A brief history of the creation and development of watches. History of the appearance of watches Mechanical watches history of origin
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Prepared by Elena Vladimirovna Guzenko THE HISTORY OF CLOCKS
COCKER Who woke people up in the morning? Well, there’s a clock sitting on the fence. Cockerel - cockerel golden comb Why do you get up early? Don’t let the kids sleep. – How will the people’s cockerel be? Ku-ka-re-ku! Wake up good people, it's time to go to work. - Is it possible to determine the exact time by looking at the cockerel? - What happens if a cockerel falls from its perch at night and screams at the top of its lungs? - And if the fox takes away the cockerel, who will wake people up? And people decided to come up with other clocks.
They could show the time both day and night. They say about such watches: >. A vessel with a hole at the bottom. There are lines on the wall that show the time. Water flows out of the vessel, time is running out. These clocks were powered by water, which means they were called water clocks? Will there always be water running in such a watch? As soon as all the water runs out, you need to pour in new water, i.e. wind the water clock. And people decided to come up with other clocks. WATER CLOCK
FIRE CLOCKS The first fire, or candle, clocks are thin candles about a meter long with a scale printed along the entire length. They showed the time relatively accurately, and at night they also illuminated the homes of church and secular dignitaries, including such rulers. Metal pins were sometimes attached to the sides of the candle, which, as the wax burned out and melted, fell, and their impact on the metal cup of the candlestick was a kind of audible time signal. Such clocks have never been classified as instruments that could be compared in accuracy to sundials or water clocks.
Such clocks were powered by the sun, which means they were called what? Such watches were invented in Ancient Rome. The sun rose - everyone woke up and got to work. Overhead, it turned out that it was time for lunch. And hid behind the blue sea, behind the high mountains, it was time to retire. And then one day a man noticed that the shadow of a tree falls in one direction in the morning, and in the other in the evening. He dug a pillar into the ground, drew a circle around it, and divided it into parts. The sun rose and the shadow of the pillar moved in a circle. Such a clock was called - Solar. SUNDIAL
HOURGLASS The hourglass appeared so late in Europe that it spread quickly. This was facilitated by their simplicity, reliability, low price and, last but not least, the ability to measure time with their help at any moment of the day or night. Their disadvantage was a relatively short time interval, which could be measured without turning the device over. Ordinary clocks were designed for half an hour or an hour, less often - for 3 hours, and only in very rare cases were huge hourglasses built for 12 hours. Combining several hourglasses into one did not provide any improvement.
TOWER CLOCK The world's first tower clock was installed in London on the tower of Westminster Abbey back in 1288. The costs of maintaining the tower clock have always been enormous - they need to be constantly lubricated and the hands adjusted, but, in essence, they “provided” time for the entire city. But in Russia, the first tower clock appeared on the tower of the Moscow Kremlin only in 1865.
WALL CLOCK Wall clocks appeared in the 15th century. As a rule, they were made of wood, but other materials could be used. The peculiarity of wall clocks was that they had very long pendulums, so they had to hang the clock high on the wall. Many people still have them, only slightly modified and often with the main function - as an element of room interior.
GRAND CLOCK Grandfather clocks appeared in the 17th century. They combined wall and tower clocks, since their body was made in the form of a tall cabinet, which thickened at the top - there was a dial, and the entire mechanism and, most importantly, the pendulum were covered with walls. In the 18th and 19th centuries, grandfather clocks began to be made from expensive types of wood and decorated with carved patterns.
WATCHES Wristwatches appeared quite recently - about 100 years ago, naturally in Switzerland. At first, wristwatches were only for women and were decorated with precious stones; men preferred to wear watches on a chain. But due to the not very comfortable wearing of a watch on a chain, soon men began to wear them on their hands.
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Time is one of the fundamental concepts that people are still trying to comprehend and understand. Ideas about time changed with the development of science and technology, and along with the change in ideas, the instruments for measuring them also changed, that is, chronometers or, in simple terms, watches. In this article we will talk about who, when and where invented the first watches of various types, we will talk about the evolution and history of the invention of watches, we will also tell Interesting Facts about the watch.
Invention of the sundial
Budget sundial option
The change of seasons, the change of day and night prompted the first people to think about changing the surrounding reality, and a natural, periodic change. Society was developing, so there was a need to synchronize our actions in space and time, and for this we needed a time meter. Most likely, the first sundials had primarily a religious meaning and were used for rituals. Now it is difficult to establish exactly when the human mind saw the relationship between the length of the shadow from various objects and where the Sun is now.
The general principle of a sundial is that there is some elongated indicator that casts a shadow. This pointer acts as a clock hand. There is a dial around the pointer where the various divisions(divisions, generally speaking, can be any), which correlate with certain units of time adopted in a particular culture. The Earth moves around the Sun, so the shadow changes its position, and also lengthens and shortens, which makes it possible to determine time, although very inaccurately.
The earliest known sundial is a shadow clock used in ancient Egyptian and Babylonian astronomy, which dates back to 1500 BC. Although later scientists announced a certain limestone clock, the age of which reached 3300 BC.
Oldest sundial from the Valley of the Kings of Egypt (c. 1500 BC)
Also, various sundials were later found in ancient Egyptian temples, tombs and memorials. Later, the usual vertically mounted obelisks showed a disadvantage, since their shadow extended beyond the boundaries of the plate with divisions. They were replaced by a sundial that casts a shadow on an inclined surface or steps.
Drawing of a sundial from Kantara, where the shadow falls on an inclined plane
There are finds of sundials in other countries. For example, there are sundials from China, which differ in their design.
Equatorial sundial. China. Forbidden City
Interesting fact. The division of the dial into 12 parts is inherited from the 12-digit number system of ancient Sumer. If you look at your palm from the inside, you will notice that each finger (not counting the thumb) consists of three phalanges. We multiply 3 by 4 and we get the same 12. Later, this number system was developed by the Babylonians and from them it most likely passed on to ancient Egypt as a tradition. And now, thousands of years later, you and I see the same 12 parts on the dial.
Sundials were further developed in Ancient Greece, where the ancient Greek philosophers Anaximander and Anaximenes began improving them. It is from Ancient Greece that the second name for the sundial “gnomon” originates. Then, after the Middle Ages, scientists began improving the gnomon, who even separated the creation and adjustment of such sundials into a separate section and called it gnomonics. As a result, sundials were used right up to the end of the 18th century, since their creation was affordable and did not require any technological problems. Even now you can find similar sundials in cities, which have lost their practical meaning and have become ordinary attractions.
TO the main disadvantages of such watches It is worth mentioning that they can only be used in sunny weather. They also do not have sufficient accuracy.
Modern sundial
Modern sundials usually play the role of interesting monuments and landmarks. Here are some of them.
Currently, sundials are just a funny historical artifact and do not have wide practical applications. But some craftsmen and inventors continue to improve them. For example, a French engineer invented a digital sundial. Their peculiarity is that they depict time digitally using shadows.
True, the step of such a watch is 20 minutes and the digital time option will be available only from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.
Invention of the water clock
It is impossible to say exactly when the water clock (the first name of the clepsydra) was invented, since, along with the sundial, they are one of the most ancient human inventions. It is safe to say that the ancient Babylonians and ancient Egyptians were familiar with water clocks. The approximate date of invention of watches is considered to be 1600 - 1400 BC, but some researchers claim that the first watches were known in China in 4000 BC.
Water clocks were known in Persia, Egypt, Babylon, India, China, Greece, Rome, and in the Middle Ages they reached the Islamic world and Korea.
The Greeks and Romans loved water clocks, so they did a lot to improve them. They developed a new water clock design, thereby increasing the accuracy of time measurement. Later improvements took place in Byzantium, Syria and Mesopotamia, where increasingly new and accurate versions of water clocks were complemented by complex segmental and planetary gears, water wheels and even programmability. Interestingly, the Chinese developed their own advanced water clock, which included an escapement mechanism and a water wheel. The ideas of the Chinese spread to Korea and Japan.
Ancient Greek clepsydra water clock. They looked like a vessel with a hole at the bottom through which water flowed. Using this clock, time was determined by the amount of water flowing out. The numbering corresponds to 12 hours.
It is also interesting to look at the medieval Elephant clock by the inventor Al-Jazari, who was a Muslim engineer and inventor of various types of clocks. He built a clock that was interesting in its design and symbolism. When he finished his work, he described it like this:
“The elephant represents Indian and African culture, the two dragons represent ancient Chinese culture, the phoenix represents Persian culture, the work of water reflects ancient Greek culture, and the turban represents Islamic culture.”
Scheme of the “Elephant” clock
Reconstruction of the “Elephant” clock
Interesting fact. You may have seen the clepsydra watch on the TV show Ford Boyard. This clock hung outside each test room.
Clock from the Ford Boyard program
Early water clocks were calibrated using sundials. Although water clocks never reached modern levels of accuracy, they remained the most accurate and frequently used clock mechanism for their time for thousands of years until they were replaced in Europe by more accurate pendulum clocks.
The main disadvantage of a water clock is the liquid itself, which can condense, evaporate or freeze. Therefore, they were quickly replaced by hourglasses.
Modern water clock
Today, only a few modern water clocks exist. In 1979, French scientist Bernard Guitton began creating his time-flow clock, which represents modern approach when constructing ancient mechanisms. Gitton's design is based on gravity. Several siphons are powered by the same principle as the Pythagorean cup (a special vessel invented by Pythagoras that pours out excess water from the vessel).
For example, once the water level in the minutes or hours display tubes has been reached, the overflow pipe begins to act as a siphon and thus drains the indicator tube. The actual keeping of time is done by a calibrated pendulum, which is powered by a stream of water coming from the watch's reservoir. Other modern water clock designs exist, including the Royal Gorge water clock in Colorado, the Woodgrove Mall in Nanaimo in British Columbia, and the Hornsby water clock in Sydney, Australia.
Invention of the hourglass
An hourglass is a device used to measure time. It consists of two glass vessels connected vertically by a narrow neck, which allows you to regulate the flow a certain substance(historically sand was first) from the top of the flask to the bottom. Factors that influence the measured time interval include the amount of sand, sand coarseness, vessel size, and neck width. The hourglass can be reused indefinitely by flipping the containers over once the top one is empty.
The origin of the hourglass is not entirely clear. According to the American Institute of New York, the hourglass was invented in Alexandria around 150 BC.
In Europe, until the 8th century, hourglasses were known only in Ancient Greece, and in the 8th century, a Frankish monk named Luitprand created the first French hourglass. But it wasn't until the 14th century that hourglasses became common, the earliest evidence being the 1338 fresco "Allegory of Good Government" by Ambrogio Lorenzetti.
Depiction of a clock on the fresco “Allegory of Good Government”
The use of the sea hourglass has been recorded since the 14th century. The marine hourglass was very popular on board ships as it was the most reliable means of measuring time while at sea. Unlike the water clock, the movement of the ship during the voyage did not affect the hourglass. The fact that the hourglass also used granular materials instead of liquids gave more accurate measurements, since the water clock was prone to condensation inside it during temperature changes. Sailors discovered that the hourglass was able to help them determine longitude, the distance east or west of a certain point with reasonable accuracy.
Hourglasses have also found popularity on land. As the use of mechanical watches to mark the time of events such as church services has become more common, creating the need to keep track of time, the demand for timekeeping devices has increased. Hourglasses were essentially inexpensive since they did not require rare technology and their contents were not difficult to find, and as the production of these instruments became more common, their use became more practical.
Hourglass in the church
Hourglasses were commonly used in churches, homes, and workplaces to measure sermons, food preparation, and time spent taking breaks from work. As they were used for more everyday tasks, the hourglass model began to shrink. Small models were more practical and very popular as they increased the level of punctuality.
After 1500, the hourglass began to lose its popularity. This was due to the development of mechanical watches, which became more accurate, compact and cheaper and made it easier to measure time.
The hourglass, however, did not disappear completely. Although they have become relatively less useful as watch technology has advanced, the hourglass has remained desirable in its design. The oldest surviving hourglass is in the British Museum in London.
Modern hourglass
Like a sundial, an hourglass is often used as a tourist attraction:
The world's largest hourglass. Moscow.
This hourglass stands in honor of Hungary's accession to the European Union. They are able to keep time for a whole year.
But there are also miniature versions that are used as souvenirs and keychains. For example, children's hourglass toys are quite popular, which allow you to measure the time that needs to be spent brushing your teeth. They can be purchased on aliexpress at a fairly low price.
But in fact, hourglasses are still used in practice! Where, you ask? The answer is in clinics and hospitals. This watch is convenient to use to see patients. They are also convenient to use as a timer when preparing food in the kitchen. These watches sell for about a dollar on Aliexpress.
Well, a very interesting version of the hourglass, where magnetized shavings are used instead of sand. When sprinkled on the lower part of the watch, a pile of a specific shape is formed, which you can look at for relaxation (an effect similar to the twisting of a spinner). Buy such a watch, and people from Russia write that the delivery is excellent and the watch is packaged well.
At first they were sunny and watery, then they became fiery and sandy, and finally appeared in mechanical form. But, whatever their interpretations, they always remained what they are today - sources of time.
Today our story is about a mechanism that, having been invented in ancient times, remains a faithful assistant to man today - hours.
Drop by drop
The first simple device for measuring time - a sundial - was invented by the Babylonians about 3.5 thousand years ago. A small rod (gnomon) was fixed on a flat stone (kadran), carved with lines - a dial, the shadow of the gnomon served as the hour hand. But since such clocks “worked” only during the day, at night they were replaced by a clepsydra - that’s what the Greeks called a water clock.
And he invented the water clock around 150 BC. Ancient Greek mechanic-inventor Ctesibius from Alexandria. A metal or clay, and later a glass vessel was filled with water. The water flowed out slowly, drop by drop, its level dropped, and the divisions on the vessel indicated what time it was. By the way, the first alarm clock on earth was also a water alarm clock, which was also a school bell. The ancient Greek philosopher Plato is considered its inventor. The device served to call students to classes and consisted of two vessels. Water was poured into the upper one, and from there it gradually poured into the lower one, displacing the air from it. The air rushed through the tube to the flute, and it began to sound.
No less common in Europe and China were the so-called “fire” watches. The first "fire" clocks appeared in early XIII century. This very simple clock in the form of a long thin candle with a scale printed along its length showed the time relatively satisfactorily, and at night it also illuminated the home.
The candles used for this purpose were about a meter long. Metal pins were usually attached to the sides of the candle, which fell as the wax burned out and melted, and their impact on the metal cup of the candlestick was a kind of sound signaling of time.
For centuries, vegetable oil served not only for nutrition, but also as a clockwork. Based 
Based on the experimentally established dependence of the height of the oil level on the duration of burning of the wick, oil lamp clocks arose. As a rule, these were simple lamps with an open wick burner and a glass flask for oil, equipped with an hour scale. The time in such a clock was determined as the oil burned in the flask.
The first hourglass appeared relatively recently - only a thousand years ago. And although various types of granular time indicators have been known for a long time, only the proper development of glassblowing skills made it possible to create a relatively accurate device. But with the help of an hourglass it was possible to measure only short periods of time, usually no more than half an hour. Thus, the most best watch of that period could ensure the accuracy of time measurements ± 15-20 minutes per day.
Without minutes
The time and place of the appearance of the first mechanical watches is not known for certain. However, some assumptions on this matter still exist. The oldest, although not documented, reports about them are considered to be references dating back to the 10th century. The invention of mechanical watches is attributed to Pope Sylvester II (950 - 1003 AD). It is known that Herbert was very interested in clocks all his life and in 996 he assembled the first ever tower clock for the city of Magdeburg. Since this clock has not survived, the question remains open to this day: what operating principle did it have?
But the following fact is truly known. In any clock there must be something that sets a certain constant minimum interval of time, determining the tempo of the counted moments. One of the first such mechanisms with a bilyanets (a rocker arm swinging back and forth) was proposed somewhere around 1300. Its important advantage was the ease of adjusting the speed by moving weights on a rotating rocker. On the dials of that period there was only one hand - the hour hand, and these clocks also struck a bell every hour ( English word“clock” - “clock” comes from the Latin “clocca” - “bell”). Gradually, almost all cities and churches acquired clocks that kept time evenly both day and night. They were calibrated, naturally, according to the Sun, bringing them in accordance with its course.
Unfortunately, mechanical wheel clocks worked properly only on land - so the Age of Great Geographical Discoveries passed to the sound of ship bottles regularly pouring sand, although it was the sailors who needed accurate and reliable watches most of all.
Tooth by tooth
In 1657, the Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens made a mechanical clock with a pendulum. And this became the next milestone in watchmaking. In its mechanism, the pendulum passed between the teeth of a fork, which allowed a special gear to rotate exactly one tooth per half swing. The accuracy of the watches increased many times, but it was still impossible to transport such watches.
In 1670, there was a radical improvement in the escapement mechanism of mechanical watches - the so-called anchor escapement was invented, which made it possible to use long second pendulums. After careful adjustment to the latitude of the location and the temperature of the room, such a clock was inaccurate by only a few seconds per week.
The first marine clock was made in 1735 by Yorkshire joiner John Harrison. Their accuracy was ± 5 seconds per day, and they were already quite suitable for sea travel. However, remaining dissatisfied with his first chronometer, the inventor worked for almost three more decades before full-scale testing of an improved model began in 1761, which took less than a second per day. The first part of the award was received by Harrison in 1764, after the third long sea trial and no less lengthy clerical ordeals.
The inventor received his full reward only in 1773. The watch was tested by the well-known Captain James Cook, who was very pleased with this extraordinary invention. In the ship's log, he even praised Harrison's brainchild: “A faithful friend, the watch, our guide, who never fails.”
Meanwhile, mechanical pendulum clocks are becoming household items. Initially, only wall and table clocks were made, later floor clocks began to be made. Soon after the invention of the flat spring, which replaced the pendulum, master Peter Haenlein from German city Nuremberg produced the first wearable watch. Their case, which had only one hour hand, was made of gilded brass and was shaped like an egg. The first “Nuremberg eggs” were 100-125 mm in diameter, 75 mm thick and were worn in the hand or around the neck. Much later, the dial of pocket watches was covered with glass. The approach to their design has become more sophisticated. Cases began to be made in the shape of animals and other real objects, and enamel was used to decorate the dial.
In the 60s of the 18th century, the Swiss Abraham Louis Breguet continued his research in the field of wearable watches. He makes them more compact and in 1775 opens his own watch shop in Paris. However, “breguettes” (as the French called these watches) were affordable only for very rich people, while ordinary people were content with stationary devices. Time passed and Breguet began to think about improving his watches. In 1790, he produced the first shockproof watch, and in 1783 his first multifunctional watch, the “Queen Marie Antoinette,” was released. The watch had a self-winding mechanism, a minute repeater, a perpetual calendar, an independent stopwatch, an “equation of time,” a thermometer, and a power reserve indicator. The back cover, made of rock crystal, made it possible to see the mechanism at work. But the irrepressible inventor did not stop there. And in 1799 he made the “Tact” watch, which became known as the “watch for the blind.” Their owner could find out the time by touching the open dial, and the clock would not be interrupted by this.
Electroplating versus mechanics
But Breguet's inventions were still affordable only for the elite strata of society, and other inventors had to solve the problem of mass production of watches. At the beginning of the 19th century, which coincided with the rapid development of technological progress, postal services faced the problem of storing time, trying to ensure the movement of mail carriages on schedule. As a result, they acquired a new invention by scientists - the so-called “portable” watches, the operating principle of which was similar to the “Breguet” mechanism. With the advent of railways, conductors also received such watches.
The more actively the transatlantic message developed, the more pressing the problem of ensuring the unity of time on different sides of the ocean became. In this situation, “transportable” watches were no longer suitable. And then electricity, in those days called galvanism, came to the rescue. Electric clocks solved the problem of synchronization over long distances - first on continents, and then between them. In 1851, the cable lay on the bottom of the English Channel, in 1860 - in the Mediterranean Sea, and in 1865 - in the Atlantic Ocean.
The first electric clock was designed by the Englishman Alexander Bain. By 1847 he had completed work on this clock, the heart of which was a contact controlled by a pendulum swinging by an electromagnet. At the beginning of the 20th century, electric clocks finally replaced mechanical ones in systems for storing and transmitting accurate time. By the way, the most accurate clock based on free electromagnetic pendulums was the clock of William Shortt, installed in 1921 at the Edinburgh Observatory. From observing the progress of three Shortt clocks made in 1924, 1926 and 1927 at the Greenwich Observatory, their average daily error was determined to be 1 second per year. The accuracy of Shortt's free pendulum clock made it possible to detect changes in the length of the day. And in 1931, a revision of the absolute unit of time - sidereal time - began, taking into account movement earth's axis. This error, which had been neglected until then, reached its maximum of 0.003 seconds per day. The new unit of time was later called Mean Sidereal Time. The accuracy of Shortt's watches was unsurpassed until the advent of quartz watches.
Quartz time
In 1937, the first quartz watch appeared, developed by Lewis Essen. Yes, yes, the same ones that we carry in our arms today, that hang on the walls of our apartments today. The invention was installed at the Greenwich Observatory; the accuracy of this clock was about 2 ms/day. In the second half of the twentieth century, the time came for electronic watches. In them, the place of electrical contact was taken by a transistor, and a quartz resonator acted as a pendulum. Today, it is quartz resonators in wristwatches, personal computers, washing machines, cars, and cell phones that shape the time of our lives.
So, the age of the hourglass and sundial has sunk into oblivion. And inventors never tired of pampering humanity with high-tech innovations. Time passed and the first atomic clocks were built. It would seem that the age of their mechanical and electronic brothers has also come to an end. But no! These two watch options have proven the greatest accuracy and ease of use. And it was they who defeated all their ancestors.
Science 2.0 NOT simple things. Clocks
Marina Gerasimova
GCD “The History of Clocks” preparatory group
GCD " History of watches" V preparatory group
Software tasks.
Educational:
Introduce children to the dial hours. To consolidate and expand children's knowledge about different types hours, about the principles of their work, their role in human life. Activate your vocabulary, improve your verbal communication skills.
2.Developmental:
Develop creative imagination and logical thinking, the ability to draw conclusions and express thoughts. Promote the development of independent thinking.
Educational:
Cultivate interest in technology, determination, mutual assistance and the ability to interact with peers.
Material for the lesson:
Laptop, projector, presentation « History of watches» ", tape recorder, music recording, colored pencils, sheets of white paper, layout hours with moving arrows.
Preliminary work: looking at illustrations, reading books, conversations, asking riddles, excursion to the library.
Progress of the lesson:
Children stand in a circle, holding hands.
We are a big, friendly family, let's convey our warmth to each other by hugging. Let's smile at each other.
Today we will go on an unusual journey, and where, you have to guess the riddle:
We walk at night, we walk during the day,
And yet we won’t leave our place.
We strike regularly every hour,
And you, friends, recognized us. (Watch)
What it is? (This is a clock)
That's right, it's a watch. Today we are going to the planet of time. Is everyone ready? Let's go. They stood in a circle, put their hands on each other's shoulders, and closed their eyes. Imagine your flight, look how many stars, how many different planets, how flawlessly beautiful the celestial space is (space music sounds).
Here we are. Look what unusual planet. This is the planet of time (slide1)
What do you think we will talk about? (about watches)
Now I will introduce you to history of watches.
A long time ago, when there was no hours, people recognized the time by the sun. The sun has risen - it's time to get up; It’s getting dark – it’s time to finish work and get ready for bed. (slide 2)
The most ancient clock that people used to approximately know the time was the sundial. The dial of such hours placed in an open place, brightly illuminated by the sun, and the arrow watch rod served, casting a shadow on the dial (slide 3)
-Guess what kind of watch this is?
This clock walks importantly around the yard, flaps its wings and, flying up onto the fence, shouts “cuckoo.”
- Did you find out who it is? (children's answers) (Slide 4)
The sun has not yet risen, but the rooster is already crowing, morning is coming! stop sleeping!
This is a cock clock.
Look what an extraordinary watch the flowers are. (slide 5). A long time ago, people noticed that some flowers open in the morning and close during the day, others open in the evening, and others only at night, and are always closed during the day. Flowers open not when they please, but when "one's own" time.
And this is a water clock (slide 6)
Water was poured into a tall glass vessel with a hole at the bottom. Drop by drop it oozed from the hole. Marks were made on the walls of the vessel, which showed how much time had passed since the moment when water was poured into the vessel. It was a water clock.
- (Slide 7)
People began to think about how to come up with a better clock so that it would show time equally accurately day and night, in winter and summer, and in any weather. And they came up with it. These there are no clock hands, no mug with numbers, no gears inside. They are made of glass. Two glass vials are connected together. There is sand inside. When the clock is running, sand flows from the upper bubble into the lower one. Sand spilled out, which means a certain amount of time has passed. This clock was called an hourglass.
Life does not stand still, people began to value their time more and more, and watches have become a necessity for everyone. Watches began to constantly improve. Electronic clocks, wrist watches, wall watches appeared (slide 8)
Why do you think people need watches? (children's answers)
What would happen if people didn’t know the time? (children's answers)
Dynamic pause.
- Now let's rest:
Tick tock, tick tock.
Who in the house can do this?
This is the pendulum in the clock,
Beats every beat (tilts right - left)
And there is a cuckoo sitting in the clock,
She has her own hut. (squats, showing the hut - arms above head)
The bird will crow for time,
He'll hide behind the door again, (squats)
The arrows move in a circle,
They don't touch each other. (torso rotation to the right)
You and I will turn around
Against arrow hourly. (torso rotation to the left)
And the clock goes, goes, (walking in place)
Sometimes they suddenly fall behind (slow down walking pace)
And sometimes they are in a hurry,
It's like they want to run away! (running in place)
If they don't get started,
Then they completely stand up. (the children stop,
Please come to me.
Children come to the table on which are posted: case, dial with numbers; arrows; clockwork; watch.
Educator (picks up his watch):
What parts does a watch consist of?
(Children's answers)
That's right, everyone watch has a case, there is a dial. There are numbers on the dial.
- Educator: How are they located?
Children's answers: (in a circle, in order).
What happens if the numbers are mixed up? (children's answers).
A game "Collect the watch"
- Educator: Well done! Everyone got the job done. And now I invite you to come up with your own watch or draw the one that you liked the most. And someone may come up with their own watch of the future. Before we start, let's stretch our fingers.
Warm-up for arms.
We wrote, we wrote,
Our fingers are tired
We'll rest a little
And let's start writing again.
Children draw (to music)
Our journey has come to an end. What new did you learn today (children's answers)
Let's take a look at your work (Analysis of children's work)
Tell me how we would live if it weren't for hours? (Children reason).
What was interesting to you about the planet of time? (children's answers)
What was difficult? (children's answers)
Next time we will go with you to another planet, where there are a lot of interesting things.
The first science of time is astronomy. The results of observations at ancient observatories were used to guide Agriculture and the performance of religious rites. However, with the development of crafts, the need arose to measure short periods of time. Thus, humanity came to the invention of watches. The process was long, filled with hard work from the best minds.
The history of watches goes back many centuries; it is the oldest invention of mankind. From a stick stuck in the ground to an ultra-precise chronometer, the journey is hundreds of generations long. If we make a rating of the achievements of human civilization, then in the category “great inventions” the clock will be in second place after the wheel.
There was a time when a calendar was enough for people. But crafts appeared, and the need arose to record the duration of technological processes. It took a clock, the purpose of which was to measure periods of time shorter than a day. To achieve this, humans have used various physical processes over the centuries. The designs implementing them were also corresponding.
The history of watches is divided into two large periods. The first is several thousand years long, the second is less than one.
1. The history of the emergence of clocks called simplest. This category includes solar, water, fire and sand devices. The period ends with the study of mechanical clocks of the pre-pendulum period. These were medieval chimes.
2. New story clock, starting with the invention of the pendulum and balance, which marked the beginning of the development of classical oscillatory chronometry. This period is still
Sundial
The most ancient ones that have reached us. Therefore, it is the history of the sundial that opens the parade of great inventions in the field of chronometry. Despite their apparent simplicity, they were distinguished by a wide variety of designs.
The basis is the apparent movement of the Sun throughout the day. Counting is carried out according to the shadow cast by the axis. Their use is possible only on a sunny day. Ancient Egypt had favorable climatic conditions for this. The most widespread on the banks of the Nile were sundials in the form of obelisks. They were installed at the entrance to temples. A gnomon in the form of a vertical obelisk and a scale marked on the ground - this is what an ancient sundial looked like. The photo below shows one of them. One of the Egyptian obelisks transported to Europe has survived to this day. The 34-meter-high gnomon currently stands on one of the piazzas in Rome.
Conventional sundials had a significant drawback. They knew about him, but they put up with him for a long time. In different seasons, that is, summer and winter, the duration of the hour was not the same. But during the period when the agrarian system and craft relations dominated, there was no need for an accurate measurement of times. Therefore, the sundial successfully existed until the late Middle Ages.
The gnomon was replaced by more progressive designs. Improved sundials, in which this drawback was eliminated, had curved scales. In addition to this improvement, various designs were used. Thus, wall and window sundials were common in Europe.
Further improvements took place in 1431. It consisted in orienting the shadow arrow parallel to the earth's axis. Such an arrow was called a semi-axis. Now the shadow, rotating around the semi-axis, moved evenly, turning 15° per hour. This design made it possible to produce a sundial that was quite accurate for its time. The photo shows one of these devices preserved in China.
For proper installation, the structure was equipped with a compass. It became possible to use the watch everywhere. It was even possible to produce portable models. Since 1445, sundials began to be built in the form of a hollow hemisphere, equipped with an arrow, the shadow of which fell on the inner surface.
Searching for an alternative
Despite the fact that sundials were convenient and accurate, they had serious objective flaws. They were completely dependent on the weather, and their functioning was limited to the part of the day contained in the interval between sunrise and sunset. In search of an alternative, scientists sought to find other ways to measure periods of time. It was required that they should not be associated with the observation of the movement of stars and planets.
The search led to the creation of artificial time standards. For example, it was the interval required for the flow or combustion of a certain amount of a substance.
The simplest clocks created on this basis passed long haul development and improvement of designs, thereby preparing the ground for the creation of not only mechanical watches, but also automation devices.
Clepsydra
The name “clepsydra” has been assigned to water clocks, so there is a misconception that they were first invented in Greece. In reality it was not like that. The oldest, very primitive clepsydra was found in the temple of Amun at Phoebus and is kept in the Cairo Museum.
When creating a water clock, it is necessary to ensure a uniform decrease in the water level in the vessel as it flows through the bottom calibrated hole. This was achieved by giving the vessel the shape of a cone, tapering closer to the bottom. It was possible to obtain a pattern describing the rate of liquid outflow depending on its level and the shape of the container only in the Middle Ages. Before this, the shape of the vessel for the water clock was selected experimentally. For example, the Egyptian clepsydra mentioned above gave a uniform decrease in level. Albeit with some error.
Since the clepsydra did not depend on the time of day and weather, it best met the requirements of continuous time measurement. In addition, the need to further improve the device and add various functions provided space for the designers to fly with their imagination. Thus, clepsydra of Arabic origin were works of art combined with high functionality. They were equipped with additional hydraulic and pneumatic mechanisms: an audible time signal, a night lighting system.
Not many names of the creators of water clocks have been preserved by history. They were produced not only in Europe, but also in China and India. Information has reached us about a Greek mechanic named Ctesibius of Alexandria, who lived 150 years before new era. In clepsydras, Ctesibius used gears, the theoretical developments of which were carried out by Aristotle.
Fire watch
This group appeared in the early 13th century. The first fire clocks were thin candles up to 1 meter high with marks applied to them. Sometimes certain divisions were equipped with metal pins, which, falling on a metal stand as the wax burned around them, produced a distinct sound. Such devices served as the prototype of the alarm clock.
With the advent of transparent glass, fire clocks were transformed into lamp clocks. A scale was applied to the wall, according to which, as the oil burned out, the time was determined.
Such devices are most widespread in China. Along with lamp clocks, another type of fire clock was widespread in this country - wick clocks. We can say that this was a dead-end branch.
Hourglass
It is not known exactly when they were born. We can only say with certainty that they could not have appeared before the invention of glass.
The hourglass consists of two transparent glass flasks. Through the connecting neck, the contents are poured from the upper flask to the lower one. And nowadays you can still find hourglasses. The photo shows one of the models, stylized as antique.
When making instruments, medieval craftsmen decorated hourglasses with exquisite decor. They were used not only to measure periods of time, but also as interior decoration. In the homes of many nobles and dignitaries one could see a luxurious hourglass. The photo represents one of these models.
The hourglass came to Europe quite late - at the end of the Middle Ages, but its spread was rapid. Due to their simplicity and ability to be used at any time, they quickly became very popular.
One of the disadvantages of hourglasses is the rather short period of time measured without turning them over. Cassettes made from them did not take root. The spread of such models was hampered by their low accuracy, as well as wear and tear during long-term use. It happened as follows. The calibrated hole in the diaphragm between the flasks was worn out, increasing in diameter, the sand particles, on the contrary, were crushed, decreasing in size. The outflow speed increased, the time decreased.
Mechanical watches: prerequisites for their appearance
The need for more accurate measurement of periods of time with the development of production and social relations steadily increased. The best minds have worked to solve this problem.
The invention of mechanical watches is an epoch-making event that occurred in the Middle Ages, because they are the most complex device created in those years. In turn, this served as an impetus for the further development of science and technology.
The invention of watches and their improvement required more advanced, accurate and high-performance technological equipment, new methods of calculation and design. This was the beginning of a new era.
The creation of mechanical watches became possible with the invention of the spindle escapement. This device converted the forward motion of a weight hanging on a rope into the oscillatory motion of a clock wheel back and forth. Continuity is clearly visible here - after all, complex models of clepsydras already had a dial, a gear train, and a strike. It was only necessary to change the driving force: replace the water jet with a heavy weight, which was easier to handle, and add a release device and a stroke regulator.
On this basis, mechanisms for tower clocks were created. Chimes with a spindle regulator came into use around 1340 and became the pride of many cities and cathedrals.
The emergence of classical oscillatory chronometry
The history of the clock has preserved for posterity the names of the scientists and inventors who made its creation possible. The theoretical basis was the discovery made by Galileo Galilei, who voiced the laws describing the oscillations of a pendulum. He is also the author of the idea of mechanical pendulum clocks.
Galileo's idea was realized in 1658 by the talented Dutchman Christiaan Huygens. He is also the author of the invention of the balance regulator, which made it possible to create pocket and then wristwatches. In 1674, Huygens developed an improved regulator by attaching a hair-shaped spiral spring to a flywheel.
Another iconic invention belongs to a watchmaker from Nuremberg named Peter Henlein. He invented the winding spring, and in 1500 he created a pocket watch based on it.
Changes were happening at the same time appearance. At first, one arrow was enough. But since the clocks became very accurate, they required an appropriate indication. In 1680, a minute hand was added, and the dial took on its familiar appearance. In the eighteenth century, they began to install a second hand. At first it was lateral, and later it became central.
In the seventeenth century, watch making was relegated to the category of art. Exquisitely decorated cases, dials decorated with enamel, which by that time were covered with glass - all this turned the mechanisms into a luxury item.
Work to improve and complicate the instruments continued continuously. The accuracy of the move increased. At the beginning of the eighteenth century, ruby and sapphire stones began to be used as supports for the balancer and gears. This reduced friction, increased accuracy and increased power reserve. Interesting complications have appeared - perpetual calendar, automatic winding, power reserve indicator.
The impetus for the development of pendulum clocks was the invention of the English watchmaker Clement. Around 1676 he developed the anchor-anchor descent. This device was well suited to pendulum clocks, which had a small amplitude of oscillation.
Quartz watch
Further improvement of instruments for measuring time occurred like an avalanche. The development of electronics and radio engineering paved the way for the emergence of quartz watches. Their work is based on the piezoelectric effect. It was discovered in 1880, but quartz watches were not produced until 1937. The newly created quartz models differed from classic mechanical ones with amazing accuracy. The era of electronic watches has begun. What makes them special?
Quartz watches have a mechanism consisting of an electronic unit and a so-called stepper motor. How it works? The engine, receiving a signal from the electronic unit, moves the arrows. Instead of the usual dial, quartz watches can use a digital display. We call them electronic. In the West - quartz with digital display. This doesn't change the essence.
In fact, a quartz watch is a mini-computer. It is very easy to add additional functions: stopwatch, moon phase indicator, calendar, alarm clock. At the same time, the price of watches, unlike mechanics, does not increase so much. This makes them more accessible.
Quartz watches are very accurate. Their error is ±15 seconds/month. It is enough to correct instrument readings twice a year.
Digital wall clock
Digital display and compactness are the distinctive features of this type of mechanism. are widely used as integrated ones. They can be seen on the dashboard of the car, in mobile phone, in the microwave and TV.
As an element of the interior, you can often find the more popular classic version, that is, with a dial indicator.
Electronic wall clocks organically fit into the interior in high-tech, modern, and techno styles. They attract primarily with their functionality.
According to the type of display, electronic watches can be liquid crystal and LED. The latter are more functional, as they are backlit.
Based on the type of power source, electronic clocks (wall and table clocks) are divided into network clocks, powered by a 220V network, and battery clocks. Devices of the second type are more convenient, since they do not require a nearby outlet.
Wall clock with cuckoo
German craftsmen began making them from the beginning of the eighteenth century. Traditionally, cuckoo wall clocks were made from wood. Richly decorated with carvings and made in the shape of a bird's house, they were a decoration of rich mansions.
At one time, inexpensive models were popular in the USSR and the post-Soviet space. For many years, cuckoo wall clocks of the Mayak brand were produced by a factory in the Russian city of Serdobsk. Weights in the shape of fir cones, a house decorated with simple carvings, paper bellows of a sound mechanism - this is how representatives of the older generation remembered them.
Nowadays, classic cuckoo wall clocks are a rarity. This is due to the high price of high-quality models. If you do not take into account the quartz crafts of Asian craftsmen made of plastic, fairy-tale cuckoos cuckoo only in the homes of true connoisseurs of exotic watchmaking. A precise, complex mechanism, leather bellows, exquisite carvings on the case - all this requires a large amount of highly skilled manual labor. Only the most reputable manufacturers can produce such models.
Alarm clock
These are the most common “walkers” in the interior.
The alarm clock is the first additional function that was implemented in the watch. Patented in 1847 by the Frenchman Antoine Redier.
In a classic mechanical desktop alarm clock, the sound is produced by striking metal plates with a hammer. Electronic models are more melodic.
Based on their design, alarm clocks are divided into small-sized and large-sized, tabletop and travel.
Table alarm clocks are made with separate motors for and signal. They start up separately.
With the advent of quartz watches, the popularity of mechanical alarm clocks fell. There are several reasons for this. with a quartz movement have a number of advantages over classic mechanical devices: they are more accurate, do not require daily winding, and are easy to match to the design of the room. In addition, they are lightweight and less susceptible to bumps and falls.
A mechanical wristwatch with an alarm clock is usually called a "signal". Few companies produce such models. Thus, collectors know a model called “Presidential Cricket”
“Cricket” (in English cricket) - under this name the Swiss company Vulcain produced wristwatches with an alarm function. They are famous because their owners were American presidents: Harry Truman, Richard Nixon and Lyndon Johnson.
History of watches for children
Time is a complex philosophical category and at the same time a physical quantity that requires measurement. Man lives in time. Already with kindergarten The training and education program provides for the development of time orientation skills in children.
You can teach your child to use a watch as soon as he has mastered counting. Layouts will help with this. You can combine a cardboard clock with your daily routine, placing it all on a piece of Whatman paper for greater clarity. You can organize activities with game elements, using riddles with pictures.
History at the age of 6-7 years is studied in thematic classes. The material must be presented in such a way as to arouse interest in the topic. Children are introduced in an accessible form to the history of watches, their types in the past and present. Then they consolidate the acquired knowledge. To do this, they demonstrate the principle of operation of the simplest clocks - solar, water and fire. These activities awaken children's interest in exploration, develop creative imagination and curiosity. They educate careful attitude In time.
At school, in grades 5-7, the history of the invention of watches is studied. It is based on the knowledge acquired by the child in astronomy, history, geography, and physics lessons. In this way, the learned material is consolidated. Watches, their invention and improvement are considered as part of the history of material culture, the achievements of which are aimed at meeting the needs of society. The topic of the lesson can be formulated as follows: “Inventions that changed the history of mankind.”
In high school, it is advisable to continue studying watches as an accessory from the point of view of fashion and interior aesthetics. It is important to introduce children to watch etiquette and talk about the basic principles of selection. One of the classes can be devoted to time management.
The history of the invention of watches clearly shows the continuity of generations, its study is an effective means of shaping the worldview of a young person.
