Appendix 2

List of literature about Space

1947 Kondratyuk Yu.V. Conquest of international spaces. Ed. Ivanova P.I. M., Oborongiz, 82с.

1954 Tsiolkovsky K.E. Collected works. M., Ed. USSR Academy of Sciences

1959 Mielke G. The Path to Space. Problems of flight into outer space. Per. from German E.N. Grechenko. Ed. I.M. Ilyicheva. M., Ed. foreign lit., 159 p.(H. Mielke. Der Weg ins All. Tatsachem und Probleme des Weltzaumfluges. Derlin, 1957)

1960 Tsiolkovsky K.E. The path to the stars. Collection of science fiction works. M., Ed. USSR Academy of Sciences, 352 p.

1961 Gagarin Yu.A. Road to Space. Notes of a USSR pilot-cosmonaut. Ed. and with a foreword by N. Kamanin. M., Pravda, 224 p.

1962 Pobedonostsev Yu.A. The Path to Space (achievements of Soviet rocket technology) M., Voenizdat, 109 p.

1964 Space technology. Edited by G. Seifert. Translation from English A.A. Krymov and others. Edited by A.I. Lurie. M., Science, 727 p.

1964 Coutre and Debus. Creation of the Saturn-Apollo spaceport. Lane Ts-661/64. B.m: ONTI, 18s.

1964 Pioneers of rocket technology. Kibalchich, Tsiolkovsky, Tsander, Kondratyuk. Selected works. M., Science (Edited by B.N. Vorobiev, V.N. Sokolovsky).

1964 Tsiolkovsky K.E. Collected works. v.4. Natural science and technology. M., Science, 460 p.

1965 Gubarev V.S. Human. Earth. Universe. Soviet scientists talk. What does space exploration give us? M, Moscow worker, 223с.

1965 Johnson L. Report of the President of the United States to Congress on US activities in the field of aviation and astronautics for 1964. Executive branch under the President. National Aviation and Space Council. Washington, 304p.

1966 Kroshkin M.G. Space. What do we know about him? M., Voenizdat, 208 p.

1968 Ninth start. Special issue. Publishing house "Izvestia", 190 p.

1968 Kuznetsov N.F. Chief and first. M., Soviet writer, 256 p.

1969 Astashenkov P.T. Academician S.P. Korolev. Ed. K.I.Trunova. M., Mechanical Engineering, 208 p.

1969 Olga Apenchenko. Sergei Korolev. M., Politizdat.

1969 Romanov A. Designer of spaceships. M., Politizdat.

1970 Space Age. Forecasts for 2001. (reports of the symposium of the American Astronaut Society). Per. from English Ed. prof. V.S. Emelyanova. M., Mir, 420 p.

1970 Cosmonautics. Small encyclopedia. Ch. ed. V.P. Glushko. 2nd ed., expanded. M., Soviet encyclopedia , 592 With .

1970 G

1971 G . Gagarin . Book - album . M ., Young guard , 56 With .

1971 Kudenko O.I. Orbit of life. M., Moscow worker, 400 p.

1971 Semenikhin G. Cosmonauts live on Earth. Novel. M, Voenizdat, book 1 - 344 p., book 2 - 296 p.

1972 Alekseev A.A. October 4, 1957 (Sputnik and USA). M., Young guard , 222 With .

1972 G . Astronautics and Aeronautics. Chronology of Science, Technology and policy. Washington, NASA historical office, 510pp.

1972 G . Gubarev V . WITH . Space trilogy . M, Documentary stories. M., Young Guard, 204 p.

1972 Populated Space. M., Science, 364 p.

1973 Salyut in orbit. Coll. auto M., Mechanical Engineering, 160 p.

1973 Soloviev I.V., Tarasov E.V. Forecasting interplanetary flights. M., Mechanical Engineering, 400 p.

1974 Lazarev V.G., Petrov M.F. "Spaceship Tester" M., Mechanical Engineering, 119 p. (about V.M. Komarov)

1974 Nikolaev A.G. Space is a road without end. M., Young Guard, 269 p.

1974 Popovich P.R. I'm flying out in the morning. M., DOSAAF, 192 p., Ill.

1974 Ponomarev A.N. Years space age. M., Ministry of Defense of the USSR, 290 p.

1974 G . Astronautics and Aeronautics. Chronology of Science, Technology and policy. Washington, NASA historical office, 582pp.

1975 G . Glushko V . P . GDL rocket engines - OKB . M., APN.

1975 Ivanov A. First steps (Notes of an engineer). 2nd ed., M., Young Guard, 160 p.

1975 Pages Soviet cosmonautics. V.P. Denisov and others. Scientific editor dr. physics and mathematics Sciences G.S.Narimanov. M., Mechanical Engineering, 350 p.

1976 Burdakov V.O., Danilov Yu.I. External resources and astronautics. M., Atomizdat, 552 p.

1976 Gagarin Yu.A., Lebedev V.I.. Psychology and Space. 3rd ed. M., Young Guard, 208 p.

1976 Rebrov M.F. Baikonur on Mira Avenue. M., Moscow worker, 176 p.

1976 Soyuz and Apollo. Soviet scientists, engineers and cosmonauts - participants in joint work with American specialists - tell the story. Ed. K.D.Bushueva. M., Politizdat, 271 p.

1977 Glushko V.P. Development of rocket science and astronautics in the USSR. 3rd ed., M., Mechanical Engineering, 1987 - 304 p.

1977 Star City. Ed. V.A. Shatalov, G.T. Beregovoy.

1978. Space exploration of the earth's resources. Methods and means of measurement and information processing. M., Science, 383 p.

1978 For the benefit of all mankind. M., Izvestia, 300 p.

1978 Strazheva I.V. Tulips from the cosmodrome. M., Young Guard, 400 p.

1978 Shatalov V.A. Difficult roads of space. M., Young Guard, 288 p.

1979 Gagarin V.A. My brother Yuri: A story. Lit. recording by V. Safonov. 2nd ed., add. M., Moscow worker, 384 p.

1979 Gubarev V.S. We fly to Baikonur. M., Politizdat, 272 p.

1979 Nikolaev A.G. Space is a road without end. M., Young Guard, 240 p.

1980 Borisenko I.G. In open space. Ed. 2. M, Mechanical Engineering, 176 p.

1980 The creative heritage of academician S.P. Korolev: Selected works and documents. M., Science, 592 p.

1980 Glushko V.P. Development of rocket science and astronautics in the USSR. M, Mechanical Engineering

1980 Space Commonwealth. Ed. A.S. Eliseeva. M, Mechanical Engineering, 181 p.

1980 Space technology. Ed. L. Stega. lane from English M., Mir, 418 p.

1981 Gagarin Yu.A., Lebedev V.I.. Psychology and Space. 4th ed. M., Young Guard (Eureka), 191 p.

1981 Gagarina V.I. 108 minutes and a lifetime. M., Young Guard, 135 p.

1981 Romanov A.P. Spaceship designer. M., Politizdat, 255 p.

1981 Romanov A.P., Lebedev L.A., Lukyanov B.B. Sons of the blue planet. 3rd ed., add. M., Politizdat, 399 p.

1981 The first cosmonaut of planet Earth. Comp. V.A. Mitroshenkov, N.A. Tsymbal. M., Soviet Russia, 304 p.

1981 Problems of space research. Collection. M., Institute of Space Research of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 128 p.

1981 Launch vehicles (from the Rocket and Space Complex series. V.A. Alexandrov, V.V. Vladimirov, R.D. Dmitriev, S.O. Osipov; edited by Prof. S.O. Osipov ). M., Voenizdat, 315 p.

1981 "Salyut-6": orbits of peace and friendship. Comp. L. Pospelov. M., Young Guard, 319 p.

1981 Shatalov V.A. Difficult roads of space. M., Young Guard, 320 p.

1982 Borisov M. Babakin Craters. M., Knowledge, 160 p.

1982 Gubarev A.A. The attraction of weightlessness: a documentary story. M., Sovremennik, 223 p.

1982 Gubarev V.S. Noctilucent Clouds: A Tale of Astronauts and Those Who Always Remain on Earth. M., Soviet Russia, 208 p.

1982 Alexey Ivanov (Ivanovsky O.G.). First. Notes from the lead designer. M., Moscow worker, 288 p.

1982 Kamalov V.S. Production of spacecraft ( Tutorial for technical colleges). M., Mechanical Engineering, 280 p.

1982 Nusinov M.D. Impact and modeling of space vacuum. M., Mechanical Engineering, 176 p.

1982 Rebrov M.F., Kozyrev V.I., Denisenko V.A. USSR - France. In space orbits. M, Mechanical Engineering, 88 p., ill.

1982 Shatalov V.A. etc. To the stars. M., Planet, 256 p.

1982 Feoktistov K., Bubnov I. About spacecraft. M., Young Guard, 207 p.

1982 Frolov K.V., Parkhomenko A.A., Uskov M.K. Anatoly Arkadyevich Blagonravov. Responsible editor: V.P.Mishin. M., Science, 350 p.

1983 Eliseev A.S. Space flight technology. M., Mechanical Engineering, 307 p.

1983 From the history of Soviet cosmonautics. Collection in memory of S.P. Koroleva M., Science, 264 p.

1983 Spacecraft(from the Rocket and Space Complex series). Ed. prof. K.P. Feoktistova. M., Voenizdat, 319 p.

1983 211 days on board Salyut-7 (Compiled by M.Ya. Korolev). M., Mechanical Engineering, 232 p.

1984. Ideas of K.E. Tsiolkovsky and modern scientific problems: Collection of articles. M., Science, 240 p.

1984 Malyshev Yu.V., Rebrov M.F., Strekalov G.M. USSR - India. In space orbits. M, Mechanical Engineering, 128 p., ill.

1984 Novikov N.F. Ready in one minute! M., DOSAAF USSR, 112 p.

1984 Romanov A.P., Borisenko I.G. From here the roads to the planets began. M, Politizdat, 240 p.

1985 Gubarev V.S. Ascent to feat. M., Pravda, 368 p.

1985 Cosmonautics. Encyclopedia. Ch. ed. - V.P. Glushko. Editorial Board: V.P.Barmin, K.D.Bushuev, V.S.Vereshchetin and others M., Soviet encyclopedia, 528s.

1985 Space: As Seen from Washington. Per. from English (general editing by G.S. Khozin). M., Progress, 269 p.

1985 Scientific problems aviation and astronautics. History and modernity (Ed. B.V. Rauschenbach). M., Science, 200 p.

1986 Gagarina V.I. 108 minutes and a lifetime. M., Young Guard, 187 p.

1986 Gubarev V.S. Age of Space. Chronicle pages. M, Soviet writer, book. 2, 400 s. (1986 - 672 pp.)

1986 Gatland K. Space technology: an illustrated encyclopedia. Per. from English M., Mir, 296 p.

1986 S.P. Korolev. Scientist. Engineer. Human. Creative portrait according to the memoirs of contemporaries: Sat. articles. M., Science, 519 p.

1986 Kazakov S.D. Minutes of unique meetings. M., Soviet Russia, 128 p.

1986 Cosmonautics of the USSR. M., Mechanical Engineering, Planet, 496 p.

1986 Ryabchikov E.I. Star Trek. M., Mechanical Engineering, 368 p.

1987 Alekseev V.A. and others. Space Commonwealth: Chronicle of International Flights. 2nd ed., M., Mechanical Engineering, 208 p.

1987 Gazenko O.G. and others. Humanity and Space. M., Science, 272 p.

1988 Foreign space complexes and systems. Review-directory. GONTI-1, 348 p.

1988 Ivanovsky O.G. Against gravity. M., Politizdat, 286 p.

1988 Keldysh M.V. Rocketry and astronautics: Selected works. M., Science, 493 p.

1988 USSR in Space. 2005 year. Imprint in typography ed. APN commissioned by Glavkosmos of the USSR, 20 p.

1988 Kupriyanov V.K., Chernyshev V.V. And the eternal start... A story about the Chief Designer of rocket engines, Alexei Mikhailovich Isaev. M, Moscow worker, 222 p.

1988 Melua A.I. Space environmental research. Leningrad, Science, 175 p.

1988 Pioneers of space exploration and modern times. Collection of scientific papers. M., Science, 230 p.

1988 Savitskaya S.E. Yesterday and always. M., APN, 448 p.

1988 Zander F.A. Problems of interplanetary flights. M., Science, 231 p.

1989 Avduevsky V.S., Uspensky G.G. Space industry. 2nd ed., M., Mechanical Engineering, 568 p.

1989 Mysteries of the star islands. Book 5. Comp. F.S.Alymov. M, Young Guard, 254 p.

1989 Isachenko I.I. Dead ends of the space race. M., Mysl, 173 p.

1989 Romanov A.P., Gubarev V.S. Designers. M., Politizdat, 367 p.

1989 Chelomey V.N. Selected works. M., Mechanical Engineering, 336 p.

1989 K.E. Tsiolkovsky: research of scientific heritage and materials for the biography. M., Science, 205 p.

1989 Tsiolkovsky K.E. Industrial exploration of space. Collection of scientific papers. M., Mechanical Engineering, 280 p.

1990 Romanov A.P. Korolev. M., Young Guard, 479 p.

1990 Collection of scientific and technical articles on rocket and space topics. Samara, TsSKB-Progress, 350p.

1991 Anisimov V.V., Blok I. The goal is 2001. Aviation and space technology of the world. - Zhukovsky: Press-avia, 475 p.

1991 Maksimov A.I. Historical odyssey or Short story development of rocketry and astronautics. Novosibirsk, Science, 216 p.

1991 Narovlyansky N.S. This is how Baikonur began: a documentary story. M., Prometheus, 110 p.

1992 Baiklnur Cosmodrome at the beginning of the journey. Essay about the testers and specialists of the Baikonur Cosmodrome. Responsible editor: N.A. Lukovkin. Authors of the collection: Gerchik K., Lukovkin N., Savinsky V., Poroshkov V., Korshunov A., Grafsky V., Poluektov A., Yurin V., Temnov V. Tsentr. Council of Veterans of the Baikonur Cosmodrome, 170с.

1992 Chekalin S.V. Space: tomorrow's concerns. M., Knowledge, 208 p.

1992 Monuments of science and technology in Russian museums. Issue 1. M., Knowledge.

1994 Golovanov Y.K. Korolev: facts and myths. M., Science, 800 p.

1994 Menshikov V.L. Baikonur. My pain and love. M., B.I., 232 p.

1994 Breakthrough into Space: essays about testers, specialists and builders of the Baikonur Cosmodrome. M., 183 p.

1994 Chertok B.E. Rockets and people. M., Mechanical Engineering, 416 p.

1995 Baikonur - a miracle of the 20th century. Memories of Baikonur veterans about M.K. Yangel and the cosmodrome. M., Modern writer, 160 p.

1995 Kamanin N.P. Hidden Space. M., Infortext-IF, Book 1, 400 p. Book 2, 448 pp.

1995 Space - to the national economy. M., CSTI "Poisk", 338 p.

1995 Y.P. Semenov, G.E. Lozino-Lozinsky, V.L. Lapygin, V.A. Timchenko and others. Reusable orbital ship "Buran". M., Mechanical Engineering, 448 p.

1996 Monuments of science and technology in Russian museums. Issue 2. M., Knowledge, 168 p.

1996 Pokrovsky B.A. Space begins on Earth. M., Patriot, 494 p.

1996 Rocket and Space Corporation "Energia" named after S.P. Korolev. Ch. ed. - Semenov Yu.P. Publishing house RSC "Energia" named after. S.P.Koroleva, 671 p.

1996 Uspensky G.R. Space chronicle. M., Investment, 213 p.

1996 Chertok B.E. Rockets and people. Fili - Podlipki - Tyuratam. M., Mechanical Engineering, 446 p.

1997 Belotserkovsky S.N. Pioneers of the Universe. Earth - Space - Earth. M., Mechanical Engineering, 304 p.

1997 Uspensky G.R. Cosmonautics XXI. M., Investment, 378 p.

1997 Chertok B.E. Rockets and people. Hot days cold war. M., Mechanical Engineering, 536 p.

1998 Gubarev V.S. South start. M, Nekos, 400s.

1998 Once and forever. Documents and people about the creator of rocket engines and space systems V.P. Glushko. M., Mechanical Engineering, 632 p.

1999 Chertok B.E. Rockets and people. Moon race. M., Mechanical Engineering, 576 p.

2000. Space at the turn of the millennium. Documents and materials. M., International relationships, 608s.

2000. Monuments of science and technology in Russian museums. Issue 3. M., Knowledge, 216 p.

2000 Rauschenbach B.V. Addiction. M, Agraf, 432 p.

2001 Military space forces (military historical work) Book. 3. Military space forces during the period of radical restructuring of Russia’s space activities. M., MegaDon-UK, 320 p.

2001 Kiselyov A.I. et al. Cosmonautics at the turn of the millennium. Results and prospects. M., Mechanical Engineering, 672 p.

2001 Natalia Koroleva. Father. In 2 books. M., Science, Book 1, 335 p.

2001 Rocket and space corporation "Energia" named after S.P. Korolev at the turn of two centuries. Ch. ed. - Yu.P. Semenov. Publishing house RSC "Energia" named after. S.P.Koroleva, 1328p.

2001 Rauschenbach B.V. P.S. M, Agraf, 304 p.

2001 Khozin G.S. The great confrontation in space between the USSR and the USA. Eyewitness testimony. M., Veche, 416 p.

2001 Tsiolkovsky K.E. Space philosophy. Collection. M., IDLi (Sphere), 496 p.

2002 World Encyclopedia of Astronautics. M., Military parade, vol. 1, 504 p.

2002 Natalia Koroleva. Father. In 2 books. M., Science, Book 2, 413 p.

2002 Omelko V.A. Awards for space exploration. M., O and V-Luch, vol.1. Awards and badges public organizations, 256 p.

2002 Rebrov M.F. S.P. Korolev. Life and extraordinary destiny. M., OLMA-PRESS, 383 p.

2002 Tsiolkovsky K.E. A genius among people. M., Mysl, 542 p.

2003 Favorsky V.V., Meshcheryakov. Cosmonautics and rocket and space industry. m., Mechanical Engineering, vol. 1 - Origin and formation (1946-1976) - 343 pp., vol. 2 - Development of the industry. Cooperation in Space. - 430s.

2004 Space, time, energy. Collection of articles dedicated to the 100th anniversary of D.D. Ivanenko. Ed. Council: E.I. Andriankin, R.V. Galiulin, I.S. Golovnin, Ya.P. Dokuchaev, V.Yu. Koloskov, N.S. Lidorenko, V.F. Panov. M., Belka, 415 p.

2004 Ustinov Yu.S. The immortality of Gagarin. M., Heroes of the Fatherland, 890 p.

April 12th is celebrated in our country Cosmonautics Day. On this day in 1961, our planet was shocked by unexpected news: “Man in space!” People's dream of flying into space has come true. On an April morning, the first cosmonaut Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin flew into space on the Vostok-1 spacecraft. The flight around the Earth lasted 108 minutes.

The starry sky has always attracted the eyes of people, beckoning with its uncertainty. People dreamed of learning as much as possible about space. Thus began the time of space rockets, satellites, lunar rovers...

Let's tell children about space and astronauts so they have an idea

It’s good if parents read books about space with their children, show pictures, and look at the starry globe. You can play space-themed games with your children, read and learn poems about space, and guess interesting

Telling children about space

Planets and stars

Our Earth is a huge ball on which there are seas, rivers, mountains, deserts and forests. And also people live. Our Earth and everything that surrounds it is called the Universe, or space. In addition to our blue planet, there are others, as well as stars. Stars are huge balls of light. - also a star. It is located close to the Earth, so we see it and feel its heat.

We see stars only at night, and during the day the Sun eclipses them. There are stars even bigger than the sun

In addition to the Earth, there are 8 more planets in the solar system, each planet has its own path, which is called an orbit.

Let's remember the planets:

All planets in order

Any of us can name:

Once - Mercury,

Two - Venus,

Three - Earth,

Four - Mars.

Five - Jupiter

Six - Saturn,

Seven - Uranus,

Behind him is Neptune.

He is the eighth in a row.

And after him, then,

And the ninth planet

Called Pluto.

Jupiter is the most big planet. If you imagine it in the form of a watermelon, then in comparison with it Pluto will look like a pea.

To help children remember all the planets better, read the poem and let them remember it. You can sculpt planets from plasticine, draw them, or cut them out of paper and attach them to a lamp at home, for example.

You can see our space crafts made from plasticine

Children about space

Astronomers

Scientists who observe and study stars are called astronomers.

Previously, people did not know anything about space, about the stars and believed that the sky was a cap that covered the Earth, and the stars were attached to it. Ancient people thought that the Earth was motionless, and the Sun and Moon revolved around it.

Many years later, astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus proved that the Earth and other planets revolve around the Sun. Newton understood why the planets revolve around the Sun and do not fall. They all fly around the Sun in their own way.

This is how scientists discovered the secrets of space. In the Middle Ages, a telescope was invented, with which scientists observed the stars.

There are still many mysteries in space, so astronomers will have enough work to do for a long time.

Animal astronauts

To find out what a person will have to face in space, scientists sent animals for “reconnaissance.” There were dogs, rabbits, mice, even microbes.

Dogs are smarter animals than mice, but not all dogs were suitable for testing. Purebred dogs are very gentle, they were not suitable for space. The dogs were selected by size, trained with them, accustomed to noise and shaking. Ordinary mongrels came closest.

The first dog, Laika, was sent into space in 1957. She was observed, but she did not return to Earth.

Then Belka and Strelka flew into space. In 1960, on August 19, they were launched into space on the prototype of the Vostok spacecraft. They stayed in space for more than a day and returned safely.

So scientists proved that space flight is possible.

About astronauts for children

An astronaut is a person who tests space technology and works in space. Now there are astronauts in many countries.

The first cosmonaut was Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin. On April 12, 1961, he flew into space on the Vostok-1 spacecraft and circled the Earth in 1 hour and 48 minutes. Came back alive and healthy.

Yuri Gagarin was born on March 9, 1934 in the village of Klushino, Gzhatsky district, Smolensk region in ordinary family collective farmer Ros an ordinary child. In his youth, he was interested in classes at the flying club. After college he became a pilot. In 1959, he was enrolled in the group of cosmonaut candidates. And for his first flight into space he was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union and awarded the order Lenin.

Yuri Gagarin will always remain in our memory as the first cosmonaut. Cities, streets, and avenues are named after him. There is a crater on the Moon named after him, as well as a minor planet.

Cosmonauts are courageous people, they train a lot, they must know and be able to do a lot in order to control a spaceship.

The first spacewalk was made by Alexei Leonov in 1965. And the first female cosmonaut was Valentina Tereshkova, who flew into space in 1963. She withstood 48 revolutions around the Earth, spent almost three days in space, and took photographs that were used to study the aerosol layers of the atmosphere.

To fly into space, you need to study a lot and study well, be persistent, patient, and enduring.

Moon

Children always look at the Moon in the sky with interest. It is so different: sometimes it is sickle-shaped, sometimes it is large and round.

The child will be interested to know what is on the Moon. You can say that the Moon is covered with crater craters that arise due to collisions with asteroids. If you look at the Moon through binoculars, you can see the unevenness of its relief.

Stargazing with kids

You should watch the starry sky with your children. Take the time to go outside in the evening and admire the stars. Show your child some constellations, try to find the Big Dipper together. Tell us that ancient people peered into the night sky, mentally connected the stars, drew animals, people, objects, and mythological heroes. Find a star chart and show your child what the constellations look like, and then together find them in the sky. This develops observation and memory.

In general, it would be great to take your child to a planetarium if you have one in your city. The child will learn a lot of interesting things from the story about stars and planets.

We don’t have a planetarium in the city, you just need to go to another city.

The space theme contains a lot of ideas for drawings and crafts. You can draw, sculpt astronauts, aliens, the Moon. Come up with new names for stars and planets. In general, use your imagination, the theme of space is limitless and interesting for children.

Here are Yulina's drawings on a space theme.

Games on the theme "Space" for children

You can play games with children. I suggest some games that you can play.

Game "What will we take with us into space."

Lay out the drawings in front of the children and ask them to choose what they can take with them on the spaceship. These can be the following pictures: a book, a notebook, a spacesuit, an apple, candy, a tube of semolina, an alarm clock, a sausage.

Game "Space Dictionary" will help children replenish their lexicon words related to the theme of space. You can play with several children and arrange a competition to see who can name the most words related to space. For example: satellite, rocket, alien, planets, Moon, Earth, astronaut, spacesuit, etc.

Game "Say the opposite".

Teach children to choose words with opposite meaning. Yulia and I played these games, she was pretty good at naming antonyms correctly.

Distant -…

cramped -…

big -…

get up -…

fly away -...

high -…

famous -…

include -…

dark -…

Tell your children about space, astronauts, learn the names of the planets, look at the starry sky. Let the child grow up curious, and what if he also later becomes a scientist or astronaut and you will be proud of him.

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The famous physicist Stephen Hawking talks about quite complex physical theories: the emergence of the Universe, space and time, superstrings and mathematical mysteries. But he does it so excitingly that even an unprepared reader can understand them without difficulty.

A Harvard physics professor explains the latest experiments in physics and cosmology. If you have no idea what bosons, neutrons, mesons and fermions are, this is the place for you. In addition, you will learn why scientists from all over the world created the Large Hadron Collider and how the tiniest particles in the Universe help to understand the structure of the universe.

Chris Hadfield dreamed of going into space since he was 9 years old, and he succeeded. Today Chris is one of the most experienced astronauts in the world, having spent 4,000 hours in open space.

In his book, he pays a lot of attention to interesting everyday issues: how astronauts prepare for a flight, what they eat, how they brush their teeth and go to the toilet. Most importantly, under the cover of this edition you get two books in one: interesting story about life in orbit and a charge of motivation that will encourage you not to give up your endeavors halfway.

But astronaut Garan’s journey to the stars forced him to seriously reconsider his views on life. He worked with Russian cosmonauts, whom he had previously considered enemies, and began to wonder: If 15 nations can put aside their arguments to pursue incredibly complex space exploration projects, why not apply the same approach to solving global problems?

It doesn't matter whether there is life on Mars or not. Another thing is important: she will definitely be there. According to forecasts, in just 20 years, out of 40–50 thousand people who will travel from Earth to the Red Planet one way. TED speaker Stephen Petranek talks about the problems that earthlings will have to solve on site, and the technologies that will make the exploration of new planets possible.

Einstein died several years before the first space flight. But without him this event would not have been possible. Physicist Michio Kaku describes a period of the scientist's activity that was previously virtually unknown to the general public. But today Einstein’s work is gaining popularity and helping modern physicists make new discoveries.

A very beautiful publication for children about astronautics. The authors conducted interviews with cosmonauts and collected interesting answers to non-trivial questions: what kind of spacesuits are there, what cosmonauts do on the ISS, how the first rockets were designed... You will learn about the achievements of Soviet and modern cosmonauts, designers and scientists.

The most dangerous among all manned vehicles in the history of astronautics. Two out of five launches ended in accidents. Mike Mullane talks about why people died due to bureaucratic mistakes, how astronauts prepared for flights, and what significance this space program has for science.

April 12, 1961 happened historical event: man went into space. And this star pioneer was from the USSR! As a representative of the world's main state of workers and peasants, Yuri Gagarin instantly turned from a simple smiling guy into a symbol of great achievements. But long before Gagarin’s flight, Soviet science fiction writers roamed the cosmos.

Per aspera ad astra.
(Through hardship to the stars.)
Latin saying

Workers of all planets, unite!

The founder of Soviet science fiction about space can be called the “father” of theoretical cosmonautics Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky. Fragments of his story “Outside the Earth” with a description of a rocket were published by the magazine “Nature and People” back in 1918. However, the main “space” book of the early period of Soviet SF is traditionally considered the novel Alexei Tolstoy"Aelita", first published by the magazine "Krasnaya Nov" as "Sunset of Mars" (1922-1923).

Tolstoy wrote “Aelita” while still in exile. At the same time, the “red count”, a fairly well-read man, was clearly inspired by the “Martian” cycle of Edgar Rice Burroughs. According to Tolstoy's story, the brilliant enthusiast engineer-inventor Los builds a rocket and, taking the Red Army soldier Gusev as a traveling companion, sets off to Mars. There the heroes discover the decaying civilization of the Atlanteans and have plenty of adventures: Moose wins the heart beautiful princess Aelites, and Gusev, as befits a true communard, organizes a revolution. True, unlike the valiant Captain John Carter, who vividly showed all the Martians “Burroughs’s mother,” the heroes of Tolstoy’s space opera did not achieve much success and barely made it back to Earth.

Forever living "Aelita"

In the 1920s Soviet Russia Other books appeared in which the heroes went into space. He wrote about this, for example, Victor Goncharov, whose characters - Komsomol member Andrei and scientist Nikodim - help the aborigines make a revolution on the Moon (the duology “Interplanetary Traveler” and “Psycho-Machine”, 1924). The heroes of Alexander Yaroslavsky’s novel “Argonauts of the Universe” (1926) are flying to Mars. Near space is explored by the characters in Andrei Platonov’s story “Moon Bomb” (1926) and Valery Yazvitsky’s story “Journey to the Moon and Mars” (1928). Meetings with another mind are the subject of the collection of stories by Grail Arelsky “Tales of Mars” (1925) and S. Gorbatov’s story “The Last Voyage of the Lunar Columbus” (1929). And in the novel Nikolai Mukhanov“The Burning Abyss” (1924) was the first time in Russian SF that an interplanetary war was described, where earthlings fight the ubiquitous Martians. Moreover, space squadrons conduct battles using beam weapons!

In general, the light did not fall like a wedge on Tolstoy. Why did his book become a symbol of early Soviet science fiction? The point, perhaps, is in such a “little thing” as talent. Alexey Nikolaevich was an excellent writer. Of course, he had his failures, but “Aelita” is not one of them. Against this background, the books of most other domestic authors are clearly lost. Their names were preserved in the chronicles of Soviet space science fiction, but not in the hearts of readers.

In the early 1930s, several more works appeared, the plot of which is in one way or another connected with space: “Planet KIM” by Abram Paley (1930), “Land of the Happy” Jana Larry(1931) and “Leap into Nothing” by Alexander Belyaev (1933). The last two books are worth paying special attention to. The story by the classic Soviet children's fiction Ian Larry is a utopian fantasy that reflects the author's ideas about a communist society in the near future. Among other topics, Larry also touched on the need for space exploration. The story contained hints of a political nature, which is why it was zealously ignored for many years. Subsequently, naive Larry dreamed of writing a science fiction novel personally for Comrade Stalin. Larry anonymously sent the story of an alien who personally sees all the shortcomings of the Soviet system to the leader, for which he was arrested by the NKVD in 1941 and received 10 years in the camps.

A novel by one of the pillars of Soviet science fiction Alexandra Belyaeva“Leap into Nothing” earned an approving review from Tsiolkovsky himself. This is an adventurous story about a group of bourgeois who set off on a journey on the Ark space liner in order to wait out the revolutionary events taking place on Earth. However, fate brings the “Ark” to Venus, where a showdown takes place between the owners and the servants. As a result, the victorious workers, crew members and some “reforged” bourgeois return to Earth, where by that time a communist utopia had arrived. It cannot be said that the novel belongs to the best books Belyaev, but this is a significant work of early Soviet space science fiction.

Space for the Land of Soviets

The first All-Union Congress took place in 1934 Soviet writers, which played a negative role for the development of our SF. Firstly, science fiction was clearly defined by the department of literature for the younger generation. And secondly, they showed the way - to engage in scientific and technical education of Soviet youth in the spirit of socialist realism. It was then that the notorious era of “close-in” science fiction began. In addition, the 1930s went down in the country's history as a time of serious political upheavals, one of the manifestations of which was a general search for enemies - real and imaginary. Therefore, a typical Soviet SF of those years looked something like this. Somewhere in a factory or scientific institute, a progressive engineer (scientist), together with his Komsomol friends and with the support of a wise party organizer, is trying to introduce the advanced square-nest method into the work of the socialist national economy. And nearby, the insidious “spy” of foreign intelligence is muddying the waters, who is provided with immoral support by undefeated kulaks and hidden White Guards. But “our armored train” flies forward, and the valiant employees of the competent authorities bring the vile bastards to light. Best sample such fiction - “The Secret of Two Oceans” Grigory Adamov(1939). Most of these opuses are deservedly written off as literary junk...

However, some writers were cramped in the imposed scheme, so works whose heroes strived to fly and not crawl, no, no, and even appeared. Alexander Belyaev’s novel “KETS Star” (1936) is dedicated to the orbital space station, his “Heavenly Guest” (1937) tells about a journey to the stars. Vladimir Vladko’s novel “Argonauts of the Universe” (1938) describes a space flight to Venus, Boris Anibal in the story “Sailors of the Universe” (1940) sends characters to Mars, and A. Tarasov in the story “Over the Craters of the Moon” (1941) - respectively, to the moon. But these books didn't make weather. And then the war began...

The Great Break

After the Victory, space stories in our SF continued to appear infrequently. In 1945, Sergei Belyaev’s military adventure novel “The Tenth Planet” was published. In the story of the then aspiring writer Ivan Efremov “ Starships(1947) promoted the idea of ​​a plurality of intelligent life in the Universe. You can still remember educational story Vladimir Obruchev’s “Flight on the Planets” and Boris Lyapunov’s artistic essay “From the Depths of the Universe” with theory alien ship as the source of the Tunguska disaster (both 1950). But the deliberately down-to-earth SF dominated almost undividedly, vigorously instilled from above. Here are excerpts from a typical article of the time, published in one of the leading literary magazines:

Soviet science fiction literature should reflect the future of our country... a period of time separated from our days by one or two decades, and maybe even just years. And some writers focus themselves and guide others on depicting the distant future... This is not an accidental mistake. This is the desire of a fan of Western European science fiction literature to direct our literature in the same direction.
From an article by S. Ivanov (October magazine, No. 1, 1950)

Not a literary article - a denunciation “where it should be”! What kind of dreams about space are there - here in Kolyma you wouldn’t be accused of “kowtowing to the West”! But time did not stand still. After a series of political changes, a holiday has come for real Soviet science fiction writers on the streets.

Already in 1954, the outstanding film figure Alexander Dovzhenko wrote the script for the film “In the Depths of Space,” which, however, remained unrealized. A year later, the magazine “Knowledge is Power” published Vladimir Savchenko’s story “Towards the Stars,” dedicated to the first stellar launch, which took place... in 1977! Oh, how optimistic we were then soviet people… Great contribution to the development of Russian space science fiction Georgy Martynov, whose stories “220 Days on a Starship” (1955) and “Planetary Guest” (1957) laid the foundation for the popular cycles “Astronautics” and “Callisto”. The first of them is dedicated to the exploration of the solar system in the near future, the plot of the second revolves around a visit to the Earth by aliens who, it turns out, have long since built communism.

And in 1957 the novel was published Ivan Efremova“The Andromeda Nebula”, which marked the rebirth of Soviet science fiction. It's probably not just the merits of the book itself. 1957 is a special time for our country. On the one hand, there was an unprecedented surge of popular enthusiasm caused by social restructuring, which was dubbed the “thaw.” On the other hand, a colossal scientific and technical breakthrough, most clearly reflected in the launch of the first in history artificial satellite Earth. It seemed like this was happiness! Finally, a truly free Soviet person will take a decisive step into a bright communist tomorrow! And Efremov’s book fit perfectly into the general optimism. The action took place in the distant communist future on a united Earth populated by fundamentally new people. Hard work here turned into joyful creation, the secret of longevity was revealed to people, they went to the stars, forming the “Great Ring” with other civilizations. In 1959, Efremov returned to his history of the future in the story “The Heart of the Snake,” dedicated to the contact of earthlings with a race of “aliens.”

New faces of Soviet science fiction

Another landmark book in Russian SF of that time - the debut novel Arcadia And Boris Strugatsky“The Country of Crimson Clouds” (1959), the plot of which is connected with the events of the first expedition to Venus. The main achievement of the book is the desire of the then-beginning writers to reorient traditional adventurous and scientific-technological SF to show the formation of human characters. For some time, the Strugatskys fruitfully developed the space theme in a series of works showing events during the birth of the World of Noon. In the stories “The Path to Amalthea” (1960) and “Trainees” (1962), some of the heroes of their first novel, along with new characters, continue the hard work of exploring the solar system. But the main thing for the Strugatskys is the problem of moral choice. This idea can be seen especially clearly in one of the best novels of the early ABS, “Distant Rainbow” (1963).

The Strugatskys: captains of the Soviet NF

It is worth noting the novel Igor Zabelin“Life Belt” (1960) is weak artistically, but interesting in that it is actually the first Russian SF book about the terraforming of another planet. A number of notable works are devoted to the problems of space exploration - from purely scientific to moral and ethical ones: the collection by Genrikh Altov “Legends of Star Captains” (1961), the story by Valentina Zhuravleva “Flying in the Universe” (1963), the stories by Georgy Gurevich, later combined into a novel -utopia “We are from the Solar System” (1965), stories and stories by Igor Rosohovatsky, Anatoly Dneprov, Vladimir Mikhailov.

Return from the Stars

Oddly enough, the flight of Yuri Gagarin and the new achievements of Soviet cosmonautics involuntarily led to a certain attenuation of the space theme in Russian science fiction. Space has ceased to be a great dream, turning into everyday work. However, the public demand for space science fiction was still great, so from time to time worthy books appeared in this genre.

One of the largest works was the epic trilogy Sergei Snegov"Men Like Gods" takes place in the distant communist future. The galactic war shown on a scale unprecedented for Soviet science fiction caused particular delight among readers (and gnashing of teeth among critics). For the initial novels of the series “Galactic Intelligence” (1966) and “Invasion of Perseus” (1968), Snegov immediately began to be accused of “alien” propaganda. to the Soviet man space opera. As a result, the final volume of the trilogy, “The Ring of Reverse Time,” was released only in 1977.

Unusual for Soviet SF, romantic fiction related to space was written by Olga Larionova: the story “Aramis' Watch” (1967), some short stories. As always, the Strugatsky brothers were at their best, once again raising the problem of moral choice in the story about contact with a civilization fundamentally alien to man, “The Kid” (1971). The heroes of the novel “The Splash of the Starry Seas” (1970) by Evgeniy Voiskunsky and Isai Lukodyanov were engaged in terraforming Venus in the conditions of another communist utopia - however, it was already difficult to believe in it... In the novel “The Crimson Planet” (1973) by Sergei Zemaitis, earthlings who flew to Mars discovered the remains vanished civilization. Reliable in psychologically and fascinating stories by Kir Bulychev about the space medic Pavlysh.

The path to the stars

In the second half of the 1970s and throughout the 1980s, Soviet space science fiction stalled. This was largely due to yet another ideological “tightening of the screws.” And space exploration was turning from harsh everyday life into an ostentatious routine. The “moon race” with the Americans was lost. Difficulties arose with the implementation of the space shuttle program. And representatives of the countries of the socialist bloc went into orbit in a crowd - because it was necessary. As for science fiction, the Young Guard publishing house published a string of unremarkable books, among which there was even a SF written by Soviet cosmonauts: “The Path to Mars” (1979), “On an Asteroid” (1984) and “Hello, Phobos!” (1988) by Levon Khachaturyants and Evgeny Khrunov, “Black Silence” (1987) by Yuri Glazkov. Curious, but a little bland...

The most notable space fiction book of those years was the novel Sergei Pavlov“Moon Rainbow” (1978-1983), which raises questions of the dangers associated with the development of another space. The heroes of the novel, experienced space explorers, actually cease to be people, acquiring “exotic” properties, which does not bring happiness to either them or those around them. It is also worth noting the duology Vladimir Mikhailov about the star captain Uldemir: “My Brother’s Keeper” (1976) and “Then Come, and Let Us Reason” (1983). But this very specific story of the strange crew of an interstellar expedition and their progressive activities can hardly be attributed only to space science fiction, for it has a distinct socio-philosophical character (like many books of the later Strugatskys).

During perestroika, interest in space science fiction faded. The turn of a different kind of fiction has come - with a blackish tint. Then it ended and Soviet Union... Nowadays, the bulk of books by domestic authors relate to space opera. But that's a completely different story...

• Alexey Tolstoy "Aelita"
• Ivan Efremov “Andromeda Nebula”
• Arkady and Boris Strugatsky “Land of Crimson Clouds”, “The Path to Amalthea”, “Interns”
• Alexander Belyaev “Leap into Nothing”
• Georgy Martynov “Callisto”
• Evgeny Voiskunsky, Isai Lukodyanov “Splash of Starry Seas”
• Sergey Snegov “People are like gods”
• Georgy Gurevich “We are from the Solar System”
• Sergei Zemaitis “Crimson Planet”
• Sergey Pavlov “Moon Rainbow”

When writing the article, we used the “Bibliography of Soviet Science Fiction” by V. Velchinsky (bibliography.narod.ru), materials from the sites “Russian Science Fiction” (rusf.ru) and “Episodes of Cosmonautics” (

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