A lesson in the development of the USSR during the period of stagnation. Presentation on the topic "stagnation in the USSR." E. I. Neizvestny

During this period, large investments were made to guarantee life support for the long term: unified energy and transport systems were created, a network of poultry farms was built, large-scale soil improvement and extensive forest planting were carried out. The demographic situation has become stable with a constant population growth of about 1.5% per year. In 1982, the state Food Program was developed and adopted, setting the task of providing adequate nutrition to all citizens of the country. According to the main real indicators, this program was carried out well. In 1980, the Soviet Union ranked first in Europe and second in the world in terms of industrial and agricultural production. In social terms, during the 18 Brezhnev years, real incomes of the population increased by more than 1.5 times. The population of Russia in those years increased by 12 million people. There was also the commissioning of 1.6 billion square meters under Brezhnev. meters of living space, thanks to which 162 million people were provided with free housing. The pride of the Soviet leadership was the constant increase in the provision of agriculture with tractors and combines, but grain yields were significantly lower than in industrialized capitalist countries. At the same time, in 1980, the production and consumption of electricity in the Soviet Union increased by 26.8 times compared to 1940, while in the United States, over the same period, generation at power plants increased by 13.67 times. In general, to assess the efficiency of agricultural production, it is, of course, necessary to take into account climatic conditions. Nevertheless, in the RSFSR, the gross grain harvest (in weight after processing) was one and a half to two times higher than after Perestroika; similar proportions can be seen in the number of main types of livestock.

The presentation is intended for Russian history lessons in 11th grade. The presentation covers the following topics: conservation of the political regime under L.I. Brezhnev, the course towards establishing military parity between the USSR and the USA and its consequences for the USSR, the fight against dissent, the dissident movement. Briefly talks about political figures: L.I. Brezhnev, Yu.V. Andropov, K.U. Chernenko.

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USSR in 1964 – 1984

Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev (Life: 1906 – 1982) 1976 - Marshal of the USSR 1964 - First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee; 1966 – General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee; 1977–1982 – Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, i.e. head of state.

L.I. Brezhnev “Power fell on Brezhnev like a gift of fate. He gained power so smoothly, as if someone had been trying on Monomakh’s hat for a long time ahead of time on different heads and settled on this one. And it suited him, this hat, so well that he wore it for eighteen years without any fears, cataclysms or conflicts. And the people immediately surrounding him longed for only one thing: for this man to live forever - it was so good for them.” F. Burlatsky

Conservation of the political regime

From stability to stagnation Time from 1964 to 1984 in history is called the “period of developed or mature socialism” or the period of “stagnation”. In 1964, headed by L.I. Brezhnev, the new leadership set a course for stabilizing the situation in the country (conservation of the political regime). The principle of stability meant the rejection of any innovations in the political, economic, ideological and personnel spheres. All previous decisions regarding economic management were canceled (economic councils were dissolved, line ministries were restored).

From stability to stagnation. 1967 - 50 years of October. Brezhnev's speech: The concept of building a “developed socialist society” in the USSR was formulated, which argued that it was impossible to make an immediate leap into communism. Time must pass during which socialism will develop on its own basis.

From stability to stagnation The “creeping rehabilitation” of I.V. has begun. Stalin: in 1965, in celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War, Brezhnev’s report highly assessed Stalin’s role in the defeat of fascism. At the same time, the price of victory, repression, and huge losses was hushed up; criticism of the cult of personality was curtailed, the relevant sections were removed from history textbooks; The public rehabilitation of victims of political repression has ceased. In 1966 - a letter from the intelligentsia (P. Kapitsa, K. Paustovsky, I. Smoktunovsky, O. Efremov, G. Tovstonogov, etc.) with a protest in connection with “the emerging partial or indirect rehabilitation of Stalin.”

From stability to stagnation The CPSU itself has undergone changes: the decision of 1962 on the division of party committees into industrial and agricultural was canceled, the territorial production basis for building the CPSU was restored; In 1966 the previous names were restored governing bodies party, the position of General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee was restored; the principle of mandatory regular turnover (rotation) of party leaders at all levels has been abolished; From a political organization, it finally turned into the most important element of the state structure, in which Soviets and other representative bodies existed as a decorative element.

From stability to stagnation In the new Constitution of the USSR (1977), the monopoly position of the CPSU was enshrined - Article 6 of the Constitution legitimized the role of the party as the leading and guiding force of Soviet society. With Brezhnev coming to power, the ruling nomenklatura gained stability, which was not the case under Khrushchev. Nomenclature privileges have increased: state dachas, special rations, closed shops and studios, personal cars, special housing.

To provide material support for the state apparatus, the system of benefits and privileges was improved. An anecdote from that time: Brezhnev makes a report at the congress: “And in the next five-year plan we will live better.” Pause - no applause. Brezhnev repeats: “And in the next five-year plan we will live better!” Then a question comes from the audience: “What about us?”

The cult of personality of L.I. became more and more inflated. Brezhnev. His special role during the Great Patriotic War was allegedly emphasized, although he was only the head of the political department of the 18th Army. During his time in power, L.I. Brezhnev received more than 200 orders and medals, he was awarded the title of Hero 4 times Soviet Union. Laureate of the Lenin Prize for Literature (for the trilogy “Little Land”, “Virgin Land”, “Renaissance”). 1976 - Marshal of the USSR. L.I.Brezhnev

Delegation of Georgian workers in the 18th Army. The head of the political department of the 18th Army L.I. Brezhnev is in the top row, far right.

From stability to stagnation These measures met the expectations of the party and state apparatuses, but they had an impact on the development of society negative impact: Centralization of power led to its bureaucratization, an increase in the size of the army of officials: from 1965 to 1985. the total number of management personnel was approaching 18 million people, that is, for every 6-7 employees there was 1 manager. The aging of personnel began: in 1965-1984. The composition of the Politburo of the Central Committee remained almost unchanged. In 1980 middle age Members of the Politburo of the Central Committee were 71 years old.

Gerontocracy (Greek) – the power of the old (aging of the political elite) The “elders” held their posts for decades, until their death...

Gerontocracy (Greek) – the power of the old (aging of the political elite) “Even very old leaders, the very sick, did not retire. They had no time for change. To live to the natural end with power and one’s own well-being... During the years of stagnation, “senile egoism” truly flourished in the country’s leadership. Academician Petrovsky (Minister of Health)

From stability to stagnation Locally, in the union republics and regions of the RSFSR, in the absence of a regular change of leaders, a regional elite began to emerge. The regional elite reflected local rather than national interests. In some regions (especially Central Asia, in the Caucasus, in Moscow) there was a direct merging of entire links of the party and state apparatus with the shadow economy and criminal elements.

System of party authorities

Constitution of the USSR - October 7, 1977. Fourth Basic Law for the years of Soviet power, Third Constitution of the USSR

Provisions of the Constitution: The Constitution stated that a developed socialist society had been built in the USSR. Article 6 formalized the special leadership position of the CPSU. The rights and freedoms of citizens were proclaimed (to work, free education, medical care, pensions). But in reality, these rights were violated, or remained on paper.

The course towards establishing military parity between the USSR and the USA D.F. Ustinov - Minister of Defense of the USSR (1976 - 1984)

Mid 60's - The country's leadership has set the task of achieving military-strategic parity with the United States. The number and equipment of the armed forces is also increasing (the USSR began to annually produce almost 5 times more tanks and armored personnel carriers than the United States). The share of military expenditures in the GNP (gross national product) of the USSR in some years reached 30%. Since 1967, intercontinental ballistic missiles have been installed in underground silos. Course towards establishing military parity (equality) between the USSR and the USA

An intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) is a surface-to-surface guided ballistic missile with a range of at least 5,500 km. Missiles of this class, as a rule, are equipped with nuclear warheads and are designed to destroy strategically important objects located at long distances and on remote continents.

Since 1976, medium-range missiles have been installed in Eastern European countries. A powerful air defense (air defense) and missile defense (missile defense) system is being deployed. On the one hand, the country’s defense capability is being strengthened, and military-strategic parity with the United States has been achieved. On the other hand, the maintenance of a powerful military-industrial complex (military-industrial complex) had a negative impact on the well-being of the population and the economy as a whole. Course towards establishing military parity between the USSR and the USA

A course towards establishing military parity between the USSR and the USA In 1976, the RSD-10 “Pioneer” medium-range missile system, nicknamed in the West SS-20, was adopted into service by the Soviet Army.

The fight against dissent Human rights movement, dissidents

Dissidence Control over culture and public life has increased. The KGB (committee state security) . Mid 60's - formation of a movement of dissidents (dissidents). 1965 – the beginning of the dissident movement. Protests in connection with the arrest of writers A. Sinyavsky and Y. Daniel, who were accused of publishing their works “defaming the Soviet state and social system” abroad, and were sentenced to 7 years (A. Sinyavsky) and 5 years (Y. Daniel) camps.

Dissidence by Y. Daniel and A. Sinyavsky in the courtroom

Leader of the human rights movement Soviet physicist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, one of the creators of the first Soviet hydrogen bomb (1953) In 1968, with the help of samizdat, academician Sakharov published a statement “Reflections on progress, peaceful coexistence and intellectual freedom,” in which he demanded carrying out reforms, openness, greater openness of Soviet society. Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (1921 – 1989)

Leader of the human rights movement Writer, public figure. 1973 - wrote a “Letter to the Leaders of the Soviet Union”, where he proposed to abandon Marxist ideology, unfurl the “old Russian banner”, transfer the efforts of the state from “external tasks to internal ones”, etc. His book “The Gulag Archipelago” dealt the strongest blow to the history and practice of repression in the USSR. 1974 – arrested and deported to Germany. 1994 – return to Russia of A.I. Solzhenitsyn. Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn (1918 – 2008)

M. Rostropovich G. Vishnevskaya I. Brodsky A. Tarkovsky M. Shemyakin The entire repressive and propaganda power of the state machine was directed against dissidents. They were accused of criminal offenses, put in psychiatric hospitals, sent to camps and exile, and deported abroad.

Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov (1914-1984) 1967 – 1982 - headed the KGB (state security committee). 1982 – 1984 - General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. Recognized the need to modernize the economic and political system of “real socialism” while maintaining and strengthening the control of the CPSU and the KGB. Under him, a campaign was launched to strengthen labor discipline, the fight against “unearned income,” etc. began.

Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko (1911-1985) Since 1978 - member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee. 1984 – 1985 - General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. Being a sick man, he remained in power for only 13 months. Under him, there was a return to the Brezhnev traditions of rule.

Introduction

1. Features of culture in the first years of Soviet power

2. Spiritual and artistic culture of the period of totalitarianism

3. The Great Patriotic War in the history of Russian culture

4. Soviet architecture

5. Fashion during the Soviet period

6. Soviet culture during the period of “thaw” and “stagnation”

The war and the heroism of the Soviet people are reflected in the paintings of artists A.A. Deineki “Defense of Sevastopol”, S.V. Gerasimov “Mother of the Partisan”, painting by A.A. Plastov “The Fascist Flew” and others.

Assessing the damage to the country's cultural heritage, the Extraordinary State Commission to investigate the atrocities of the invaders named 430 museums out of 991 located in the occupied territory, 44 thousand palaces of culture and libraries among those plundered and destroyed. The house-museums of L.N. were looted. Tolstoy in Yasnaya Polyana, I.S. Turgenev in Spassky-Lutovinovo, A.S. Pushkin in Mikhailovsky, P.I. Tchaikovsky in Klin, T.G. Shevchenko in Kanev. The 12th century frescoes in the St. Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod, the manuscripts of P.I. were irretrievably lost. Tchaikovsky, paintings by I.E. Repina, V.A. Serova, I.K. Aivazovsky, who died in Stalingrad. Ancient architectural monuments of ancient Russian cities - Novgorod, Pskov, Smolensk, Tver, Rzhev, Vyazma, Kyiv - were destroyed. Suburban architectural ensembles-palaces of St. Petersburg and architectural monastery complexes of the Moscow region were damaged. The human losses were irreparable. All this affected the development of national culture after the war.

In the 30s, architecture in Russia underwent very important changes: due to the specifics of the political regime, the most beautiful churches throughout the country, as well as architectural monuments, were demolished. The buildings were built in the “constructivist” style. It was widely used for the construction of public and residential buildings. Simple aesthetics geometric shapes, characteristic of constructivism, influenced the architecture of the Lenin Mausoleum, built in 1930 according to the design of A.V. Shchuseva. The architect managed to avoid unnecessary pomp. The tomb of the leader of the world proletariat is a modest, small in size, laconic structure that fits into the ensemble of Red Square. With the coming to power of Stalin, it was replaced by a style called the “Stalin Empire style”. Lush stucco molding, huge columns with pseudo-classical capitals, sculptures of strict and powerful Soviet people, coats of arms of the USSR, paintings and mosaic panels are all in fashion - everything glorifies the outstanding achievements of the Soviet people.

Everything that surrounded people during the Soviet period contained the characteristic features of the Soviet era. Five-pointed star, hammer and sickle, harvest scenes, stylized bas-reliefs of workers. The interior used marble slabs, decorations made of bronze laurel wreaths with Soviet symbols, bronze lamps stylized as torches, the use of Baroque elements in the decor, again with the obligatory image of the state Soviet symbols. This manifests gigantomania and a penchant for richness of decoration, bordering on bad taste; there was some pretense. A true Empire style is characterized, first of all, by the deepest inner harmony and restraint of form. The splendor of Stalinist neoclassicism was intended to express the strength and power of the totalitarian state, the desire to create a new cult through the iconization of symbolism. The most famous buildings in this style are the Stalinist high-rise buildings in Moscow: the building of Moscow State University, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Transport, the VDNKh ensemble, and residential buildings.

Sculpture was dominated by the creation of numerous monuments on a socialist theme: monuments to pioneers, workers, etc. This is also what distinguished modern painting of that time. It is noteworthy that in the USSR there was no city, or even settlement in which there would be no monument to Lenin.

State buildings were amazing in their sheer size. For example, in 1931, the Moscow City Council held a closed competition for the design of a huge hotel with 1000 rooms, the most comfortable by the standards of those years. Six projects took part in the competition; the best was recognized as the project of young architects L. Savelyev and O. Stapran. The architectural and general press closely followed all stages of design and construction: in urban planning terms, the building was of great importance - it was located at the intersection of the main thoroughfare of the capital, Gorky Street, with the newly built “Ilyich Alley,” a huge avenue that led to the Palace of the Soviets. When the walls of the future Moscow Hotel were already being erected, Academician A. Shchusev was appointed head of the team of architects. Changes were made to the hotel project, its façade, in the spirit of new monumentality and orientation towards the classical heritage. According to legend, Stalin signed both versions of the building's facade, submitted to him on one sheet, at once, as a result of which the façade of the built hotel turned out to be asymmetrical. Construction was completed in 1934. “Ilyich Alley” was not built; traces of its construction are the current Manezhnaya Square, formed on the site of the demolished buildings on Mokhov Streets.

Another striking example of architecture is the Palace, an unrealized construction project Soviet government. The idea of ​​constructing a building in the capital of the world’s first state of workers and peasants that could become a symbol of the “coming triumph of communism” appeared already in the 20s. Work on it was carried out in the 1930s and in the 1950s. It was supposed to be a grandiose administrative building, a place for conventions, celebrations, etc. The palace in Moscow with a height of 420 m would be the most tall building peace. It was to be crowned with a grandiose statue of Lenin. A large-scale architectural competition was held for the palace project. It was decided to build the Palace of the Soviets on the site of the destroyed Cathedral of Christ the Savior. The highest prizes at the competition were awarded to the following architects: I. Zholtovsky, B. Iofan, G. Hamilton (USA). Subsequently, the Council of Builders of the Palace of Soviets (which at one time included Stalin himself) adopted B. Iofan’s project as a basis, which, after numerous modifications, was accepted for implementation. The project was truly grandiose. The height of the structure was supposed to be 420 meters (with a statue of V.I. Lenin. Sessions of the Supreme Council, as well as all kinds of meetings according to the project, would be held in a huge hall with a volume of a million cubic meters, a height of 100 and a diameter of 160 meters, which was designed for 21,000 people! Small the hall would accommodate “only” 6 thousand. Also in the Palace of Soviets it was planned to place the Presidium, the state documentary archive, a library, a museum of world art, halls of the Chamber of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Constitution, the Civil War, the Construction of Socialism, auditoriums for the work of deputies and receptions of delegations nearby. With the building, it was decided to build a huge square and a parking lot for 5 thousand cars, for this it was necessary to change the surroundings: it was decided to move the Museum of Fine Arts 100 meters away, Volkhonka and its neighboring streets had to disappear under thousands of cubic meters of earth.

Particular attention should be paid to the statue of Lenin, which in the final project it was decided to place on the roof of the gigantic building. The sculptor intended to make the statue a hundred meters high. If only the index finger were comparable in size to a two-story house! The weight of the statue was estimated at 6 thousand tons - almost the same as the largest statue in the world - the Motherland in Volgograd - weighs.

Despite the rapid start of construction, the project had to be frozen. Moreover, the metal frame of the Palace of the Soviets was dismantled during the war: the capital needed materials for defense against Nazi Germany. After the victory, they did not begin to restore the building, although the idea of ​​​​building this grandiose structure did not leave Stalin until his death. The leader wanted to emphasize the superiority of this building Soviet system over the structure of capitalist states. Formally, the construction of the Palace of Soviets was abandoned in the late 1950s.

After Khrushchev came to power and the decree on “the fight against architectural excesses” there were no such grandiose projects in architecture. The buildings became more modest. Brezhnev's architecture was distinguished by powerful prismatic buildings like the Moscow Rossiya Hotel, but in a provincial way they were poorer.

In the USSR, after the war, few people thought about clothing style - the situation in the country did not allow any luxury. New clothes themselves were already in short supply. But gradually the situation of citizens leveled off. The need for an aesthetic appearance has re-emerged.

It is generally accepted that the style of the 1950s was the most elegant in the history of the 20th century. The new hourglass silhouette contrasted with the crisp, straight, wide-shouldered wartime silhouette. He presented certain requirements to the figure that had to be matched: a thin waist, sloping shoulders, a full bust combined with rounded, feminine hips. The body was literally “molded” to the required standard from what was available - they put cotton wool in bras and tightened the waist. Popular actresses of those times were considered the standard of beauty and style: Lyubov Orlova, Klara Luchko, Elizabeth Taylor, Marilyn Monroe. Among young people, Brigitte Bardot and - in the USSR after Carnival Night - Lyudmila Gurchenko became such a standard - trendsetters for the decade.

A woman in fashionable clothes of that time resembled a flower - a full skirt almost to the ankles (they wore a light multi-layered bottom underneath), swaying in high stiletto heels, wearing the obligatory nylon stockings with a seam.

A striking change in style in the harsh post-war period, when fabrics were sold “to measure”, no more than was considered necessary for a modest short dress “without frills”, and stockings were incredibly expensive. One skirt of the “new silhouette” required from 9 to 40 meters of fabric (Fig. 5)! This style (“new look”) reached the USSR only after the death of Stalin, during Khrushchev’s “thaw”. As an alternative, there was also the “H” style proposed by Christian Dior - a straight skirt combined with a soft or fitted bodice.

“Stylish” sleeves were made 3/4 or 7/8 long - which required long, elegant gloves. No less fashionable were short nylon or openwork ones - in the color of the toilet. A small round hat was mandatory, which in winter was replaced with a “meningitis” - a small cap that covered only the back of the head. Accessories included clips and bracelets, as well as jewelry with semi-precious stones - crystal, topaz, malachite. In addition, sunglasses with pointed “arrow” corners and decorated with rhinestones were incredibly popular. In the USSR, fur in general and astrakhan fur in particular were very fashionable.

For men, very tight trousers - pipes - and nylon shirts came into fashion. A necessary male accessory was a hat.

In the USSR, two major events had an undeniable influence on fashion, on the boldness of styles and colors: the festival of youth and students and the arrival of Christian Dior with his models for the show. The second strong trend of the 1950s was various rethinking of folklore motifs - the peoples of the USSR and the “friendly” ones. Chinese embroidered blouses and Chinese down scarves became a very strong fashion trend in the USSR.

Since buying clothes in the union was quite expensive, and the appearance of ready-made clothes from a domestic manufacturer was not fashionable. However, after the war, during the lack of attention from men, women always joyfully welcomed all the tricks that allowed them to present themselves in a favorable light. The 50s were marked by the emergence of farce (speculation in expensive things). The VI World Festival of Youth and Students, held in 1957 in Moscow, became the cradle of fartsovka as a large-scale phenomenon. Thanks to the “opening” of the Iron Curtain - foreign citizens got the opportunity to visit major cities of the USSR as tourists. The black marketeers, mostly young people and students, took advantage of this. The services of black marketeers were mainly used by the so-called “hipsters,” a Soviet youth subculture that had the Western (mainly American) way of life as a standard. Hipsters were distinguished by their deliberate apoliticality, a certain cynicism in their judgments, and a negative (or indifferent) attitude towards certain norms of Soviet morality. Hipsters were distinguished from the crowd by their bright, often ridiculous, clothes, and a certain manner of conversation (special slang). They had an increased interest in Western music and dance.

Fartsovka became most widespread in Moscow, Leningrad, port cities and tourist centers of the USSR. The end of the farce was the establishment of first shuttle and then normal trade between the republics former USSR with foreign countries at the end of perestroika in the early 90s of the XX century.

The reforms that began after Stalin's death created more favorable conditions for the development of culture. The exposure of the cult of personality at the 20th Party Congress in 1956, the return from prison and exile of hundreds of thousands of repressed people, including representatives of the creative intelligentsia, the weakening of the censorship press, the development of ties with foreign countries - all this expanded the spectrum of freedom, caused the population, especially young people, to utopian dreams of better life. The combination of all these completely unique circumstances led to the movement of the sixties.

The time from the mid-50s to the mid-60s (from the appearance in 1954 of I. Ehrenburg’s story entitled “The Thaw” and until the opening of the trial of A. Sinyavsky and Yu. Daniel in February 1966) went down in the history of the USSR under the name “thaw”, although the inertia of the processes unfolding at that time made itself felt until the beginning of the 70s.

The era of change in Soviet society coincided with a global sociocultural turn. In the second half of the 60s, a youth movement intensified, opposing itself to traditional forms of spirituality. For the first time, the historical results of the 20th century are being subjected to deep philosophical understanding and new artistic interpretation. The problem of the responsibility of “fathers” for the catastrophes of the century is increasingly being raised, and the fatal question of the relationship between “fathers and sons” is beginning to be heard in full force.

In Soviet society, the 20th Congress of the CPSU (February 1956), which was perceived by public opinion as a cleansing thunderstorm, became the milestone of sociocultural changes. The process of spiritual renewal in Soviet society began with a discussion of the responsibility of the “fathers” for the departure from the ideals of the October Revolution, which became a criterion for measuring the historical past of the country, as well as the moral position of an individual. This is how the confrontation between two social forces came into play: supporters of renewal, called anti-Stalinists, and their opponents, the Stalinists.

In fiction, contradictions within the framework of traditionalism were reflected in the confrontation between conservatives (F. Kochetov - the magazines “October”, “Neva”, “Literature and Life” and the adjacent magazines “Moscow”, “Our Contemporary” and “Young Guard”) and democrats (A. Tvardovsky - Yunost magazines). Magazine " New world", the editor-in-chief of which was A.T. Tvardovsky, plays a special role in the spiritual culture of this time. It revealed to the reader the names of many major masters; it was in it that “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” by A. Solzhenitsyn was published.

Art exhibitions of Moscow neo-avant-garde artists and literary “samizdat” of the late fifties meant the emergence of values ​​that condemned the canons of socialist realism.

Samizdat arose in the late 50s. This name was given to typewritten magazines created among creative youth who were opposed to the realities of Soviet reality. Samizdat included both works by Soviet authors, which for one reason or another were rejected by publishing houses, as well as literature by emigrants, poetry collections beginning of the century. Detective manuscripts were also passed around. The “thaw” samizdat began with lists of Tvardovsky’s poem “Terkin in the Other World,” written in 1954, but not permitted for publication and ended up in samizdat against the will of the author. The first samizdat magazine “Syntax”, founded by the young poet A. Ginzburg, published the prohibited works of V. Nekrasov, B. Okudzhava, V. Shalamov, B. Akhmadulina. After Ginzburg’s arrest in 1960, the first dissidents (Vl. Bukovsky and others) picked up the samizdat baton.

The sociocultural origins of anti-socialist art already had their own basis. Characteristic in this sense is the example of the ideological evolution of B. Pasternak (M. Gorky considered him the best poet of socialist realism in the thirties), who published the novel “Doctor Zhivago” in the West, where the author critically rethinks the events of the October Revolution. Pasternak's exclusion from the Writers' Union drew a line in the relationship between the authorities and the artistic intelligentsia.

Cultural policy during the “thaw”. N. Khrushchev clearly formulated the task and role of the intelligentsia in public life: to reflect the growing importance of the party in communist construction and to be its “machine gunners.” Control over the activities of the artistic intelligentsia was carried out through “orientation” meetings of the country’s leaders with leading cultural figures. N.S. himself Khrushchev, Minister of Culture E.A. Furtseva, the main ideologist of the party M.A. Suslov were not always able to make a qualified decision regarding the artistic value of the works they criticized. This led to unjustified attacks against cultural figures. Khrushchev spoke sharply against the poet A.A. Voznesensky, whose poems are distinguished by sophisticated imagery and rhythm, film directors M.M. Khutsiev, author of the films “Spring on Zarechnaya Street” and “Two Fedora”, M.I. Romm, who directed the feature film “Nine Days of One Year” in 1962.

In December 1962, during a visit to an exhibition of young artists in the Manege, Khrushchev scolded the “formalists” and “abstractionists,” among whom was the sculptor Ernst Neizvestny. All this created a nervous atmosphere among creative workers and contributed to the growth of distrust in the party’s policy in the field of culture.

The time of Khrushchev’s “thaw” directly and indirectly divided and disoriented the creative intelligentsia: some overestimated the nature of superficial changes, others failed to see their “hidden subtext” (external influence), others were no longer able to express the fundamental interests of the victorious people, others were only capable of propaganda of the interests of the party and state apparatus. All this ultimately caused works of art, where the ideals of democratic socialism dominated.

In general, the “thaw” turned out to be not only short-lived, but also quite superficial, and did not create guarantees against a return to Stalinist practices. The warming was not sustainable, ideological relaxations were replaced by crude administrative interference, and by the mid-60s the “thaw” had faded away, but its significance went beyond brief bursts of cultural life.

General characteristics Soviet culture period of "stagnation". For more than twenty years in Soviet history there was an era of “stagnation”, which in the field of culture was characterized by contradictory trends. On the one hand, the fruitful development of all spheres of scientific and artistic activity continued, and thanks to state funding, the material base of culture was strengthened. On the other hand, the ideological control of the country's leadership over the work of writers, poets, artists and composers has increased.

During this long period of time, serious changes occurred in all areas of social life:

thanks to scientific, technological and information progress, there was a split and reorientation of public consciousness, especially among young people, towards the traditional values ​​of Russian culture and Western patterns of life;

the fuzzy disunity that was observed among the creative intelligentsia acquired quite clear outlines of the confrontation between two cultures - the official nomenklatura (part of the creative elite merged with the highest echelons of power) and the national democratic (the emergence and development of a new people's intelligentsia both in the Great Russian and in the Union republics, autonomies and regions).

It is worth noting the evolution of the forms of this confrontation - from sharp rejection to the establishment of a certain mutual agreement and interaction, which was dictated by the vital need to change the guidelines for internal and external development. Thus, the logic of the development of the subject of reflecting reality by official culture was associated with an attempt to maintain its dominant position in the public consciousness, which caused a transition from the obvious “varnishing” of the phenomena of surrounding life to the traditions of neo-Stalinism, thereby reviving the spiritual values ​​of Russian culture through military-patriotic and cultural historical themes (for example, the films “War and Peace” and “Andrei Rublev” directed by S. Bondarchuk and A. Tarkovsky).

Despite all the difficulties and contradictions, the literary and artistic life of the 70s was distinguished by diversity and richness. The ideals of humanism and democracy continued to live in literature and art, and the truth about the present and past of Soviet society was heard.

Acute social problems, and above all the Soviet village, was raised by writers V.G. Rasputin (stories “The Deadline”, “Live and Remember” and “Farewell to Matera”); V.A. Soloukhin (“Vladimir Country Roads”); V.P. Astafiev (“Theft” and “Tsar Fish”), F.A. Abramov (the trilogy “Pryasliny” and the novel “Home”), V.I. Belov (1 "Carpenter's Stories", novel "Eves"), B.A. Mozhaev (“Men and Women”). The content of most works did not leave anyone indifferent, because they dealt with universal human problems. The "village writers" not only recorded profound changes in the consciousness and morality of the village man, but also showed the more dramatic side of these shifts, which affected the change in the connection of generations, the transfer of spiritual experience of older generations to younger ones.

The work of national writers was very popular in the country and abroad: Kyrgyz Ch. Aitmatov (stories “Dzhamilya”, “Farewell Gyulsary”, “White Steamer”, “And the day lasts longer than a century”, etc.), Belarusian V. Bykov (stories “It Doesn’t Hurt the Dead”, “Kruglyansky Bridge”, “Sotnikov”, etc.), Georgian N. Dumbadze (stories “I, Grandmother, Iliko and Hilarion”, “I See the Sun”, novel “White Flags”), Estonian I Cross (novels “Between Three Crashes”, “The Imperial Madman”).

The 60s saw the work of the Russian poet N. Rubtsov, who passed away early (1971). His lyrics are characterized by an extremely simple style, melodious intonation, sincerity, and an inextricable connection with the Motherland.

Composer G.V. dedicated his musical works to the theme of the Motherland and its destinies. Sviridov (“Kursk Songs”, “Pushkin’s Wreath”), suites “Time, Forward”, musical illustration of the story by A.S. Pushkin "Blizzard").

The 70s were the time of the rise of Soviet theatrical art. The Moscow Taganka Drama and Comedy Theater was especially popular among the progressive public. “The Good Man from Szechwan” by B. Brecht, “Ten Days That Shook the World” by J. Reed, “And the Dawns Here Are Quiet...” by B. Vasilyeva, “The House on the Embankment” by Y. Trifonov, “The Master” were staged on its stage. and Margarita" by M. Bulgakov. Among other groups, the Leninsky Komsomol Theater, the Sovremennik Theater, the E. Theater stood out. Vakhtangov.

The Academic Bolshoi Theater in Moscow remained the center of musical life. He was glorified by the names of ballerinas G. Ulanova, M. Plisetskaya, E. Maksimova, choreographers Yu. Grigorovich, V. Vasilyev, singers G. Vishnevskaya, T. Sinyavskaya, B. Rudenko, I. Arkhipova, E. Obraztsova, singers Z. Sotkilava , Vl. Atlantova, E. Nesterenko.

In the 70s, the so-called “tape revolution” began. Songs of famous bards were recorded at home and passed from hand to hand. Along with the works of V. Vysotsky, B. Okudzhava and A. Galich, the works of Y. Vizbor, Y. Kim, A. Gorodnitsky, A. Dolsky, S. Nikitin, N. Matveeva, E. Bachurin, V. Dolina were very popular. Youth amateur song clubs arose everywhere, and their all-Union rallies began to be held. Pop vocal and instrumental ensembles (VIAs) increasingly won the sympathy of young people.

In general, artistic culture was able to pose a number of pressing problems to Soviet society and tried to solve these problems in its works.

7. Domestic culture and “perestroika”

System update state socialism, started by the party leadership headed by M.S. Gorbachev in 1985 had great consequences for all branches of culture. During “perestroika” (1985 - 1991), an intensive breakdown of established stereotypes unfolded in all areas of sociocultural life. Over the course of six years, the situation in cultural life has changed radically. The monolith of “Soviet culture”, artificially held together by ideological dogmas, has disappeared. Cultural life has become incomparably more complex, more diverse, and more varied.

Perestroika as a process of transformation of Soviet society is closely connected with culture, which played a huge role in the spiritual preparation of changes. Culture has become the core of the ideological reconfiguration of society.

The policy of glasnost was decisive for changes in the cultural life of society. Reformers viewed openness as a necessary condition for the course towards democratization and acceleration of socio-economic development. The postulates of the official ideology were softened or partially revised. The class approach with its ideological intransigence was gradually replaced by the idea of ​​​​the priority of universal human values ​​and “socialist pluralism” of opinions. However, the pluralism of opinions allowed from above very quickly went beyond the socialist framework.

“Perestroika” was characterized by ideological disagreements and political divisions among the artistic intelligentsia, which split the once united creative unions. From ceremonial official events, congresses of the creative intelligentsia turned into discussions. New groups emerged, although their organizational development was hampered by the difficulty of dividing property belonging to the unions.

The instability of the political and economic situation and the easier exit procedures led to a new wave of emigration from the country. The normalization of relations with the Russian Abroad and modern means of transport and communication helped maintain the unity of Russian culture. Emigrant periodicals began to be sold freely in the USSR.

The weakening of censorship caused a rapid flow of publications in the past taboo topics. The discussion and condemnation of the “deformations of socialism”, which had accumulated quite a lot over the 70 years of the existence of Soviet power, came to the fore. Among the authors of highly critical journalistic articles, the “sixties” prevailed.

The 80s - a time of concentration artistic culture around the idea of ​​repentance. The motive of universal sin, the scaffold, forces one to resort to such forms of artistic figurative thinking as parable, myth, symbol (“The scaffold” by Ch. Aitmatov, the film “Repentance” by T. Abuladze).

The softening of ideological dictates made it possible to expand the cultural and information space in which society lived. The general reader gained access to literature that had been hidden in special storage for decades. In two or three years, thick literary and artistic magazines returned to readers dozens of works by previously banned authors. The line between censored literature and samizdat became blurred. Shelf films (not passed by censors in their time) returned to the screens, and “old new” plays to theater stages. The rehabilitation of dissidents has begun.

A characteristic phenomenon of spiritual life at the end of the 80s was the rethinking of the history of the Soviet period. Once again I found a kind of confirmation of the idea that in Russia not only the future is unpredictable, but also the past.

The most important feature of the artistic situation of the eighties is the emergence of a powerful flow of returned artistic culture. The Russian public had the opportunity to discover names and works that had previously been deliberately expelled from Russian culture and were widely known in the West: Nobel Prize laureates B.L. Pasternak, A.I. Solzhenitsyn, I. Brodsky, as well as V.V. Nabokov, E. Limonov, V. Aksenov, M. Shemyakin, E. Neizvestny.

In terms of the variety of creative styles, aesthetic concepts, and predilections for one or another artistic tradition, the culture of the late 80s and early 90s is reminiscent of the beginning of the 20th century in Russian culture.

Domestic culture, as it were, is reaching a failed natural moment of its development (calmly passed by Western European culture of the 20th century) and forcibly stopped by well-known socio-political events in our country.

At the same time, the elimination of censorship and the “open door” policy in cultural exchange also had a negative side. Hundreds of preachers of various confessions, religious schools and sects flocked to the country and formed their branches in the USSR. The ideological dictates in art have been replaced by the dictates of the market. Low-quality domestic products were poured into the flow of Western mass culture.

By the end of perestroika, state cultural policy had to solve fundamentally new problems: how to ensure support high level domestic culture in market conditions and by civilized measures to regulate the spread of mass culture.

Conclusion

Russia in the twentieth century acted as a catalyst for sociocultural processes on the planet .0 the October Revolution led to a split of the world into two systems, creating an ideological, political and military confrontation between the two camps . 19 The year 17 radically changed the fate of the peoples of the former Russian Empire. Another turn, which initiated significant changes in the development of human civilization, began in Russia in 1985. It gained even greater momentum at the end of the twentieth century. Russian culture developed very intensively during the Soviet period. The political regime directed the development of culture; one or another cultural event directly depended on it. This is the uniqueness of the Soviet era: for most of this period, its cultural life was closely intertwined with political life. This also resulted in a huge influence cultural activities not only on the mood in society, but also on the fate of specific people. All this must be taken into account when assessing sociocultural processes in modern Russia and Russia of the Soviet period.

Kondakov I.V. Introduction to the history of Russian culture: textbook. Manual, /Kondakov I.V. - M., 1997. 65 p.

“Economy of developed socialism” - Lesson topic: “The crisis of “developed socialism.” Is it possible to talk about crisis or stagnation phenomena in the Soviet economy? Analyze a fragment of the document. Dissident movement. The course of the party and state nomenklatura to preserve the existing public relations. Growing critical attitude in society towards official ideology and party leadership.

“Dissident Movement” - Participants unfurled the slogans “Long live a free and independent Czechoslovakia!” Gorky, 1982 Moscow, 1973. In November 1970, the Human Rights Committee in the USSR was created in Moscow. Washington, November 1988 E. Bonner and A. Sakharov. Japan, November 1989. At the Forum “For a Nuclear Free World”. In 1980, A.D. Sakharov was deprived of all government awards.

“The Life of Brezhnev” - First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Moldova. Family of L.I. Brezhnev. A man who had five gold Hero stars. Brezhnev Leonid Ilyich. Interesting facts. Major General. First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. The end of the Brezhnev era. A return to the “Leninist principles of collective leadership.” Awarded the Order of Victory.

“The Reign of Brezhnev” - What a political portrait you painted. A point of view on Brezhnev's leadership. First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee in 1964-1966. Work in the field of genetics was resumed. Criticism of Stalinism was greeted painfully in most states. 1964 - confusion of Khrushchev N.S. and the appointment of L.I. Brezhnev Exercise.

“Brezhnev’s story” - Oil price dynamics. Oil prices jumped. He was not withdrawn and unsociable, like Lenin. “Fishing” 1978. Prove the dual nature of Soviet culture during the period of “stagnation.” Realities of socialism. V. Novodvorskaya is in prison. Crisis of official ideology. Monument to Lenin. Nikolai Viktorovich Podgorny.

“Dissident movement in the USSR” - Administrative fever. Ideological directions of the dissident movement. Transformations in the economy. Goals of the dissident movement. USSR. Program of N.S. Khrushchev. Obninsk NPP. Social base of the dissident movement. Reasons for the weak spread of the dissident movement in the USSR. Icebreaker "Lenin". Changes in politics and culture.

There are 19 presentations in total

Slide 1

Municipal educational institution secondary secondary school No. 93 with in-depth study of individual subjects
Politics and economics: from reforms to “stagnation”
Completed by: 11th grade student “A” Mokina Marina Consultant: Nikitishina I.V.

Slide 2

To provide knowledge about the socio-political development and spiritual life of Soviet society in the era of L.I. Brezhnev. Show the reason for changing the political course and abandoning attempts at radical renewal. Deepen your understanding of economic development countries in the era of L.I. Brezhnev. Expand the content of the concepts of “creeping re-Stalinization”, “growth of conservative tendencies”, the course towards “stability of personnel” - the course of the most favored nation regime for the party nomenklatura, “Constitution of developed socialism”, the phenomenon of the “sixties”, “dissident movement”, channels of penetration of “liberal ideology” in the USSR, “human rights activists”.
Objective of the lesson:

Slide 3

Lesson plan:
New nomenclature Culture

Slide 4

Why the period of the mid-60s - mid-80s. Is it usually called the era of “stagnation”?
Problematic question:

Slide 5

Represented by L.I. Brezhnev and his entourage, the Soviet nomenklatura - state, economic, military and party - found an obedient conductor of their collective will.
The ruling class is freed from fear for own life, gains stability. With the coming to power of L.I. Brezhnev's nomenclature is freed from many moral prohibitions.
New nomenclature

Slide 6

BREZHNEV Leonid Ilyich (1906, Kamenskoye - 1982, Moscow) - Soviet statesman and party leader. Genus. in the family of a hereditary metallurgist. In 1915 he was admitted to a classical gymnasium, where he studied mathematics with pleasure and had difficulty foreign languages. In 1921 B. completed a 6-year course of study in labor school. In 1927 he graduated from technical school, receiving the specialty of land surveyor.
During World War II, he served as a political worker in different units, but had no special merits. B. ended the war in Prague in 1945 with the rank of major general. Was sent to the desk. work, in 1946-1950 he held the position of first secretary of the Zaporozhye and Dnepropetrovsk regional committees. In 1950, B. was sent as the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Bolsheviks to Moldova. Finding himself an ex-officio delegate to the 19th Party Congress, he was elected to the Central Committee and, unexpectedly for himself, appointed Secretary of the Central Committee, and then a member of the Presidium of the Central Committee. In 1960, B. took the post of Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

Slide 7

The main part of the apparatus consisted of people starting their careers after the repressions of the 30s. Unlike the Bolshevik leaders of the first conscription, they were deprived of a fanatical belief in social justice. Its total number reaches 500-700 thousand people, and together with family members - about 3 million, i.e. 1.5% of the country's total population. In terms of the level of general culture, the new generation of the nomenklatura was head and shoulders above the old generation: everyone had higher education, and many had academic degrees, and had visited the West more than once. Ideology for them was just habitual rhetoric.
New nomenclature

Slide 8

Accordingly, the nomenklatura's ideas about the nature of the development of Soviet society are changing. If in the mid-60s. the nomenclature assumed stable development, then in the 70s. the goal becomes “socialist modernization”, i.e. gradual transformation of the existing society, which does not require the breakdown of the regime and other serious upheavals.
New nomenclature

Slide 9

“Let’s decide how to wish correctly,” the famous professor A. Birman suggested at his lectures, “and we’ll select quotes from the classics.”
New nomenclature

Slide 10

As a decade ago, among the first were decisions that directly affected the interests of the nomenklatura: 1. Already in 1965, the division of the party apparatus according to the production principle was eliminated.
The first transformations in the political life of the country. Social and political life

Slide 11

Question for discussion: - Why do you think this principle did not suit the party?

Slide 12

This principle brought partyocracy to a dangerous point, followed by personal responsibility for managing the economy. The usual practice was more convenient: the party apparatus controlled everything without being responsible for anything. He made decisions, gave instructions, and the heads of industries, enterprises and institutions were responsible for failure.

Slide 13

2. The clause on mandatory rotation included in the CPSU Charter in 1961, according to which one-third of the members of the party committees from the Presidium of the Central Committee to the district committees was supposed to be changed during each election.
The first transformations in the political life of the country. Social and political life

Slide 14

3. To calm the population, persecution of personal plots was curtailed, and persecution of the church and religion subsided. 4. The Brezhnev administration set a course for curtailing the liberal initiatives of the Khrushchev era.
The first transformations in the political life of the country. Social and political life

Slide 15

The thesis is put forward about building a “developed socialist society” in the USSR. Following the example of I.V. Stalin's authorities hastened to legislate this new stage in the development of Soviet society.
The first transformations in the political life of the country. Social and political life

Slide 16

"true democracy"; “active participation of workers in public life”; “mature socialist relations”; “high ideological level and consciousness of the working people”, etc.
In 1977, a new Constitution of the USSR was adopted. It included a list of the largely mythical features of a “developed socialist society”:
The first transformations in the political life of the country. Social and political life

Slide 17

The Constitution contained provisions on universal compulsory secondary education, free education and medical care, on the right to work, rest, pensions and housing. As before, freedoms of conscience, assembly, demonstrations, etc. were proclaimed.
Yaroslavl. Residential building on Moskovsky Avenue. 1976.
Educational buildings. School in Pushchino (Moscow region). 1973

Slide 18

Stagnation developed in the structures of the CPSU: The party nomenklatura surrounded itself with ever new privileges and material benefits.
State of affairs in the socio-economic sphere

Slide 19

The merging of the most corrupt groups with the “shadow economy” began. It was at that time that the soon-to-be scandalous “cases” began: “Uzbek”, “Sochi”, “fish” and many others. The highest-ranking leaders were involved.
State of affairs in the socio-economic sphere

Slide 20

A significant increase in the ranks of the party itself was carried out mainly through representatives of workers and collective farmers. Representatives of the intelligentsia were practically barred from entering the ranks of the party.
State of affairs in the socio-economic sphere

Slide 21

3. Since 1965, economic reform, conceived during the Khrushchev administration, began to be carried out. The organizer of the reform was the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR A.N. Kosygin.
State of affairs in the socio-economic sphere

Slide 22

In general, the reform did not encroach on the directive economy, but provided for a mechanism of internal self-regulation, material interest of producers in the results and quality of work: The number of mandatory indicators imposed from above was reduced; The enterprises retained a share of the profits; Cost accounting was proclaimed.
State of affairs in the socio-economic sphere

Slide 23

Kosygin Alexey Nikolaevich (1904 -1980) was born in St. Petersburg into a working-class family. In the years civil war served in the Red Army, graduated from the Textile Institute in Leningrad, worked as a foreman, shop manager, and factory director. In 1949-1946. - Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, during the war years he led the process of evacuation to the east and the creation there of a new industrial base of the country.
He held the posts of Minister of Finance, Light and Food Industry, Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the USSR. In 1964-1980 – Chairman of the Council of Ministers, member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee.

Slide 24

Question for discussion in class: - Why do you think the cost accounting system, which was not the first time adopted in the USSR, giving a real positive result, was always curtailed “from above”?

Slide 25

This system gave producers some freedom, which, in itself, could not be effective in the conditions of a command-administrative economy and party dictatorship in the political life of the country: economic councils were abolished and the sectoral principle of industrial management through ministries was restored.
Answer:

Slide 26

The reform also affected agriculture: The government again wrote off debts from collective and state farms and increased purchasing prices; A premium was established for above-plan sales to the state; Financing of the agricultural sector of the economy increased. Due to this, the implementation of a number of programs began: comprehensive mechanization, chemicalization and soil reclamation.
State of affairs in the socio-economic sphere

Slide 27

Assignment for the class to work independently:
How did these innovations affect the economic life of the country? Indicate (in %) the volume of increase in production - in industry and in agriculture; Determine the reasons for the short duration of the positive results of these innovations.

Slide 28

The ruling elite of the USSR could not help but see the growing decline of the economy and took some measures: In agricultural policy, the emphasis was on agro-industrial integration - the cooperation of collective and state farms.
State of affairs in the socio-economic sphere

Slide 29

In 1985, the State Agricultural Industry of the USSR was created, taking over five Union ministries. The crowning achievement of the paperwork of the farmers of their Central Committee of the CPSU was the “Food Program,” which promised by 1990 to “feed the country” through networks of agricultural industries, saturate agriculture with equipment, fertilizers, and improve the socio-cultural sphere of the village.
State of affairs in the socio-economic sphere

Slide 30

West Siberian for oil production and refining, Pavlodar-Ekibastuz for coal mining, Sayano-Shushenskoe for processing non-ferrous metals, etc.
In industrial construction, starting from the Ninth Five-Year Plan (1971-1975), the emphasis has shifted to the creation of dozens of giant territorial production complexes (TPK):
State of affairs in the socio-economic sphere

Slide 31

In order to accelerate the development of the economy of Siberia and the Far East in 1974-1984. The Baikal-Amur Mainline was built. It was planned to deploy a network of new TPK along it,
State of affairs in the socio-economic sphere
but there was no longer enough money to lay them down, and the famous BAM is still causing continuous losses.

Slide 32

The authorities saw the main way to avoid economic collapse in speeding up supplies of energy resources to the Western market, especially since their prices in the 70s. increased twentyfold. The state treasury was significantly enriched by “petrodollars.”
State of affairs in the socio-economic sphere

Slide 33

Workshop. Class assignment: Using documents and other materials, prepare your conclusions about the effectiveness of using “petrodollars” in the USSR. Indicate the reasons for the economy's slide into stagnation and crisis. How did the crisis phenomena in the economy and social sphere manifest themselves?

Slide 34

In the circles of the intelligentsia, a movement of dissidents (dissidents) developed, which originated in Khrushchev’s times. In its front ranks were: A.D. Sakharov is the “father” of the hydrogen bomb, three times Hero of Socialist Labor, recent years– human rights activist.
Culture

Slide 35

Slide 36

Sakharov Andrey Dmitrievich (b. 21.5.1921, Moscow), Soviet physicist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1953), Hero of Socialist Labor (1953, 1956, 1962). Graduated from Moscow State University (1942). Since 1945 he has been working in Physical Institute USSR Academy of Sciences named after. P. N. Lebedeva. Basic works on theoretical physics. In recent years, he has retired from scientific activities.
Culture

Slide 37

Rostropovich Mstislav Leopoldovich (b. 27.3.1927, Baku), Soviet cellist, People's Artist of the USSR (1966). Born into a musician's family. In 1946 he graduated from the Moscow Conservatory in cello class with S. M. Kozolupov, and studied composition in the class of V. Ya. Shebalin (1943-46). Since 1948, soloist of the Moscow Philharmonic. He taught at the Moscow and Leningrad Conservatories. Lenin Prize (1964), USSR State Prize (1951) - for concert activities.
Culture

Slide 38

A few dissident activists criticized the existing order, the facts of gross violations of human rights in the USSR, and made them public through typewritten leaflets. Brochures, magazines (Chronicle of Current Events, etc.), held intimate and silent demonstrations. Some of them were expelled from the country (A.I. Solzhenitsyn), others paid for criticizing the regime by imprisonment in camps, psychiatric hospitals, or, like academician A.D. Sakharov, link.
Culture

Slide 39

Censorship became stricter and ideological control over the activities of the creative and scientific intelligentsia increased. Many talented writers and poets were deprived of the opportunity to publish their works. Films by internationally recognized directors remained on the shelves, and theatrical performances were prohibited.
Culture

Slide 40

Humanist scientists whose scientific concepts diverged from the guidelines of the party leadership experienced serious harassment. IN historical science the direction studying the problems of 1917 was curtailed (P.V. Volobuev, K.N. Tarnovsky, M.Ya. Gefter, etc.)
Culture

Slide 41

At the same time, criticism of the cult of personality died down, and the rehabilitation of victims of Stalinist repressions ceased. Prominent figures of Russian culture I.A. were forced to go abroad. Brodsky, Yu.A. Lyubimov, V.E. Maksimov, V.P. Nekrasov, A.A. Tarkovsky and others. The so-called “village” prose flourished.
Culture

Slide 42

F. Abramov, V.I. Belov, V.P. Astafiev and other writers of this trend vividly showed the tragedies of the de-peasantization of the village.
Culture

Slide 43

Astafiev Viktor Petrovich (b. 1.5.1924, village of Ovsyanka, Sovetsky district Krasnoyarsk Territory), Russian Soviet writer. As a child, he was homeless and raised in an orphanage. Participant of the Great Patriotic War. Began publishing in 1951.
Author of the book “Until Next Spring” (1953), the novel “The Snow is Melting” (1958), the short stories “The Pass”, “Starodub” and “Starfall”, the stories “Theft” (1966), “The Last Bow” (1968). A.'s works are dedicated to working people, their intense inner life, and the theme of the maturation of the soul.

Slide 45

Okudzhava Bulat Shalvovich (b. 9.5.1924, Moscow), Russian Soviet poet. Member of the CPSU since 1955. Graduated from Tbilisi University (1950). Participant of the Great Patriotic War. Published since 1953. The main motives of the lyrics (collections “Islands”, 1959; “The Cheerful Drummer”, 1964;
“Magnanimous March”, 1967, etc.) - front-line impressions, romance of everyday relationships. O.'s verse is characterized by a fusion of pathetic and conversational intonations. Author and performer of lyrical songs. He appears as a prose writer (the story about P.I. Pestel “A Sip of Freedom”, 1971, under the title “Poor Avrosimov”, 1969; a satirical story from the mid-19th century “Mercy, or Shipov’s Adventures”, 1971, etc.) and film scriptwriter.