Kozlovsky Mikhail Ivanovich: biography, photos, sculptures. Voloshin Maximilian Alexandrovich Depicted by Kozlovsky as Mars
The ancient Roman god was considered one of the indigenous Italic deities, who was worshiped throughout the Italian peninsula, and later in the provinces, where the cult of similar native deities merged with the cult of the national Italic god. He was a member of the triad of gods who originally headed the Roman pantheon (Jupiter, Mars and Quirinus). According to most researchers, was a god wildlife, natural fertility, everything unknown, located outside the fence of villages, and later war.
In ancient Italy, Mars was the god of fertility; it was believed that he could either send the death of the crop or the loss of livestock, or avert them. In his honor, the first month of the Roman year, in which the rite of expulsion of winter was performed, was named March. Mars was later identified with the Greek Ares and became the god of war. The temple of Mars, already as the god of war, was built on the Field of Mars outside the city walls, since the armed army was not supposed to enter the territory of the city.
Mars is a purifying god, the god of lustrations: the farmer called to him about the fertility of land, family, livestock and slaves, the Arval brothers during the rite of lustrations of Rome. Mars accompanied warriors going to war, accepted sacrificial gifts before the battle, and appeared on the battlefield, accompanied by the goddess of war, Bellona. The symbol of Mars was a spear, which was kept in the dwelling of the Roman king - regium. There were also twelve shields, one of which, according to legend, fell from the sky during the time of King Numa Pompilius, and therefore was considered a guarantee of the invincibility of the Romans. The remaining eleven shields were made by order of the king as exact copies of the one that fell from the sky, so that the enemies could not recognize and steal the real one. The commander, going to war, appealed to Mars, setting in motion the shields and spear hung in the palace. At the end of the war, the god of war was sacrificed a horse from a quadriga that won on the run.
Mars was very popular during the period of the Republic: its images were minted on coins, God was awarded with the epithets "winner", "fighting", "expanding the empire", "pacifier". In the Western Roman provinces, the main gods of territorial and tribal communities were associated with the image of Mars. That is why some researchers assumed that the early Roman ideas about Mars as the supreme deity continued to live in folk traditions.
Mars was depicted as a warrior in full armor for battle, wearing a crested helmet and shield. His sacred animals are the wolf and the woodpecker, and he was accompanied by Fugue and Timor, personifications of flight and fear. In art, Mars is depicted as an armored warrior with a crested helmet. He was also often depicted on a chariot with a shield and spear going into battle. The shield symbolizes Rome, and according to legend, his shield fell from the sky to save the Romans.
The wife of Mars was the insignificant goddess Nerio (Neriene), who was identified with Venus and Minerva. It is said that once Mars fell in love with Minerva and turned to the elderly goddess Anna Perenna with a request to act as a matchmaker. After some time, Anna Perenna informed him that Minerva agreed to become his wife. When Mars went for the bride and lifted the veil of the goddess presented to him, he found that it was not Minerva in front of him, but the old woman Anna Perenna. The rest of the gods laughed at this joke for a long time.
From Mars, the Vestal Rhea Sylvia gave birth to the twins Romulus and Remus, and therefore, as the father of Romulus, Mars was considered the ancestor and guardian of Rome.
The god of war Mars in ancient Greek mythology corresponds to the god Ares. But unlike the Greek Ares, Mars was revered in Rome above other gods, perhaps because, according to legend, his sons Rem and Romulus founded this city. It was believed that Mars was endowed with three lives.
2) (planet)
The fourth largest planet from the Sun and the seventh largest planet in the solar system. Mars, like other planets of the solar system, is named after one of the gods of the ancient pantheon - the god of war Mars (corresponding to the Greek Ares). The names for the satellites of the planet are chosen in a similar way: Phobos and Deimos are the names of the two sons of Ares, who accompanied him in battle. Sometimes Mars is called the "Red Planet" - thanks to the iron oxide (III) giving a reddish tint to the surface.
Mars is almost half the size of the Earth - its equatorial radius is 3396.9 km. (53% of the earth). The surface area of Mars is roughly equal to the land area of Earth. A sufficiently fast rotation of the planet leads to a noticeable polar compression - the polar radius of Mars is about 21 km. less than equatorial.
Mars is a terrestrial planet with a rarefied atmosphere. The features of the surface relief of Mars can be considered impact craters like those of the moon and volcanoes, valleys, deserts and polar ice caps like those of the earth. Martian extinct volcano Olympus - the highest mountain in solar system, and the Mariner Valley is the largest canyon. In addition, in June 2008, three papers published in Nature provided evidence for the existence of the largest known impact crater in the solar system in the northern hemisphere of Mars. Its length is 10,600 km and its width is 8,500 km, which is about four times larger than the largest impact crater, previously also discovered on Mars, near it. south pole. In addition to similar surface topography, Mars has a rotation period and seasons similar to Earth's, but its climate is much colder and drier than Earth's.
Due to the low pressure, water cannot exist in a liquid state on the surface of Mars, but it is likely that conditions were different in the past, and therefore the presence of primitive life on the planet cannot be ruled out. On July 31, 2008, water in a state of ice was discovered on Mars. spacecraft NASA Phoenix.
Monument Russian commander It was solemnly opened to A. V. Suvorov on May 5, 1801, on the first anniversary of Suvorov's death, on the Field of Mars. The Generalissimo is represented as the ancient Roman god of war Mars. Suvorov himself, a recognized genius of military operations, was often called the “god of war” for his swiftness, inflexibility and speed. The author of the monument was the sculptor M. Kozlovsky, and the pedestal was made according to the design of the architect A. Voronikhin. Master F. Gordeev created a bas-relief on a pedestal, on which Glory and Peace are depicted in allegorical form, which overshadow a shield with the inscription: “Prince of Italy, Count Suvorov of Rymnik, 1801.” These titles are reminiscent of the most high-profile victories of Suvorov: on the Rymnik River during Russian-Turkish war 1787-1791, as well as in Italy, where the commander defeated the French army.
The monument to the famous warrior, who is known for not losing a single battle in his entire life, was conceived during the life of Suvorov: in 1799, Emperor Paul I ordered a triumphal monument to be sculpted, similar to those erected to victorious commanders ancient rome. In 1801, the monument was opened on the Field of Mars, and in 1818 it was moved to Suvorovskaya Square, where it is currently located.
Suvorov is depicted with a sword, with which he strikes an invisible enemy, and a shield. With this shield, the commander covers the trihedral altar, on which the Neapolitan and Sardinian crowns, as well as the papal tiara, are located. Behind the altar, lilies grow from the earth - symbols of the peoples of Italy protected by Russia. The monument has become a symbol of valor domestic weapons and the invincibility of the Russian army.
How to get there
Get to the Nevsky Prospekt or Gostiny Dvor metro station (exit to the Griboyedov Canal) and walk along the Griboedov Canal in the direction of decreasing the numbering of houses, focusing on the domes of the Church of the Savior on Spilled Blood. Having reached the Savior on Spilled Blood and rounded it, cross the Moika River. Then you need to go along the Field of Mars towards the embankment and go to Suvorov Square, in the center of which the monument is installed.
Historical reference
1730-1800 - the years of the life of Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov.
September 11, 1789 - the victory of the Russian and Austrian troops under the command of A.V. Suvorov over the Turkish army on the Rymnik River.
1799 - the order of Paul I to sculpt a triumphal monument in honor of Suvorov.
May 6, 1800 - Suvorov was buried in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.
1801 - a monument to the great commander was erected on the Field of Mars.
1818 - the monument was moved to Suvorov Square.
Legends and myths
During the war, the monument to Suvorov, as well as the monuments to Kutuzov and Barclay de Tolly, was not camouflaged. People believed that as long as the statues of the great generals were intact, the enemy would not be in the city. The troops leaving for the front saluted the monument to the great commander.
There is a legend according to which they still wanted to hide the monument to the Generalissimo in the basement of one of the houses located near Suvorovskaya Square. However, at night, Suvorov himself appeared in a dream to one of those who were responsible for moving the monument: he shook his finger and reminded that during his life he had never been a coward and would not want to be one after death. He angrily said that it was the cowards who died first in the war. The order to move the monument was canceled, and a few days later an enemy shell, flying past the bronze head of the monument, landed right in the very basement in which they wanted to hide the monument.
Mars, lat., greek Ares is the Roman god of war and the patron of Roman power, the son of Jupiter and Juno.
Unlike, who was among the Greeks the god of violent war and did not enjoy special honor, Mars was one of the most revered Roman gods, only Jupiter stood above him. According to Roman myths, Mars was the father of Romulus and Remus, the founders of Rome. Therefore, the Romans considered themselves his descendants and believed that Mars loves them more than all other peoples and provides them with victories in wars. In archaic times, Mars was also revered as the god of harvest, fields, forests and spring. This is evidenced by a number of surviving prayers of farmers and the name of the first month of spring (March).
The wife of Mars was the goddess Neria (Nerio), about whom it is only known that Mars had to kidnap her. But Romulus and Remus were born to him by the Vestal Rhea Sylvia, daughter of the Latin king Numitor. In battles, Mars was constantly accompanied by Pallor and Pavor, "Paleness" and "Horror", corresponding to the satellites of Ares and Phobos. As their forefather, the Romans called him Mars Pater or Marspiter, as the god of war, who gives victory, he was called Mars Victor. Mars showed his favor for Rome already in ancient times, dropping his own shield from the sky to protect the city. By order of King Numa Pompilius, eleven exactly the same shields were subsequently made, so that an attacker who would take it into his head to steal the shield of Mars would not be able to identify it. All year these shields were kept in the sanctuary of Mars in the Forum. Only on March 1, on the birthday of the god, his priests (salias) carried them around the city in a solemn procession, accompanied by dancing and singing. The sacred animals of Mars were the wolf, the woodpecker, the spear was the symbol.
"Mars and Rhea Silvia", Rubens
The Romans honored Mars with special festivities. In addition to the processions of the Salii, these were, in particular, horse competitions (ekvirii), held annually on February 27 and March 14. However, the most important celebration was the so-called “suovetavrilia”, which took place every five years after the end of the next census of the Roman population (census). It consisted in the fact that around the Romans, who had gathered on the Field of Mars and lined up in battle formation, a pig, a sheep and a bull were escorted three times, which were then sacrificed to Mars. By this sacrifice, the Roman people cleansed themselves of all sins and secured the help and protection of Mars for the future.
In addition to Mars, the Romans knew and honored other gods of war: in ancient times it was first of all, who was later identified with the founder of Rome, Romulus; they also revered the goddess of war. Later, under Greek influence, they transferred some properties to their goddess Minerva, and as a result, she also became the goddess of war. However, the cult of Mars as the god of war decisively prevailed until the fall of ancient Rome.
"Battle of Mars and Minerva" by Jacques Louis David
In honor of Mars, the Romans erected several temples and shrines in their city. The oldest of them stood on the Field of Mars (on the left bank of the Tiber), where military exercises, censor reviews and public meetings were held, at which in ancient times the issue of declaring war was decided. The sanctuary of Mars in the Forum was also considered very ancient. Going to war, each commander came to the sanctuary, shook the shields of Mars, asked God for help and promised him part of the spoils of war. The most magnificent temple was dedicated by Emperor Augustus to Mars Avenger (Mars Ultor) in memory of the retribution that befell the murderers of his adoptive father, Julius Caesar. The temple was consecrated in 2 AD. h. on the new forum of Augustus, several damaged columns and the base of the temple statue have been preserved from it. The Campus Martius in Rome disappeared as a result of development already during the time of the empire. At the end of the 1st c. n. e. Emperor Domitian ordered the construction of a stadium in its place, the contours of which correspond to the current Roman Piazza Navona. (Centuries later, new Fields of Mars sprang up in Paris, St. Petersburg, and other cities—even Detroit).
Venus, Mars and the Graces, Jacques Louis David
Mars has long since died along with the rest of the ancient gods, but, unfortunately, humanity brings him more and more victims: Mars is the most famous and still living symbol of war. Already in ancient times, Mars passed from mythology to astronomy as a "bloody planet". In 1877, the American astronomer A. Hall discovered two satellites of the planet Mars, Deimos and Phobos, the existence of which was foreseen by Swift 150 years before this discovery. Many ancient statues and images of Mars have survived, and even more have been created in modern times (see the article "Apec").
In a number of cities, the place of military reviews was called the Field of Mars:
"I love martial liveliness
Amusing Fields of Mars ... "
- A. S. Pushkin, "The Bronze Horseman".
Let's go to Peter...
Why god? So, obviously, everyone will ask when they see the genius of military battles in such an unexpected way. After all, everyone knows that this commander was not endowed with a special heroic physique. But in this monument, the emphasis was placed on completely different aspects. Which? Let's talk a little.
The main idea of the sculpture was to show the power of the entire army, and Suvorov himself appears in it as a symbol of inflexibility, firmness, courage and courage. All those qualities that were in the commander himself and which are needed for victory. Consequently, the ancient Roman god of war Mars himself must embody A.V. Suvorov, who, by the way, already during his lifetime began to be called that, and was considered as such in essence.
The monument was sculpted for the 100th anniversary of his death, they were going to erect it on the Field of Mars, because Mars there complemented the complete picture. This monument later "moved" slightly and now it can be seen on the Suvorov Square.
The answer to the military question about the sculpture was the surname Suvorov!
One of the military legends associated with this statue is interesting. During the war of 1941-45. they wanted to move the sculpture, hide it in the basement. But the worker who was supposed to do this the day before dreamed of the Generalissimo, who said that it was not worth hiding him in the basements, because. in all his life he was not afraid of anyone and did not hide from the enemy. Therefore, they decided not to touch the monument, leaving everything unchanged. But the story continued in a day. That basement, where they wanted to move the monument to Mars-Suvorov, was completely bombed with German shells. Here's a legend...
Kozlovsky Mikhail Ivanovich is one of the largest sculptors of Russian classicism, whose work is imbued with high ideas of enlightenment, vivid emotionality and sublime humanism. According to art criticism early XIX century, in each of his works "a lot of imagination, feelings, an original look and a masterful hand of the author are found."
Mikhail Ivanovich Kozlovsky is a sculptor who, of all Russian artists, lived perhaps the shortest, but also the most brilliant life. The creator was especially interested in the characters of ancient myths and Russian history. It was in them that he found ideals that were important not only for his contemporaries, but also for posterity.
Kozlovsky Mikhail Ivanovich: biography
The work began during the life of the hero. At the age of seventy, the Generalissimo made the whole world applaud the heroic march of the Russian army across the Alps, unparalleled in history. In 63 battles, the Russians did not have a single defeat, 619 enemy banners were captured by the victors. Famous Italian campaigns crowned Russian army and the military talent of Alexander Suvorov with unfading glory.
The task of the sculptor Kozlovsky was to create a lifetime triumphal monument. The order determined the theme: not the deeds of the long heroic life of the great commander, not the originality of his spiritual appearance, but only the exploits in the Italian campaign were to be reflected in the statue.
Portrait in the language of allegory
And the sculptor again turned to the language of allegory. A light, slender figure on a round pedestal is a young courageous warrior in armor, full of strength and rapid forward movement. This is the image of the Roman god of war Mars. The gesture of the right hand, holding a drawn sword, shows extraordinary determination. The cloak is thrown back vigorously. A beautiful courageous face, a proudly thrown head, adamant confidence and an all-conquering will, masterfully conveyed in the figure - such is the idealized image of the god of war created by the sculptor.
With his shield, the warrior covers the altar set behind him, on which are the Sardinian and Neapolitan crowns, as well as the papal tiara. The symbolic meaning of this image is as follows: Russian weapons under the leadership of Suvorov defended the interests of the three represented states in the Italian campaign.
On the side faces of the altar are female figures, symbolizing the best of human virtues: hope, faith and love.
On the front side of the pedestal there is an image of crossed laurel and palm branches - a symbol of the commonwealth of the geniuses of war and peace.
The hero's shield rests on the trophies of war - cannonballs, cannonballs, banners. The fence around the monument consists of exploding bombs connected by chains.
Allegorical meaning should be sought in all the details of the statue. And the inscription on the pedestal: "Prince of Italy, Count Suvorov of Rymnik" speaks about who the monument is intended for.
High inner truth
In Kozlovsky's work, the portrait resemblance of the allegorical idealized image he created with his beloved folk hero is only remotely noticeable.
In the elongated proportions of the face, deep-set eyes, large nose and the characteristic section of the senile, slightly sunken mouth of the bronze god of war, contemporaries recognized the features of the great commander.
The resemblance is blurry and very distant, external portrait accuracy was clearly not a priority for the creator of the sculpture. Sacrificing portrait authenticity, he conveyed the unshakable will and all-conquering energy of Suvorov. Kozlovsky in the language of allegory - through likening to the god of war - idealized and glorified the image of the great Russian commander for centuries. And this is the high inner truth of his work.
