.

Plan.

1. The concept of graphics.

2. Alphabets of the languages ​​of Russia.

3. The syllabic principle of Russian graphics.

4. Correlation between letters and sounds. Letter meanings.

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