Dissolution of the elected council year. Elected Rada (term as a governing body). Why is an elected council needed?

The term itself is found only in the work of Kurbsky, while Russian sources of that time do not give this circle of people any official name.

Creation

The formation of a select circle of people around the tsar occurs after the Moscow events of the summer of 1547: a fire and then an uprising of Muscovites. According to Kurbsky’s version, during these events Archpriest Sylvester appeared to the king and “threatened the king with a terrible spell from the Holy Scriptures,<...>to<...>stop his riots and moderate his violent temper.”

Compound

The composition of the “Elected Rada” is the subject of debate. Definitely, the priest of the Annunciation Cathedral of the Kremlin, the confessor of the Tsar Sylvester and a young figure from a not very noble family A.F. Adashev participated in the “Rada”.

On the other hand, some historians deny the existence of the Elected Rada as an institution led exclusively by the three above-mentioned persons.

Reforms of the Chosen One:

  1. 1549 The First Zemsky Sobor is a body of class representation that ensures the connection between the center and the localities, Ivan IV’s speech from the front: condemnation of the wrong boyar rule, announcement of the need for reforms.
  2. Code of Law of 1550 - development of the provisions of the Code of Law of Ivan III, limitation of the power of governors and volosts, strengthening of control of the tsarist administration, uniform amount of court fees, preservation of the right of peasants to cross on St. George’s Day.
  3. The Council of the Hundred Heads in 1551 – unification of church rites, recognition of all locally revered saints as all-Russian, establishment of a strict iconographic canon, requirements for improving the morals of the clergy, prohibition of usury among priests.
  4. Military reform of 1556 - the Code of Service was adopted: restriction of localism for the period of hostilities, in addition to the mounted local militia, organization of a standing army - archers, gunners, a unified order of military service.
  5. Formation of the order system:
    • Ambassadorial order - foreign policy
    • Petition order (Adashev) - the highest control body
    • The local order was in charge of land ownership
    • The robber order searched and tried
    • Streletsky order was in charge of the created Streltsy army
    • Rank - noble army, appointment of governor
    • Great Parish - tax collection
    • Yamskoy - postal service and stations
    • Zemsky - law enforcement in Moscow
  6. Continuation of the provincial reform - the abolition of feedings, all power in the counties passed to elected provincial and zemstvo elders, and in cities - to favorite heads.

The reforms of the Elected Rada outlined the path to strengthening and centralizing the state and contributed to the formation of an estate-representative state.

Fall of the Chosen Rada

The reason for the royal disfavor by some historians [ Who?] is seen in the fact that Ivan IV was dissatisfied with the disagreements of some members of the Rada with the late Anastasia Zakharyina-Yuryeva, the Tsar’s first wife. This is also confirmed by the fact that after the death of his second wife, Maria Temryukovna, Ivan the Terrible also carried out executions of those disliked by the queen and accused the boyars of “harassing” (poisoning) Maria.

In 1553, Ivan the Terrible fell ill. The illness was so severe that the question of transfer of power arose in the Boyar Duma. Ivan forced the boyars to swear allegiance to their infant son, Tsarevich Dmitry. But among the members of the Rada, the idea arose to transfer the Moscow throne to the Tsar’s cousin, Vladimir, Prince Staritsky. In particular, Sylvester noted that Vladimir’s quality is that he loves advisers. However, Ivan recovered from his illness, and the conflict, at first glance, was settled. But the king did not forget this story and later used it against Sylvester and Adashev.

The main contradiction was the radical difference in the views of the Tsar and the Rada on the issue of centralization of power in the state (the process of centralization is the process of concentrating state power). Ivan IV wanted to speed up this process. The elected Rada chose the path of gradual and painless reform.

Historical estimates

Among historians there is no unambiguous assessment of the activities of the “Elected Rada”.

Karamzin notes positive traits the reign of the “Elected Rada”, emphasizing the “wise moderation” and “philanthropy” of the tsarist government: “Everywhere the people blessed the government’s zeal for the common good, everywhere they replaced unworthy Rulers: they punished them with contempt or prison, without excessive severity; wanted to mark a happy change of state not by the cruel execution of bad old officials, but by the better election of new ones...”

Kostomarov’s influence of the “circle of favorites” is such that “without consulting with the people of this elected council, Ivan not only did not arrange anything, but did not even dare to think,” in this influence the historian sees a “bitter humiliation” for the autocracy of Ivan IV.

see also

Notes

Links

  • Elected Rada- article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia
  • Elyanov E. Subjective interpretations: domestic historians about the era of Ivan the Terrible

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See what the “Elected Rada” is in other dictionaries:

    The unofficial government of the Russian state in the late 1540s and 1550s. IN Elected Rada included the confidants of Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible. A prominent position in the Elected Rada was occupied by Duma nobleman A.F. Adashev, court priest Sylvester,... ... Political science. Dictionary.

    THE ELECTED RADA, the unofficial government of the Russian state under Tsar Ivan IV, in the late 40s and 50s. 16th century (A.F. Adashev, Sylvester, Makariy, A.M. Kurbsky, etc.). Supporters of a compromise between the various ruling strata, annexation... ... Modern encyclopedia

Elected Rada

The king ruled the country relying on advisory bodies - Boyar Duma and Zemsky Sobor. In addition, Ivan IV gathered around him a circle of close people with progressive views who helped him implement domestic policy aimed at improving the situation in the country. This group of people, who had no official status, was called the Chosen Rada.

“AND? THE CHOSEN RA?DA” - a circle of people close to Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible, who actually carried out the tasks. 40s to the end 50s 16th century government functions.

The “Chosen Rada” was led by A. F. Adashev, the priest of the Annunciation Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin Sylvester, Metropolitan Macarius, Prince A. M. Kurbsky and others. The term “Chosen Rada” was first used by Prince A. M. Kurbsky in “The Story of the Grand Duke Moscow".

The “elected Rada” concentrated in its hands all the threads of governing the country. Its activities were aimed at strengthening the state and strengthening the authority of the central government. The most significant event of the “Elected Rada” is considered to be the compilation of the new Code of Laws of 1550 - a legislative code that replaced the Code of Laws of 1497.

Another event of the “Elected Rada” was the regulation of localism. During the military reform, the Streltsy army was created. In Moscow and neighboring districts, it was decided to place a selected thousand nobles, “the best servants”, who became the economic, political and military support of the government. Military reform 1550s completed the “Code of Service”, which determined the scope and nature of the official duties of landowners in strict dependence on the estates and estates they had.

During the years of activity of the “Elected Rada”, Local, Rank, Ambassadorial and other orders were formed, which marked the beginning of the formation of the order system government controlled, which was in force until the beginning. 18th century

In 1555–1556 In cities and districts with black-growing (depending directly on the state, and not on private owners) population and in palace volosts, a zemstvo reform was carried out, which finally eliminated the feeding system. It was replaced by zemstvo self-government, the local representatives of which were zemstvo elders (“favorite heads”), kissers and zemstvo judges elected from among the tax-paying population of cities and black-growing peasants. They were in charge of collecting taxes, handling small court cases, and maintaining order in the territory of the volost or city.

Fearing restrictions on his power, Ivan IV in 1560 refused to rely on the “Elected Rada”. Adashev and Sylvester were removed from government, A.M. Kurbsky fled the country, and Metropolitan Macarius died in 1563. In 1561–1564 disgrace and execution fell on the heads of other leaders of the “Chosen Rada”, as well as their relatives and friends. V.V.

ADA?SHEV Alexey Fedorovich (?– 1561) - statesman, okolnichy since November 1553. Brother of D. F. Adashev.

He comes from a rich, but not well-born family of Kostroma nobles who made a fortune in the salt trade. At the court of Tsar Ivan IV, he made a quick career - from ordinary “children of the boyars” he became first a solicitor and bedchamber of the sovereign, then a Duma nobleman, and then a deviant and even a royal bed-keeper. Thanks to his intelligence and organizational skills, Adashev enjoyed the exceptional trust of the sovereign, who, according to Prince A.M. Kurbsky, could not “arrange or think of anything” without Adashev’s advice. From the end 1540s Adashev was the custodian of the press, archive and personal office of the sovereign, was in charge of compiling discharge books and the official chronicle, and supervised foreign policy Russia, accompanied the tsar on all his campaigns, headed the Petition Order, which controlled the activities of all other government agencies. Adashev actually headed the activities of the “Chosen Rada” - a group of noble persons especially close to the Tsar, who constituted the de facto government of Russia. Adashev became the initiator of the experiments carried out in Russia in the 1550s. transformations received in historical literature the name of the reforms is “Elected Rada”.

After Ivan IV’s break with the “Chosen Rada,” which, as the tsar believed, sought to limit his autocratic power, Adashev was sent to war in Livonia (the third commander of a large regiment). Having distinguished himself in battles with the enemy, he did not gain the gratitude of the king and did not return his favor. In addition, Adashev’s enemies slandered him before the tsar: they accused him of poisoning Tsarina Anastasia, the first wife of Ivan IV. Alexey Adashev died in the Yuryev voivodeship from a “fiery illness”, on the eve of the reprisal being prepared against him. Later, all of Adashev’s relatives were subjected to painful executions by order of the king. V.V.

SILVESTER (in monasticism - Spiridon) (? - ca. 1566) - priest of the Annunciation Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin, writer, politician.

Comes from a wealthy Novgorod family. In the 40s 16th century, perhaps at the invitation of Metropolitan Macarius, he arrived in Moscow. Sources testify that with bold denunciations he “deceived” the young Tsar Ivan IV, who began to consult him on all issues. In the beginning. 50s 16th century Sylvester played a prominent role in the activities of the “Chosen Rada”.

Sylvester's influence on Ivan IV was short-lived. In 1553, after his illness, the tsar began to gradually alienate Sylvester from himself and remove him from business. This change in the tsar’s mood was apparently facilitated, in particular, by Sylvester’s rapprochement with Prince Vladimir Andreevich Staritsky. Those close to Ivan IV persistently insisted that Sylvester was a sorcerer, that he entangled the king with the power of magic and thereby kept him in captivity. In 1560, Sylvester finally retired from the court. Historians disagree as to whether his departure was forced or voluntary. It is only known that Sylvester took monastic vows at the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery under the name of Spiridon.

Sylvester's range of interests was very diverse. Together with his son Anfim, he set up workshops in Moscow for the production of handwritten books, icons, and silver items. Some researchers suggest that the first Moscow printed books published before Apostle Ivan Fedorov could have been printed under the leadership of Sylvester. His name is also associated with the organization of painting of the royal chambers in the Kremlin.

Most of all, Sylvester is known as a talented writer, the author of a number of messages. He composed a “Laudatory speech” for Princess Olga, which was included in the Book of Degrees. Sylvester’s most important work was “Domostroy,” in which he outlined the ideals of “righteous living” and gave instructions regulating various aspects of spiritual, state, church and private life.

However, some researchers believe that Sylvester owns only part of this unique work or its new edition. G.A.

KURBSKY Andrey Mikhailovich (1528–1583) - prince, governor, boyar from 1556.

Already in his young years, Kurbsky became famous as a commander, took part in the capture of Kazan in 1552. Being close to Tsar Ivan IV and his closest advisors A. Adashev and Sylvester, Kurbsky became a member of the “Chosen Rada”, and at the age of 28 he was awarded the rank of boyar. When, during the Livonian War, the tsar began persecuting his recent friends, Kurbsky commanded the Russian army in the Baltic states. Despite the victories he won, he was soon removed from command and appointed governor of the city of Yuryev (Dorpat) recaptured from the Livonians. Fearing the tsar's wrath, on the night of April 30, 1564, Kurbsky fled to Lithuania.

The Polish king granted the noble fugitive the rich Kovel volost and other land holdings in Lithuania and Poland. The former Russian governor, already on the enemy side, continued to participate in the Livonian War, leading detachments in the Polish-Lithuanian armies in campaigns against Velikiye Luki and Polotsk. Only a serious illness prevented him from joining Stefan Batory, who besieged Pskov in 1581.

Kurbsky gained fame as an original thinker and writer. He called Maxim the Greek his teacher. Kurbsky is the author of many works, including three messages to Ivan the Terrible, in which he accused Ivan the Terrible of numerous crimes. In 1573, Kurbsky wrote “The History of the Grand Duke of Moscow” with denunciations of the Tsar and a story about the activities of the “Chosen Rada”. He also owns various works directed against Catholicism and Protestantism. V.V.

PERESVETOV Ivan Semenovich (16th century) – thinker, publicist.

The life of Ivan Semenovich Peresvetov can be judged only by those meager facts that he himself cited in his works: a native of Western (Lithuanian) Rus', a professional “warrior”, in the 20-30s. 16th century was in the service of the Hungarian and Czech kings, the Moldavian ruler. In con. 30s Peresvetov arrived in Moscow and unsuccessfully tried to organize a weapons workshop for the production of “hussar shields.” In con. 40s wrote and handed over to Tsar Ivan IV several essays in which he formulated his proposals for improvement government system Russia. Further fate Peresvetova is unknown.

Peresvetov's works were preserved in lists of the 17th century.

Peresvetov believed that after the fall in 1453 Byzantine Empire Russia remained the only custodian of the true Christian faith. He is close to the idea that Moscow acts as the successor to Constantinople. He focused special attention on the role and significance of the Orthodox king, who is capable of establishing a true Orthodox kingdom. According to Peresvetov, the Lord bestows His grace on that earthly king who can establish “truth” in his kingdom: “In whatever kingdom there is truth, God dwells there, and God’s wrath will not rise against this kingdom.” “Truth,” Peresvetov believed, is higher than faith: “God doesn’t love faith, but truth.” However, only Christianity is capable of expressing the “truth” most fully, which is why God loves the “Christian faith” “more than others.”

Russia, according to Peresvetov, is an arena for the struggle between God and the devil for “truth.” The main problem of the Muscovite kingdom lies in the omnipotence of the “nobles” who limit the power of the tsar. Peresvetov proposed a whole system of measures that could establish “truth” on Russian soil - reliance on the service army, the introduction of “righteous” courts, improvement of tax rules, partial abolition of governorship and slavery. Only an autocratic tsar can implement all these measures, and the reforms themselves should maximize his role. He advised Ivan IV to act not only wisely, but also “formidably”: “From the great thunderstorm of your wisdom, the tsar’s crafty judges will wake up as if from a dream... The king of the kingdom is formidable and wise, his kingdom is expanding, and his name is glorious throughout all lands.”

Researchers drew attention to the coincidence of Peresvetov’s views with the ideas of Ivan IV the Terrible himself. It has been suggested that Peresvetov to some extent influenced the tsar’s writings. However, neither in the works of Ivan the Terrible, nor in other literary monuments of that time there are any references to the works of Peresvetov. S.P.

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By the end of the 1540s, under the young ruler Ivan IV, a circle of figures was formed, to whom he entrusted the conduct of affairs in the state. Later, Andrei Kurbsky called the new government “The Chosen Rada.” Its most famous members were Adashev Alexey Fedorovich, confessor Sylvester, Mikhailovich - the head and several other noble princes.

Reforms of the Chosen Rada

The first steps towards reforms were meetings of nobles and governors. In 1549, the February Meeting took place, which became the first Zemsky Sobor. The main political strategy of the Elected Rada was the centralization of the Russian state according to the civilizational model of the West. A change in strategy required a set of reforms. The reforms of the Chosen Rada had an anti-boyar orientation. It relied on landowners, nobles, and townspeople, and therefore expressed exclusively their interests.

The elected council, whose reforms took place in 1549-1560, implemented changes in all spheres of society. The changes affected the administrative, church, legal, financial, tax and other systems.

Reforms of the Elected Rada in the legal and administrative systems

By decision of the Council of Reconciliation in 1549, a new set of laws was being prepared. The revised Code of Laws was established in 1550. The relationship between feudal lords and peasants has not changed; the same norms and laws have been preserved. At the same time, the power of local feeders was somewhat limited, and the process of forming orders was accelerated. Orders are the first functional governing bodies that were in charge of individual areas of government affairs (otherwise they were called chambers, courtyards, etc.). The most famous were the Petition, Streletsky, Posolsky and other orders.

At the same time, local government was centralized. Viceroyal administrations were replaced by an elected administration. These and other innovations strengthened the position of the nobles in society and united the provincial nobility into service towns.

Army reform

In the mid-50s of the 16th century, the “Code of Service” was adopted. A strict order of service was established. All landowners, regardless of the size of their holdings, became service people. The government organized and formed a detachment of archers to guard the king. As a result of military reforms, tens of thousands of soldiers now have weapons, equipment and food.

Church reforms of the Elected Rada

In 1551, Stoglav was adopted, in which one hundred chapter-articles were published on the answers of Ivan the Terrible about the structure of the church. Stoglav strengthened general discipline in the church and regulated life. The Tsar intended to confiscate the land from the church, but these intentions were not approved by the Elected Rada. The Church tried in every possible way to strengthen its authority, which was steadily declining in the eyes of the people.

Reforms of the Elected Council in the financial system

None administrative reforms could not be implemented without perestroika tax system. In 1550, a census of the entire population was carried out. Household taxation was replaced by land taxation. In the central territory, a tax unit called the “big plow” was introduced, its value varied depending on the position of the landowners. The payment of taxes by the population became increasingly centralized. The “feeding income” was replaced by a nationwide “feeding tax”.

In general, the reforms of the Chosen Rada under Ivan the Terrible were controversial. They were of a compromise nature. The reforms helped strengthen power and improve the position of the nobility. Their implementation was interrupted due to the resignation of the Elected Rada in 1560.

The activities of Tsar Ivan the Terrible are still considered controversial by historians. But there is no doubt that at the beginning of his reign, the then young king was thinking about progressive changes in the country. And she helped him with this Elected Rada. What is the Elected Rada? Who was part of it? What transformations did Ivan the Terrible carry out together with its members?

Elected Rada

The elected Rada was an informal council under Ivan the Terrible, which included his friends and like-minded people. Despite the fact that the Rada was not an official body of power, it was its activities that primarily determined politics in Russia. The term was proposed by the tsar's closest associate, Prince A.M. Kurbsky. The word "rada" among the Western Slavs meant "council".

Years of activity of the Elected Rada

The elected Rada existed for 11 years: from 1549 to 1560 years. It was during this period that Grozny carried out large-scale reforms in literally all spheres of life.

Composition of the Elected Rada

    Confessor of the Tsar Sylvester

    A.F.Adashev

    Metropolitan Macarius

    Chapter Ambassadorial order Viskovaty I.M.

    Princes Kurbsky A.M. , Vorotynsky, Serebryany, Sheremetyevs and others.

Reforms of the Elected Rada

    Local government reform.

In 1549 was convened for the first time Zemsky Sobor, which marked the beginning of class representation in Rus'. The cathedral provided communication between the central government and local authorities and discussed important issues.

IN 1556 the system was abolished feedings, in their place were taken by representatives of zemstvo (local) self-government bodies - heads and kissers. The local nobility also had the opportunity to elect their own zemstvo authorities and resolve local issues.

    Judicial reform.

In 1550, the Code of Laws was adopted, which significantly added to the provisions of the Code of Laws of Ivan III: the central government was strengthened, the powers of governors and volosts were reduced, the right of peasants to leave on St. George’s Day was confirmed, but the elderly were introduced , that is, payment for the use of the landowner’s land, which became the next stage in the enslavement of the peasants.

    Reform of central authorities

The formation began order system of power. Orders are central government bodies in charge of a specific area of ​​activity. At the head are clerks and clerks. A similar system lasted until the end of the 17th century and was then replaced by Peter I with collegiums. Orders: Petition, Local, Ambassador, Streletsky, Robber and others .

    Church reform.

IN 1551 was convened Stoglavy Cathedral received its name from the number of chapters of decisions made). Goal: unification of church rituals, recognition of local saints as all-Russian. Church canons (that is, requirements, laws) were clearly defined, for example, how to be baptized, how to go in procession, etc.

Much was given to improving the morality of the priests themselves.

    Military reform

Much attention was paid to strengthening the country's military power. For this purpose it was created standing army- archers, gunners, 1556 accepted Service Regulations, which established a uniform procedure for serving. Interestingly, the Code noted that localism was limited during wars.

Thus, the Elected Rada played a huge role in reforming the country, its progressive development, and strengthening the state. For the first time Russia became class - representative monarchy. This is a great achievement.

Reasons for the fall of the Chosen Rada

    Ivan the Terrible's desire for autocracy, he no longer needed friends and advisers.

    Difficult relations of some members of the Rada (Sylvester and Adashev) with the relatives of the first wife of Ivan the Terrible, Anastasia Zakharyeva-Yuryeva, especially after her death.

    Foreign policy disagreements arose related to the Livonian War.

    Disagreement over reforms. The tsar expected quick results, but the reforms were designed for a long period of time; it was difficult to immediately transform so many aspects of life, and the state apparatus itself was not yet ready for this; it worked ineffectively.

The fate of the members of the Elected Rada

The fate of Ivan the Terrible's closest supporters was tragic.

    Sylvester was exiled in 1560 to the Solovetsky Monastery

    Adashev was sent to war with Livonia, was soon arrested, and died in prison.

    Prince Kurbsky, seeing the reprisals against members of the Rada, fled to Livonia in 1564 and even fought with Grozny on the side of the Lithuanians.

The fate of the remaining members of the Elected Rada is also tragic. The defeat of the Rada was the beginning oprichnina- one of the most terrible periods in the history of Russia.

You can read material about the life and activities of Tsar Ivan the Terrible on my website

"Historical portraits":istoricheskiy-portret.ru

Material prepared by: Melnikova Vera Aleksandrovna

Traditionally they designate the ruling circle under Tsar Ivan IV Vasilyevich the Terrible.

The concept was introduced into circulation by Prince A.M. Kurbsky in “Is-to-ria about the Great Prince of Moscow.” In agreement with Kurb-skomu, Ra-du gathered around the king A.F. Adashev and Sil-vester, persecution and disgrace for these two persons this means the end of the activity of the Chosen Council. Although the “Chosen Rada” is understood in the re-writing of Ivan IV with Kurb-sky, both op-on-nen-ta from-me- Cha-whether in the letters the leading role of Ada-she-va, Sil-ve-st-ra and the “co-advisers” close to them with pro-ti-false we are rated: uni-chi-zhi-tel-but from-ri-tsa-tel-noy from the tsar and exalted-but-zy-tiv-noy from the prince -emig-ran-ta.

In the many-year-long dis-cussion about the timing of the activities and the meaning of the Chosen One, they were glad to do one research (S. F Pla-to-nov, from time on A. E. Pre-snya-kov) saw in the Elected Rada a “part-time” circle, created at the time schi-ka-mi under the tsar and about-la-dav-shiy shi-ro-ki-mi who has full power, but has not become a special scholar -dir-de-no-em. Other races-tse-ni-va-li the Chosen Rada as in-sti-here, with-from-vet-st-v-v-shiy or on-personal co-sta-vu Bo-yar -sky Duma (V. O. Klyuchevsky), or Near Duma (S. V. Bakh-ru-shin, A. A. Zi-min, with a special -no-stey - I. I. Smir-nov and R. G. Skryn-ni-kov). Third op-re-de-li-whether the Elected Rada according to the status and functions as a government, from the Duma with its su-gu-bo with-ve-sha-tel-ny-mi pre-ro-ga-ti-va-mi, ari-sto-kra-tic composition and, unlike her , acting in the in-te-re-sah of a number of nobility and in the garden of the village (D.N. Al-shits). The activities of the Chosen Rada ended up being pro-Boyar (S.M. Solovyov) and pro-noble (I.I. Smir-nov). Some research (S. F. Pla-to-nov, A. E. Pre-snya-kov, S. V. Bakh-ru-shin, A A. Zi-min, S. O. Schmidt, etc.) under-black-ki-va-li com-pro-miss-ny character of its internal-po-lytic course and pro-ve-den-nyh pre-o-ra-zo-va-ny. In modern is-to-rio-graphy blah-da-rya complex study of the internal and external po-li-ti-ki of the Russian state of the 1550s formed a world-wide view of the Elected Rada based on a more detailed analysis of the processes in which the interaction What is the influence of the monarch and various circles of nobility and the palace of the Kazakh top on each other, the supreme secular and spiritual power, the secular and church elite and wide layers of the nobility and the garden people dey (E. N. No-sov, S. M. Kash-ta-nov, R. G. Skryn-nikov, A. P. Pavlov, B. N. Florya, V. D. Na-za-rov, A. I. Fi-lyush-kin, M. M. Krom, etc.).

In cooperation with the word-living-shi-mi-sya to mid-16th century century, in a row, the functions of the supreme power The chosen one should be considered the closest thought of Ivan IV. In its first form, it was formed in 1547-1549 under the influence of many pro-ti-vo-re-chi-vyh fac- -to-ditch: formal uk-re-p-le-nie of the av-to-ri-te-ta and personal power of the young mo-nar-kha (wedding on tsar-st-vo in Yan-va-re and same-thread-ba in February 1547) about-is-ho-di-lo on the fo-not ug-lub-lyav-she-go-xya kri-zi- sa in the political elite (Kaz-ni bo-yar and young ari-sto-kra-tov in July 1546 and January 1547 in connection with the in-three-ga-mi princes) zey Glinskikh); The Moscow uprising of 1547; the unlucky Kazan-ho-ho-y of 1547-1548; from-sut-st-viya do-ta-accurate funds in the treasury. About-the-elk and at-the-re-lo-general ha-rak-ter not-to-will-st-in-the-district of the no-ry-st-va, city-dweller , black-no-sosh-nyh kre-st-yan administrative and su-deb-ny-mi decisions on-me-st-ni-kovs and hairs, their evil- upot-re-le-niya-mi, “na-si-lia-mi” from the side of the nobility in land and other disputes. The initial program of the pre-ob-ra-zo-va-niy was the for-mu-li-ro-va-na to the so-called. So-bo-ru at-mi-re-niya in February 1549 (tra-di-tsi-on-but is considered in the is-to-rio-graphy as the first zemstvo with -bo-rom), a more extensive variant of the re-form was considered at the Hundred-Headed Council of 1551. Pro-ek-you-worked within the framework of the activities of the Chosen Rada, as well as the Bo-Yar Duma as a whole with the active -with the participation of Metropolitan Ma-ka-riy, Sil-ve-st-ra and other clergy.

The composition of the Chosen One is pleased according to the preserved information, but it is not op-de-la-et. She was noticeably larger in number and representation of clan clans than the Near Duma of the Grand Duke mo-s-kov-skogo Va-si-lia III Iva-no-vi-cha in the 1520-1530s. Some of the members of the Chosen Rada stayed in the Tsar’s vicinity on his first trips and walks, and other members of the Chosen Rada -they were in Moscow in the composition of the Bo-Yar commissions. In their activities, the members of the Chosen Rada relied on government officials, the head of the entire royal treasury, but also and palace departments. Inclusion in the “bigger po-li-ti-ku” of non-noble young fa-vo-ri-tov or young pre-sta-vi-te- Lei kno-ti about-is-ho-di-lo pu-the-out-of-the-regular posi-tions and Duma ranks (genus -ni-ki tsa-ri-tsy A. R. Za-har-i-noy-Yur-e-voy from the clan of Za-har-i-nykh-Kosh-ki-nyh) or temporary establishment -new-le-niya of the new status-of-the-chi-n (“the cooks in the Duma” A.F. Adashev and I.M. Vesh-nya-kov in 1551 year). In the framework of “po-li-ti-ki at-mi-re-niya” prin-tsi-pi-al-but from-men-nil-xia ha-rak-ter so-per-ni-che-st -va different “parties”: after they were removed from the main levers of public administration, the executions stopped, oops -ly with the con-fi-ska-tsi-i im-st-va and here is the rank, the deprivation of the Duma ranks and re-press-sions against the clan-st-ven- no-cov.

Is-to-ry of the Chosen One is glad to study tra-di-tsi-on-but de-lyat for 2 periods: from the end of 1547 to ru-be-zha 1554 and 1555, from the beginning of 1555 to the spring of 1560. In the 1st period, within the framework of the Elected Rada and the Bo-Yar Duma, the “clans” of Ge- di-mi-no-vi-chey (princes Bel-sky, I.F. Msti-slav-sky, Bul-ga-ko-you-Go-li-tsy-ny and Shche-nya-te-you ), princes Vo-ro-tyn-sky, Obo-len-sky (led by D.I. Kur-la-te-vym), Za-har-i-nykh-Kosh-ki-nykh (Za-khar-i-ny-Yur-e-vy, Za-khar-i-ny-Yakov-li), Mo-ro-zo-vykh, Voron-tso-vykh, etc. One of A.F. Ada-shev became the main co-or-di-na-to-ditch of eastern diplomacy and military po-li-ti-ki. During the 2nd period of the work of the Chosen One, while maintaining several “influence groups” in it, Ada-shev became the main ko-or-di -on-the-rum of all government activities. At the same time, a prominent role in the Selected Radn game and other figures (Prince F.A. Bul-ga-kov-Ku-ra-kin, Prince D.I. Kur-lya -tev, M. Ya. Mo-ro-zov, F. I. Um-noy-Ko-ly-chev, I. V. Bol-shoi She-re-met-tev, etc.), as well as before-sta-vi-te-li ver-khush-ki pri-kaz-no-go ap-pa-ra-ta (ka-zna-whose F.I. Su-kin, clerk I.E. Tsy -p-la-tev, I. M. Vis-ko-va-ty, Yu. Si-do-rov, S. M. Mit-ro-fa-nov-Ne-cha-ev), providing chi-vav-she-go pro-ve-de-nie re-forms and real-noe func-tion of public administration.

The main benefit of the activities of the Chosen Rada was the creation of the Su-deb-nik ​​of 1550, when new for-co- we, for-tra-gi-va-the main problems of life-society, for-mi-ro-va-on the network at-ka-call, pro-ve-de-ny re -forms from the 1550s, incl. 2nd stage of the labial reform of the 1530-1550s, zemstvo reform of 1555-1556, from-me-no-feeding, pre-reform -zo-va-na na-lo-go-vo-fi-nan-so-vaya si-ste-ma, sfor-mu-li-ro-va-ny right-vi-la place-no-che-st -va under military names-on-che-ni-yah (1550) and pro-tse-du-ry places-ni-ches-to-go-su-da, uni-fi-ci-ro- va-we are the norms of military service of the nobility and all layers of the nobility in accordance with the size of the land Vlad-de-niy and de-gentle-mi you-pla-ta-mi (1556), created a sagittarius army.

Cardinal pro-account of A.F. Ada-she-va in the op-re-de-le-nii of the main external-non-political goals and co-from-no-she strength, as well as strengthening since the end of the 1550s the king’s desire to “go-su-da-rit” himself, to-ras- tav-neck not-to-will-st-vo Ivan IV style of ve-de-niya of his-the-co-vet-niks from the staff of the Chosen Rada, in-degree -but the growing strength of the nobility from the centuries-old wars, op-re-de-lived in the early 1560s, per-spec- Ti-va w-de-niya war on two fronts, ob-st-riv-shie pro-ti-in-re-chia between different “parties” internal In the spring of 1560, the Chosen One herself was glad to deport Ada-she-va from Moscow to the theater of the Livonian War of 1558-1583, and then to his complete disgrace, which pre-pre-de-li-lo the cessation of the activities of the Chosen Rada in its traditional form and the same co-sta-ve.

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